RN H KHA H NHN

KHA KHA H LU
MN LU NAN & MN MN




U LUN NHP
ti
Quantum Dots Solar Cell







GING VIN HNG DN
Th.s NG HI NG
SINH VIN THC HIN
T HONG TRNG



tp H CH MINH, thng 12 nm 2013





RN H KHA H NHN
KHA KHA H LU
MN LU NAN & MN MN






U LUN NHP

ti:

Quantum Dots Solar Cell



GING VIN HNG DN:
Th.s NG HI NG
SINH VIN THC HIN:
T HONG TRNG



tp H CH MINH, thng 12 nm 2013




Li cm n
Li u tin, em xin by t lng bit n chn thnh v su sc nht, cm n
thy Th.s NG HI NG trc tip hng dn, gip em tm hiu ti liu v
ch dy tn tnh gip em hon thnh bi tiu lun tt nghip ny.
Em xin gi li cm n cc thy c Khoa Khoa Hc Vt Liu, c bit l
cc thy c chuyn nghnh Vt Liu Nano & Mng Mng ti Trng i Hc
Khoa Hc T Nhin, HQG tp H CH MINH ging dy tn tnh v hng dn
em trong sut bn nm qua, v gip em tch ly nhng kin thc v cng qu
bu.
Xin gi nhng li cm n su sc v chn thnh nht ti cc bn lp mng
mng K10 gip mnh trong nhng nm hc qua.
Sinh vin
Hong rng




Mc lc
Mc lc ........................................................................................................................ x
M u ........................................................................................................................ 1
1. Tng quan v chm lng t ............................................................................... 2
1.1. Chm lng t l g? ................................................................................... 2
1.2. Tnh cht chm lng t ............................................................................. 3
1.2.1. Hiu ng b mt ............................................................................... 3
1.2.2. Hiu ng giam gi lng t ............................................................ 3
1.2.2.1. H ba chiu (vt liu khi) ..................... ............................ 4
1.2.2.2. H hai chiu (ging lng t) ................. ............................ 4
1.2.2.3. H mt chiu (dy lng t) ................... ............................ 5
1.2.2.4 H khng chiu (chm lng t) ............. ............................ 6
1.2.2.5. Ch giam gi ...................................... ............................ 7
1.2.3. Tnh cht quang ca chm lng t ................................................ 8
2. ng quan Pin mt tri chm lng t ............................................................ 11
2.1. Lch s v tim nng pin mt tri Vit Nam .......................................... 11
2.2. Cc th h pin mt tri .............................................................................. 13
2.2.1. Th h th nht .............................................................................. 13
2.2.2. Th h th hai ................................................................................ 13
2.2.3. Th h th ba ................................................................................. 14
2.2.3.1. PMT dng nano tinh th .................................................... 14
2.2.3.2. PMT quang in ha ......................................................... 14
2.2.3.3. PMT polymer .................................................................... 14
2.2.3.4. PMT lai ha gia tinh th ................................................. 15
2.3. Cc thng s c trng ca pin mt tri .................................................... 15
2.3.1. Dng on mch I
SC
...................................................................... 15




2.3.2. Dng ti ( Idark ) ........................................................................... 16
2.3.3. Th mch h ( V
OC
) ...................................................................... 17
2.3.4. Cng sut v h s lp y ca pin mt tri .................................. 17
2.3.5. Hiu sut ca pin mt tri .............................................................. 19
2.4. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca pin mt tri chm lng t ............. 19
2.4.1 Cu to pin mt tri chm lng t ................................................ 19
2.4.2. Nguyn l hot ng ca pin mt tri chm lng t ................... 22
2.5. Nhng ng dng ca pin mt tri ............................................................ 22
2.6. Kt lun .................................................................................................... 27
Ti liu tham kho ..................................................................................................... 28




T HONG TRNG

1
M u

Nhu cu v nng lng ca con ngi trong th k 21 l rt ln. Trong khi
cc ngun nhin liu d tr nh than , du m, kh t thin nhin ngy cng cn kit
v c d on s khng cn trong khong 200 nm ti. iu ny khin cho nhn loi
ng trc nguy c thiu ht nng lng. Vic tm kim v khai thc cc ngun nng
lng mi nh nng lng ht nhn, nng lng gi v nng lng mt tri l hng
v cng quan trng trong k hoch pht trin nng lng ton cu trong thi i cng
nghip pht trin v bo ngy nay.
Vic nghin cu s dng nng lng mt tri v nng lng sc gi ngy cng
c quan tm, nht l trong tnh hnh thiu ht nng lng nghim trng ca nc ta
trong ma kh. Nng lng Mt tri c xem l rt u vit, l ngun nng lng
sch v min ph. Hin nay Vit Nam cng nh cc nc trn th gii u c cc
trung tm nng lng Mt tri, tuy nhin y l pin mt tri v c vi qu trnh ch
to nghim ngt v phc tp.
Trong thi gian khong mi nm tr li y cc khoa hc tm ra cng ngh
ch to pin mt tri hu c.Tuy c hiu sut thp hn pin mt tri v c nhng loi pin
mt tri ny c quy trnh ch to n gin v gi thnh thp.Mt khc loi pin ny ang
trong qu trnh nghin cu nhm tng hiu sut v tui th ca pin.
Vit Nam l nc c tim nng v nng lng Mt tri, tri do t v 8Bc
n 23 Bc, nm trong khu vc c cng bc x mt tri tng i cao, vi tr s
tng x kh ln t 100- 175 kcal/cm
2
.nm. Do vic s dng Nng lng Mt tri
ca nc ta s em li hiu qu kinh t to ln.


T HONG TRNG

2
1. Tng quan v chm lng t
1.1. Chm lng t l g?
Chm lng t (Quantum dots) l nhng tinh th nano bn dn c kch thc
nh hn bn knh Bohr, l nhng h khng chiu c th giam c in t, to ra
cc mc nng lng gin on nh trong nguyn t, nn cn c gi l nguyn t
nhn to. Nhng tinh th nano bn dn c cu to t cc cp nguyn t thuc
nhng cp phn nhm nh: II-VI, III-V, IV-VI, mi chm lng t c th cha t
100-1000 nguyn t (hnh 1.1), chng hn nh cc chm lng t CdS,CdSe,ZnS,
ZnSe


Hnh 1.1: Cu trc chm lng t: (a) Cu trc ca chm lng t CdSe; (b) Chm lng
t c cu trc li-v bc CdSe/ZnS
Chm lng t c c bit ch do tim nng ng dng ca n trong nhiu lnh
vc nh thng tin lin lc, chn on y hc, sn xut LED, pin mt tri...Trong
chn on y hc, chm lng t l cng c kim tra t bo ung th, theo di qu
trnh pht trin ca chng. Trong tng lai, chm lng t c th c kt hp vi
liu php ha tr chn on v iu tr ung th. Chm lng t cn c th s
dng lm cc d trong thit b ghi hnh nh sinh hc thay th cho cht nhum hu
c do c tnh bn hn, nh c th theo di qu trnh pht trin ca t bo trong
thi gian lu hn. i vi cng ngh sn xut LED th n LED chm lng t c
u im hn n LED truyn thng nh kh nng pht x bt k bc sng no
v vic sn xut n LED pht nh sng trng cht lng tt cng c chi ph thp
hn n LED truyn thng. Trong lnh vc pin mt tri, vic s dng chm lng


T HONG TRNG

3
t hin rt c quan tm. Trong khi pin mt tri truyn thng ch to bng vt liu
bn dn c chi ph sn xut cao, hiu sut ti a ch khong 33% th pin mt tri s
dng chm lng t theo l thuyt c th t hiu sut ln n 60% vi chi ph sn
xut thp hn nhiu so vi pin mt tri truyn thng. Vi nhng c tnh th v ca
mnh, chm lng t v ang thu ht s quan tm nghin cu ca nhiu nh
khoa hc trn th gii, ha hn nhng ng dng ca n s cn c m rng trong
nhiu lnh vc cng ngh, cuc sng.
1.2. Tnh cht chm lng t
1.2.1. Hiu ng b mt
Khi vt liu c kch thc cng nh th t s gia s nguyn t trn b mt v
tng s nguyn t ca vt liu gia tng, do nguyn t trn b mt c nhiu tnh cht
khc bit so vi tnh cht ca cc nguyn t bn trong lng vt liu, nn khi kch
thc vt liu gim i th t s din tch/th tch tng ng k dn n tnh cht
quang in s khc, hay cn gi l hiu ng b mt tng.
i vi chm lng t cn c hin tng giam gi lng t;
1.2.2. Hiu ng giam gi lng t
Trong vt liu bn dn khi, cc in t trong vng dn (v cc l trng
trong vng ho tr) chuyn ng t do trong khp tinh th. Do lng tnh snght,
chuyn ng ca cc ht ti in c th c m t bng t hp tuyn tnh ca cc
sng phng c bc sng vo c nano mt, nu kch thc ca khi bn dn gim
xung, xp x gi tr ca cc bc sng ny, th ht ti in b giam trong khi ny
s th hin tnh cht ging nh mt ht chuyn ng trong mt hp th, h ht khi
c gi l h b giam gi lng t.
Di y hiu ng giam gi lng t cc ht ti in khi kch thc ca vt
liu gim s c xem xt bt u t mt m hnh in t n gin trong h ba
chiu (vt liu khi), h hai chiu (ging lng t), h mt chiu (dy lng t) v
h khng chiu (chm lng t).


T HONG TRNG

4
1.2.2.1 H ba chiu ( vt liu khi)
Trong h ba chiu, vt rn c xem nh tinh th v hn theo c ba chiu x,
y, z, chuyn ng ca cc in t c m t bng t hp tuyn tnh ca cc sng
phng c bc sng rt nh so vi kch thc ca vt liu. Khi , nng lng ca
in t t do ph thuc vo vct sng k theo hm parabol; cc trng thi phn b
gn nh lin tc (c biu th bng cc im trn hnh 1.2a) v mt trng thi
phn b lin tc v t l vi cn bc hai ca nng lng E
1/2
(hnh 1.2b):


Hnh 1.3(a) Nng lng ca in t t do ph thuc vo vct sng k theo hm parabol;
(b) Mt trng thi tnh theo nng lng i viin t t do
1.2.2.2 H hai chiu (ging lng t)
Trong h hai chiu, cc in t c th vn chuyn ng hon ton t do trong
mt phng x-y, nhng chuyn ng ca chng theo phng z s b gii hn. Khi
kch thc ca vt rn theo phng z gim xung vo c vi nano mt (ngha l
cng bc ln vi bc sng De Broglie ca ht ti in), th ht ti in t do
trong cu trc ny s th hin tnh cht ging nh mt ht chuyn ng trong ging
th V(z), vi V(z) = 0 bn trong ging v V(z)= ti cc mt bin. V khng mt
in t no c th ra khi vt rn theo phng z, nn c th ni in t b giam
trong ging th.
Cc in t vn c th chuyn ng t do dc theo cc phng x v y, nng
lng ca in t t do ph thuc vo k
x
, k
y
theo hm parabol, cc trng thi (c
biu th bng cc im trn hnh 1.3a) phn b gn nh lin tc. Trong khi ,


T HONG TRNG

5
chuyn ng ca cc in t theo phng z b gii hn, cc in t b giam gi
trong hp. Ch c mt s nht nh cc trng thi lng t ho theo phng z
(n
z
=1,2 ) l c php. Mt trng thi i vi mt trng thi cho trc khng
ph thuc vo nng lng v c dng hm bc thang (hnh1.3b).

Hnh 1.4.(a) Nng lng ca in t t do ph thuc vo vc t sng kx, ky, kz theo hm
parabol; nng lng ca in t ch c th nhn cc gi tr gin on ng vi (n
z
=1,2)
theo phng z. (b) Mt trng thi g2d (E) h hai chiu
1.2.2.3 H mt chiu ( dy lng t)
Khi kch thc vt rn co li theo c hai chiu y, z kch thc vi nanomet
th cc in t ch c th chuyn ng t do theo phng x , cn chuyn ng ca
chng theo cc phng y v z b gii hn bi cc mt bin ca vt. Mt h nh th
c gi l dy lng t.Trong h ny, cc ht ti in c th chuyn ng ch theo
mt chiu v chim cc trng thi lng t ho hai chiu cn li. Phn b cc
trng thi, cng nh phn b cc mc nng lng tng ng, theo phng song
song vi trc x l lin tc (Hnh 1.4a). Trong khi , chuyn ng ca cc in t
dc theo hai phng cn li (phng y v phng z) b gii hn v cc trng thi
ca chng c th tm c bng cch gii phng trnh Schrdinger s dng m
hnh ht trong hp th. Kt qu l cc trng thi v b lng t ho, nhn cc gi
tr gin on (Hnh 1.4b).


T HONG TRNG

6


Hnh 1.5. (a) Phn b cc mc nng lng theo phng song song trc kx l lin tc v
dc theo ky, kz l gin on.(b)Mt trng thi g1d(E) trc kx t l
vi E
-1/ 2
. Mi ng hyperbol trn hnh tng ng vi mt trng thi
(ky, kz) ring bit
1.2.2.4 H khng chiu ( chm lng t)
Khi cc ht ti in v cc trng thi kch thch b giam gi trong c ba chiu
th h c gi l mt chm lng t. Trong mt chm lng t, chuyn ng
ca cc in t b gii hn trong c ba chiu (Hnh 1.5a), v th trong khng gian k
ch tn ti cc trng thi gin on (kx, ky, kz), mi mt trng thi trong khng gian
k c th c biu din bng mt im (Hnh 1.5b). Nh vy, ch c cc mc nng
lng gin on l c php (Hnh 1.5c). Cc mc nng lng ny c th c
biu din nh cc nh (delta) trong hm phn b mt chiu i vi mt trng
thi g0d(E) nh ch ra trn (Hnh 1.5d).


T HONG TRNG

7

Hnh 1.5. (a) Vt rn b co li trong c ba chiu.
(b) V hiu ng giam gi, tt c cc trng thi u l gin on v c biu din bng
mt im trong khng gian k ba chiu.
(c) Ch c cc mc nng lng gin on l c php.
(d) Mt trng thi g0d(E) dc theo mt chiu
1.2.2.5 Ch giam gi
Khi kch thc ca cht bn dn gim dn ti mc c gn bn knh Borh
exiton ca mt cp in t - l trng (a
B
) ca cht bn dn th in t trong cht
bn dn th hin ra ngoi l b giam gi lng t.
Trong cc nghin cu ca tc gi Kayanuma, phn chia thnh cc ch
giam gi lng t theo kch thc sau:
Ch giam gi yu
Trong trng hp a >> a
B
, nng lng lin kt ca mt exciton, Eex, l ln
hn nng lng lng t ca c in t v l trng, v ph quang hc ca cc chm
lng t c xc nh bi giam gi lng t ca khi tm exciton. Nng lng
trng thi exciton c bn c cho bi:



T HONG TRNG

8

2
2
2
g x
E E
Ma
t
e = + (1.1)
y Eg l nng lng vng cm ca bn dn v M = m
e
*
+ m
h
*
l khi lng dch
chuyn ca exciton (the exciton translation mass). Trng hp ny gi l giam gi
lng t yu v c th quan st c trong cc tinh th c kch thc ln.
Ch giam gi trung gian
Trng hp 2a
B
< a < 4a
B
, l trng chuyn ng trong th nng trung bnh v
c nh x tm ca chm lng t. Phm vi chuyn ng ca l trng xung
quanh tm tinh th nh hn rt nhiu so vi bn knh ca chm lng t v s ph
thuc kch thc ca trng thi exciton c bn c th c m t nh hnh vi ca
mt donor nh x ti tm ca chm lng t.
Ch giam gi mnh
Trng hp ny tng ng vi cc chm lng t nh , khi a << a
B
. Vi cc
chm lng t ny, ph quang hc c th c xem xt nh ph ca chuyn di
gia cc mc nng lng lng t ph thuc kch thc ca in t v l trng,
tng tc Coulomb ca in t v l trng lm gim nng lng ca cc chuyn di
ny mt cht. Cc quy tc chn lc chi phi cc chuyn di gia cc di, gia cc
mc lng t ph thuc vo kch thc ca di dn v di ho tr, chuyn di ch
c php gia cc mc c cng s lng t.
1.2.3. Tnh cht quang ca chm lng t
Chm lng t bn dn c nhng tnh cht quang c bit so vi bn dn
khi. Khi bn knh mt ht nano tip cn n kch thc ca bn knh Bohr th s
chuyn ng ca in t v l trng b giam hm bn trong ht nano. Trong ch
giam gi mnh (bn knh ca ht: a << a
B
bn knh Bohr ca vt liu khi tng
ng), mt cch gn ng c th coi in t v l trng chuyn ng c lp v b
qua tng tc Coulomb, da vo quy tc lc la quang, cc chuyn di quang c
php xy ra gia cc trng thi in t v l trng c cng s lng t chnh n v s
lng t qu o l. Do , ph hp th s bao gm cc di ph gin on nh (hnh


T HONG TRNG

9
1.6) c v tr cc i ti nng lng:
2 2
2
2
nl
nl g
E E
a
_

= + (1.2)
Nh vy so vi bn dn khi, b rng vng cm m rng thm mt lng:

2 2
2
2
E
a
t

A = (1.3)
E c gi l nng lng giam gi lng t. V l do ny, quang ph ca cc
chm lng t trong ch giam gi mnh th hin s gin on v b chi phi
mnh bi kch thc ht.

Hnh 1.6 m t s cc mc nng lng chm lng t
Nh vy, mt h qu quan trng ca s giam gi lng t l m rng ca
nng lng vng cm (dch ph v pha sng ngn hay thng gi tt l dch v
pha sng xanh) khi kch thc chm lng t gim, cc mc nng lng lng t
ha tng, do nng lng tng cng ca vng cm tng v gy ra s dch xanh
ca ph hp th v ph hunh quang. S ph thuc vo kch thc ca rng
vng cm tr thnh cng c hu hiu ch to cc vt liu vi tnh cht quang
mong mun v kh nng iu khin cc tnh cht quang ca cc chm lng t
(thng qua kch thc) lm cho chng c mt v tr quan trng trong khoa hc vt
liu v cc lnh vc nh vt l, ha hc, sinh hc v ng dng k thut.
S giam hm lng t c tc dng rt ln hnh thnh nn tnh cht c trng


T HONG TRNG

10
ca h chm lng t. Do hiu ng suy gim lng t m c hai phm vi hp th v
pht x ca chm lng t u dch v pha c nng lng cao hn khi kch thc
ht gim(hnh 1.7).

Hnh 1.7a: Ph hp th ca chm lng t vi s thay i kch thc ht

Hnh 1.7b: S thay i mu sc chm lng t CdSe theo kch thc ht( dung dch
chuyn mu t xanh sang theo s tng dn kch thc ht)





T HONG TRNG

11
2. Tng quan Pin mt tri chm lng t
2.1. Lch s v tim nng pin mt tri Vit Nam
Nng lng
mt tri c s
dng t khi bt u
c s sng. T trc
cng nguyn, con
ngi bit s dng
nhit nng t mt tri
to ra la. Nhng
vi iu kin k
thut cng ngh
trc th k 19, nng
lng mt tri hu nh dng li vic si m v lm kh vt dng.
n nm 1883, pin mt tri u tin c ch to bi Charles Fritts, mt nh
pht minh ngi M. Pin mt tri ny c to ra bng cch t 1 lp selenium trn
tm kim loi sau ph l vng ln. Tuy dng in sinh ra qu nh c th s
dng, lnh vc pin mt tri ny thu ht s ch ca mt s nh khoa hc v vn
tip tc c nghin cu.
Nm 1954, cc nh khoa hc phng th nghim Bell ca M pht minh
ra pin mt tri silicon c hiu sut 4%, sau tng ln 11%. Pin silicon do phng
th nghim Bell to ra l pin mt tri u tin c in nng sinh ra vn hnh
cc thit b in thng thng.
K t , pin mt tri c u t nghin cu rt nhiu, c bit l sau
khi gi du tng nhanh t cui th k 20.
Ngy nay, nng lng mt tri l ngun nng lng c quan tm hng u
thay th ngun nhin liu ha thch ang dn cn kit. Nng lng mt tri l
ngun nng lng to ln, hu nh v tn v em li nhiu li ch lu di: l


T HONG TRNG

12
ngun nng lng sch, khng gy nhim mi trng, gim tc ng n vic
thay i kh hu
Vit Nam, cng chiu sng trung bnh l 5 kWh/m2/ngy phn ln
cc tnh min trung, min nam, v khong 4 kWh/m2/ngy cc tnh pha bc nn
c tim nng rt ln pht trin pin mt tri.
T 1975, pin mt tri c nghin cu Vin vt l. Nm 1976, pin mt
tri u tin c to ra trn lp n tinh th sillicon ti phng nghin cu quang
in ca Trung tm Nghin cu v S dng Nng lng mt tri ti TP.HCM
(CERES) thuc Vin Khoa hc Vit Nam . Trong hn 20 nm qua, nhiu loi pin
mt tri khc c pht trin Vin khoa hc v cng ngh Vit nam, v d nh:
Pin mt tri n tinh th silic, pin mt tri polysilicon, pin mt tri silic v nh
hnh, Ngoi ra cn c cc d n nghin cu v pin mt tri cht mu nhy quang
nh ti trng im HQG TP HCM Pin quang in ha trn c s tinh th nano
dioxit titan tm cht nhy quang do PGS. TS Nguyn Th Phng Thoa ch nhim
c HQG TP HCM u t kinh ph, ti Nghin cu ch to pin mt tri trn
c s vt liu TiO2 v cht mu c kim do TS. Nguyn Thanh Lc v TS. Nguyn
Th Vinh ch nhim do S KHCN TPHCM qun ly c xem nh l nhng
hng pht trin mi cho pin mt tri Vit Nam.
Trong i sng, h thng s dng nng lng mt tri cho gia nh bt u
xut hin nm 1990 v pht trin dn dn. 1999, nh my in mt tri u tin
c xy dng Gia Lai do s hp tc ca T chc pht trin cng ngh- nng
lng mi ca Nht Bn v B khoa hc cng ngh v mi trng Vit Nam. Nm
2009, Red Sun- cng ty u tin sn xut pin mt tri Vit nam- c xy dng
Long An vi cng sut hng nm 3-5 MWp. Ngoi ra c nhng cng ty rt quan
tm n vic pht trin in mt tri v ln cc d n nh : h thng mi nh
in mt tri, h thng in mt tri resort ven bin ( tp on Tun n), d n thp
sng cng cng vi nng lng mt tri ( tp on Kim nh)Tuy s cng ty u
t hot ng trong lnh vc nng lng mt tri vn cn qu t so vi tim nng ca


T HONG TRNG

13
nc ta, nhng d n trn l tn hiu tch cc cho nn cng nghip nng lng Vit
Nam.
2.2. Cc th h pin mt tri
Chm lng t c rt nhiu ng dng nh: lm cht nh du trong sensor
sinh hc, nhn din t bo ung th, lm n Led, pin mt triTrong ti ny, em
tm hiu nhng tnh cht ca chm lng t ng dng trong pin mt tri. Do ,
phn ny em xin trnh by mt s tng quan v pin mt tri v cc thng s c
trng cho pin.
2.2.1. Th h th nht
Pin mt tri c dng khi, n tinh th silic (pin mt tri kiu truyn thng)
vi hiu sut l thuyt ti a l 31%. Hin nay phn ln cc pin mt tri xut hin
trn th trng vn l th h pin mt tri th nht dng silic n tinh th vi hiu
sut 18%. Tuy nhin, nhm nghin cu ca gio s Martin Green (University of
New South Wales, c) hin nay t k lc 24.7% (trong phng th nghim).
u im ca pin ny l phm vi ph hp th rng, linh ng ht ti cao.
Tuy nhin, i hi k thut lp t , nguyn cht ca silic phi gn nh tuyt i,
gi thnh t.
2.2.2. Th h th hai
Pin mt tri c ch to theo cng ngh mng mng, cc loi vt liu to
thnh phong ph hn nh silic a tinh th, v nh hnh, CdTe, cc loi hp kim ca
CIGS (gm ng, indium, gallium v selen) v cc loi bn dn mng mng khc.
u im ca th h pin mt tri th hai l chi ph ch to t tn km, lp t n
gin hn. Hiu sut t khong 12-15%.
Dng silic v nh hnh gi r, c th to thnh nhng mng mng va t tn
km nhin liu va c kh nng hp th nng lng mt tri 40 ln cao hn silic
n tinh th. Tuy nhin , v bn cht v nh hnh (in t di ng kh khn hn


T HONG TRNG

14
nhiu so vi in t trong tinh th) nn hiu sut chuyn hon thnh in ch bng
phn na hiu sut ca silic n tinh th. Cc cht bn dn nh indium galium
dislenide ng v cadimium telluride c gi r hn rt nhiu so vi silic n phn
t, tuy nhin do c khuyt tt cu trc nn hiu sut khng cao.
2.2.3. Th h th ba
Th h pin mt tri ny rt khc so vi cc th h trc, khng da vo lp
chuyn tip p-n truyn thng . Th h pin mt tri ny bao gm: pin mt tri dng
nano tinh th, pin mt tri quang -in ha, pin mt tri cht mu nhy quang, pin
mt tri hu c.
2.2.3.1 PMT dng nano tinh th
Cc t bo nng lng mt tri da trn nn silic vi mt lp ph cc nano
tinh th (cc ht nh tinh th nano hay cc chm lng t) nh ht bn dn PbSe,
CdTe, PbS.
2.2.3.2 PMT quang in ha (PEC)
Gm mt anode quang bn dn v mt cathode kim loi c nhng trong
dung dch in phn (K
3
Fe(CN)
6
/K
4
Fe(CN)
6
; I/I
3
; Fe(CN)
6
4
-
/Fe(CN)
6
3-
;mui
sulphide/sulphur). Qu trnh phn ly in tch c thc hin bi cht bn dn v
cht in phn. Th h pin mt tri ny c u im ln l gi thnh r hn hn hai
th h trc, vic lp t v vn chuyn d dng, kch thc v hnh dng ca h rt
phong ph, c th ty chnh theo nhu cu s dng. Tuy nhin, hiu sut thng
khng cao v qu trnh ch to c th gy nhim mi trng.
2.2.3.3 PMT polymer
Nguyn tc chnh l s di chuyn in t t mt polymer/ phn t cho in t
(electron donor) n mt polymer/phn t nhn electron (electron acceptor), s di
chuyn in t s to thnh dng in. Hiu sut hin nay khong 5-6%. Mt trong
nhng pin mt tri hu c l pin mt tri polymer-fullerene (C
60
: polymer l cc


T HONG TRNG

15
polymer lin hp (-C=C-C=C-) nh polyacetylene (PA), polypyrrole (PPy),
polyaniline (PAn), khi ni vi cc cht thm vo (dopant) s tr thnh polymer
dn in. Khi b quang t ca nh sng mt tri kch thch, polymer lin hp
phng thch cc in t v li nhiu l trng trn mch polymer, v vy
polymer c gi l vt liu loi p. Ngc li, fullerene l vt liu nhn in t rt
hiu qu. Sau khi nhn in t fullerene mang in tch m nn c gi l vt liu
loi n.
2.2.3.4 PMT lai ha gia tinh th nano/hu c
Pin mt tri lai ha gia tinh th nano/hu c l s kt hp ca tinh th nano
v hp cht polymer .Pin mt tri ny ci thin c hiu sut hn v thn thin vi
mi trng hn.
Nguyn tc hot ng: polymer (P3HT-poly(3-hexylthiophene)) hp th
photon ca nh sng chiu ti kch thch electron t vng c bn chuyn ln vng
kch thch. Do mc nng lng vng kch thch ca polymer cao hn y vng
dn ca TiO
2
nn cc electron s chuyn t phn t polymer sang lp TiO2v
khuch tn ra lp in cc, cn polymer (PEDOT:PS) dn l trng ra in cc i.
Dng in c sinh ra i qua ti v tr li kt hp vi l trng, kt thc mt tin
trnh tun hon.
2.3. Cc thng s c trng ca pin mt tri
Pin mt tri l mt hay mt s thit b c thit k chuyn i quang
nng thnh in nng mt cch trc tip. Nn tng ca pin mt tri l cc t bo mt
tri (SC) hot ng da vo hiu ng quang in trong.
2.3.1. ng on mch I
SC

Dng on mch l dng ca ht ti thiu s bn trong pin mt tri, hay l
dng quang in. Dng on mch ph thuc vo nh sng kch thch v bn thn
vt liu lm pin mt tri. Ta c cng thc xc nh mt dng on mch:

( ) ( )
SC s E
I q b E Q E dE =
}
(2.1)


T HONG TRNG

16
Trong , I
SC
l mt dng on mch, q l in tch nguyn t, b
s
(E) l
mt quang thng ca nh sng kch thch, Q
E
(E) l hiu sut lng t ca pin
mt tri l xc sut m mt photon chiu ti c kh nng sinh ra mt electron
cho mch ngoi, dE l nng lng ca photon kch thch tnh trn mt n v din
tch trong mt n v thi gian.
Pin mt tri c hiu sut cao tng ng vi I
SC
c gi tr ln, I
SC
t gi tr
cc i khi th ra ca pin mt tri bng 0 tng ng trng hp pin cha ni vi
mch ngoi. Trong cc gi tr cng thc (2.1), ta thy yu t quyt nh lm thay
i hiu sut ca pin chnh l hiu sut lng t Q
E
(E) v mt quang thng b
S
.
Do cn phi la chn vt liu thch hp lm pin, la chn v tr thch hp lp
rp pin mt tri trong thc t v hnh dng ca pin mt tri phi c tnh ton sao
cho Q
E
(E) v b
S
t gi tr ti u.
2.3.2. Dng ti ( I
dark
)
Ni pin vi mch ngoi c ti, khi khng chiu sng vn c mt s chnh
lch rt nh v in tch hai u pin do c mt s lng nh ht ti c sinh ra
do chuyn ng nhit, iu ny to ra mch ngoi mt dng in gi l dng ti
I
dark
. Mt dng ti c tnh theo cng thc:
( )
ar 0
1
B
qV
K T
d k
I V I e
| |
= |
|
\ .
(2.2)
Trong : I
0
l hng s, V l th ra ca pin, k
B
l hng s Boltzmann, T l
nhit tuyt i.
Ta thy dng ti ngc chiu vi dng on mch, do ta a vo gi tr
mt tng cng I v c xc nh nh sau:

ar 0
1
B
qV
K T
SC d k SC
I I I I I e
| |
= = |
|
\ .
(2.3)


T HONG TRNG

17
2.3.3. Th mch h ( V
OC
)
Khi ni pin vi mch ngoi (c ti) v chiu sng, s chnh lch nng ht
ti rt ln hai u ca pin (electron pha n v l trng pha p) s khin th ra V
tng ln dn, khi th V t cc i, ngi ta gi n l th mch h, k hiu l V
OC
v
c xc nh theo cng thc:

0
ln 1
SC
OC
I KT
V
q I
| |
= +
|
\ .
(2.4)
Khi V=V
OC
th (2.4) vo (2.2) ta c:

0
1
ar 0
1
SC
I
I
d k SC
I I e I
+ | |
= = |
|
\ .
(2.5)
T (2.5) ta rt ra kt lun: Khi V = V
OC
th I
SC
= I
dark
, suy ra mt dng tng
cng I = I
SC
I
dark
= 0. Lc ny mch ngoi khng cn dng ht ti no, iu ny
ging nh vic ta p pin vo mt mch in b h v o th ra ca pin.
2.3.4. Cng sut v h s lp y ca pin mt tri
Cng sut ca pin mt tri c xc nh theo cng thc:
. P V I = (2.6)
Trong : I nhn gi tr t 0 n I
SC
, V nhn cc gi tr t 0 n V
OC
.
Khi I = 0, ta c V = V
OC
v khi V = 0, ta c I = I
SC
. Ti hai gi tr ny ta c P =0.
Biu din P trn c tuyn I-V ca pin th hin qua hnh.


T HONG TRNG

18


Hnh 2.1 ng c tuyn I-V v th biu din cng sut ca pin
H s lp y FF l thng s ca cng sut cc i P
MAX
ca pin mt tri
vi tch V
OC
v I
SC
:

MP MP
SC OC
I V
FF
I V
= (2.7)

Hnh 2.2 H s lp y th hin qua th biu din ng I-V
Trong th biu din ng I-V ( hnh 2.2), c th hiu h s lp y l t
s gia din tch hnh ch nht to bi im c cng sut cc i trn thc t Pmax
v hnh ch nht to bi im c cng sut cc i trn l thuyt PT.
H s lp y miu t cht lng ca pin mt tri. Gi tr l tng ca h s
lp y l bng 1. Trong trng hp ny mi in t sinh ra do hp th photon u
tr thnh in t dn v khng c mt mt dng in do in tr. Thc t h s lp


T HONG TRNG

19
y thng c gi tr trong khong 0,5-0,8.
2.3.5. Hiu sut ca pin mt tri
Hiu sut ca SC, k hiu l , c tnh theo cng thc:

SC OC MP MP
In In
I V I V
FF
P P
q = = (2.8)
Trong : P
In
l cng sut nh sng chiu ti, c trng cho s tn x ht ti trong
sut qu trnh hot ng ca pin.
Trong cc thng s lm vic ca pin mt tri, bn thng s quan trng quyt
nh tnh cht ca pin l; dng on mch I
SC
, th mch h V
OC
, h s lp y FF,
v hiu sut pin .
2.4. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca pin mt tri chm lng t
Pin mt tri chm lng t (QDSC) c cu to v nguyn tc hot ng
tng t nh pin mt tri cht mu nhy quang (DSC). im khc nhau gia 2 loi
pin ny l cht nhy quang. Trong khi DSC dng cc phn t cht mu nh phc
cht ca kim loi chuyn tip nh Ru, Os, Fe vi cc phi t d vng nh pyridine
hay polypyridine 2 cng, 3 cng, a cng hp th nh sng th pin QDSC dng
chm lng t bn dn.
2.4.1 Cu to pin mt tri chm lng t
Cu to ca mt pin mt tri chm lng t (QDSC) bao gm cc thnh
phn: Anode quang, dung dch cht in ly, cathode, c m t nh hnh 2.3.


T HONG TRNG

20

Hnh 2.3 Cu trc pin mt tri chm lng t nhy quang
Anode quang
Thnh phn c xem l quan trng nht trong mt pin mt tri chm lng
t l anode quang, v n nh hng ti cc thng s ca pin nh: th mch h V
OC
,
dng ngn mch I
SC
, h s lp y FF, hiu sut pin. Cu to ca mt anode quang
bao gm mng dn in trong sut (TCO transparent conducting oxides, thng l
thit pha tp Fluor (FTO) hoc pha tp Indium (ITO)). Trn mng dn in trong
sut ny c ph mt lp vt liu bn dn c nng lng vng cm rng nh
TiO
2
, ZnO, SnO
2
,v c thiu kt thnh mng li c kh nng vn chuyn in
t, thng l s dng Titan dioxit (TiO
2
) pha anatas, v TiO
2
c nng lng vng
cm kh ln khong 3.2 eV c th hp th mt dy sng di t vng kh kin n t
ngoi rt thch hp ng dng lm pin. Chm lng t (QDs) c hp ph trn
mng TiO
2
ng vai tr l ngun hp th photon t nh sng mt tri v sau
chuyn i thnh in t.
Cathode
in cc cathode l mt lp mng mng Pt c ph trn thy tinh dn
TCO. Pt c bt ti l cht xc tc hot tnh mnh dn in trn in cc i.



T HONG TRNG

21
Dung dch cht in ly
Gia hai in cc cathode v anode l dung dch in ly cha cp oxi ha -
kh, cp cht in ly I
3
-
/I
-
thng c s dng bi v cp cht xi ha kh ny
tng thch vi cc pin cht mu nhy quang Ruthnium. Tuy nhin, cht in ly
Iodide khng tng hp vi cc tinh th nano, theo thi gian chng s phn hy cc
tinh th nano v gy ra gim hiu sut pin. Cp xi ha kh S
2
-
/S
n
2-
l ph hp
nht cho cc pin mt da trn tinh th nano.
Ngoi ra, dung dch in ly s dng trong pin mt tri QDSC cha cp xy
ha kh ng vai tr chuyn in tch gia anode v cathode v ti to li chm
lng t. Mt dung dch in ly ph hp cho pin QDSC l h xy ha kh c th
xy ha kh ph hp vi gin nng lng ca chm lng t v mc Fermi
sao cho n c th ti to chm lng t hiu qu nhng vn m bo th mch
h ca pin mc cao. Ngoi ra dung dch in ly cn c nht thp thc hin
qu trnh khuch tn in tch nhanh, c im nng chy thp hn nhit mi
trng nhm hn ch s r r bay hi.
kt dnh hai in cc v gi dung dch in ly gia chng, ngn chn s
r r, bay hi ca dung dch cht in ly, ta cn dng mt vt liu kt dnh, bn
quang ha v ha hc ca vt liu ny trong dung dch cht in ly l rt quan
trng. Cc tm polymer nh Surlyn hay copolymer ca polyethylene v polyacrlylic
acide l cc cht kt dnh tt. Ngoi ra, ta cn ph thm lp keo epoxy cc mi
ni ngoi tng kn ca pin.


T HONG TRNG

22
2.4.2. Nguyn l hot ng ca pin mt tri chm lng t

Hnh 2.4: S nguyn tc hot ng ca pin mt tri chm lng t
Qu trnh 1: khi c chiu sng, chm lng t lin kt ln mng TiO2 s
hp thu nh sng ti, cc electron trong chm lng t b kch thch, s chuyn t
vng ha tr ln vng dn, li l trng vng ha tr, to thnh exciton.

*
S h S v + (2.9)
Qu trnh 2: Do mc nng lng thp nht ca vng dn ca phn t chm
lng t cao hn mc nng lng y vng dn ca TiO2 nn cc electron s
chuyn t chm lng t sang lp TiO2 (gi l tim ht ti) v nhanh chng khuch
tn ra lp in cc, do dng in c sinh ra.

*
S S e
+
+ (n lp TiO
2
) (2.10)
Qu trnh 3,4: cc phn t chm lng t sau khi tim ht ti vo lp
TiO2 s d tha l trng vng ha tr, cc l trng ny nhanh chng ti hp vi
cc electron chyn t lp cht in ly sau qu trnh oxy ha v lm ti sinh cc
phn t chm lng t, cc qu trnh ny din ra lin tc v gip cho lp chm
lng t lun n nh.

3
3 2 I I e

+ (n lp QDs) (2.11)
Qu trnh 5: Dng electron ca QDSC sau khi qua ti s c thu v cc
gp ri chuyn vo lp in ly (cp oxy ha-kh I
-
/I
3
-
) thc hin qu trnh oxy ha


T HONG TRNG

23
kh b p lng electron m lp ny chuyn vo lp chm lng t, kt
thc mt qu trnh tun hon.

3
2 3 I e I

+ (e n t cc gp) (2.12)
Cc in t trn vng dn TiO
2
ngoi vic chuyn ra mch ngoi cn c th
tham gia 3 qu trnh ti kt hp (phn ng dng ti).
Phn ng xy ra do s ti hp in t trong vng dn v l trng trong vng
ha tr ca TiO
2
.

*
2
( ) e TiO S S + (2.13)
Phn ng ca in t trn vng dn TiO
2
vi cht oxy ha I
3
-
ca cht in
ly.

2 3
2 ( ) 3 e TiO I I

+ (2.14)
Phn ng xy ra nhng ni b mt thy tinh khng c che ph bi lp
oxit TiO
2
.
2 3
2 ( ) 3 e SnO I I

+

(2.15)
Trong 3 phn ng ny, phn ng (2.14) xy ra mc ng k hn nhiu
so vi hai phn ng cn li do nng I
3
-
ln.
2.5. Nhng ng dng ca pin mt tri trong cuc trong cuc sng
Pin mt tri chm lng t cng nh nhiu loi pin mt tri khc c ng
dng v cng rng ri trong cuc sng, cng nng nghip, kinh t, qun s, v
tinh



T HONG TRNG

24
ng dng trong cuc sng:
Ngi nh mt tri: cc tm pin mt tri c nhiu mu sc v mu m khc
nhau, c th t ln tng hoc trn mi nh v ha hp vo . Cc mi nh un
ln v nghing c th s dng c tm pin mng mng.

Hnh 2.5: pin mt tri c lp t trn nhng ngi nh
Chiu sng: l ngun in cho nhng ni cha c mng li in. pin mt
tri c h tr nhng ni vng su vng xa hoc nhng ni vng ni, ni c
nhng ngi dn tc sinh sng m cha c li in. pin mt tri cng cng l
nhng thit b in c cung cp cho nhng ni hi o, Vit Nam l qun o
trng xa,ni m c lp t ti 4.093 tm pin mt tri phc v cho nhn dn
v cc chin s trn o.

Hnh 2.6: pin mt tri c lp t nng thn v hi o phc v nng dn v chin
s
Ngun in di ng: ng dng pin mt tri trong cc thit b nh gn nh b
m khi i bin hoc i ni, thit b sc pin bng nng lng mt tri, in thoi


T HONG TRNG

25
cm ng dng nng lng mt trivi v ca in thoi c lm t nhng chai
nha ti ch, nng lng hot ng t nhng tm pin mt tri c lp phn lng
do cng ty samsung sn sut. Ti sch nng lng mt tri va tin dng va c th
trang tr hoa vn bng nhng tm pin mt tri. Pin ny gip ngi dng sc c
nhng thit b s dng in p nh nh in thoi di ng, my nghe nhc. Ngoi
nhim v sc in thoi, pin s cung cp nng lng lm sng cc si quang bn
trong ti khi ti m ra, gip ngi s dng d dng tm vt.

Hnh 2.7: pin mt tri c s dng lm ngun in di ng


T HONG TRNG

26
Nh my in nng lng mt tri: tng cng sut lp t trn ton cu ln
n 12GW (03/2013). Cc nh my t vi MW n hng trm MW, cc nc i u
l: Trung Quc, M, c Ty Ban Nha, , Php
Hin nh my nng lng mt tri c tn Agua Caliente (M) ang c tin
hnh xy dng vi cng sut -397 MW s hon thnh vo nm 2014.

Hnh 2.8: nh my nng lng mt tri
ng dng trong thit b bo v an ninh, chiu sng cng cng-n giao
thng.

Hnh 2.9: pin mt tri ng dng trong thit b an ninh v chiu sng cng cng


T HONG TRNG

27
Phng tin giao thng.

Hnh 2.10: pin mt tri ng dng trong phng tin giao thng
ng dng trong qun s, h thng thng tin-quang trc.

Hnh 2.11: pin mt tri trong qun s v cc trm pht sng, trm quan trc


T HONG TRNG

28
V tinh, tu thm him: nm 1958 VANGUARD1 l v tinh u tin s dng
ngun in c cung cp t pin mt tri c tui th ln n 6 nm.

Hnh 2.12: v tinh trong v tr c lp t bi pin mt tri

Hnh 2.13: trm v tr quc t ISS
2.6. Kt lun
Vi nhng tnh cht u vit nh rng vng cm c th iu chnh khi thay
i kch thc ht lm cho tnh cht quang thay i, hiu ng giam gi lng t
lm xut hin cc mc nng lng gin on, khi hp th 1 photon s lm bt ra
nhiu electron thay v lm bt ra 1 electron, lm cho chm lng t rt thch hp
lm pin mt tri v ci thin hiu sut pin trong khi vn duy tr c chi ph
mc thp.
Kh nng hp th vng nh sng rng t kh kin n hng ngoi nn tn
dng c ti a nng lng mt tri.


T HONG TRNG

29
Pin mt tri s dng chm lng t theo l thuyt c th t hiu sut ln
n 60% vi chi ph sn xut thp hn nhiu so vi pin mt tri truyn thng cng
nh pin mt tri mng mng.
Mc d chi ph cho QDSC l kh thp, rt d dng u t nhng nhng
nghin cu hin nay vn cha t c hiu sut cao so vi l thuyt l c th t
n 60%. Hiu sut ca pin mt tri chm lng t hin nay t hiu sut trung
bnh.
Tuy hin nay pin mt tri chm lng t cn c mt s hn ch cng nh
kh khn nht nh nh l hiu sut, nhng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh nano th
loi pin ny ha hn s t c nhng thnh cng nh mong i.


T HONG TRNG

30
TI LIU THAM KHO
ing vit
[1] Hunh L Thy Trang (2011), Tng hp v nghin cu tnh cht quang
in ca Pin mt tri chm lng t-cht mu nhy quang (QDS-DSC),
lun vn thc s, i hc khoa hoc t nhin-HQG TpHCM.
[2] Nguyn Thnh Phng, quantum dots solar cell,lun vn thc s vt l, i
hc khoa hoc t nhin-HQG TpHCM.
[3] L Phc Anh, Nghin cu tnh cht quang - in ca pin mt tri cht
mu nhy sng s dng in cc lai TiO
2
- chm lng t, lun vn tt
nghip, trng i hc cng ngh-HQG-HN.
ing anh
[4] Prashant V. Kamat, Quantum Dot Solar Cells. Semiconductor Nanocrystals
as Light Harvesters J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 1873718753.
[5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell
[6] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dots
[7] Mohammad A. Halim, Harnessing Suns Energy with Quantum Dots Based
NextGeneration Solar Cell Nanomaterials 2013, 3, 22-47;
doi:10.3390/nano3010022.
[8] Sven R_hle, Menny Shalom, and Arie Zaban, Quantum-Dot-Sensitized
Solar Cells ChemPhysChem 2010, 11, 2290 2304,
www.chemphyschem.org.
[9] James McDniel, quantum dots: science and applications Nanochemistry
physics 3500.
[10] AAKASH GUPTA, quantum dots in solar cellUE 5501, E.C.E.7
th

SEMESTER, U.I.E.T., PANJAB UNIVERSITY.
[11] Prof. Martin A. Green,Third Generation Photovoltaics: Advanced
Solar Energy Conversion, Springer-Verlag (Berlin, Heidelberg, 2003).