Nhiet Dong Hoc

1
MC LC

Trang
Trang ph ba
Li cam oan
Li cm n
Mc lc ..................................................................................................................... 1
PHN I: M U.................................................................................................... 3
1 L do chn ti..................................................................................................... 3
2. Mc tiu ................................................................................................................ 3
3. Nhim v............................................................................................................... 3
4 Cc phng php nghin cu.................................................................................. 4
5. i tng v phm vi ............................................................................................ 4
PHN II: NI DUNG............................................................................................... 5
Chng 1
C s l lun ca vn nghin cu
1.1. Nguyn l th nht ca nhit ng hc................................................................ 5
1.1.1. Pht biu nguyn l I .................................................................................... 5
1.1.2. Hm trng thi ni nng U........................................................................... 5
1.2. Nguyn l th hai ca nhit ng hc.................................................................. 8
1.2.1. Pht biu nguyn l II .................................................................................. 8
1.2.2. Chiu hng din bin ca mt phn ng ha hc....................................... 8
1.3. Cn bng ha hc ............................................................................................... 9
1.3.1. Cn bng ng th ...................................................................................... 9
1.3.2.Cn bng ho hc d th............................................................................... 11
1.3.3. S chuyn dch cn bng............................................................................. 11

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2

Chng 2
Thng k kin thc nhit ng hc trong chng trnh ho hc trung hc ph thng
2.1. Cc ni dung v nhit ha hc ........................................................................... 14
2.2. Cn bng ho hc .............................................................................................. 14
2.3. Cn bng trong dung dch in li ........................................................................ 16
Chng 3
Mt s kt qu ban u
3.1. Mt s kt qu kho st ban u ........................................................................ 18
3.2. Mt s bi son minh ho ..................................................................................
3.1.1. Bi 38: Cn bng ho hc. ......................................................................... 18
3.1.2. Bi 2: Axit, baz v mui .......................................................................... 26
3.2.1. Bi 50: Cn bng ho hc .......................................................................... 30
3.2.2. Bi 3: Axit, baz v mui. .........................................................................
3.3 Mt s bi tp cng c, hon thin kin thc .......................................................
PHN III: KT LUN .............................................................................................
1. Kt lun.................................................................................................................
2. kin, xut ......................................................................................................
TI LIU THAM KHO
PH LC


3

PHN I: M U
1 L do chn ti
Ha hc l mt khoa hc va l thuyt, va thc nghim. Ha hc c rt nhiu
kh nng trong vic pht trin nhng nng lc nhn thc cho hc sinh, nu vic dy
v hc mn ny c t chc ng n. Trc y, ngnh gio dc nc ta ly hot
ng ca gio vin lm ch o, cn hc sinh ng vai tr tip thu, lnh hi kin
thc mt cch th ng qua li ging ca gio vin. Nu c tip tc cch dy v hc
nh vy, ngnh gio dc nc ta s khng pht trin, khng p ng c nhng
yu cu mi ca x hi. S nghip cng nghip ha, hin i ha t nc, s th
thch trc nguy c tt hu trn ng tin vo th k XXI bng tr tu ang i hi
i mi gio dc. Theo xu hng i mi gio dc ph thng hin nay dy hc
ly hc sinh lm trung tm th vai tr tch cc, ch ng, sng to ca hc sinh
c pht huy, cn vai tr ca gio vin khng h b h thp m tri li c yu cu
cao hn nhiu, gio vin ng vai tr t chc v iu khin hc sinh chim lnh tri
thc, t lc hot ng tm ti lnh hi kin thc mi. Do , ngi gio vin cn
c s hiu bit v vn kin thc va su, va rng , c bit l nhng ni dung kh
nh phn nhit ng hc hc sinh hiu v vn dng gii bi tp.
Hin nay, mt s gio vin tr mi ra trng gp kh khn trong vic ging dy
nhng ni dung kh tru tng ny. Do , khng mang li hiu qu cao trong qu
trnh ging dy.
Nhn thy c iu nn em chn ti: Ging dy mt s ni dung
nhit ng hc trong chng trnh ha hc trung hc ph thng.
2. Mc tiu:
Xc nh c cch thc ging dy mt s ni dung nhit ng hc trong chng
trnh ha hc trung hc ph thng.
Phng php ging dy mt s ni dung nhit ng hc trong chng trnh ha
hc trung hc ph thng
3. Nhim v:
Nghin cu sch gio khoa ha hc lp 10, 11 v cc ti liu khc c lin quan

4

Nghin cu v nhit ng hc trong chng trnh ha hc ph thng, c bit lp
10 v 11
iu tra, thit k tit dy.
4 Cc phng php nghin cu:
Phng php nghin cu ti liu l lun: sch gio khoa v cc ti liu lin quan
khc
Phng php nghin cu thc tin: Kho st gio vin v hc sinh.
Phng php nghin cu khc: iu tra v trao i vi gio vin, test
5. i tng v phm vi:
i tng: gio vin v hc sinh.
Cc ni dung nhit ng hc trong chng trnh ha hc trung hc ph thng
Phng php, phng tin dy hc, t chc dy hc tch cc


5

PHN II: NI DUNG
Chng I: C s l lun ca vn nghin cu
1.1. Nguyn l th nht ca nhit ng hc:
1.1.1. Pht biu nguyn l I:
Nguyn l I c pht biu di nhiu dng khc nhau.
Khi mt h kn thc hin mt chu trnh, tng i s ca cc cng W v nhit Q
m h trao i vi mi trng ngou bng khng.
0 ) ( = +
i
i
i
W Q
Phng trnh trn cho thy rng, khi thc hin mt chu trnh, nu nhn cng n s
nhng nhit, cn nu nhn nhit n s sinh cng. Nu gi mt ng c hot ng
tun hon sinh cng m khng cn nhn nhit l ng c vnh cu loi I th c th
khng nh khng th c ng c vnh cu loi I.
1.1.2. Hm trng thi ni nng U:
Da trn nguy l I, chng ta chng minh rng c tn ti mt hm ni nng.
Gi s mt h kn thc hin mt bin i AB theo 2 con ng 1, 2 ri sau li
quay v trngt hi ban u theo ng 3. Nng lng m h trao i vi mi trng
ngoi trong mi trng hp l:
W
1
+ Q
1

W
2
+ Q
2

W
3
+ Q
3

p dng ln lt nguyn l I vo cc chu trnh 1-3 v 2-3 ta c:
W
1
+ Q
1
+ W
3
= 0
W
2
+ Q
2
+ Q
3
= 0
Suy ra : W
1
+ Q
1
= W
2
+ Q
2
= = const =
B
A
Q W ) ( +
Nh vy, gi tr ca tng W + Q i vi mt bin i bt k ca h kn khng ph
thuc vo ng bin i m ch ph thuc vo im i v im n. N biu th
bin thin ca mt hm ca cc thng s trng thi ca h. Hm trng thi ny c
gi l ni nng U ca h.

6

B
A A B
Q W U U ) ( + =
Hay : Q W U + =
1.1.2.1. Bin i on nhit:
Trong bin i on nhit Q = 0. Biu thc tan hc ca nguyn l I c dng :
W U =
c bit vi chu trnh : W U = = 0.
Mt ln na chng ta li thy: mt h chy theo chu trnh khng trao i nhit
vi bn ngoi khng th sinh cng.
1.1.2.2. Bin i ng tch:
Trong bin i ng tch 0 = V . Do , nu 0 . = = dV P W
ng
v ta c:
Q dU =
=
= =
const V
V
Q Q U
Nh vy, Q
V
bng bin thin ca mt hm trng thi( ) U v khng ph thuc
vo ng bin i.
1.1.2.3. H c lp:
Khi mt h nhit ng l c lp, n khng th trao i nng lng vi mi
trng ngoi W = 0 v Q = 0. Vy U = 0. Ni nng ca mt h c lp l khng i
1.1.3. Hm trng thi entanpi(H):
Xt mt h khng c th thc hin cng c ch.
dV P Q dU
ng
. =
Trong qu trnh ng p, khi P
ng
= P
h
= P, ta c:
dV P Q dU
P
. =
V dP = 0 nn PdV = PdV + VdP = d(PV).
V : ) ( ) ( PV U d PV d dU Q
P
+ = + =
i lng : H = U + PV c gi l entanpi ca h. H l mt hm trng thi v U
v PV u l hm trng thi.
i vi kh l tng th PV = n.RT , do :
H = U + n.RT = H(T).

7

Nh vy: dH Q
P
= v =
P
Q
1.1.4. Phng php tnh hiu ng nhit:
1.1.4.1. Entanpi sinh:
Entanpi sinh ca mt cht l hiu ng nhit ca phn ng to thnh mt mol cht
y t cc n cht vo trng thi bn vng nht trong nhng iu kin cho v
nhit v p sut.
Nu iu kin ny l iu kin tiu chun th entanpi sinh c gi l entanpi sinh
chun v c k hiu bng
o
S 298 ,

Entanpi ca mt phn ng ha hc bng tng entanpi sinh ca cc sn phm tr
tng entanpi sinh ca cc cht phn ng.
= . i
S(sn phm)
-
. j
S(cht phn ng)
Vi iv j l nhng h s hp thc trong phng trnh phn ng.
Entanpi sinh nguyn t
Khi mt mol hp cht kh c to thnh t cc nguyn t th bin thin
entanpi ca qu trnh ny c gi l entanpi sinh nguyn t.
Entanpi sinh ca cht tan
Entanpi sinh ca cht tan l hiu ng nhit ca qu trnh hnh thnh mt mol cht
trng thi tan t cc n cht vo trng thi bn vng nht trong cc iu kin
cho v nhit v p sut.
1.1.4.2. Entanpi chy:
Entanpi chy ca mt cht l hiu ng nhit ca phn ng t chy mt mol cht
ti cc dng oxi ha thch ng ca cc nguyn t.
Entanpi chy ca cc cht c xc nh bng thc nghim v thng c quy
v cc iu kin tiu chun: Entanpi chy tiu chun
o
ch 298 ,

Hiu ng nhit ca mt phn ng ha hc bng tng cc entanpi chy ca cc
cht phn ng tr i tng cc entanpi chy ca cc sn phm.
= . i
ch(cht phn ng)
-
. j
ch(sn phm)

Vi iv j l nhng h s hp thc trong phng trnh phn ng.

8

1.1.4.3. Nng lng lin kt:
Nng lng ca mt lin kt nh v l nng lng c gii phng khi lin kt
ha hc c hnh thnh t nhng nguyn t c lp.
Hiu ng nhit ca mt phn ng ha hc bng tng cc nng lng lin kt ca
cc phn t sn phm tr i tng cc nng lng lin kt ca cc cht phn ng.
1.1.5.4. Nng lng mng li tinh th ion:
Trong iu kin bnh thng, cc hp cht ion c cu trc tinh th. Trong mng
li tinh th ion khng c ranh gii gia cc phn t. Mi tinh th c coi nh
mt phn t. V l do , i vi loi hp cht ny, ngi ta t dng nng lng lin
kt m dng nng lng mng li tinh th. y l nng lng c gii phng khi
mt mol cht tinh th c hnh thnh t cc ion th kh
1.2. Nguyn l th hai ca nhit ng hc:
1.2.1. Pht biu nguyn l II:
+ Cch pht biu th nht:
Cch pht biu ny do Clausius xut nn cng c gi l cch pht biu
Clausius hay nh Clausius.
Khng th c qu trnh m kt qu duy nht ch l chuyn nhit t vt c nhit
thp sang vt c nhit cao; hoc nhit khng th chuyn t vt lnh sang vt
nng nu ng thi khng din ra mt qu trnh n b no khc.
+ Cch pht biu th hai:
Khng th ch to c mt ng c lm vic theo chu trnh, ly nhit t mt
ngun v bin han ton thnh cng 9 ng c vnh ci loi hai).
Cch pht biu ny do Thomson xut nn cn c gi l cch pht biu ca
Thomson
1.2.2. Chiu hng din bin ca mt phn ng ha hc:
1.2.2.1. Tiu chun chiu hng din bin:
Cc phn ng ha hc thng din ra trong iu kin ng nhit, ng p. Theo
quy lut trn, mun xc nh kh nng din bin ca chng nhng nhit v
p sut xc nh chng ta phi tnh bin thin entanpi t do G trong phn ng ti

9

nhng iu kin . Gi tr m ca G cho bit phn ng c kh nng din ra hay
khng v mt nhit ng hc.
+ G < 0 : phn ng t din bin
+ G = 0: phn ng cn bng
+ G > 0: phn ng khng t din bin
1.2.2.2. Mt s phng php tnh:
+ Cch 1: nhit v p sut khng i: S T G = .
+ Cch 2: Trong phng php ny
0
298
G
(phn ng)
c tnh t entanpi t do sinh tiu
chun ca cc cht
o
S i
o
T
G G =

.
'
(sn phm)
-
o
S i
G
.
(cht phn ng)
+ Cch 3: i vi cc phn ng oxi ha kh c th din ra trong pin in, bng
cch o sc in ng E ca pin, ta c th tnh G theo h thc:
G = - n.F.E.
Vi: n : s electron trao i trong phn ng.
F : in lng tng ng vi 1 mol electron.
F = 96500 C
1.3. Cn bng ha hc:
1.3.1. Cn bng ng th:
1.3.1.1. Cn bng ng th trong pha kh:
Trong trng hp ny, cc cht phn ng v cc sn phm u l cc kh. Nu
chng c coi l kh l tng th a
i
=
o
i
P
P
vi P
o
= 1 atm v
o
i
o
o
i k i
P
P
RT P T ln . ) , (
) (
+ = . Nh vy, hng s cn bng c biu th qua cc p
sut phn ca cc kh v c k hiu l K
P
.
[ ]

=
o i P
P P K
i
.
vi

=
i i

'


10

K
P
ch ph thuc vo nhit , khng c th nguyn v lin h vi
o
G ca phn
ng bi h thc:
P
o
T
K RT G ln . =
Nu trng thi tiu chun ca kh tng ng vi P
o
= 1atm th phi biu th cc p
sut phn bng atm
Cc biu thc khc ca hng s cn bng trong pha kh
Khi phn ng ho hc xy ra trong pha kh, ta c th biu th hng s cn bng
qua phn mol hoc nng mol ca cc cht phn ng v cc sn phm phn ng
lc cn bng.
Trong trng hp th nht, nu gi n
i
l s mol ca kh I th phn mol ca n
bng:
P
P
n
n
x
i
i
i
i
= =

K
x
(T,P) l mt hng s mt nhit v p sut xc nh. l hng s cn
bng ca phn ng c biu th qua phn mol x
i
mi kh.
Trong trng hp th hai, bng cch thay nng mol ca cht i :
[ ]
RT
P
V
n
i
i i
= = vo (4.9), ta c:
[ ] ( ) [ ] [ ] [ ]

=

o
o P
P
RT
i P RT i K
i I

K
c
(T) l mt hng s mt nhit xc nh. y l hng s cn bng c
biu th qua nng mol ca cc cht. Quan h gia K
c
v K
p
c biu th bi h
thc:

=
RT
P
K T K
o
P C
) (
Trong trng hp cui cng, gi n
i
l s mol ca cht i :
RT
V
P n
i i
=


11

1.3.1.2. Cn bng ng th trong pha lng:
Nu cc cht phn ng v cc sn phm hon ton trn ln vo nhau trng thi
lng v dung dch c coi nh l tng th trong biu thc ca ho th ca cht i,
ta thay a
i
= x
i
( x
i
- phn mol ca cht nguyn cht I trong hn hp lng ).
i
o
i i i
x RT T x T ln . ) ( ) , .( + =
Quan h gia K
x
v
o
G ca phn ng c biu th bi h thc:
x
o
K RT G ln . =
1.3.2.Cn bng ho hc d th:
Trong trng hp ny, cch vit biu thc ca hng s cn bng ph thuc vo
bn cht ca cc pha c mt trong h phn ng.
* H phn ng gm pha lng v mt pha kh :
Khi vit biu thc ca hng s cn bng , ta thay hot ca cc cht kh nguyn
cht bng p sut phn ca chng v thay hot ca cc cht trong pha lng bng
phn s mol ca chng, hoc bng nng mol nu l dung dch nc long.
* H phn ng gm mt pha lng v nhiu pha rn:
Trong trng hp ny, khi vit biu thc ca hng s cn bng ch cn n
phn s mol ca cc cht tan trong pha lng. Nu l dung dch nc long th c th
thay phn s mol ca cc cht tan bng nng mol.
1.3.3. S chuyn dch cn bng:
Khi mt phn ng ho hc trng thi cn bng th trng thi ny c gi lu
bao nhiu cng c. Nu cc yu t quyt nh cn bng nh nhit , p sut,
nng khng thay i. Tuy nhin, nu mt trong cc yu t ny thay i th s
c s chuyn dch cn bng. Hai yu t nh hng quan trng nht l nhit v p
sut.
1.3.3.1. nh hng ca nhit . nh lut Van Hoff:
S tng nhit ca mt hn hp cn bng ( P hay V = const 0 lm chuyn
dch cn bng theo chiu ca phn ng thu nhit .
* Cn bng din ra trong pha kh hay cn bng d th kh - rn:

12

Nh bit, nh hng ca nhit n bin thin entanpi t do ca phn ng
ho hc c biu th bi phng trnh Gibbs Helmholtz
2
T dT
T
G
d
o
T
o
T

Thay
P
o
T
K RT G ln . = vo ta c:
2
ln
RT dT
K d
o
T P

= (4.27)
Phng trnh (4.27 l phng trnh ng p ca phn ng ho hc hay phng
trnh ng p Van Hoff
o c P
O
C P
P RT K K
P
RT
K K ln . ln . ln ln
+ =

Ly o hm i vi T, ta c:
2
ln
RT
U
dT
K d
o
T C

= ( 4.28)
Phng trnh (4.28) l phng trnh ng tch ca phn ng ha hc hay phng
trnh ng tch Van Hoff
* Cn bng din ra trong pha lng:
Bng phng php tng t nh trn ta tm c:
2
2
ln
ln
RT dT
K d
RT
H
dT
K d
o
T C
o
T x
=

1.3.3.2. nh hng ca p sut. nh lut LeChalelier:
S tng p sut ca mt hn hp cn bng ( T = const ) lm chuyn dch cn
bng theo chiu lm gim s mol cc kh .
Khng chu nh hng ca p sut.
Ta c:

=
p
P
K P T K
o
P x
) , (


13

Phng trnh trn cho thy:
+ i vi cc phn ng din ra vi s gim s mol kh ( ) 0 < th khi P tng, K
x

tng, ngha l cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu thun ( chu lm gim s mol kh
hay lm gim p sut).
+ i vi cc phn ng din ra vi s tng s mol kh ( ) 0 > th khi P tng, K
x

gim, ngha l cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu nghch ( chiu lm gim p sut).


14

Chng 2. THNG K KIN THC NHIT NG HC TRONG
CHNG TRNH HO HC TRUNG HC PH THNG
2.1. Cc ni dung v nhit ha hc:
Chng trnh c bn v chng trnh nng cao khng c bi ring ni v vn
ny. Cn chng trnh lp chuyn th c ring mt bi v vn nhit ha hc.
l bi Nhit phn ng v nguyn l th nht ca nhit ng hc . Bi ny gm
c nhng vn sau:
- Nhng khi nim m u:
+ Hiu ng nhit ca mt phn ng ha hc
+ Phn ng ta nhit, phn ng thu nhit.
- Cc php tnh v nhit ha hc:
+ Nng lng lin kt v nhit phn ng
+ Nhit to thnh, nhit phn hy.
+ nh lut Hes
+ Cch tnh nhit phn ng
+ Nhit ha tan
- Nguyn l th nht ca nhit ng hc
+ Ni nng U
+ Hm trng thi H
- Nguyn l th hai ca nhit ng hc
+ Qu trnh t din bin
+ Entropi
+ Nguyn l th hai ca nhit ng hc
- Nng lng t do Gip
2.2. Cn bng ho hc:
C 3 chng trnh: c bn, nng cao v phn ban u c bi ni v cn bng ha
hc nhng mi chng trnh c mc th hin khc nhau. Chng trnh c bn th
gii thiu v cn bng ha hc hc sinh c th p dng gii nhng bi tp n
gin, chng trnh nng cao th gip hc sinh gii c nhng bi ton kh hn, t

15

duy hn so vi chng trnh c bn. Cn chng trnh lp chuyn th ni dung cng
su gip hc sinh hiu nhiu vn , gii thiu cho hc sinh nhiu cng thc tnh
gii nhng bi tp kh, nhm pht huy kh nng t duy ca hc sinh.
Sau y l bng so snh 3 chng trnh : c bn, nng cao v lp chuyn v ni
dung cn bng ha hc .
Chng trnh c bn Chng trnh nng cao Chng trnh lp
chuyn
1.Phn ng mt chiu,
phn ng thun nghch v
cn bng ha hc
1. Phn ng mt chiu,
phn ng thun nghch
v cn bng ha hc
a. Phn ng mt chiu:
b. Phnng thun nghch
c. Cn bng ha hc
1. Phn ng bt thun
nghch v thun nghch
2. S chuyn dch cn
bng ha hc
2. Hng s cn bng:
a.Cn bng trong h
ng th
b.Cn bng trong h d
th
2. Cn bng ha hc
3. Cc yu t nh hng
n cn bng ha hc:
a.nh hng ca nng
b.nh hng ca p sut
c.nh hng ca nhit
d. Vai tr ca xc tc
3. S chuyn dch cn
bng ha hc:
a. Th nghim:
b. nh ngha
3. S chuyn dch cn
bng. Nguyn l L
Satli
a. nh hng ca s
bin i nng :
b. nh hng ca s
thay i p sut:
c. nh hng ca s
thay i nhit :
d. Nguyn l L Satli
v chuyn dch cn bng

16

e. nh hng ca cht
xc tc ti cn bng ha
hc
4. ngha ca tc
phn ng v cn bng
ha hc trong sn xut
ha hc
4.Cc yu t nh hng
n cn bng ha hc
a.nh hng ca nng

b. nh hng ca p sut
c. nh hng ca nhit

d Vai tr ca cht xc tc

5. ngha ca tc
phn ng v cn bng
ha hc trong sn xut
ha hc

2.3. Cn bng trong dung dch in li:
Chng trnh c bn Chng trnh nng cao Chng trnh lp
chuyn
I. Cc nh ngha v axit baz:
- nh ngha theo thuyt
in li ca Areniut
in li ca Areniut
proton ca Bronstet
in li ca Areniut
proton ca Bronstet
electron ca Liuyt
Khng c ni n trong
bi hc
II. Hng s phn li axit v baz:

III. Cch tnh pH ca cc
dung dch axit, baz:

17

Khng c dy trong bi hc 1. Axit mnh, baz mnh
2. Axit yu, baz yu
3. Dung dch m

IV. Mui:
1. nh ngha:
2.S in li ca mui trong nc:

IV. Mui:
1. nh ngha:
2. Tn gi:
3. Tnh cht ca cc
mui:
a. Tnh tan:
b. Tnh cht ha hc:
4. Cc phng php iu
ch mui:


18

Chng 3. MT S KT QU THC NGHIM BAN U
3.1 Mt s kt qu thc nghim ban u:
3.1.1. Mc tiu v nhim v ca vic kho st:
nh gi kh nng nm vng kin thc v vn dng vo vic gii bi tp ni
dung nhit ng hc ca hc sinh cc lp 10 trng THPT TP Cao Lnh
So snh kt qu kho st gia cc lp, t nh gi s b vic dy v hc ni
dung nhit ng hc ca gio vin v hc sinh.
X l v phn tch kt qu rt ra nhn xt.
3.1.2. K hoch kho st:
Xy dng mu phiu iu tra tham kho kin ca gio vin v vic ging dy
cc bi, mc c ni dung lin quan n nhit ng hc.
Xy dng mu trc nghim 15 pht kim tra mc nm vng kin thc
ca hc sinh cc lp 10 v ni dung nhit ng hc.
3.1.3. Kt qu kho st:
Kho st hc sinh:
Thng qua bi kim tra 15 pht ca hc sinh cc lp 10 trng THPT TP Cao
Lnh ( lp 10H, lp 10SV, lp 10A
3
, lp 10Cba
1
), ta c kt qu ban u nh sau:
Bng 3.1. im v s lng hcsinh ca lp 10H ( tng s hc sinh n = 37)

Bng 3.2. im v s lng hcsinh ca lp 10SV( tng s hc sinh n = 24)

im 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
S lng 0 0 0 0 2 5 7 5 3 1 1

im 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
S lng 0 0 0 0 1 7 11 8 5 3 2
im 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
S lng 0 0 0 0 1 7 11 8 5 3 2
im 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
S lng 0 0 0 0 1 7 11 8 5 3 2

19

Bng 3.3. im v s lng hcsinh ca lp 10A
3
tng s hc sinh n = 50)
im 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
S lng 0 0 0 5 8 11 13 9 4 0 0

Bng 3.4. im v s lng hcsinh ca lp 10Cba
1
( tng s hc sinh n = 48)
im 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
S lng 0 0 2 5 11 10 14 5 1 0 0

Bng 3.5. Phn phi tn sut ( f
i
(%) = s lng / n )
Tn sut f
i
(%)
im 10H 10SV 10A
3
10Cba
1

0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
1 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
2 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 10.42%
3 0.00% 0.00% 10.00% 14.58%
4 2.70% 8.33% 16.00% 18.75%
5 18.92% 20.83% 22.00% 20.83%
6 29.73% 29.17% 26.00% 22.92%
7 21.62% 20.83% 18.00% 10.42%
8 13.51% 12.50% 8.00% 2.08%
9 8.11% 4.17% 0.00% 0.00%
10 5.41% 4.17% 0.00% 0.00%
Tng 100% 100% 100% 100%


20

3.1.4. th:
Da vo s liu trnh by trn, ta c biu v th biu din nh sau:
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10H
10SV
10A3
10Cba1

Hnh 3.1. Biu ct biu th tn sut f
i
(%)

0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10H
10SV
10A3
10Cba1

Hnh 3.2. th biu th tn sut f
i
(%)


21

Da vo bng 3.5 ta tnh c tn sut lu tch nh sau:

Bng 3.6. Biu din tn sut lu tch
Tn sut lu tch
im 10H 10SV 10A
3
10Cba
1

0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
1 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
2 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 4.17%
3 0.00% 0.00% 10.00% 14.59%
4 2.70% 8.33% 26.00% 37.51%
5 21.62% 29.16% 48.00% 58.34%
6 51.35% 58.33% 74.00% 87.50%
7 72.97% 79.16% 92.00% 97.92%
8 86.48% 91.66% 100.00% 100.00%
9 94.59% 95.83% 100.00% 100.00%
10 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%
Tng 100% 100% 100% 100%


22

0.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
100.00%
120.00%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10H
10SV
10A3
10Cba1

Hnh 3.3. Biu ct biu th tn sut lu tch
0.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
100.00%
120.00%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10H
10SV
10A3
10Cba1

Hnh 3.4. th phn phi tn sut lu tch
3.1.5. Nhn xt:
Thng qua cc s liu v th trn ta nhn thy: nhn chung mc nm vng
kin thc v ni dung nhit ng hc ca hc sinh khi 10 khng ng u nhau.
Chng hn, s hc sinh c im t trung bnh tr xung ( im 5 ) i vi 2 lp

23

chuyn : lp 10H ( chuyn ho ) chim khong 21.62% v lp 10SV ( chuyn sinh )
chim khong 29.16% , i vi lp nng cao 10A
3
th c t l 48.005, cn i vi
vi lp c bn 10Cba
1
th t l cn cao hn na l 58.34%.
Thng qua s liu thng k nh trn ta nhn thy: T l hc sinh c im t
trung bnh tr xung cc lp chuyn chim t l thp nht, cn lp c bn th
chim t l cao nht. Nhng s liu ny phn nh mc nm vng kin thc cc
phn ban c s khc nhau r rt. cc lp chuyn th kh nng chim lnh tri thc
mi ca cc em kh cao. Cn cc lp c bn th mc nm vng kin thc ca
cc em cn hn ch. Do , gio vin cn c phng php ging dy thch hp
pht huy kh nng vn c ca hc sinh lp chuyn v gip cc em hc sinh lp c
bn c th chim lnh kin thc mt cch hiu qu hn.
3.2. Mt s bi son minh ho:
3.2.1. Bi 38: Cn bng ho hc.
A. Mc tiu:
1. Kin thc:
- Hiu c cc khi nim :
+ Phn ng mt chiu, phn ng thun nghch.
+ Cn bng ha hc
+ S chuyn dch cn bng, cc yu t nh hng n cn bng ha hc v
nguyn l chuyn dch cn bng.
2. K nng:
Bit vn dng cc yu t trn gii thch cc qu trnh ha hc trong t nhin v
trong sn xut.
3. Phng php:
-Phng php nu vn
- Phng php t chc hc theo nhm
B. Chun b:

24

- Ha cht : dung dch HCl 1,0 M, km vin, mt bnh kh NO
2
, phch nc
nh, dung dch K
2
Cr
2
O
4
0,2 M, dung dch K
2
Cr
2
O
7
0,1M, dung dch NaOH 1,0M,
H
2
O
2
th trng.
- B dng c: cc 500 ml, hai ng nghim cha kh NO
2
ging nhau
- Chun b cc phiu hc tp v chun b ni dung, bi gii ca cc phiu hc tp .
C. Hot ng dy hc:
T
G
Hot ng ca Gio
Vin
Hot ng ca
Hc Sinh
Ni dung
Hot ng 1: T chc
tnh hung hc tp.
- GV cho HS hon thnh
ni dung 1 ca phiu hc
tp.
- GV nhn xt a p
n ni dung 1 v kt
lun.

- HS han thnh ni
dung 1 ca phiu
hc tp, trnh by
kt qu ni dung 1
ca phiu hc tp.
- HS khc nhn xt.

Hot ng 2: Cn bng
ha hc.
- GV cho HS hon thnh
tp.
- GV nhn xt, a ra
p n ni dung 1 v kt
lun.

- HS hon thnh ni
dung 2 ca phiu
hc tp v trnh by
kt qu ni dung
ca phiu hc tp.
Cn bng ha hc l trng
thi ca phn ng thun
nghch khi tc phn ng
thun bng tc phn ng
nghch.
trng thi phn ng
thun v phn ng nghch
vn din ra nhng vi tc
bng nhau. V vy, cn bng
ha hc l cn bng ng.
Hot ng 3: S chuyn
dch cn bng.
- GV tin hnh th
- HS quan st, so
snh mu gia hai
ng nghim v gii
Khi h nhit ca h s
lm cho nng ca NO
2

gim, nng N
2
O
4
tng

25

nghim theo SGK ( hnh
7.5 ):
+ Bc 1: Quan st mu
ca 2 ng nghim nhit
phng.
+ Bc 2: Cho mt ng
nghim vo cc nc
(trn thm NaCl c
nhit thp hn) mt
thi gian v so snh mu
gia hai ng nghim.
+ Bc 3: Ly ng
nghim trong cc nc
ra khng kh mt
thi gian.
- GV nhn xt kin HS
v rt ra kt lun v s
chuyn dch cn bng:
thch nguyn nhn
dn n s thay i
.
Trong h cha NO
2

lun din ra cn
bng:
2NO
2
(nu)
N
2
O
4
(khng mu)

ln, do mu ca hn hp
b nht i. l s thay i
t trng thi cn bng th
nht nhit phng sang
trng thi cn bng th hai
nhit thp hn. Nu ta
ra ngoi cc nc , nhit
ca h tr li nhit
phng th h li tr v trng
thi cn bng th nht.
Kt lun: S chuyn dch
cn bng ha hc l s di
chuyn t trng thi cn
bng ny sang trng thi cn
bng khc do tc ng ca
cc yu t t bn ngoi ln
cn bng.
Hot ng 4: Cc yu t
nh hng n cn bng
ha hc - nh hng ca
nng
- GV yu cu HS c
SGK v hon thnh ni
dung 3 ca phiu hc tp
- GV nhn xt, a ra
p n ni dung 3 ca
phiu hc tp v kt lun

- HS c SGK v
hon thnh ni
dung 3 ca phiu
hc tp v kt lun.
Kt lun: Khi tng hoc
gim nng mt cht trong
cn bng th cn bng bao
gi cng chuyn dch theo
chiu lm gim tc dng ca
vic tng hoc gim nng
ca cht .


26

Hot ng 5: nh hng
ca p sut
- GV tin hnh th
nghim theo SGK, yu
cu HS quan st mu ca
hn hp kh trong xi-
lanh khi:
+ Nn pit-tng.
+ Ko dn pit-tng.
- GV nhn xt v gii
thch li nu cn.
- GV t vn : nu
trong cn bng c tng
h s hp thc cc cht
kh hai v ca phng
trnh ha hc bng nhau
th p sut chung ca h
nh hng nh th no?

- HS quan st, nhn
xt mu ca hn
hp kh trong xi-
lanh.
- Trong xi-lanh tn
ti cn bng:
2NO
2
(kh mu nu
) N
2
O
4
( kh
khng mu ).

- Khi tng p sut
chung ca h tc
ca c phn ng
thun v phn ng
nghch u tng
nh nhau nn
khng lm chuyn
dch cn bng ca
h.

+ Khi tng p sut,cn bng
chuyn dch theo hng to
thnh N
2
O
4
, ng ngha vi
vic lm gim s mol kh
trong hn hp,dn n lm
gim p sut chung ca h
chng li s tng p sut do
tc dng bn ngoi.
+ Khi gim p sut,cn bng
chuyn dch theo hng to
thnh NO
2
ng ngha vi
vic lm tng s mol kh
trong hn hp,dn n lm
tng p sut chung ca h
chng li s gim p sut do
tc dng bn ngoi.
+ Khi tng hoc gim p
sut chung ca h cn bng
th cn bng bao gi cng
chuyn dch theo chiu lm
gim tc dng ca vic tng
hoc gim p sut .
Hot ng 6: nh hng
ca nhit .
- GV yu cu HS nhc
li khi nim phn ng
thu nhit v phn ng ta
nhit, ly th d minh
ha.

- HS nhc li khi
nim phn ng thu
nhit v phn ng
ta nhit, ly th d
minh ha.

Khi tng nhit , cn bng
chuyn dch theo chiu phn
ng thu nhit, ngha l theo
chiu gim tc dng ca
vic tng nhit , cn bng

27

- GV nhn xt kin ca
HS
- GV tin hnh th
nghim: ngm bnh cha
kh NO
2
vo cc nc
, yu cu HS quan st
s thay i mu sc v
nhn xt, rt ra kt lun.
- GV nhn xt ( nu cn)
v rt ra kt lun v nh
hng ca nhit .

- HS quan st s
thay i mu sc v
nhn xt, rt ra kt
lun.
chuyn dch theo chiu phn
ng ta nhit, ngha l theo
chiu gim tc dng ca
vic gim nhit .
Hot ng 7: Nguyn l
chuyn dch cn bng
(nguyn l L Sat-li-).
- GV t vn :Da trn
cc kt qu nghin cu
nh hng ca cc yu t
n s chuyn dch cn
bng, hy rt ra kt lun
chung ca s chuyn
dch cn bng ?
- GV nhn xt v kt
lun.

- HS pht biu
nguyn l chuyn
dch cn bng.

Nu mt trong cc yu t
ca cn bng ( nng ,
nhit , p sut ) b bin
i th cn bng ha hc b
chuyn dch v pha lm
gim tc ng
Hot ng 8: Vai tr
ca cht xc tc.
- GV yu cu HS c
SGK phn vai tr ca
cht xc tc.

- HS c SGK phn
vai tr ca cht xc
tc.
+ Cht xc tc lm
Nu ta s dng cht xc tc
tc phn ng thun v
nghch u tng nh nhau
nn cht xc tc khng c
tc dng lm chuyn dch
cn bng, m ch c tc

28

tng tc phn
ng, trong phn ng
thun nghch
dng lm cho phn ng
nhanh chng t n trng
thi cn bng.

Hot ng 9: ngha
ca tc phn ng v
cn bng ha hc trong
sn xut ha hc
- GV cho cc nhm HS
tho lun v hon thnh
tp.
- GV nhn xt, a ra
dp n v kt lun.

- Cc nhm HS tho
lun v hon thnh
ni dung 4 ca
phiu hc tp.
- HS trnh by kt
qu phiu hc tp.
thy ngha ca tc
phn ng v cn bng ha
hc trong sn xut ha hc,
chng ta ly mt s th d
Hot ng 10: Cng c bi hc.

3.2.2. Bi 2: Axit, baz v mui.
A. Mc tiu:
1. Kin thc:
HS bit: nh ngha axit, baz , hiroxit lng tnh, mui theo thuyt A-r-ni-ut.
2. K nng:
Vit phng trnh in li ca mt s axit, baz , hiroxit lng tnh v mui.
3. Phng php dy hc:
- Phng php tho thun nhm
- Phng php trc quan
- Phng php m thoi
B. Chun b:
Th nghm chng minh Zn(OH)
2
c tnh cht lng tnh.

29

C. Hot ng dy hc:
TG Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS Ni dung
Hot ng 1:
- GV cho HS nhc li
cc khi nim v axit
hc lp di v cho
v d.
- GV yu cu: cc axit
l nhng cht in li.
Hy vit phng trnh
in li ca cc axit .
- GV yu cu 2 HS ln
bng vit 3 phng
trnh in li ca 3 axit.
Nhn xt v cc ion do
axit v baz phn li ra.
- GV kt lun

- HS ln bng vit
phng trnh in li
ca cc axit.
- HS nhn xt rt ra
kt lun.
- HS c nh ngha
axit.
I. Axit:
1. nh ngha ( theo A-r-
nu-ut):
- Axit l cht khi tan trong
nc phn li ra ion H
+
.
V d:
HCl H
+
+ Cl
-

CH
3
COOH CH
3
COO
-
+
Hot ng 2:
- GV yu cu HS:da
vo phng trnh in li
vit, hy nu nhn
xt v s ion H
+
c
phn li.
- GV nhn mnh: Axit
m mt phn t ch
phn li mt nc ra ion
H
+
l axit mt nc.Axit
m mt phn t phn li
nhiu nc .

- HS xem ri nu nhn
xt.
- HS ln bng vit v
d
Vd:
HCl,HNO
3
,CH
3
COOH

V d: H
2
SO
4
, H
3
PO
4
,
H
2
S
H
2
SO
4
H
+
+ HSO
4
-

HSO
4
-
H
+
+ SO
4
2-

2. Axit nhiu nc:
a. Axit nhiu nc:

- Axit m mt phn t ch
phn li mt nc .
- Axit m mt phn t
phn li nhiu nc ra ion H
+

l axit nhiu nc.


30

- GV yu cu HS ly v
d v axit mt nc, axit
nhiu nc. Sau , vit
phng trnh phn li
theo tng nc ca
chng.
H
3
PO
4
H
+
+ H
2
PO
4
-

H
2
PO
4
-
H
+
+
HPO
4
2-

HPO
4
2-
H
+
+ PO
4
3-

Hot ng 3:
- GV cho HS nhc li
cc khi nim v baz
hc cc lp di
v cho v d.
- GV yu cu HS vit
phng trnh in li ca
baz v nu nh ngha
baz
- GV yu cu 2 HS ln
bng vit 3 phng
trnh in li ca 3 axit.
Nhn xt v cc ion do
axit v baz phn li ra.
- GV kt lun: Baz l
cht khi tan trong nc
phn li ra ion OH
-

V d:
NaOH Na
+
+ OH
-

KOH K
+
+ OH
-

- HS ln bng vit v
d, nhn xt, ri nu
nh ngha baz.
V d: NaOH, KOH
NaOH Na
+
+ OH
-

Vd: Ba(OH)
2
,
Ca(OH)
2
..
Ca(OH)
2
Ca(OH)
+
+
OH
-
Ca(OH)
+
Ca
2+
+
OH
-

II. Baz:
1. nh ngha:
Nhn xt: Dung dch cc
baz u c mt anion OH
-

, chnh anion ny lm cho
dung dch baz c mt s
tnh ht chung.
Theo thuyt A-r-ni-ut,
baz l cht khi tan trong
nc phn li ra anion OH
-
.
2. Baz nhiu nc:
- Baz m mt phn t ch
phn li mt nc ra ion OH
-

l baz mt nc.
-Baz m mt phn t
phn li nhiu nc ra ion
OH
-
l baz nhiu nc.
Cc axit, baz nhiu nc
phn li ln lt theo tng
nc.
Hot ng 4:
- GV lm th nghim
+ Cho dung dch HCl

- HS quan st v nhn
xt.
III. Hiroxit lng tnh:
1. nh ngha:
Hiroxit lng tnh l

31

vo ng nghim ng
Zn(OH)
2
.
+ Cho dung dch NaOH
vo ng nghim ng
Zn(OH)
2
.
- GV kt lun: Zn(OH)
2

l hiroxit lng tnh.
- GV t vn : Ti
sao Zn(OH)
2
l hiroxit
lng tnh ?
- GV gii thch: Theo
A-r-ni-ut th Zn(OH)
2

va phn li theo kiu
axit, va phn li theo
kiu baz
- HS nhn xt: C 2
ng Zn(OH)
2
u tan.
Vy, Zn(OH)
2 va
phn
ng vi axit, va phn
ng vi baz.
- Phn li kiu baz:
Zn(OH)
2
Zn
2+
+
2OH
-

- Phn li kiu axit:
Zn(OH)
2

+
+ H ZnO 2
2
2

hiroxit khi tan trong nc
va c th phn li nh axit,
va c th phn li nh
baz.
Cc hiroxit lng tnh
thng gp l Zn(OH)
2
,
Al(OH)
3
, Sn(OH)
2
,
Pb(OH)
2
Chng u t
tan trong nc v c lc
axit, lc baz u yu.
Hot ng 5:
- GV b sung thm 2
trng hp phc tp
hn:
+
+
+
+
+
+
2
3 3
3 3
4 4 2 4
2 ) (
CO H HCO
HCO Na NaHCO
SO NH SO NH

- GV b sung: Mui
trung ha v mui axit.

- HS t vit phng
trnh in li ca 1 s
mui n gin:
NaCl Na
+
+ Cl
-

K
2
SO
4
2K
+
+
2
4
SO
- HS rt ra nhn xt:
dung dch cc mui
u c cation kim loi
(hoc
+
4
NH ) v anion
gc axit.
- HS c nh ngha
mui
IV. Mui:
Mui l hp cht khi tan
trong nc phn li ra
cation kim loi ( hoc
+
4
NH ) v anion gc axit.
- Mui trung ha: l mui
m anion gc axit khng
cn hiro c kh nng phn
li ra ion H
+

- Mui axit: l mui m
anion gc axit ca mui
vn cn hiro c kh nng
phn li ra ion H
+


32

Hot ng 6: S in li
ca mui trong nc
GV: Yu cu HS cho
bit mui c nhng kiu
in li no trong nc ?

HS tham kho SGK v
tr li
+ Hu ht cc mui
khi tan trong nc
phn li hon ton ra
cation kim loi (hoc
cation
+
4
NH ) v anion
gc axit ( tr 1 s
mui: HgCl
2
,
Hg(CN)
2
l cc cht
in li yu )
+ Mui trung ha

- Nu anion gc axit cn
hiro c tnh axit th gc
ny phn li yu ra H
+
:
+
= +
+
+
2
3 3
3 3
SO H HSO
HSO Na NaHSO

- C 1 s mui trong gc
axit vn cha hiro, nhng
l mui trung ha v hiro
khng c tnh axit.

Hot ng 7: Cng c
bi
GV : Yu cu HS pht
biu cc nh ngha
axit, baz, mui,
hiroxit lng tnh theo
thuyt A-r-ni-ut

HS nh li kin thc
bi hc v tr li

3.2.3. Bi 50: Cn bng ho hc.
A.Mc tiu:
1. Kin thc:
- Hc sinh hiu:
+ Cn bng ha hc l g?
+ Hng s cn bng l g? ngha ca hng s cn bng .
+ Th no l s chuyn dch cn bng v nhng yu t nng , nhit , p sut
nh hng n chuyn dch cn bng ha hc nh th no?
- Hc sinh vn dng:
+ Vn dng thnh tho nguyn l chuyn dch cn bng cho mt cn bng ha hc.

33

2. K nng:
S dng biu thc hng s cn bng tnh ton.
3. Phng php dy hc:
- Phng php trc quan
- Phng php tho lun hp tc nhm nh
- Phng php m thoi kt hp vi thuyt trnh
B. Chun b:
- Ha cht : dung dch HCl 1,0 M, km vin, mt bnh kh NO
2
, phch nc
nh, dung dch K
2
Cr
2
O
4
0,2 M, dung dch K
2
Cr
2
O
7
0,1M, dung dch NaOH 1,0M,
H
2
O
2
th trng.
- B dng c: cc 500 ml, hai ng nghim cha kh NO
2
ging
- Chun b cc phiu hc tp v chun b ni dung, bi gii ca cc phiu hc tp .
D. Hot ng dy hc:
Hot ng 1: T
chc tnh hung hc
tp.
- GV cho HS han
thnh ni dung 1 ca
phiu hc tp.

- HS hon thnh ni
dung 1 ca phiu hc
tp v trnh by kt
qu.
- HS khc nhn xt.

Hot ng 2: Phn
ng mt chiu Phn
ng thun nghch.
- GV kt lun v phn
ng mt chiu v
phn ng thun
nghch.

- HS nhc li
- Phn ng mt chiu l
phn ng trong mt iu
kin nht nh ch c mt
hng cc cht tham gia
phn ng tc dng vi nhau
to thnh sn phm.
- Phn ng thun nghch l

34

phn ng trong mt iu
kin nht nh cc cht
tham gia phn ng tc dng
vi nhau to thnh sn
phm v ngc li.
Hot ng 3:Cn
bng ha hc.
- GV cho HS hon
thnh ni dung 2 ca
phiu hc tp.
- GV nhn xt, a ra
p n ni dung 2 v
kt lun.
- HS hon thnh ni
dung 2 ca phiu hc
tp.
- HS trnh by kt qu
ni dung ca phiu
hc tp.
- Kt lun v cn bng
ha hc.

trng thi( cn bng )
phn ng thun v phn
ng nghch vn din ra
nhng vi tc bng
nhau. V vy, cn bng ha
hc l cn bng ng.
Hot ng 4: Hng
s cn bng trong h
ng th.
- GV gii thch cho
HS khi nim h
ng th v h d th.
- GV yu cu HS c
cc s liu thc
nghim khi nghin
cu cn bng :
N
2
O
4
2NO
2
trong
bng 7.2 v phn gii
thiu v hng s cn
bng tong SGK.
Nhn xt v t s:

- HS c v nhn xt
v t s gia nng
ca NO
2
v N
2
O
4
vi
s m theo h s t
lng ca phn ng.
Hng s cn bng ca
phn ng:
a A + b B c C + d D
[ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]
b a
d c
c
B A
D C
K
.
.
=
Trong : [A], [B], [C] v
[D] l nng mol/l ca
cc cht A, B, C, D trng
thi cn bng; a, b, c, d l
h s t lng ca cc cht
trong PTHH.

35

[ ]
[ ]
4 2
2
2
O N
NO
trong cc th
nghim vi nng
ban u khc nhau.
Hot ng 5: Hng
s cn bng trong h
d th.
- GV yu cu HS c
SGK phn cn bng
gia h d th, nhn
xt s khc nhau gia
h ng th v h d
th.

- HS c v nhn xt
cn bng trong h d
th.
Trong biu thc hng s
cn bng nng ca cc
cht rn c coi l hng s
nn khng c mt trong
biu thc, cc gi tr ca
hng s cn bng. Th d
vi cn bng:
C + CO
2
2CO
[ ]
[ ]
2
2
CO
CO
K
c
=
Hot ng :S
chuyn dch cn
bng.
- GV tin hnh th
nghim theo SGK
(hinh 7.5), yu cu
HS quan st v rt ra
nhn xt.
- GV nhn xt kin
HS v rt ra kt lun
v s chuyn dch
cn bng.

- HS quan st, so snh
mu gia hai ng
nghim v gii thch
s nguyn nhn dn
n hin tng .
+ Bc 1: quan st
mu ca 2 ng nghim
nhit phng.
+ Bc 2: cho mt
ng nghim vo cc
nc ( trn thm
NaCl c nhit
thp hn) mt thi

Trong h cha NO
2
lun
din ra cn bng: 2NO
2
(nu
) N
2
O
4
( khng mu)
Khi h nhit ca h
lm cho nng ca NO
2

gim, nng N
2
O
4
tng
ln. Do , mu ca hn
hp b nht i. l s
thay i t trng thi cn
bng th nht nhit
phng sang trng thi cn
bng th hai nhit thp
hn.
Nu ta ra ngoi cc

36

gian v so snh mu
gia 2 ng nghim.
+ Bc 3: ly ng
nghim trong cc
nc ra khng
kh mt thi gian.
nc , nhit ca h tr
li nhit phng th h li
tr v trng thi cn bng
th nht.
Hot ng 7: Cc
yu t nh hng n
cn bng ha hc:
nh hng ca nng
.
- GV yu cu HS c
SGK v hon thnh
ni dung 3 ca phiu
hc tp.
- GV nhn xt a
p n ni dung 3 ca
phiu hc tp v kt
lun.

- HS c SGK v
hon thnh ni dung 3
ca phiu hc tp.
- HS a ra kt lun

Khi cn bng c mt cht
rn th vic thm hay bt
cht rn khng lm cn
bng chuyn dch.
Hot ng 8: nh
hng ca p sut.
- GV tin hnh th
nghim theo SGK
yu cu HS quan st
mu ca hn hp kh
trong xi lanh khi:
+ Nn pit-tng.
+ Ko dn pit-tng
GV nhn xt v gii

- HS quan st, nhn
xt mu ca hn hp
kh trong xilanh

- HS rt ra kt lun.
-Trong trng hp
ny, khi tng p sut

Trong xilanh tn ti cn
bng:
2NO
2
N
2
O
4
(kh mu nu ) (kh
khng mu)
+ Khi tng p sut (nn tit-
tng) cn bng chuyn dch
theo hng to thnh N
2
O
4


37

thch li nu cn.
- GV t vn : nu
trong cn bng c
tng h s hp thc
ca cc cht kh hai
v ca PTHH bng
nhau th p sut
chung ca h nh
hng nh th no ?
- Th d: xt phn
ng c s tham gia
ca cht kh vi h s
t lng nh nhau:
H
2(k)
+ I
2(k)
2 HI
(k)

chung ca h, tc
ca c phn ng thun
v phn ng nghch
u tng nh nhau nn
khng lm chuyn
dch cn bng ca h.
ng ngha vi vic lm
gim s mol kh trong hn
hp
+Khi gim p sut (ko dn
pit-tng) cn bng chuyn
dch theo hng to thnh
NO
2
ng ngha vi vic
lm tng s mol kh trong
hn hp. V theo phn ng
c 1 phn t N
2
O
4
to thnh
2 phn t NO
2
dn n lm
tng p sut chung ca h,
chng li s gim p sut
do tc dng bn ngoi.
Hot ng 9: nh
hng ca nhit .
- GV yu cu HS
nhc li khi nim
phn ng thu nhit v
phn ng ta nhit ,
ly th d minh ha.
- GV nhn xt kin
ca HS v thng bo
cho HS phn ng:
N
2
O
4
2NO
2
=58
L phn ng thu
nhit.
- GV yu cu HS tin
hnhth nghim:ngm

- HS nhc li khi
nim phn ng thu
nhit v phn ng ta
nhit, ly th d minh
ha.

- HS tin hnh th
nghim, quan st s
thay i mu sc v

- Khi gim nhit cn
bng chuyn dch v
pha ta nhit.

38

bnh cha kh NO
2

vo cc nc ,
quan st s thay i
mu sc v nhn xt,
rt ra kt lun.
nhn xt, rt ra kt
lun.
- Khi tng nhit cn
bng chuyn dch v pha
thu nhit.
Hot ng 10:
Nguyn l chuyn
dchcnbng( nguyn
l L Sa-t-li-).
- GV: Da trn cc
kt qu nghin cu
nh hng ca cc
yu t n s chuyn
dch cn bng, hy rt
ra kt lun chung ca
s chuyn dch cn
bng.
- GV nhn xt v kt
lun.

- HS pht biu nguyn
l chuyn dch cn
bng.

Nu mt trong cc yu t
ca cn bng ( nng ,
nhit , p sut ) b bin
i th cn bng ha hc b
chuyn dch v pha lm
gim tc ng
Hot ng 11: Vai
tr ca cht xc tc.
- GV yu cu HS c
SGK

- HS c SGK
Cht xc tc lm tng tc
phn ng, trong phn
ng thun nghch nu ta s
dng cht xc tc tc
phn ng thun v nghch
u tng nh nhau nn cht
xc tc khng c tc dng
lm chuyn dch cn bng,
m ch c tc dng lm cho
phn ng nhanh chng t

39

n trng thi cn bng.
Hot ng 12:
ngha ca tc
phn ng v cn
bng ha hc trong
sn xut ha hc.
- GV cho cc nhm
HS tho lun v hon
thnh ni dung 4 ca
phiu hc tp.
- GV nhn xt, a ra
p n v kt lun.

- Cc nhm HS tho
lun v hon thnh ni
dung 4 ca phiu hc
tp.
- HS trnh by kt qu
phiu hc tp.

thy ngha ca tc
phn ng v cn bng ha
hc trong sn xut ha hc,
chng ta ly mt s th d
Hot ng 13: Cng
c.
- GV cho HS hon
thnh ni dung 5 ca
phiu hc tp.
- GV nhn xt v a
ra kt qu.

- HS hon thnh ni
dung 5 ca phiu hc
tp.

3.2.4. Bi 3: Axit, baz v mui.
A. Mc tiu:
1. Kin thc:
HS bit:
+ Khi nim axit, baz theo thuyt A-re-ni-ut v thuyt Bron-stt.
+ ngha ca hng s phn li axit, hng s phn li baz.
+ Mui l g v s in li ca mui.
2. K nng:
+ Vn dng thuyt axit- baz ca A-re-ni-ut v Bron-stt phn bit c axit,
baz.

40

+ Bit vit phng trnh phn li ca cc axit , baz v mui.
+ Da vo hng s phn li axit, hng s phn li baz tnh nng ion OH
-
trong
dung dch.
3. Phng php dy hc:
- Phng php tho thun nhm
- Phng php trc quan
- Phng php m thoi
B. Chun b:
- Dng c: ng nghim
- Ha cht: cc dung dch NaOH, HCl , NH
3
; mui km ( ZnCl
2
hoc ZnSO
4
); qu
tm.
C. Hot ng dy hc:
Hot ng 1:
- GV: Cc em
c bit khi nim
axit-baz cc lp
di. Cc em nhc
li cc khi nim
v ly th d minh
ha.
- GV: Cc axit, baz
l nhng cht in
li. Hy vit phng
trnh phn li ca cc
axit, baz .
- GV :Yu cu 2 HS
ln bng, mi em
vit phng tnh

HS tham kho SGK v tr
li cu hi.
Th d: HCl, HNO
3
,
H
2
SO
4
, H
3
PO
4
..
Th d: NaOH, KOH,
Ba(OH)
2
, Fe(OH)
3
,
I. Axit v baz theo
thuyt A-re-ni-ut:
1. nh ngha:
Axit l hp cht m phn
t c mt hay nhiu
nguyn t hiro kt hp
vi gc axit.
Baz l hp cht m
phn t gm nguyn t
kim loi kt hp vi mt
hay nhiu nhm hiroxit.
Kt lun: Theo thuyt
in li A-re-ni-ut, axit l
phn li ra ion H
+
, baz l

41

phn li ca 3 axit
hoc 3 baz. Nhn
xt v cc ion do
axit v baz phn li
ra.
phn li ra ion OH
-

Hot ng 2:
GV: Da vo
phng trnh phn li
vit trn bng,
yu cu HS nhn xt
v s ion H
+
c
phn li ra t mi
phn t axit v ly
mt s th d v axit
mt nc v axit
nhiu nc.
- GV lu : i vi
axit mnh nhiu nc
v baz mnh nhiu
nc th ch c nc
th nht phn li
han ton.

Th d: Axit H
3
PO
4
l axit
3 nc, phn li theo 3 nc:
+
+
+
+
+
+
3
4 4
2
4 4 2
4 2 4 3
PO H HPO
HPO H PO H
PO H H PO H

i vi Mg(OH)
2
th:
+ +
+
+
+
OH Mg OH Mg
OH OH Mg OH Mg
2
2
) (
) ( ) (

2. Axit nhiu nc, baz
nhiu nc:
a.Axit nhiu nc:
- Axit mt nc: HCl,
CH
3
COOH, HNO
3

- Axit nhiu nc: H
2
S,
H
2
CO
3
, H
2
SO
3

Cc axit nhiu nc phn li
ln lt theo tng nc.
Nhng axit khi tan trong
nc m phn t phn li
nhiu nc ra ion H
+
l cc
axit nhiu nc.
b. Baz nhiu nc:
Phn t NaOH khi tan
trong nc ch phn li mt
nc ra ion OH
-
, NaOH l
baz mt nc.
Phn t Mg(OH)
2
phn li
hai nc ra ion OH
-
,
Mg(OH)
2
l baz hai nc.
Nhng baz khi tan trong
nc m phn t phn li
nhiu nc ra ion OH
-
l cc

42

baz nhiu nc.
Hot ng 3:
GV lm th nghim:
Nh t t tng git
dung dch xt vo
dung dch mui km
cho n khi kt ta
khng xut hin
thm na. Chia kt
ta thnh 2 phn
2 ng nghim .
Quan st thy kt
ta c 2 ng u
tan ra.
- GV:Zn(OH)
2
va
phn ng vi axit,
va phn ng vi
baz l hiroxit
lng tnh.

HS quan st v nhn xt.

- Phn li theo kiu baz:
Zn(OH)
2
Zn
2+
+ 2OH
-

- Phn li theo kiu axit:
Zn(OH)
2
2H
+
+
2
2
ZnO

- ng th nht cho thm
vi git axit.
- ng th 2 tip tc nh
kim vo.

3. Hidrxit lng tnh:
Theo A-re-ni-ut : Zn(OH)
2

va phn li theo kiu axit ,
va phn li theo kiu baz.
- C th vit dng axit ca
Zn(OH)
2
l H
2
ZnO
2
.
- Mt s hiroxit lng
tnh thng gp l
Al(OH)
3
, Cr(OH)
3
,u t
tan trong nc. Tnh axit
v tnh baz ca chng
u yu.
Kt lun:Hidrxit lng
tnh l hiroxit khi tan
trong nc va c th
phn li nh axit, va c
th phn li nh baz
Hot ng 4:(trng
tm)
- GV a ra tnh
hung: Cho HS
quan st dung dch
amoniac.Nhng mt
mu giy qu tm
vo dung dch
amoniac. Da vo
s i mu ca giy

II. Khi nim v axit v
baz theo thuyt Bron-
stt:
1. nh ngha:
Theo thuyt A-re-ni-ut,
amoniac khng th l baz
c v phn t khng
cha nhm hiroxit nn
khi tan trong nc khng
th phn li ra ion OH
-


43

qu , HS kt lun
dung dch amoniac
c tnh baz.
- GV vit CTPT
amoniac ln bng:
- GV: Yu cu HS
nhn xt: theo Bron-
stt, vai tr ca
nc trong 2 trng
hp trn l g ?
- GV: Nh vy H
2
O
l cht lng tnh
- GV ra bi tp: Da
vo thuyt axit
baz ca Bron-stt,
hy chng minh ion
3
HCO l cht lng
tnh.- GV tng kt

- GV yu cu HS
nu tm tt nhng
u im ca thuyt
Bron-stt

HS :
(1): H
2
O nhng proton
cho NH
3
nn l axit
(2): H
2
O nhn proton t
CH
3
COOH nn l baz.
- HS:
O H HCO
2 3
+
H
3
O
+
+
2
3
CO
Trong phn ng ny,
3
HCO nhng proton nn
l axit
O H HCO
2 3
+
H
2
CO
3
+O
H
-

Trong phn ng ny,
3
HCO nhn proton nn l
baz.
Vy,
3
HCO l cht lng
tnh.

- HS suy ngh v tr li.
Axit l cht nhng proton
(H
+
). Baz l cht nhn
proton.
c, nhng thc t dung
dch amoniac c tnh cht
ca dung dch baz. iu
ny c gii thch da
vo thuyt axit-baz ca
Bron-stt.
Theo thuyt Bron-stt,
khi tan vo nc phn t
NH
3
tng tc vi phn t
nc sinh ra ion OH
-
:
NH
3
+ H
2
O
+
+ OH NH
4
(1)
Dung dch amoniac c ion
OH
-
nn c tnh baz.
NH
3
nhn proton t nc
nn NH
3
l baz.
Tng t nh vy, khi
ha tan CH
3
COOH vo
nc:
CH
3
COOH + H
2
O H
3
O
+

+ CH
3
COO
-
(2)
CH
3
COOH nhng
proton cho nc nn
CH
3
COOH l axit.
Vy: theo Bron-stt, baz
l cht nhn proton; axit l
cht nhng proton.
Theo Bron-stt:
- Axit l cht nhng

44

- Axit v baz c th l
phn t hoc ion.

proton , baz l cht nhn
proton.
- Cht lng tnh l cht
va c kh nng nhn
proton v va c kh nng
nhng proton.
2. u im ca thuyt
Bron-stt:
- Thuyt A-re-ni-ut ch
ng trong trng hp
dung mi l nc.
- Thuyt axit baz ca
Bron-stt tng qut hn.
Hot ng 5:
- GV: Yu cu HS
vit phng trnh
phn li v vit biu
thc hng s phn li
ca axit yu
CH
3
COOH.

HS tham kho SGK v ln
bng vit phng trnh.

III. Hng s phn li axit
v baz:
1. Hng s phn li axit:
S in li ca axit yu
trong nc l qu trnh
thun nghch , trng thi
cn bng c th p dng
biu thc hng s cn bng
cho n.
CH
3
COOH H
+
+
CH
3
COO
-
(1)
[ ][ ]
[ ] COOH CH
COO CH H
K
a
3
3
.
+
=
Trong : [H
+
],
[CH
3
COO
-
] v
[CH
3
COOH] l nng

45

-GV: Bng cch
tng t hy vit
hng s phn li baz
ca cn bng

V d: NH
3
v CH
3
COO
-

trong nc u l cc baz
yu:
NH
3
+ H
2
O
+
+ OH NH
4

[ ][ ]
[ ]
3
4
.
NH
OH NH
K
b
+
=
CH
3
COO
-
+ H
2
O
CH
3
COOH + OH
-

[ ][ ]
[ ]
=
COO CH
OH COOH CH
K
a
.
3

K
b
l hng s phn li baz.
Kt lun:
- K
a
l hng s phn li
axit. Ga tr K
a
ch ph
thuc vo bn cht axit v
nhit .
- Gi tr K
a
ca axit cng
nh, lc axit ca n cng
yu.

mol ca H
+
, CH
3
COO
-
v
CH
3
COOH lc cn bng.
Cn bng trong dung dch
CH
3
COOH c th vit:
CH
3
COOH + H
2
O H
3
O
+

+ CH
3
COO
-
(2)
H
2
O trong cn bng (2) l
dung mi, trong dung dch
long nng ca H
2
O
c coi l hng s nn
khng c mt trong biu
thc tnh K.
Phng trnh (1) c
vit theo thuyt A-re-ni-ut,
phng trnh (2) c vit
theo thuyt Bron-stt
2. Hng s phn li baz:
Kt lun:
- K
a
, K
b
l hng s ph
thuc vo nhit .
- K cng nh lc axit cng
yu, K
b
cng nh lc baz
cng yu.
Hot ng 6:
-GV: Nghin cu
SGK, hy cho bit
mui l g ? K tn

HS tham kho SGK v tr
li.

IV. Mui:
1. nh ngha:
Mui l hp cht, khi tan
trong nc phn li ra

46

mt s mui thng
gp ? Cho bit tnh
cht ch yu ca
mui.

- GV: Tnh cht ch
yu ca mui l tnh
tnh tan v tnh in
li.
- GV:Yu cu HS
vit phng trnh
in li ca mt s
mui trung ha,
mui axit, mui
phc tp.

Vd: NaCl, (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
,
Na
2
CO
3
Vd: NaHCO
3
, NaH
2
PO
4
,
NaHSO
4

Vd:NaCl.KCl;
KCl.MgCl
2
.6H
2
O..

HS vit phng trnh in
li ca 1 s mui trung ha,
mui axit, mui phc tp.
cation kim loi ( hoc
cation
+
4
NH ) v anion gc
axit.
Mui thng gp:
+ Mui trung ha: l mui
m anion gc axit khng
cn hiro c kh nng
phn li ra ion H
+
.
+ Mui axit: l mui m
anion gc axit vn cn
hidro c kh nng phn li
ra ion H
+

+ Mui phc tp ( mui
kp, mui phc).
2.S in li ca mui
trong nc:
Hu ht cc mui ( k c
mui kp) khi tan trong
nc phn li hon ton ra
cation kim loi( hoc
cation
+
4
NH ) v anion gc
axit ( tr mt s mui nh
HgCl
2
, Hg(CN)
2
l cc
cht in li yu.
Hot ng 7: Cng
c
GV chn mt s bi
tp hoc 1 s


47

trong bi tp SGK
cng c bi hc.
3.3 Mt s bi tp cng c, hon thin kin thc:


48

PHN III. KT LUN
1. Kt lun:
Trn y l ton b ni dung ti: Ging dy mt s ni dung nhit ng hc
trong chng trnh ha hc trung hc ph thng c hon thnh, so vi mc
tiu ban u ra th ti thc hin c:
1. Trnh by c c s l lun ca ti
2. Xc nh c mt s ni dung c bn ca nhit ng hc ba chng trnh:
c bn, nng cao v lp chuyn.
3. Bc u kho st thc t gio vin v hc sinh thng qua phiu phng vn,
d gi v dy th mt s tit trong thi gian thc tp qua nh gi kt
qu t c ca ti.
2. kin, xut:
Thng qua ni dung ti v bc u kho st thc t em c mt s kin,
xut nh nh sau:
- Khi ging dy ni dung nhit ng hc, gio vin cn nghin cu, tm hiu k
tm ra phng php ging dy thch hp nht nhm gip hc sinh d dng tip thu
kin thc mi.
- Dnh thi gian cho vic cng c kin thc thng qua bi tp trc nghim khch
quan kt hp t lun.


49

TI LIU THAM KHO

1.Nguyn Duy i, o Hu Vinh, Ti liu gio kha chuyn ha hc 10, Tp 1, 2,
Nxb Gio dc
2. Trn Th , ng Trn Phch (2007). C s l thuyt cc phn ng ha hc,
Nxb Gio dc.
3. Trn Thnh Hu (2008), T liu ha hc 10, Nxb Gio dc
4. ng Th Oanh ( Ch bin), ng Xun Th, Trn Trung Ninh, Nguyn Th Nh
Qunh, Nguyn Ph Tun ( 2006), Thit k bi son ha hc 10 nng cao, cc
phng n dy hc, Nxb Gio dc.
5. L Xun Trng ( Tng ch bin kim ch bin ), T Ngc nh, L Mu Quyn,
Phan Quang Thi ( 2006 ), Sch gio khoa ha hc 10 nng cao, Nxb Gio dc.
6. L Xun Trng ( Tng ch bin kim ch bin ),Trn Quc c, Phm Tun
Hng, on Vit Nga ( 2006 ), Sch gio vin ha hc 10 nng cao, Nxb Gio dc
7. L Xun Trng ( Tng ch bin), Nguyn Hu nh (ch bin ), L Mu Quyn
(2007), Sch gio khoa ha hc 11 nng cao, Nxb Gio dc
8. Nguyn Xun Trng ( Tng ch bin kim ch bin ),Nguyn c Chuy , L
Mu Quyn, L Xun Trng, Sch gio khoa ha hc 10, Nxb Gio dc.
9. Nguyn Xun Trng ( Tng ch bin kim ch bin ),L Trng Tn, L Xun
Trng, Nguyn Ph Tun ( 2006), ), Sch gio vin ha hc 10, Nxb Gio dc
10. Nguyn Xun Trng ( Tng ch bin), L Mu Quyn (ch bin), Phm Vn
Hoan, L Ch Kin (2007), Sch gio khoa ha hc 11, Nxb Gio dc
11. Nguyn Xun Trng ( Tng ch bin kim ch bin ),Phm Vn Hoan, Phm
Tun Hng, Trn Trung Ninh, Cao Th Thng, L Trng Tn, Nguyn Ph Tun
(2007), Sch gio vin ha hc 11 nng cao, Nxb Gio dc


50

PH LC
Phiu hc tp
Ni dung 1:
1. Trong cc phn ng iu ch O
2
:
+ +
2 2 4 2 4
2 O MnO MnO K KMnO
o
t

Hay: +
2 3
3 2 2 O KCl KClO
o
t

O
2
c kh nng phn ng vi K
2
MnO
4
v MnO
2
to thnh KMnO
4
; O
2
c
kh nng phn ng vi KCl to thnh KClO
3
hay khng ?
2.Khi ha tan Cl
2
vo H
2
O c phn ng g xy ra, vit phng trnh ha hc cho
phn ng . Mt khc, khi cho HCl vo dung dch cha HclO s c phn ng ha
hc no xy ra, vit phng trnh ha hc.Nhn xt v hai phn ng ha hc ny.
Ni dung 2:
Trong th nghim cho H
2
tc dng v I
2
, tc ca phn ng: H
2
+ I
2
2HI v
tc ca phn ng: 2 HI H
2
+ I
2
thay i nh th no theo thi gian?
Ni dung 3:
Cho cn bng ha hc: C
(r)
+ CO
2(k)
2 CO
(k)

1.Hon thnh bng kt qu sau:
So snh tc ca phn
ng thun v phn ng
nghch
Nng ca
CO
2
Nng ca
CO

51

Ban u x mol/l x mol/l
Thm CO
2
vo
h

Thm CO vo h
Bt CO
2
ra khi
h

Thm C vo h
Gim C trong h
2. Mi lin h gia tc phn ng thun, phn ng nghch vo nng ca CO
2

v CO.
Ni dung 4: Cho cc cn bng ha hc:
CaCO
3(r)
CaO
(r)
+ CO
2(k)
>0 (1)
2 SO
2(k)
+ O
2(k)
2 SO
3(k)
<0 (2)
3 H
2(k)
+ N
2(k)
2 NH
3(k)
< 0 (3)
tng hiu sut trong sn xut ha hc, ngi ta c th p dng cc bin php
lm cn bng chuyn dch theo hng to ra sn phm ( theo chiu phn ng thun).
Hy a ra nhng gi v p sut, nhit , nng t mc ch trn:
Phn ng
(1)
Phn ng
(2)
Phn ng
(3)
Nhit ( tng hoc gim )
Thm hay bt: CO
2
i vi phn ng (1),
O
2
i vi phn ng (2), H
2
i vi phn
ng (3)

p sut chung ca h ( tng hoc gim).
Ly bt sn phm ra kha h.
C. Phiu hc tp
Ni dung 1

52

Cu hi 1: Quan st hin tng xy ra trong l ng nc oxi gi ( H
2
O
2
) , gii
thch hin tng bng PTHH. Ngi ta c th iu ch H
2
O
2
bng cch cho O
2
phn
ng vi H
2
O c khng ?
Cu hi 2:
a. Khi ha tan Cl
2
vo H
2
O c phn ng g xy ra? Vit PTHH cho phn ng .
Mt khc, khi cho HCl vo dung dch cha HclO s c phn ng ha hc no xy ra
? Vit PTHH . Nhn xt v hai phn ng ha hc ny.
b. Khi trn ru etylic ( C
2
H
5
OH ) v axit axetic ( CH
3
COOH ) c nhng phn ng
no xy ra ?
Ni dung 2:
Trong th nghim cho H
2
tc dng vi I
2
, tc ca phn ng:
H
2
+ I
2
2HI v tc ca phn ng: 2HI H
2
+ I
2
thay i nh th no theo
thi gian? Nhn xt v s thay i tc ca hai phn ng trn khi tc phn ng
ca hai phn ng bng nhay th khi nng ca cc cht thay i nh th no ?
Ni dung 3: Cho cn bng ha hc: C
(r)
+ CO
2(k)
2 CO
(k)
1.Hon thnh bng kt qu sau:
So snh tc ca phn
ng thun v phn ng
nghch
Nng ca
CO
2
Nng ca
CO
Ban u x mol/l x mol/l
Thm CO
2
vo
h

Thm CO vo h
Bt CO
2
ra khi
h

Thm C vo h
Gim C trong h
Nhn xt v s chuyn dch cn bng trong h.

53

2. Mi lin h gia tc phn ng thun, phn ng nghch vo nng ca CO
2
,
CO v C ?
Ni dung 4: Cho cc cn bng ha hc:
2 SO
2(k)
+ O
2(k)
2 SO
3(k)
= -198 k J <0 (1)
3 H
2(k)
+ N
2(k)
2 NH
2(k)
= - 92 k J < 0 (2)
C
(r)
+ CO
2(k)
2 CO
(k)
= + 131 k J (3)
tng hiu sut trong sn xut ha hc, ngi ta c th p dng cc bin php
lm cn bng chuyn dch theo hng to ra sn phm ( theo chiu phn ng thun
). Hy a ra nhng gi v p sut, nhit , nng t mc ch trn:
Phn ng
(1)
Phn ng
(2)
Phn ng
(3)
Nhit ( tng hoc gim )
Thm hay bt: CO
2
i vi phn ng (1),
O
2
i vi phn ng (2), H
2
i vi phn
ng (3)

p sut chung ca h ( tng hoc gim).
Ly bt sn phm ra kha h.
Ni dung 5:
Cu hi 1: Hng s cn bng ca phn ng :
C
(r)
+ CO
2(k)
2 CO
(k)
= + 131 k J (3)
Ph thuc vo nhng yu t no ?
A. Nhit B. Nng ca CO v CO
2

C. p sut chung ca h D. Nng ca CO, CO
2
v C.
Ha khoanh trn vo p n ng.
Cu hi 2: Vit biu thc hng s cn bng cho cc cn bng sau:
2 SO
2(k)
+ O
2(k)
2 SO
3(k)
(1)
SO
2(k)
+
2
1
O
2(k)
SO
3(k)
(2)
C
(r)
+ CO
2(k)
2 CO
(k
(3)

54

Cu hi 3: Tnh hng s cn bng ca cn bng sau:
H
2(k)
+ I
2(k)
2 HI
(k)

Bit ti thi im cn bng nhit 430
o
C nng cc cht nh sau:
[HI] = 0,786 M, [H
2
] = [I
2
] = 0,107 M.


Nhiet Dong Hoc

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