1

PHNG TRNH VI PHN

1) Kim tra rng y cos x(sin x 1) = l nghim ca bi ton
2
y ytan x cos x ' + =
gi tr ban u
y(0) 1 = trn khong ,
2 2
t t
| |

|
\ .

Li gii:
2
y sin x(sin x 1) cos x ' = +
2 2
y ytan x sin x(sin x 1) cos x sin x(sin x 1) cos x ' + = + + =
2) Gii cc phng trnh tch bin
a.
x
2
dy xe
dx
y 1 y
=
+

Li gii:
x
2 x
2
dy xe
y 1 y dy xe dx
dx
y 1 y
= + =
+

2 x 2 2 x
1
y 1 y dy xe dx C (1 y ) 1 y 3(x 1)e C + = + + + = +
} }

b.
du
2 2u t tu
dt
= + + +
Li gii:
du du du
2 2u t tu (1 u)(2 t) (2 t)dt
dt dt (1 u)
= + + + = + + = +
+

2
2ln 1 u 4t t C + = + +
3) Tm nghim ca PTVP tho mn iu kin ban u
a.
2
dy
1 y , y(1) 0
dx
= + = ;
Li gii:
2
2
dy dy
1 y dx arctan y x C
dx
1 y
= + = = +
+
vi y(1) 0 = th C 1 =
nghim ca phng trnh : arctan y x 1 =
b.
x y x y
y e e , y(0) 1
+
' = + = ;
Li gii:
y
x y x y y 2y x x
2y
e dy
y e e e y (e 1)e e dx
(e 1)
+
' ' = + = + =
+

2
y
x y x
2y
e dy
e dx C arctane e C
(e 1)
= + = +
+
} }

vi y(0) 1 = th C arctane 1 = nghim ca phng trnh :
y x
arctane e arctane 1 = +
c.
2
du 2t sec t
, u(0) 5
dt 2u
+
= = .
Li gii:
2
2 2
2
du 2t sec t 1
2udu (2t sec t)dt 2t dt u C
dt 2u
cos t
+ | |
= = + + = +
|
\ .
}

2 2
t tan t u C + = +
vi u(0) 5 = th C 25 = nghim ca phng trnh
2 2
t tan t u 25 + =
4) Tm phng trnh ng cong tho mn
3
y 4x y ' = v ct trc Oy ti 7.
Li gii:
4
3 3 x
dy
y 4x y 4x dx y Ce
y
' = = = ,t gi thit th y(0) 7 = nn C 7 =
l ng cong c phng trnh
4
x
y 7e =
5) Dung dch glucose c truyn theo ng tnh mch vo mu vi vn tc
khng i r. Khi glucose c a vo, n chuyn thnh cc cht khc v b y khi
mu vi vn tc t l thun vi nng ti thi im . Nh vy, m hnh biu din
nng C C(t) = ca dung dch glucose trong mu l
dC
r kC
dt
= , trong k l hng
s dng.Gi s nng ti thi im t 0 = l
0
C . Xc nh nng ti thi im
tu bng cch gii PTVP ni trn.
Gi s rng
0
r
C
k
< , tm gii hn
t
lim C(t)

v din gii p n ca bn.

Li gii:
( )
kdt kdt dC dC
r kC kC r C(t) e A r e dt
dt dt

} }
= + = = +
}


( )
kt
kt kt kt kt
re r
C(t) e A r e dt e A Ae
k k

| |
= + = + = +
|
|
\ .
}

Ti
0
r
t 0 A C
k
= = .Vy
kt
0
r r
C(t) C e
k k

| |
= +
|
\ .

a. Gi s rng
0
r
C
k
< , tm gii hn
t
lim C(t)

v din gii p n ca bn.

3
Li gii:
Hin nhin
kt
0
t t
r r r
lim C(t) lim C e
k k k

| |
= + =
|
\ .

Khi dung dch glucose c truyn theo ng tnh mch vo mu vi vn tc khng
i,v thi gian truyn v hn th nng glucose ca dung dch glucose trong mu
coi nh khng i.
6) Lng c bn halibut Thi bnh dng c m hnh ho bi PTVP
dy y
ky 1
dt K
| |
=
|
\ .
,trong
y(t) l sinh khi (khi lng tng cng ca cc c th trong qun th) theo kilogram
ti thi im t (o theo nm), dung lng cc i c c lng bi
7
K 8 10 kg =
v k 0, 71 = theo nm.
a. Nu
7
y(0) 2 10 kg = , tm sinh khi mt nm sau.
b. Bao lu na sinh khi t c
7
4 10 kg ?

Li gii:
T
( )
2
2 1 1 1
dy y ky k k
ky 1 y ky y y ky y ky
dt K K K K

' | |
' ' = = = + =
|
\ .

k
z kz
K
' + =
kt kt
kdt kdt
kt kt
k e e
z e C e dt e C ye C 1
K K K

| | | |
| |
} }
= + = + + =
| |
|
| |
\ .
\ . \ .
}
vi
1
z y

=

kt
kt
Ke
y
KC e
=
+

Khi
7
y(0) 2 10 kg = th
7 7
7 7
7
8 10 3 10
2 10 8 10 C 1 4 C
8
8 10 C 1

= + = =
+


7 kt
kt
8 10 e
y
3 e

=
+

a) Sinh khi mt nm sau c xc nh:
7 0,71
7
0,71
8 10 e
y 3, 23 10
3 e

= ~
+

b) Ta cn tm t sao cho
7 kt
7 kt
kt
8 10 e ln3
4 10 e 3 t
0, 71
3 e

= = =
+
.
4
Vy sau
ln3
t 1,547
0,71
= ~ nm sinh khi t c
7
4 10 kg .
7) Trong m hnh sinh trng theo ma, mt hm tun hon theo thi gian c
ngh tnh n nhng bin i c tnh ma v lin quan n vn tc sinh
trng. Nhng bin i y c th, chng hn, gy ra do nhng thay i c tnh cht
ma v v ngun thc n.Tm nghim ca m hnh sinh trng theo ma
0
dP
kPcos(rt ) P(0) P
dt
= = , trong k, r v l nhng hng s dng.
Li gii:
dP k
kPcos(rt ) lnP sin(rt ) C
dt r
= = + vi
0 0
k
P(0) P lnP sin C
r
= = +

0
ksin r lnP
C
r
+
=
0
ksin r lnP k
lnP sin(rt )
r r
+
= +
| |
0
P k
ln sin(rt ) sin
P r
= + | |
0
k
P(t) P exp sin(rt ) sin
r
| |
= +
|
\ .

8) Gii PTVP thun nht hoc bi ton ban u:
a.
2 2
(x 3y )dx 2xydy 0 + = ;
Li gii:
2 2
2 2
dy x 3y x 3y
(x 3y )dx 2xydy 0
dx 2xy 2y 2x

+ = = = + khi xy 0 =
t
2
1 2udu dx
y xu y u xu 2u 2xu 3u
u x
u 1
' ' ' = = + + = =

2 2 2
u 1 Cx y (1 Cx)x ; x, y = = +
b.
y
xy x tan y 0 y(1)
x 2
t
' + = = ;
Li gii:
y
xy x tan y 0
x
' + =
y y
y tan 0
x x
' + =
t
cosu dx C
y xu y u xu u xu tanu u 0 du sinu
sinu x x
' ' ' = = + + + = = =
ta c
y C
sin
x x
= vi y(1)
2
t
= th C 1 = nghim ca phng trnh
y
xsin 1
x
=
c.
y y
y xsin x ysin
x x
| |
' + =
|
\ .
;
Li gii:
5
y y y y y
y xsin x ysin y sin 1 sin
x x x x x
| | | |
' ' + = + =
| |
\ . \ .

t y xu y u xu (u xu )sinu 1 usin u xu sin u 1 0 ' ' ' ' = = + + + = + =

dx
sinudu cosu ln Cx
x
= =
y
cos
x
Cx e =
d.
y y
y sin y(1)
x x 2
t
' = + = ;
Li gii:
t y xu y u xu u xu u sin u xu sinu ' ' ' ' = = + + = + =

u
d tan
du dx u 2
ln Cx ln tan
u
sin u x 2
tan
2
| |
|
\ .
= = =
}

u y
ln Cx ln tan Cx tan
2 2x
= = vi y(1)
2
t
= th C 1 =
y
x tan
2x
=
e.
2
(x y)ydx x dy 0 =
Li gii:
vi xy 0 = ta c
2
2
y x
(x y)ydx x dy 0 1 y
x y
| |
| |
' = =
| |
\ .
\ .

t
2
2
du dx C
y xu y u xu u xu u u ln x
x u
u
' ' ' = = + + = = =
nghim ca phng trnh Cx yln x = , ngoi ra x 0; y 0 = = tha mn phng
trnh nn x 0; y 0 = = l nghim k d ca phng trnh
9) Xt xem phi chng phng trnh l tuyn tnh:
a.
x 2 5
y ye x y ' + =
Li gii:
T
( )
x 2 5 5 4 x 2 4 4 x 2
y ye x y y y y e x y 4y e 4x

'
' ' + = + = =
x 2
u 4ue 4x
'
=
Gi s
1
y (x) v
2
y (x) l hai nghim ca phng trnh,tc l

x 2 5
1 1 1
y y e x y ' + =
x 2 5
2 2 2
y y e x y ' + = nhng
x
1 2 1 2
(ay by ) (ay by )e ' + + +
6
( ) ( )
x x 2 5
1 1 2 2 1 2
a y y e b y y e x (ay by ) ' ' = + + + = + khng phi l phng trnh vi
phn tuyn tnh .Xong l phng trnh Becnuli nn c th a phng trnh v
phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh bng cch t
4
u y

= .
b.
2
xy ln x x y 0 ' + =
Li gii:
T
2
ln x
xy ln x x y 0 y xy
x
' ' + = + = l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp mt.
c.
4
x y y sin x ' = +
Li gii:
T
4
4 4
y sin x
x y y sin x y
x x
' ' = + = l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp mt.
d.
2
xy y x sin x ' =
Li gii:
T

2
y
xy y x sin x y xsin x
x
' ' = = l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp mt.
10) Gii cc PTVP:
a.
x
y 2y 2e ' + = ;
Li gii:
phng trnh cho l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp mt,nn nghim c xc
nh
( )
3x
2dx 2dx
x
1
2x
C 2e
y e C 2 e e dx
3e
+
} }
= + =
}

2x 3x
3ye C 2e = + l nghim phng trnh
b. xy y x ' + = ;
Li gii:
y 1
xy y x y
x
x
' ' + = + =
l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp mt,nn nghim c xc nh
( )
dx dx
x x
1 1
1 1
y e C e dx y C x dx
x
x

| |
} }
|
= + = +
|
\ .
} }

7
3yx C 2x x = + l nghim phng trnh.
c.
2
dy
2xy x
dx
+ = ;
Li gii:
2 2
dy
2xy x y 2xy x
dx
' + = + = l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp mt,nn
nghim c xc nh
( )
( )
2 2
2xdx 2xdx
2 x 2 x
y e C x e dx y e C x e dx

} }
= + = +
} }

d.
2 2
y 3x y 6x ' + = ;
Li gii:
2 2
y 3x y 6x ' + = l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp mt,
nn nghim c xc nh
( )
( )
2 2
3 3
3x dx 3x dx
2 x x 3
y e C 6x e dx y e C 2 e dx

} }
= + = +
} }


( )
3 3 3
x x x
y e C 2e y Ce 2

= + = +
e. y xy y ln y ' ' = + ;
Li gii:
coi x x(y) =
dx
y x ln y
dy
= +
dx x ln y
dy y y
= l phng trnh vi phn tuyn
tnh cp mt,nn nghim c xc nh
dy dy
y y
ln y
x e C e dy
y

| |
} }
|
= +
|
\ .
}
2
ln y
x y C dy
y
| |
= +
|
\ .
}
1
x y C ln yd
y
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
}

ln y 1
x y C 1 x ln y Cy
y y
| |
= + + =
|
\ .

f.
2
1
y y x
x 1
' + =
+
;
Li gii:
l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp mt,nn nghim c xc nh
( )
dx dx
2 2
x 1 x 1
1 1
1
y e C x e dx y C x (x 1)dx
x 1

+ +
| |
} }
|
= + = + +
| +
\ .
} }

4 3
C 3x 4x
y
12(x 1)
+ +
=
+

8
g.
2
y ytan x sin x ' + = .
Li gii:
l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp mt,nn nghim c xc nh
( )
tan xdx tan xdx
2
1
y e C sin xe dx

} }
= +
}
2
1
sin x
y cos x C dx
cos x
| |
= +
|
|
\ .
}

1
dx
y cos x C cos xdx
cos x
| |
= +
|
\ .
} }

1 x
y Ccos x sin 2x cos xln tan
2 2 4
t
| |
= + +
|
\ .

11) Gii bi ton gi tr ban u:
a.
2
2 t
dv
2tv 3t e v(0) 5
dt
= = ;
Li gii:
l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp mt,nn nghim c xc nh
( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2
2tdt 2tdt
2 t t 2 t 3
v e C 3t e e dt v e C 3t dt v e C t

} }
= + = + = +
} }
vi
v(0) 5 C 5 = =

( )
2
t 3
v e 5 t = +
b.
2
xy y x sin x y( ) 0 ' = + t = .
Li gii:
2
y
xy y x sin x y xsin x
x
' ' = + = l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp
mt,nn nghim c xc nh
( )
dx dx
x x
y e C xsin xe dx y x C sin xdx y x(C cos x)

| |
} }
|
= + = + =
|
\ .
} }
vi
y( ) 0 C 1 t = = y x(1 cos x) = +
12) Nhng nh tm l quan tm n l lun hc tp kho st ng cong hc.
ng cong hc l th ca hm s P(t), hiu qu ca mt ai hc mt k nng
c coi l hm ca thi gian hun luyn t. o hm
dP
dt
th hin vn tc m ti
hiu sut hc c nng ln.
a. Bn ngh P tng ln nhanh nht khi no? iu g xy ra vi
dP
dt
khi t tng ln?
Gii thch.
Li gii:
P tng ln nhanh nht khi thi gian hun luyn t nht
9
Khi t tng, tc l thi gian hun luyn tng ln dn n
dP
dt
gim i
b. Nu M l mc cc i ca hiu qu m ngi hc c kh nng t c,gii
thch ti sao PTVP
dP
k(M P)
dt
= , k l hng s dng l m hnh hp l cho vic
hc.
Li gii:
Khi
max
P M = th
dP
0
dt
=
c. Gii PTVP tm ra mt biu thc ca P(t).Dng li gii ca bn v th
ng cong hc.Gii hn ca biu thc ny l g?
Li gii:
T
( )
kt kt kt
dP dP
k(M P) kP kM P e C kM e dt P M Ce
dt dt

= + = = + = +
}

T gi thit ca bi ton ta c P(0) 0 = C M =
kt
P M Me

=

kt
t t
lim P lim(M Ce ) M

= + =
13) Gii PTVP Bernoulli:
a.
3
2
2 y
y y
x
x
' + = ;
Li gii:
3
3 2
2 2
2 y 2 1
y y y y y
x x
x x

' ' + = + = ,t
2
z y

=
2
4z 2
z
x
x
' =
l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp mt,nn nghim c xc nh
4dx 4dx
4 4
x x
1 1 1
2 6 5
2 2 2
z e C e dx z x C dx z x C
x x 5x

| |
} } | | | |
|
= = = +
| |
|
\ . \ .
\ .
} }


5 2
5x (Cx 2)y = +
b.
2
xy y xy ' + = ;
Li gii:
t
1
z y

= ta c
z
z 1
x
' = l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp mt,
nn nghim c xc nh
( )
dx dx
x x
dx
z e C e dx z x C z x C ln x
x

| |
} }
| |
|
= + = + = +
|
|
\ .
\ .
} }

( )
1 xy C ln x = +
10
c.
2
(2xy y)dx xdy 0 + = ;
Li gii:
2 2
y
(2xy y)dx xdy 0 y 2y
x
' + = =
t
1
z y

= ta c
z
z 2
x
' + = l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp mt,
nn nghim c xc nh
( )
dx dx
2
x x
1 1 1
1 1 x
z e C e dx z C xdx z C
x x 2

| |
| |
} }
|
= + = + = +
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
} }

2
x y(C x ) = +
d.
2
2xyy y x 0 ' + = ;
Li gii:
( )
2 2 2
2xyy y x 0 y x y 0
'
' + = + = t
2
z y =
z
z 1
x
' = l phng
trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp mt,nn nghim c xc nh
( )
dx dx
x x
dx
z e C e dx z x C z x C ln x
x

| |
} }
| |
|
= + = + = +
|
|
\ .
\ .
} }

( )
2
y x C ln x = +
e.
2
2x
y
x cos y 4sin2y
' =
+
;
Li gii:
coi x x(y) =
( )
2
2 2
dx x cos y 4sin2y
x x cos y 4sin2y
dy 2x
+ '
= =
t
2
z x = z zcos y 4sin2y
'
= l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp mt,
nn nghim c xc nh
( )
( )
cos ydy cos ydy
sin y sin y
z e C 4sin2ye dy z e C 8 sin ye d( sin y)

} }
= + =
} }

( )
sin y sin y sin y
z e C 8(1 sin y)e z Ce 8(1 sin y)

= + = +
2 sin y
x Ce 8(1 sin y) = +
f.
2
xy y y ln x ' + = ;
Li gii:
11
1
2 2
y ln x
xy y y ln x y y
x x

' ' + = + = t
1
z y

=
z ln x
z
x x
' = l
phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp mt,nn nghim c xc nh
dx dx
x x
2
ln x ln x ln x 1
z e C e dx z x C dx z x C
x x x
x

| |
} }
| | | |
|
= = = + +
| |
|
\ . \ .
\ .
} }

( ) y Cx ln x 1 1 + + =
g.
2
xy 2xy ln x y 0 ' + + = .
Li gii:
( )
1
2 2 1
y y
xy 2xy ln x y 0 y 2y ln x y 2ln x
x x

'
' ' + + = + = = t
1
z y

=

z
z 2ln x
x
' =
l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp mt,nn nghim c xc nh
( )
dx dx
x x
ln x
z e C 2ln xe dx z x C 2 dx z x C 2 ln xd(ln x)
x

| |
} }
| |
|
= + = + = +
|
|
\ .
\ .
} } }

( )
2
z x C ln x = +
( )
2
1
y
x C ln x
=
+

14) Mt vt khi lng m ri xung t trng thi ngh v chng ta gi s rng sc
cn khng kh t l thun vi vn tc ca vt. Nu S(t) l khong cch ri c sau t
giy th vn tc l v S (t) ' = v gia tc l a v (t) ' = . Nu g l gia tc trng trng th
lc hng xung di tc ng ln vt l mg cv , trong c l hng s dng, nh
lut Newton th hai dn n
dv
m mg cv
dt
= .
a. Gii PT ny khi coi n l PT tuyn tnh ch ra rng
ct
m
mg
v 1 e
c

| |
|
=
|
\ .
.
Li gii:
c c ct ct
dt dt
m m m m
dv dv c mg
m mg cv v g v e A g e dt v e A e
dt dt m c

| | | |
} }
| |
= + = = + = +
| |
\ . \ .
}

12
Khi vt khng ri tc v(0) 0 = ,t
ct ct
m m
mg
v e A e
c

| |
|
= +
|
\ .
ta c
mg
A
c
=
ct
m
mg
v 1 e
c

| |
|
=
|
\ .

b. Vn tc gii hn l bao nhiu?
Li gii:

ct
m
t t
mg mg
lim v lim 1 e
c c

| |
|
= =
|
\ .

c. Tnh qung ng vt ri c sau t giy.
Li gii:

ct ct
m m
mg mg m
S(t) 1 e dt t e A
c c c

| | (
| ( = = + +
|
(
\ .
}
t
2
2
m g
S(0) 0 A
c
= =

ct
2
m
2
mg m m g
S(t) t e
c c
c

(
( = +
(


15) Tm cc qu o trc giao ca h cc ng cong
1
y (x k)

= + . V mt vi
ng ca mi h trn cng mt h trc.
Li gii:
Qu o trc giao ca h cc ng cong
1
y (x k)

= + l qu tch ca ta khc
tm ca chnh ng cong ,v ta c xc nh
2 2
(1 y )y 1 y
X x ; Y y
y y
' ' ' + +
= = +
'' ''

T
1
y (x k)

= +
2 3
2 3
1 2
y y ; y 2y
(x k) (x k)
' '' = = = =
+ +

2 2 4 4 4
3
y (1 y ) y (1 y ) 1 1 y 3 y
X x x X k X k
y y 2y 2y
2y
' ' + + + +
= = + + = + + =
''
;
4 4 4
3 3 2 3 2 3
1 y 1 3y 3 (3 y ) 4 3(X k) 4
Y y
2y
2y 2y y y y y
+ + + +
= + = = =

2 3
3(X k) 4
Y
y y
+
= v
4
3 y
X k
2y
+
+ =
16) Gii cc PTVP ton phn:
13
a.
2
2
(x y )dx 2xydy
0
x
+
= ;
Li gii:
Nhn thy
2
2
(x y )dx 2xydy
0
x
+
= l PTVP ton phn v
2
2 2 2
x
y
x y 2xy 2y
x x x
'
'
| |
+
| |
= =
|
|
|
\ .
\ .

nn
2
2
AB
(x y )dx 2xydy
x
+
}
khng ph thuc ng ly tch phn
Do vy ta chn A(1, 0) ; B(x, y) ,khi nghim ca phng trnh c xc nh

y
x
2
2
1 0
AB
(x y )dx 2xydy dx 2ydy
C
x x
x
+
= =
} } }

2
y
ln x C
x
=
b. (2x y 1)dx (2y x 1)dy 0 + + = ;
Li gii:
Nhn thy (2x y 1)dx (2y x 1)dy 0 + + = l PTVP ton phn v
y x
(2x y 1) (2y x 1) 1 ' ' + = =
nn

AB
(2x y 1)dx (2y x 1)dy + +
}
khng ph thuc ng ly tch phn
Do vy ta chn A(0, 0) ; B(x, y) ,khi nghim ca phng trnh c xc nh

y
x
0 0
AB
(2x y 1)dx (2y x 1)dy (2x 1)dx (2y x 1)dy C + + = + + =
} } }


2 2
x x y xy y C + + =
c.
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1 x x y dx x y 1 ydy 0 + + + + = ;
Li gii:
Nhn thy
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1 x x y dx x y 1 ydy 0 + + + + = l PTVP ton phn v
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2
y x
xy
1 x x y y x y 1
x y
' '
+ + = + =
+

nn
( ) ( )

2 2 2 2
AB
1 x x y dx x y 1 ydy + + + +
}
khng ph thuc ng ly tch phn
14
Do vy ta chn A(0, 0) ; B(x, y) ,khi nghim ca phng trnh c xc nh
( )
( )
y
x
2 2 2
0 0
1 x dx x y 1 ydy C + + + =
} }

( )
( )
3 2 y
2 2 2 2
y 0
x y 1
x x y x y C
3 2 3
=
+ + + + =

( )
2
2 2 2 2
y 1
x x y x y C
2 3
+ + + =
d.
1
(x y)dx x dy 0
y
| |
+ + + =
|
\ .
.
Li gii:
Nhn thy
1
(x y)dx x dy 0
y
| |
+ + + =
|
\ .
l PTVP ton phn v
y
x
1
(x y) x 1
y
'
| |
' + = + =
|
\ .

nn

AB
1
(x y)dx x dy
y
| |
+ + +
|
\ .
}
khng ph thuc ng ly tch phn
Do vy ta chn A(0,1) ; B(x, y) ,khi nghim ca phng trnh c xc nh

y
x
0 1
AB
1 1
(x y)dx x dy (x 1)dx x dy C
y y
| | | |
+ + + = + + + =
| |
\ . \ .
} } }

( )
2
y
y 1
x
x xy ln y C
2
=
+ + + =

2
x
xy ln y C
2
+ + =
17) Gii cc PTVP dng tha s tch phn:
a.
x x
1 dx 1 dy 0
y y
| | | |
+ + =
| |
\ . \ .
;
Li gii:
Nhn thy
x x
y 1 dx y 1 dy 0
y y
| | | |
+ + =
| |
\ . \ .
l PTVP ton phn
15
nn

AB
x x
y 1 dx y 1 dy
y y
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .
}
khng ph thuc ng ly tch phn
Do vy ta chn A(0,1) ; B(x, y) ,khi nghim ca phng trnh c xc nh

y
x
1
0 1
AB
x x
y 1 dx y 1 dy (x 1)dx (x y)dy C
y y
| | | |
+ + = + + =
| |
\ . \ .
} } }

2 2
1
x y 1
x xy x C
2 2 2
+ + + =
2 2
x y 2xy C + =

2 2
x y 2xy C + =
b.
2 2
(1 x y)dx x (y x)dy 0 + = ;
Li gii:
y x
2
y x
P Q
2
P Q 2x 2xy 2x(y x)
Q x
' '
' ' = = = khi tha s tch phn
2
1
(x)
x
= .Ta c
2
2
(1 x y)dx
(y x)dy 0
x

+ = l PTVP ton phn

nn

2
2
AB
(1 x y)dx
(y x)dy
x

+
}
khng ph thuc ng ly tch phn
Do vy ta chn A(1, 0) ; B(x, y) ,khi nghim ca phng trnh c xc nh

y
x
2 2
1 1
2 2
1 0
AB
(1 x y)dx dx 1 y
(y x)dy (y x)dy C 1 xy C
x 2
x x

+ = + = + + =
} } }


2 2
y x 2x y 2 Cx =
c.
2 2
y(1 x y)dx x(2 yx )dy 0 + + + = ;
Li gii:
y x
2
y x
P Q
1
P Q 1 x y
P y
' '
' ' = = khi tha s tch phn (y) y =
Ta c
2 2 2
y (1 x y)dx xy(2 yx )dy 0 + + + = l PTVP ton phn
nn

2 2 2
AB
y (1 x y)dx xy(2 yx )dy + + +
}
khng ph thuc ng ly tch phn
Do vy ta chn A(0, 0) ; B(x, y) ,khi nghim ca phng trnh c xc nh

y
x
3 3
2 2 2 2 2
1 1
0 0
AB
x y
y (1 x y)dx xy(2 yx )dy 0dx xy(2 yx )dy C xy C
3
+ + + = + + = + =
} } }

16

2 3 3
3xy x y C + =
d.
2 2
(sin y x )dx xsin2ydy 0 = ;
Li gii:
y
y x
P Q
2
P Q 2sin2y
Q x
' '
' ' = = khi tha s tch phn
2
1
(x)
x
=
Ta c
2 2
2
(sin y x )dx sin2ydy
0
x
x

= l PTVP ton phn

nn

2 2
2
AB
(sin y x )dx sin2ydy
x
x

}
khng ph thuc ng ly tch phn.
Do vy ta chn A(1, 0) ; B(x, y) ,khi nghim ca phng trnh c xc nh

y
x
2 2
1 1
2
1 0
AB
(sin y x )dx sin2ydy sin2ydy cos 2y
dx C 1 x C
x x 2x
x

= = + =
} } }


2
2x Cx cos2y + =
e.
2
(2xy y)dx xdy 0 + = .
Li gii:
y x
y x
P Q
2
P Q 4xy 2
P y
' '
' ' = = khi tha s tch phn
2
1
(y)
y
=
Ta c
2
(2xy 1)dx xdy
0
y
y

+ = l PTVP ton phn

nn

2
AB
(2xy 1)dx xdy
y
y

+
}
khng ph thuc ng ly tch ph
Do vy ta chn A(0,1) ; B(x, y) ,khi nghim ca phng trnh c xc nh

y
x
2
2 2
0 1
AB
(2xy 1)dx xdy xdy x
(2x 1)dx C x C
y y
y y

+ = + = =
} } }

2
yx x Cy =
18) Gii cc PTVP
a.
2
xy 1 y '' ' = + ;
Li gii:
t
2 2
2
dz dx
z y xz 1 z z 1 z Cx
x
1 z
' ' = = + = + + =
+

2 2 2 2
1 z z 2zxC C x + = +
17

2 2
C x 1
z
2xC

=
2 2 2
ln x
C x 1 Cx
y dx D y D
2xC 4 2C

= + = +
}

b.
2 2
(1 x )y 1 y 0 '' ' + + + = .
Li gii:
t z y' =
2 2
1
2 2
dz dx
(1 x )z 1 z 0 arctan z C arctan x
1 z 1 x
' + + + = = =
+ +

C x
z
1 xC

=
+

1 1
2
C x x 1
y dx D ln 1 xC ln 1 xC D
1 xC C
C

= + = + + + +
+
}

1
2
1 x
y 1 ln 1 xC D
C
C
| |
= + + +
|
\ .

2
Cy (1 C )ln 1 xC Cx D = + + +

19) Gii cc PTVP
a. 4y y 0 '' ' + = ;
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
4k k 0 + =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh
x
4
1 2
y C C e

= +
b. y 2y y 0 '' ' = ;
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
1, 2
k 2k 1 0 k 1 2 = =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh

(1 2)x (1 2)x
1 2
y C e C e
+
= +
c. y 8y 41y 0 '' ' + + = ;
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
1, 2
k 8k 41 0 k 4 5i + + = =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh
( )
4x
1 2
y e C cos5x C sin5x

= +
d. y y y 0 '' ' + + = .
Li gii:
18
Phng trnh c trng
2
1, 2
1 i 3
k k 1 0 k
2

+ + = =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh
x
2
1 2
x 3 x 3
y e C cos C sin
2 2

| |
= +
|
\ .

20) Gii bi ton gi tr ban u:
a. 2y 5y 3y 0 y(0) 3, y (0) 4 '' ' ' + + = = = ;
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
1 2
3
2k 5k 3 0 k 1;k
2
+ + = = = nghim tng qut
ca phng trnh
3x
x
2
1 2
y C e C e

= + .T iu kin y (0) 4, y(0) 3 ' = = ta c

1 2
1 2
C C 3
3
C C 4
2
+ =

+ =

2 1
C 2;C 1 = =
nghim ring ca phng trnh tha mn iu kin u:
3x
x
2
y e 2e

= +
b. 4y 4y y 0 y (0) 1,5; y(0) 1 '' ' ' + = = = ;
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
1, 2
1
4k 4k 1 0 k
2
+ = = nghim tng qut ca phng
trnh

x
2
1 2
y (C C x)e = + .T iu kin y (0) 1,5; y(0) 1 ' = = ta c

1
2 1
C 1
1 3
C C
2 2
=

+ =

2 1
C 2;C 1 = =
nghim ring ca phng trnh tha mn iu kin u:
x
2
y (1 2x)e =
21) Gii cc PTVP
a. 4y y 0 y(0) 3, y ( ) 4, '' ' + = = t = ;
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
1,2
i
4k 1 0 k
2
+ = = nghim tng qut ca phng
trnh
19
1 2
x x
y C cos C sin
2 2
| |
= +
|
\ .
.T iu kin y(0) 3, y ( ) 4, ' = t = ta c
(xem li iu kin)
b. y 6y 25y 0 y ( ) 2, y(0) 1 '' ' ' + = t = = ;
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
1, 2
k 6k 25 0 k 3 4i + = = nghim tng qut ca
phng trnh
( )
3x
1 2
y e C cos 4x C sin4x = + .T iu kin y ( ) 2, y(0) 1 ' t = = ta c

1
3
2 1
C 1
(4C 3C )e 2
t
=

+ =

3
1 2
e 3
C 1; C
2 4
t
= =
nghim ring ca phng trnh tha mn iu kin u:
( )
3x
1 2
y e C cos 4x C sin4x = + vi
3
1 2
e 3
C 1; C
2 4
t
= =
22) Gii cc PTVP
a.
2
y 3y 2y x '' ' + + = ;
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
1 2
k 3k 2 0 k 1; k 2 + + = = = nghim tng qut ca
phng trnh thun nht
x 2x
1 2
y C e C e

= +
nghim ring ca phng trnh
2
y 3y 2y x '' ' + + = c dng
* 2
y ax bx c = + + ,thay
vo phng trnh ta c
2 2
2a 3(2ax b) 2(ax +bx c) x + + + + =
2a 1
3a b 0
2a 3b 2c 0
=

+ =

+ + =

( )
1 3 7
a, b, c , ,
2 2 4
| |
=
|
\ .

nghim tng qut ca phng trnh cho
x 2x 2
1 2
1
y C e C e (2x 6x 7)
4

= + + +
b.
x
y 4y 5y e

'' ' + = ;
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
1,2
k 4k 5 0 k 2 i + = = nghim tng qut ca
phng trnh thun nht ( )
2x
1 2
y e C cos x C sin x = +
20
nghim ring ca phng trnh
x
y 4y 5y e

'' ' + = c dng

x
y ae

=
*
,thay vo
phng trnh ta c
1
a
10
= nghim tng qut ca phng trnh cho
( )
x
2x
1 2
e
y e C cos x C sin x
10

= + +
c.
x
y y xe y (0) 1, y(0) 2 '' ' ' = = = ;
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
k k 0 =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht
x
1 2
y C C e = +
nghim ring ca phng trnh
x
y y xe '' ' = c dng
x
y x(ax b)e = +
*
,thay vo
phng trnh ta c 2ax 2a b x + + =
1
a ;b 1
2
= = nghim tng qut ca
phng trnh cho
x x
1 2
1
y C C e x(x 2)e
2
= + + .T iu kin y (0) 1, y(0) 2 ' = = ta c
1
2
C 0
C 2
=

nghim ring tha mn iu kin u:

x x
1
y 2e x(x 2)e
2
= +
d. y 2y sin 4x '' ' = ;
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
k 2k 0 =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht
2x
1 2
y C C e = +
nghim ring ca phng trnh y 2y sin 4x '' ' = c dng y a cos4x bsin 4x = +
*
,thay vo phng trnh v rt gn ta c
b 2a 0
8a 16b 1
=

1 1
a ;b
40 20
= =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh cho
2x
1 2
1 1
y C C e cos4x sin4x
40 20
= + +
e.
x
y 3y 2y ( 12x 4)e '' ' + = +
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
k 3k 2 0 + =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht
x 2x
1 2
y C e C e = +
nghim ring ca phng trnh
x
y 3y 2y ( 12x 4)e '' ' + = + c dng
x
y x(ax b)e = +
*
,thay vo phng trnh v rt gn ta c 2ax 2a b 12x 4 + = +
21
a 6;b 8 = = nghim tng qut ca phng trnh cho
x 2x x
1 2
y C e C e x(6x 8)e = + + +
f. y y (x 2)cos x '' + = + ;
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
1, 2
k 1 0 k i + = =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht
1 2
y C cos x C sin x = + nghim
ring ca phng trnh y y (x 2)cos x '' + = +
c dng | | y x(ax b)cos x x(cx d)sin x = + + +
*
,thay vo phng trnh v rt gn ta
c
| | | | 4cx 2a 2d cos x 4ax 2c 2b sin x (x 2)cos x + + + + = +
4cx 2a 2d x 2
4ax 2c 2b 0
+ + = +

+ =

1
a 0;b c ;d 1
4
= = = =
1
a 0;b c ;d 1
4
= = = = nghim tng qut ca phng trnh
cho

2
1 2
x x 4x
y C cos x C sin x
4 4
| |
+
| |
= + + +
|
|
|
\ .
\ .

g.
2x
y 6y 12y 8y 3e

''' '' ' + + + = .

Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
3 2
1, 2,3
k 6k 12k 8 0 k 2 + + + = =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht
2 2x
1 2 3
y (C C x C x )e

= + +
Nghim ring ca phng trnh
2x
y 6y 12y 8y 3e

''' '' ' + + + = c dng

3 2x
y ax e

=
*
thay vo phng trnh v rt gn ta c
1
6a 3 a
2
= = nghim tng qut ca
phng trnh cho l
2 2x 3 2x
1 2 3
1
y (C C x C x )e x e
2

= + + +
23) Tm nghim ring ca PTVP
a.
x
y 3y e cos x y(0) 1 y ( ) '' ' = = = t ;
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
1, 2
k 3 0 k 3 = = nghim tng qut ca phng
trnh thun nht
x 3 x 3
1 2
y C e C e

= +
22
Nghim ring ca phng trnh
x
y 3y e cos x '' = c dng
x
y (a cos x bsin x)e = +
*

thay vo phng trnh v rt gn ta c (2b 3a)cos x (2a 3b)sin x cos x + =

2b 3a 1
2a 3b 0
=

+ =

3 2
a ; b
13 13
= = Nghim ring ca phng trnh
x
1
y ( 3cos x 2sin x)e
13
= +
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh cho l
x 3 x 3 x
1 2
1
y C e C e ( 3cos x 2sin x)e
13

= + + +
T iu kin y(0) 1 y ( ) ' = = t ta c
1 2
1 2
3
C C 1
13
1
C 3 3C 1
13

+ =

1 2
8 3 7 8 3 7
C ;C
13 3 13 3
+
= =
Nghim ring ca phng trnh tha mn iu kin y(0) 1 y ( ) ' = = t l

x 3 x 3 x
8 3 7 8 3 7 1
y e e ( 3cos x 2sin x)e
13
13 3 13 3

+
= + + +
b. y 4y 3y 0 y(0) 0; y (0) 1 '' ' ' + = = = ;
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
1, 2
k 4k 3 0 k 1;3 + = =
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh cho l
x 3x
1 2
y C e C e = +
T iu kin y(0) 0; y (0) 1 ' = = ta c
1 2
1 2
C C 0
C 3C 1
+ =

+ =

1 2
1 1
C ;C
2 2
= =
Nghim ring ca phng trnh tha mn iu kin y(0) 0; y (0) 1 ' = = l
( )
3x x
1
y e e
2
=
24) Vit ra dng nghim ring i vi phng php h s bt nh, khng xc nh
cc h s ny.
a.
2
y 9y x sin x '' + = ;
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
1, 2
k 9 0 k 3i + = =
23
Nghim ring ca phng trnh c dng
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 1
y ax bx c cos x a x b x c sin x = + + + + +
*

b.
3 x
y 3y 4y (x x 1)e '' ' + = + + ;
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
1 2
k 3k 4 0 k 1; k 4 + = = =
Nghim ring ca phng trnh c dng
3 2 x
y x(ax bx cx d)e = + + +
*

c.
2 x
y 2y 10y x e cos3x

'' ' + + = ;
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
1, 2
k 2k 10 0 k 1 3i + + = =
Nghim ring ca phng trnh c dng

( ) ( )
2 2 x
1 1 1
y x ax bx c cos3x a x b x c sin3x e

(
= + + + + +

*

d.
x
y 2y 2y xe sin x '' ' + = ;
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
1, 2
k 2k 2 0 k 1 i + = =
Nghim ring ca phng trnh c dng ( ) ( )
x
1 1
y x ax b cos x a x b sin x e = + + + (

*

e. y y 2cos x '' + =
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
1, 2
k 1 0 k i + = =
Nghim ring ca phng trnh c dng y x(a cos x bsin x) = +
*

f.
4 x
y 3y 3y y (1 x )e ''' '' ' + = + ;
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
3 2
1, 2,3
k 3k 3k 1 0 k 1 + = =
Nghim ring ca phng trnh c dng
4 3 2 x
1 2 3 4 5
y x(a x a x a x a x a )e = + + + +
*

g. y y xsin x '' + = .
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
1, 2
k 1 0 k i + = =
Nghim ring ca phng trnh c dng ( ) ( )
1 1
y x ax b cos x a x b sin x = + + + (

*

25) Gii PTVP (i) dng phng php h s bt nh v (ii) dng phng php bin
thin hng s.
a. y 4y x '' + = ;
24
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
1, 2
k 4 0 k 2i + = =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht
1 2
y C cos 2x C sin2x = +
Cch 1
Nghim ring ca phng trnh c dng y ax b = +
*

thay vo phng trnh v rt gn ta c
1
a ; b 0
4
= = nghim tng qut ca
phng trnh cho
1 2
x
y C cos 2x C sin2x
4
= + +
Cch 2:
Coi
1 1 2 2
C C (x);C C (x) = = bng phng php bin thin hng s th
1 1 2 2
C C (x);C C (x) = = c xc nh bi h phng trnh
1 2
1 2
C cos 2x C sin2x 0
2C sin2x 2C cos2x x
' ' + =

' ' + =

1 1
xsin2x xsin2x 1 1
C C dx xcos2x sin2x
2 2 4 8
' = = =
}

v
2 2
xcos2x 1 1
C C xsin2x cos2x
2 4 8
' = = +
1 1 1 1 x
y xcos2x sin2x cos2x xsin2x cos2x sin2x
4 8 4 8 4
| | | |
= + + =
| |
\ . \ .
*


1 2
1
y C cos 2x C sin 2x x
4
= + +
b.
2x
y 2y y e '' ' + = ;
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
1, 2
k 2k 1 0 k 1 + = =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht
x
1 2
y (C xC )e = +
Cch 1
Nghim ring ca phng trnh c dng
2x
y ae =
*

thay vo phng trnh v rt gn ta c a 1 = nghim tng qut ca phng trnh
cho

x 2x
1 2
y (C xC )e e = + +
Cch 2:
25
Coi
1 1 2 2
C C (x);C C (x) = = bng phng php bin thin hng s th
1 1 2 2
C C (x);C C (x) = = c xc nh bi h phng trnh

1 2 1 2
x x 2x x
1 2 1 2
C xC 0 C xC 0
C e C (1 x)e e C C (1 x) e
' ' ' ' + = + =

' ' ' ' + + = + + =



x x x
2 2 1
C e C e ;C (1 x)e ' = = =
x x x 2x
y (1 x)e xe e e
(
= + =

*

x 2x
1 2
y (C xC )e e = + +
c.
2x
y 5y 6y (x 1)e '' ' + = + ;
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
1 2
k 5k 6 0 k 2; k 3 + = = =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht:
2x 3x
1 2
y C e C e = +
Cch 1
Nghim ring ca phng trnh c dng
2x
y x(ax b)e = +
*

thay vo phng trnh v rt gn ta c
1
2ax 2a b x 1 a ;b 2
2
+ = + = =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh cho:
2 2x
2x 3x
1 2
(x 4x)e
y C e C e
2
+
= +
Cch 2:
Coi
1 1 2 2
C C (x);C C (x) = = bng phng php bin thin hng s th
1 1 2 2
C C (x);C C (x) = = c xc nh bi h phng trnh

2x 3x x
1 2 1 2
2x 3x 2x x
1 2 1 2
C e C e 0 C C e 0
2C e 3C e (x 1)e 2C 3C e x 1

' ' ' ' + = + =

' ' ' ' + = + + = +



x x
2 2
C (x 1)e C (x 2)e

' = + = + v
2
1 1
x 2x
C (x 1) C
2
+
' = + =

2 2
2x x 3x 2x
x 2x x 4x 4
y e (x 2)e e e
2 2

+ + +
= + =

d.
x
y y xe

'' ' + = ;
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
1 2
k k 0 k 0; k 1 + = = =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht:
x
1 2
y C C e

= +
Cch 1
26
Nghim ring ca phng trnh c dng
x
y x(ax b)e

= +
*

thay vo phng trnh v rt gn ta c
1
2ax 2a b x a ; b 1
2
+ = = =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh cho:
2
x x
1 2
x 2x
y C C e e
2

+
= +
Cch 2:
Coi
1 1 2 2
C C (x);C C (x) = = bng phng php bin thin hng s th
1 1 2 2
C C (x);C C (x) = = c xc nh bi h phng trnh

x
2
1 2 x
2 1
x x
2
C C e 0
x
C ;C (x 1)e
2
C e xe

' ' + =

= = +

' =

2
x x
1 2
x 2x 2
y C C e e
2

+ +
= +
e.
3x
y 3y 2y xe '' ' + =
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
1 2
k 3k 2 0 k 2; k 1 + = = =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht:
x 2x
1 2
y C e C e = +
Cch 1
Nghim ring ca phng trnh c dng
3x
y (ax b)e = +
*

thay vo phng trnh v rt gn ta c
1 3
2ax 3a 2b x a ;b
2 4
+ + = = =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh cho:
3x
x 2x
1 2
(2x 3)e
y C e C e
4

= + +
Cch 2:
Coi
1 1 2 2
C C (x);C C (x) = = bng phng php bin thin hng s th
1 1 2 2
C C (x);C C (x) = = c xc nh bi h phng trnh:

x 2x x
1 2 1 2
x 2x 3x x 2x
1 2 1 2
C e C e 0 C C e 0
C e 2C e xe C 2C e xe

' ' ' ' + = + =

' ' ' ' + = + =



2x 2x
2x
1 1
xe e
C xe C
2 4
' = = + v
x x
2 2
C xe C (x 1)e ' = =
2x 2x
x x 2x
xe e
y e (x 1)e e
2 4
| |
= + +
|
|
\ .
*

3x
2x 3
y e
4

=
*

27

x 2x 3x
1 2
2x 3
y C e C e e
4

= + +
f. y 4y 8y sin2x '' ' + = .
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
1, 2
k 4k 8 0 k 2 2i + = =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht
2x
1 2
y e (C cos2x C sin2x) = +
Cch 1
Nghim ring ca phng trnh c dng y a cos2x bsin 2x = +
*
thay vo phng
trnh
v rt gn ta c (4a 8b)cos 2x (8a 4b)sin2x sin2x + + =
1 1
a ; b
10 20
= =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh cho

2x
1 2
1 1
y e (C cos2x C sin2x) cos 2x sin2x
10 20
= + + +
Cch 2:
Coi
1 1 2 2
C C (x);C C (x) = = bng phng php bin thin hng s th
1 1 2 2
C C (x);C C (x) = = c xc nh bi h phng trnh
2x 2x
1 2
2x
1 1 2 2
C e cos2x C e sin2x 0
2C sin2x 2C cos2x 2C cos 2x 2C sin2x e sin2x

' ' + =

' ' ' ' + + + =

1 2
2x
1 2
C cos2x C sin2x 0
2C sin2x 2C cos 2x e sin 2x

' ' + =

' ' + =

2x
2
e sin4x
C
4

' =
2x
2x 2x
2
1 e cos 4x 1
C e sin4xdx e d(sin4x)
4 16 32

= =
} }


2x 2x
2x
e cos 4x e sin 4x 1
e sin4xdx
16 32 16

=
}

( )
2x
2
1
C 2cos 4x sin4x e
10

= +

2x 2
1
e sin 2x
C
2

' =

2x
2x
1
e 1
C e cos 4xdx
8 4

= +
}
2x 2x
2x
e e sin4x 1
e sin4xdx
8 16 8

= + +
}

28
( )
2x
2x
e 1
3sin4x cos 4x e
8 80

=
26) Tm nghim ca PTVP
a. y 2y y xcos x '' ' + = ;
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
1, 2
k 2k 1 0 k 1 + = =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht:
x
1 2
y (C xC )e = +
Nghim ring ca phng trnh c dng y (ax b) cos x (cx d)sin x = + + +
*

thay vo phng trnh v rt gn ta c
(2ax 2b 2a 2c)sin x ( 2cx 2d 2a 2c) cos x xcos x + + + =

2cx 2d 2a 2c x
2ax 2b 2a 2c 0
+ =

+ =

1
b c d ;a 0
2
= = = =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh cho:
x
1 2
cos x (x 1)sin x
y (C xC )e
2
+ +
= +
b.
2x
y y 6y 1 e

'' ' = + ;
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
1 2
k k 6 0 k 3; k 2 = = =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht:
3x 2x
1 2
y C e C e

= +
phng trnh y y 6y 1 '' ' = c nghim ring
1
1
y
6
=
*

phng trnh
2x
y y 6y e

'' ' = c nghim ring dng

2x
2
y axe

=
*
,thay vo phng
trnh
2x
y y 6y e

'' ' = v rt gn ta c
1
a
5
=
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh :
2x
3x 2x
1 2
xe 1
y C e C e
5 6

= +
c.
x
9y y 3x e y(0) 1, y (0) 2

'' ' + = + = = ;
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
1, 2
i
9k 1 0 k
3
+ = =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht:
1 2
x x
y C cos C sin
3 3
= +
phng trnh 9y y 3x '' + = c nghim ring
1
y 3x =
*

29
phng trnh
x
9y y e

'' + = c nghim ring dng

x
2
y ae

=
*
,thay vo phng trnh
x
9y y e

'' + = v rt gn ta c
1
a
10
=
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh :
x
1 2
x x e
y C cos C sin 3x
3 3 10

= + + +
Vi iu kin y(0) 1; y (0) 2 ' = = ta c c
1 2
9 27
C ; C
10 10
= = . Khi nghim
ring tng ng ca phng trnh :
x
9 x 27 x e
y cos sin 3x
10 3 10 3 10

= + +
d. y 9y 6cos3x '' + = ;
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
1, 2
k 9 0 k 3i + = =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht:
1 2
y C cos3x C sin3x = +
Nghim ring ca phng trnh c dng y Axcos3x Bxsin3x = +
*
thay vo phng
trnh v rt gn ta c 6Bcos3x 6Asin3x 6cos3x A 0; B 1 = = =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh
1 2
y C cos3x C sin3x xsin3x = + +
e. y y 3sin x '' + =
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
1, 2
k 1 0 k i + = =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht:
1 2
y C cos x C sin x = +
Nghim ring ca phng trnh c dng y Axcos x Bxsin x = +
*
thay vo phng
trnh v rt gn ta c
3
2Bcos x 2Asin3x 3sin x B 0;A
2
= = =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh
1 2
3
y C cos x C sin x xcos x
2
= +
f.
x
y y e 2cos x '' ' + = + ;
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
1 2
k k 0 k 0; k 1 + = = =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht:
x
1 2
y C C e

= +
Nghim ring ca phng trnh y y 2cos x '' ' + = c dng
1
y Acos x Bsin x = +
*
thay
vo phng trnh y y 2cos x '' ' + = v rt gn
(B A)cos x (A B)sin x 2cos x A 1; B 1 + = = =
30

1
y cos x sin x = +
*

Nghim ring ca phng trnh
x
y y e '' ' + = c nghim ring
x
2
e
y
2
=
*

nghim tng qut ca phng trnh
x
x
1 2
e
y C C e cos x sin x
2

= + + +
g. y y 2sin x y (0) 1, y( / 2) 1 '' ' + = = t = .
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
1, 2
k 1 0 k i + = =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht:
1 2
y C cos x C sin x = +
Nghim ring ca phng trnh c dng y Axcos x Bxsin x = +
*
thay vo phng
trnh v rt gn (B A)cos x (A B)sin x 2sin x A B 1 + = = =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh
1 2
y C cos x C sin x xcos x xsin x = + + +
Vi iu kin y(0) 1, y ( / 2) 1 ' = t = ta c c (XEM LI /K)
27) Tm nghim tng qut ca PT
(4)
y y 0 + =
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
4
k 1 0 + = c cc nghim

1 2 3 4
2 2 2 2
k (1 i);k (1 i);k (1 i); k (1 i)
2 2 2 2
= + = = + =
T
1 2
2 2
k (1 i);k (1 i)
2 2
= + = ta c hai nghim ring

x 2
2
1
x 2
y e cos
2
= v
x 2
2
2
x 2
y e sin
2
=
T
3 4
2 2
k (1 i); k (1 i)
2 2
= + = ta c hai nghim ring

x 2
2
3
x 2
y e cos
2

= v
x 2
2
4
x 2
y e sin
2

=
Nghim tng qut ca PT
(4)
y y 0 + = l

x 2 x 2
2 2
1 2 3 4
x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
y e C cos C in e C cos C sin
2 2 2 2

| | | |
= + + +
| |
\ . \ .



31
28) Dng phng php bin thin tham s hy gii PTVP:
a. y y secx 0 x / 2 '' + = < < t ;
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
1, 2
k 1 0 k i + = =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht:
1 2
y C cos x C sin x = +
Coi
1 1 2 2
C C (x);C C (x) = = bng phng php bin thin hng s th
1 1 2 2
C C (x);C C (x) = = c xc nh bi h phng trnh

1 2
1 2
C cos x C sin x 0
1
C sin x C cos x
cos x
' ' + =

' ' + =

1 1
sin x
C C lncos x
cos x
' = = v
2 2
C 1 C x ' = =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh :
1 2
y C cos x C sin x cos xlncos x xsin x = + + +
b.
x
1
y 3y 2y
1 e

'' ' + =
+
;
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
1 2
k 3k 2 0 k 1; k 2 + = = =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht:
x 2x
1 2
y C e C e = +
Coi
1 1 2 2
C C (x);C C (x) = = bng phng php bin thin hng s th
1 1 2 2
C C (x);C C (x) = = c xc nh bi h phng trnh

x
1 2
x
x
1 2
x
C C e 0
e
C 2C e
1 e

' ' + =

' ' + =

+

x x
1 1
x x x
1 1 1
C C de ln(1 e ) x
1 e e 1 e
| |
' = = = +
|
+ + \ .
}

v
x
x x
2 2
x x x x x
e 1 1 1 1
C C dx e de
1 e e 1 e e 1 e

| | | |
' = = =
| |
+ + + \ . \ .
} }

x x
2
C e x ln(1 e )

= + +

x x x x 2x 2x x x x x x
y e ln(1 e ) xe e xe e ln(1 e ) e (1 e ) ln(1 e ) x e
(
= + + + = + +

*

nghim tng qut ca phng trnh :
x 2x x x x x
1 2
y C e C e e (1 e ) ln(1 e ) x e
(
= + + + +


32
c.
1
y y
x
'' = ;
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
1, 2
k 1 0 k 1 = =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht:
x x
1 2
y C e C e

= +
Coi
1 1 2 2
C C (x);C C (x) = = bng phng php bin thin hng s th
1 1 2 2
C C (x);C C (x) = = c xc nh bi h phng trnh

x x
1 2
x x
1 2
C e C e 0
1
C e C e
x

' ' + =

' ' =

x
1
e
C
2x

' = v
x
2
e
C
2x
' =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh :
x x x x
x x
1 2
e e dx e e dx
y C e C e
2 x 2 x

= + +
} }

d.
2x
e
y 4y 5y
cos x
'' ' + = ;
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
1,2
k 4k 5 0 k 2 i + = =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht:
2x
1 2
y e (C cos x C sin x) = +
Coi
1 1 2 2
C C (x);C C (x) = = bng phng php bin thin hng s th
1 1 2 2
C C (x);C C (x) = = c xc nh bi h phng trnh
1 2
1 2
C cos x C sin x 0
1
C sin x C cos x
cos x
' ' + =

' ' + =

1 1
sin x
C C ln cos x
cos x
' = = v
2 2
C 1 C x ' = =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh
( )
2x 2x
1 2
y e C ln cos x cos x e (x C )sin x = + + +
e.
x
2
e
y 2y y
1 x
'' ' + =
+
;
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
1, 2
k 2k 1 0 k 1 + = =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht:
x
1 2
y (C xC )e = +
Coi
1 1 2 2
C C (x);C C (x) = = bng phng php bin thin hng s th
1 1 2 2
C C (x);C C (x) = = c xc nh bi h phng trnh
33
x x
1 2
x
x x x
1 2 2
2
C e C xe 0
e
C e C xe C e
1 x

' ' + =

' ' ' + + =

+


2 2
2
1
C C arctan x
1 x
' = =
+
v
2
1 1
2
x 1
C C ln(1 x )
2
1 x
' = = +
+

nghim tng qut ca phng trnh

2 x
1
y ln(1 x ) xarctan x e
2
| |
= + +
|
\ .


x 2 x
1 2
1
y (C xC )e xarctan x ln(1 x ) e
2
(
= + + +
(


f.
x
1
y y
1 e
'' ' =
+
;
Li gii:
Phng trnh c trng
2
2 1
k k 0 k 1; k 0 = = =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht:
x
1 2
y C C e = +
Coi
1 1 2 2
C C (x);C C (x) = = bng phng php bin thin hng s th
1 1 2 2
C C (x);C C (x) = = c xc nh bi h phng trnh
x
1 2
x
2
x
C C e 0
1
C e
1 e

' ' + =

' =

+

x x
2 2
x x x x x x
1 1 1 1 1
C C dx e de
(1 e )e e 1 e e 1 e

| | | |
' = = =
| |
+ + + \ . \ .
} }

x x
ln(1 e ) x e

= +
x
1 1
x
1
C C ln(1 e ) x
(1 e )
' = = +
+

x x x x x x
y ln(1 e ) x e ln(1 e ) xe 1 (1 e ) ln(1 e ) x 1
(
= + + + = + +


nghim tng qut ca phng trnh
x x x
1 2
y C C e (1 e ) ln(1 e ) x 1
(
= + + + +


29) Dng php i bin
t
x e = gii phng trnh Euler:
a.
2
x y 5xy 13y 0 '' ' + + = ;
Li gii:
34
t
t
x e = th
2 2t
x e = ;
t t
t t
y y e e y y

' ' ' ' = = v

2t t 2t 2t
tt tt t
y y e y e y y e y e

'' '' ' '' '' ' = + =
thay vo phng trnh v rt gn y 4y 13y 0 '' ' + + = .Phng trnh c nghim
2t 1 2
1 2
2
C cos(3ln x) C sin(3ln x)
y(t) e (C cos3t C sin3t) y
x

+
= + =
b.
2
x y xy y 2sin(ln x) '' ' + + =
Li gii:
t
t
x e = th
2 2t
x e = ;
t t
t t
y y e e y y

' ' ' ' = = v

2t t 2t 2t
tt tt t
y y e y e y y e y e

'' '' ' '' '' ' = + =
thay vo phng trnh v rt gn y y 2sin t '' + = .
Phng trnh thun nht c nghim tng qut
1 2
y(t) C cos t C sin t = +
v nghim ring ca phng trnh y y 2sin t '' + = l y t cos t =
*

Phng trnh y y 2sin t '' + = c nghim tng qut
1 2
y(t) C cos t C sin t t cos t = +
1 2
y(x) C cos(ln x) C sin(ln x) ln x.cos(ln x) = +
c.
2
x y xy y x '' ' + + =
Li gii:
t
t
x e = th
2 2t
x e = ;
t t
t t
y y e e y y

' ' ' ' = = v

2t t 2t 2t
tt tt t
y y e y e y y e y e

'' '' ' '' '' ' = + =
thay vo phng trnh v rt gn
t
y y e '' + = .
Phng trnh thun nht c nghim tng qut
1 2
y(t) C cos t C sin t = +
v nghim ring ca phng trnh
t
y y e '' + = l
t
1
y e
2
=
*

Phng trnh
t
y y e '' + = c nghim tng qut
t
1 2
e
y(t) C cos t C sin t
2
= + +
1 2
x
y(x) C cos(ln x) C sin(ln x)
2
= + +
d.
3 2
x y 3x y 6xy 6y 0 ''' '' ' + = ;
Li gii:
t
t
x e = th
2 2t
x e = ;
t t
t t
y y e y y e

' ' ' ' = = v

2t t 2t 2t
tt tt t
y y e y e y y e y e

'' '' ' '' '' ' = + =
3 3
2t t 3t 2t t 3t 3t 3t
tt tt t t t t
y y e y e y y e 3y e y e y e y 3(y y )e y e

'' '' ' ''' ''' '' ' ''' ''' '' ' ' = + = + + =
35
thay vo phng trnh v rt gn .
3
tt t t tt t t t
y 3(y y ) y 3(y y ) 6y 6y 0 ''' '' ' ' '' ' ' + = 3
ttt t t
y 6y 11y 6y 0 ''' '' ' + =
Phng trnh c trng
3 2
1 2 3
k 6k 11k 6 0 k 1; k 2; k 3 + = = = =
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh theo t :
t 2t 3t
1 2 3
y(t) C e C e C e = + +

2 3
1 2 3
y(x) C x C x C x = + +
e.
2
x y xy y cos(ln x) '' ' + =
Li gii:
t
t
x e = th
2 2t
x e = ;
t t
t t
y y e e y y

' ' ' ' = = v

2t t 2t 2t
tt tt t
y y e y e y y e y e

'' '' ' '' '' ' = + =
thay vo phng trnh v rt gn y 2y y cos t '' ' + = .
Phng trnh thun nht c nghim tng qut
t
1 2
y(t) (C tC )e = +
v nghim ring ca phng trnh y 2y y cos t '' ' + = l
1
y sin t
2
=
*

nghim tng qut ca phng trnh theo t :
t
1 2
1
y(t) (C tC )e sin t
2
= +
( )
1 2
1
y(x) C C ln x x sin(ln x)
2
= +
30) Dng php i bin z xy = gii phng trnh:
x
xy 2y xy e '' ' + = .
Li gii:
t z xy = khi z y xy ' ' = + v z 2y xy '' ' '' = + thay vo phng trnh v rt gn
x
z z e '' =
Phng trnh thun nht c nghim tng qut
x x
1 2
z C e C e

= +
v nghim ring ca phng trnh
x
z z e '' = l
x
xe
y
2
=
*

nghim tng qut ca phng trnh
x
z z e '' = :
x
x x
1 2
xe
z C e C e
2

= + +

x
x x
1 2
xe
xy C e C e
2

= + +
31) Gii cc h phng trnh:
a.
x 5x 3y
y 3x y
' = +

' =

;
Li gii:
36
x 5x 3y x 5x 3y
y 3x y y 3x y
' '' ' ' = + = +

' ' = =

2t
1 2
x 5x 9x 5x x x 4x 4x 0 x (C tC )e '' ' ' '' ' = + + = = +
( )
2t
2 1 2
1
y C 3C 3tC e
3
=

( )
2t
1 2
2t
2 1 2
x (C tC )e
1
y C 3C 3tC e
3

= +

b.
x 3x y
y 4x y
' =

' =

;
Li gii:

x 3x y x 3x y
y 4x y y 4x y
' '' ' ' = =

' ' = =

x 3x 4x 3x x x 2x x 0 '' ' ' '' ' = + + =

t t
1 2 1 2 2
x (C tC )e y (2C C 2tC )e = + = +
t
1 2
t
1 2 2
x (C tC )e
y (2C C 2tC )e

= +

= +

c.
x 2x y
y 3x 4y
' = +

' = +

Li gii:

x 2x y x 2x y
y 3x 4y y 3x 4y
' '' ' ' = + = +

' ' = + = +

x 2x 3x 4(x 2x) x 6x 5x 0 '' ' ' '' ' = + + + =

t 5t
1 2
5t t
2 1
x C e C e
y 3C e C e

= +