Gio trnh logistics kinh

doanh thng mi
1
CHNG 1. I TNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
MN HC
1.1 Khi nim, bn cht v ni dung ca logi sti cs kinh doanh thng
mi
" Logistics tht l c o: n khng bao gi dng li !Logistics din ra khp qu a
cu, 24 h mt ngy, 7 ngy mt tun, v ko di sut 52 tun trong mt nm".
1.1.1 Khi nim
Logistics l mt thut ng c ngun gc Hilp (logistikos), phn nh mt khoa hc
vn dng cc php t duy, suy lun, phng php v k thut logic h tr cho cc qu trnh
ch cht. Nh vy, t tng ca logistics l mt khoa hc nghin cu cc tnh cht quy
lut ca cc hot ng cung ng v m bo cc yu t t chc, vt cht v k thut (do
vy, mt s t in nh ngha l logistics) cho qu trnh chnh yu c tin hnh
ng mc tiu.
Thut ng Logistics c cp nhiu trong lnh vc qun s, bao gm cc hot ng
m bo ngun lc vt cht, nhn lc cho qun i
Logistics l ngnh khoa hc qun s c lin quan n cc hot ng tp trung, d tr
v vn chuyn vt t, con ngi v cc phng tin vt cht.
(Guralnik, David B, ed, Webster
/
s mw wold Dictionary of American language. 2nd
College edition - New york Simon & Schusten, 1980).
nh ngha ny khng ph hp vi lnh vc kinh doanh do khc nhau v mc tiu v
hot ng. Theo Hi ng qun tr logistics ca M (CLM - Council of Logistic
Management) th:
Logistics l qu trnh hoch nh, thc thi v kim tra dng vn ng v d tr mt
cch hiu qu ca vt liu th, d tr trong qu trnh sn xut, thnh phm v thng
tin t im khi u n im tiu dng nhm tho mn nhng yu cu ca khch
hng.
Cc chuyn gia v marketing v logistics cng c nh ngha tng t. Nh vy,
logistics l mt h thng bt u t ngun cung cp vt liu v kt thc khi phn phi
hng ho cho ngi tiu dng cui cng. Tham gia h thng logistics bao gm nhiu t
chc. Cc trung gian thng mi thc hin cc hot ng logistics trong knh phn phi.
Vy:
Logistics kinh doanh thng mi l qu trnh phn phi hng ho thng qua cc hnh
vi thng mi (mua, bn), bao gm vic hoch nh, thc thi v kim tra dng vn
ng ca hng ho, dch v v thng tin t lnh vc sn xut n lnh vc tiu dng
nhm tho mn nhu cu mua hng ca khch hng v thu c li nhun.
Thng qua nh ngha, chng ta nhn thy:
- Logistics l qu trnh qun tr, l chc nng qun tr c bn ca doanh nghip thng
mi; kinh doanh thng mi l kinh doanh dch v logistics.
- Logistics thng mi l qu trnh dch v khch hng thng qua cc hnh vi mua, bn
hng ho.
2
- Nhu cu ca khch hng trong logistics l nhu cu mua hng: nhng li ch c c
trong khi mua hng - dch v mt hng v s lng, c cu, v cht lng; nhu cu dch v
v thi gian c v tc , n nh, v tnh linh hot; nhu cu dch v v a im; nhu cu
la chn hng ho; v nhu cu dch v b sung.
1.1.2 Bn cht ca logistics kinh doanh thng mi
Thng qua nh ngha, th r rng, bn cht ca logistics l dch v khch hng - l qu
trnh cung cp cc gi tr gia tng cho khch hng trong h thng knh phn phi hng ho
vi hiu lc chi ph cao nht.
Khch hng ca logistics l bt k nhng ai c cung ng hng ho. Trong kinh
doanh thng mi, khch hng ca logistics bn l (v cng l ca kinh doanh thng mi
bn l ) l ngi tiu dng v h gia nh; khch hng ca logistics bn bun (v cng l ca
kinh doanh thng mi bn bun ) l cc doanh nghip thng mi bn l, hoc cc doanh
nghip thng mi bn bun khc, cc khch hng cng nghip, khch hng chnh ph. Sn
phm ca logistics l dch v khch hng v do sn phm ca kinh doanh thng mi
chnh l dch v logistics-dch v khch hng. Khc vi cc loi dch v thng thng, dch
v logistics lun lun gn vi i tng vt cht hu hnh - hng ho, l qu trnh sng to,
cung ng cc gi tr gia tng trong h thng knh phn phi hng ho.
1.1.3 Ni dung ca qun tr logistics kinh doanh thng mi
Nh trnh by trn, kinh doanh thng mi l kinh doanh dch v logistics, v do
ton b hot ng to ra gi tr ca doanh nghip nm trong qu trnh logistics. Cc hot
ng logistcs kinh doanh thng mi th hin trn hnh 1.1.













Hnh 1.1. Qu trnh logistics trong doanh nghip thng mi
C nhiu cch phn loi nghip v logistics: Theo khch hng (logistics bn bun v
logistics bn l); theo qu trnh nghip v (logistics ni b v logistics bn hng) v theo
mc nh hng (hot ng c bn v hot ng h tr).
Theo mc v vai tr nh hng ca cc quyt nh logistics trong doanh nghip th
c th phn loi thnh nhng hot ng c bn v b tr nh sau:


C Cu un ng g
n ng g



D DN N
T TM M



Khch
Hng

Dng hng ho
Dng thng tin
Mua hng Bn hng
Vn chuyn, d tr
X l H, kho b i
Bao gi, cht xp,
Vn chuyn, d tr
X l H, kho b i
Bao gi, cht xp,
Inbound logistics Outbound logistics
3
a. Qun tr cc hot ng then cht:
a.1. Cc tiu chun dch v khch hng kt hp vi marketing :
- Xc nh nhu cu v mong mun ca khch hng v dch v logistics.
- Xc nh s p ng ca khch hng v dch v.
- Chn mc dch v khch hng.
a.2. Qui hoch cc c s Logistics KDTM
- Mng li bn l hng ho
- Mng li kho hng ho
a.3. Vn chuyn:
- Chn phng thc vn chuyn
- La chn phng tin vn ti.
- Xc nh tuyn ng vn chuyn.
- Phi hp vn chuyn.
- Thit k qu trnh nghip v vn chuyn
- X l cc yu cu.
- Kim sot cc ph.
a.4. Qun tr d tr.
- Phn loi hng ha v cc mc tiu d tr
- Xc nh h thng d tr
- Cc m hnh kim tra v xc nh qui m l hng
- Xc nh d tr bo him
a.5. Qu trnh cung cp hng ho cho khch hng
- Cung ng hng ho cho khch mua bun.
- Qu trnh cng ngh trong ca hng bn l
b. Cc hot ng h tr
b.1. Qun tr nghip v kho:
- Thit k qu trnh nghip v kho
- Qui hoch din tch kho
- Cung ng thit b kho
- T chc lao ng kho
b.2. Qun tr mua hng:
- Chn ngun hng
- Xc nh chnh sch mua
- Qu trnh nghip v mua
b.3. Qun tr nghip v bao b v bao gi:
- Chc nng Logistics v marketing
- Thit k v la chn bao b
- Qu trnh nghip v bao b
b.4. m bo thng tin:
- H thng thng tin
4
- Dng thng tin
1.2 Nhng c trng c bn ca logi sti cs kinh doanh thng mi.
Logistics kinh doanh thng mi l mt loi hnh dch v khch hng, v do c
nhng c im chung ca cc loi dch v. Tng hp nhng c im chung v ring ca
logistics kinh doanh thng mi l nhng c trng sau:
1.2.1 Lun lun gn lin vi s vn ng ca hng ho.
y l c trng c bn ca logistics. Logistics kinh doanh thng mi tuy l dch v,
nhng lun lun c tin hnh cng vi hng ho - i tng vt cht hu hnh. Nh vy,
dch v logistics ph thuc vo nhu cu tiu dng v hng ho ca khch hng, ng thi
thc y nhu cu tiu dng v hng ho. Chnh v vy, qun tr hiu qu logistics kinh doanh
thng mi trc ht phi qun tr tt dch v mt hng kinh doanh, bao gm c vic mua
hng v d tr hng ho.
1.2.2 c trng thng nht ca cc nghip v logistics
Qu trnh logistics kinh doanh thng mi l h thng cc nghip v c mi lin h
cht ch, thng nht, bt u t vic mua hng ngun hng, vn chuyn, bo qun trong
kho, ca hng v kt thc khi hng ho c phn phi v bn cho khch hng. Qu trnh
nghip v logistics thng nht vo dng d tr v thng tin, th hin hnh 1.2.







Hnh 1.2. c trng thng nht ca cc nghip v Logistics

Dng d tr l qu trnh vn ng ca hng ho t khi mua hng cc ngun hng v
kt thc khi hng ho c bn cho khch hng. Dng thng tin logistics (LIS) bao gm:
dng hoch nh phi hp v dng nghip v. Nh vy, gia cc yu t ca qu trnh qun
tr v nghip v c mi lin h thng tin cht ch.
1.2.3 c trng chu k ca qu trnh logistics
Chu k nghip v logistics l n v c s phn tch h thng logistics. Nghin cu
chu k nghip v logistics cho ta tng quan ng thi, ranh gii v cc quyt nh lin quan,
phi hp vi nhau tng cng h thng nghip v. cp c s, ngun hng, doanh
nghip thng mi v khch hng lin kt vi nhau bng truyn tin v vn chuyn. Nhng v
tr hp l m cc chu k hot ng nghip v lin kt vi nhau c coi l "nt". cc
"nt", chu k nghip v i hi phi c d tr.
Dng d tr

Nghip v
Mua h tr Bn

Dng thng tin
Khch
hng
Ngun
hng
5
V bn cht, cu trc chu k nghip v logistics l h thng thc thi logistics thng
nht; chu k nghip v logistics l n v c s thit k v kim tra nghip v
C 3 quan im quan trng nm vng cu trc h thng logistics thng nht:
- Chu k nghip v l n v c s phn tch cc chc nng logistics.
- Cu trc chu k nghip v v c bn l khng thay i d chng c lin h vi cc
chu k khc nhau.
- Bt k cu trc h thng logistics c rng v phc tp nh th no i chng na th
ranh gii bn cht v qu trnh qun tr phi c xc nh v nh gi trong phm vi tng
chu k khi nghin cu tng hp qu trnh. Trong h thng logistics kinh doanh thng mi,
v c bn c 3 loi chu k:
a. Chu k bn hng trong thng mi:
Chu k logistics bn bun c th hin trn hnh 1.3.













Hnh 1.3. Chu k bn bun hng ha
b. Chu k bn l hng ho
Chu k bn l hng ha c th hin trn hnh 1.4










Hnh 1.4. Chu k bn l hng ha
Chun b hng
bn
Tp hp nhu
cu khch hng
Chuyn hng
ra v tr tp kt
Bn hng cho
khch hng
Tp h p, x l
n hng
Xy dng
chng trnh
giao hng




Chun b

giao hng
Giao
hng
Thng bo,
kim tra, nh
gi
6
c. Chu k h tr (nghip v kho hoc ca hng bn l )
Chu k nghip v kho c th hin trn hnh 1.5











Hnh 1.5. Chu k nghip v kho hng ha
d. Chu k nghip v mua hng: c th hin hnh 1.6









Hnh 1.6. Chu k mua hng
1.2.4 c trng khng n nh ca cc nghip v logistics
Cc nghip v logistics c c trng khng n nh v thi gian thc hin do s khng
n nh ca cc tc nghip trong tng chu k. Cc tc nghip ny thng b bin i l c
nhiu nhn t tc ng. V d v phn phi thi gian thc hin cc thao tc nghip v trong
c chu k bn - thc hin n t hng cho khch hng nh hnh 1.7








Hnh 1.7. Phn phi thi gian cho c chu k thc hin n t hng
Bo qun
hng
Tip nhn
hng ho
kho
Chun b
hng pht
Pht hng
kho
Quyt nh mua
Xc nh
ngun hng
Nhp hng mua

t hng,
k hp
ng mua
nh gi sau mua
5 10 40
7
Phn phi thi gian ca c chu k chu nh hng ca phn phi thi gian cc tc
nghip trong qu trnh thc hin n t hng (hnh 1.7a 1.7e)
































Mc tiu c bn ca qun tr logistics l gim bt s khng n nh trong chu k
nghip v logistics. Vn kh khn l ch, bn thn cu trc chu k hot ng, iu kin
nghip v, cht lng nghip v phi hp vi nhau lm tng thm s khng n nh.
qun tr c mc tiu ny, cn phi qun tr tt ton b h thng logistics: t chc mng
li logistics hp l, ci tin h thng thng tin, qun tr d tr, ci tin cc nghip v
logistics cng ngh ho cc qu trnh.
1/2
Hnh 1.7a- Phn phi thi gian chuyn
n t hng
1 3
Hnh 1.7b- Phn phi thi gian tp
hp v x l n t hng
1/2 1 3
Hnh 1.7c Phn phi thi gian chun
b l hng theo n hng
1 2 10
Hnh 1.7d Phn phi thi gian vn
chuyn
2 4 10
1/2 1 3
Hnh 1.7e Phn phi thi gian giao
hng cho khch
8
1.3 Nhim v ca logi sti cs kinh doanh thng mi
Sn phm ca logistics l dch v khch hng, do , nhim v bao gm: dch v v
chi ph.
a. Phi tng cng cht lng dch v khch hng.
Theo kt qu nghin cu nhng khiu ni ca khch hng, th c nhng d liu nh
sau:
- 31% l v cht lng sn phm
- 44% l do chuyn giao hng n chm
- 12% l do hng ho b h hng, hoc hao ht
- 6% l do c cu mt hng khng y nh yu cu
- 7% - cc l do khc
Nhng con s ni trn cho ta thy iu g? S yu km v cht lng sn phm ch
cha chim ti 1/3 trong s cc khiu ni. Cn li l do s yu km ca hot ng dch v,
m ch yu l logistics, lm khch hng khng c hi lng. Bi vy, y chnh l im
m logistics phi khc phc. V ng thi cng phi nhn thc c rng y chnh l mc
tiu s mt ca lnh vc ny.
Cht lng dch v khch hng trong logistics c o lng bi cc tiu chun sau:
a.1. Tiu chun 1: Tiu chun y v hng ho.
Cc c s logistics phi m bo d tr tho mn nhu cu v hng ho cho khch hng
c v c cu, s lng v cht lng. Tiu chun ny ph thuc vo h thng qun tr d tr
v t chc mng li logistics (kho, ca hng ). Nhng ch tiu nh gi tiu chun ny bao
gm:
- Tn s thiu d tr: L kh nng xy ra thiu d tr, hay l hng ho c bn
cho khch hng khng. Ch tiu ny ra: bao nhiu ln nhu cu vt qu kh nng cung cp
hng ho.
- T l y : o lng tm quan trng v mc nh hng ca thiu d tr trong
c mt thi gian. T l y ph thuc vo tn s thiu d tr, th hin mc p ng
nhu cu mua hng ca khch.
Tn s thiu d tr v t l y lin quan n chnh sch v chin lc d tr.
- Thi gian b sung d tr: L thng s thi gian c d tr p ng yu cu bn
hng.
Ba ch tiu ny phi hp vi nhau xc nh phm vi m chin lc d tr ca doanh
nghip ap sng nhng mong i ca khch hng.
a.2. Tiu chun 2: Tiu chun vn hnh nghip v
Tiu chun ny c o lng bi cc ch tiu sau:
- Tc : l chi ph thi gian mua hng ca khch hng. Trong bn bun: l thi gian
k t khi t hng n khi giao hng. Ch tiu ny rt khc nhau tu thuc vo t chc h
thng logistics (mng li, thng tin, vn chuyn, ...). Tc cung ng hng ho nh hng
n thi c kinh doanh v chi ph ca khch hng. Trong bn l: chi ph thi gian mua hng
theo cc phng php bn hng k t khi quyt nh cho khch hng c c hng ho. Ch
9
tiu ny ph thuc vo vic hon thin cc phng php bn hng, phn b mng li, hnh
thc t chc kinh doanh (loi hnh ca hng ). Tu thuc vo c trng nhu cu mua hng
m xc nh thi gian mua hng ph hp. Chng hn, hng n gin khng cn la chn c
nhu cu hng ngy th phi rt ngn thi gian mua hng.
- n nh: l s giao ng v chi ph thi gian mua hng ca khch so vi trung
bnh. Trong bn bun: n nh km lm cho khch hng phi tng d tr bo him
chng li vic cung ng chm tr. n nh lin quan n tiu chun y v d tr,
nng lc qun tr qu trnh cung cp hng ho. Trong bn l: s giao ng thi gian mua
hng nh hng n thi im v thi gian tiu dng hng ho, v do , khng tho mn
nhu cu v thi gian cho khch hng.
- linh hot: l kh nng p ng nhng yu cu dch v bt thng ca khch hng
(v hng ho, v thi gian, v a im cung ng v cc dch v khc ). Nhng tnh th ch
yu cn phi linh hot nghip v l:
+C nhng bin i trong h thng dch v c bn: thay i thi gian giao hng (bn
bun ); pht trin cc phng php bn hng v dch v b sung (bn l ).
+Cn phi h tr cho chng trnh marketing v bn hng.
+Kinh doanh mt hng mi v p dng phng php bn mi.
+Chuyn giai on chu k sng sn phm.
+Tnh trng gin on trong cung ng.
+ Ti t hng.
+ nh hng khch hng theo trnh dch v.
+Thay i mt hng hoc nh hng khch hng trong h thng logistics nh lm
gi, bao gi, ...
- sai st nghip v: Mc vi phm nhng yu cu ca khch hng v: mt hng,
thi gian, ....Cn phi thit k cc chng trnh khng li v c cc phng n khc phc
nhng sai st.
a.3. Tiu chun 3: tin cy.
tin cy th hin tng hp cht lng logistics. tin cy bao gm kh nng thc
hin tiu chun 1 v 2, kh nng cung cp thng tin cho khch hng chnh xc, kh nng ci
tin lin tc cc nghip v.
Cn phi xc nh 3 vn khi o lng cht lng dch v: bin s o, n v o, c
s o.
b. Phi gim tng chi ph ca c h thng logistics.
Tng chi ph ca h thng logistics c o lng theo cng thc sau:
F =F
m
+F
v
+F
d
+F
t
+F

y: F - Tng chi ph h thng logistics
F
m
=g
m
M - Chi ph gi tr hng ho mua
g
m
: Gi mua hng chu nh hng ca qui m l hng
M: Tng lng hng ho mua trong k k hoch
F
v
=g
v
M - Cc ph vn chuyn hng ho
g
v
: Gi cc vn chuyn hng chu nh hng ca qui m l hng
10
F
d
=f
d
+f
dq
+f
b
- Chi ph d tr hng ho
f
d
=k
d
g
m
(m
tb
t
tb
) - Chi ph d tr trn ng
k
d
- T l chi ph m bo d tr trn ng (%)
m
tb
- Mc tiu th hng ho bnh qun mt ngy
t
tb
- Thi gian trung bnh vn chuyn hng ho
f
dq
=k
dk
g
k

2
Q
-Chi ph d tr l hng kho
k
dk
- T l chi ph m bo d tr ti kho (%)
g
k
=g
m
+g
v
- Gi hng ho nhp kho
Q - Qui m l hng nhp kho
f
b
=k
dk
g
k
o z - Chi ph d tr bo him hng ho kho
o =
2 2 2
. ) .(
h tb k h m
m t t + + - lch tiu chun chung
o
m
- lch tiu chun nhu cu
o
h
- lch tiu chun thi gian thc hin n t hng
t
h
- Thi gian bnh qun thc hin n t hngca ngun hng
t
k
- Thi gian chu k kim tra d tr hng ho (trng hp kim tra nh k d tr )
z - Ch s lch tiu chun tng ng vi xc sut m bo d tr hng ho ti kho p
r
(tra
bng)
F
t
= ( ) z f f
Q
M
t
. . . - Chi ph thiu bn hng ho
f
t
- Chi ph thiu bn 1 n v hng ho
f (z) - Hm phn phi chun tng ng vi ch s lch z (tra bng)
F

=
h
f
Q
M
- Chi ph t hng
f
h
- Chi ph mt ln t hng
Nh vy, chi ph ca c h thng logistics chu nh hng ca nhiu yu t v vn
ng theo nhng chiu hng ngc nhau di nh hng ca qui m l hng nhp. Vn
l phi xc nh qui m l hng hp l, m bo cho tng chi ph thp nht.
1.4 Ti u ho dch v l ogistics
Gia trnh dch v khch hng v chi ph Logistics c mi quan h xc nh. Khi
tng trnh dch v khch hng, chi ph tng v ngc li. Tuy nhin trong iu kin mi
trng xc nh, mi quan h ny nm trn mt ng cong hp l th hin trn th ca
hnh 1.10.
Nhng phng n hot ng Logistics th hin mi quan h gia trnh dch v v
chi ph nm trn ng cong l hp l, c ngha vi iu kin mi trng xc nh, vi trnh
dch v nht nh, i hi phi u t mt lng chi ph xc nh; Nhng phng n c
im giao nhau gia trnh dch v v chi ph Logistics nm pha trn ng cong l
11
khng hp l, c ngha vi lng chi ph b ra ch c th em li trnh dch v thp hn,
v do c th ci thin trnh dch v ln mc cao hn.
Trn ng cong hp l, c mt im m ti , ng vi trnh dch v nht nh,
i hi chi ph xc nh, nhng c th cho ta mt mc li nhun cao nht. Trnh dch v
gi l trnh dch v khch hng ti u.



















Hnh 1.8. Mi quan h gia trnh dch v v chi ph
Ti u ho dch v logistics l qu trnh xc nh trnh dch v khch hng t
c kh nng li nhun ti a. Xc nh trnh dch v khch hng ti u c lin quan
n mi quan h gia trnh dch v khch hng vi doanh thu v chi ph.
1.4.1 Mi quan h gia trnh dch v khch hng v doanh thu
Kt qu bn hng chu nh hng bi trnh cung cp dch v logistics cho khch
hng. Nhiu nghin cu chng minh rng, dch v logistics c nh hng n doanh s
v sau l doanh thu, th phn. Mi quan h gia trnh dch v khch hng v doanh thu
c th hin trn hnh 1.9
C 4 phng php xy dng m hnh quan h doanh s dch v: phng php 2 im,
phng php trc v sau kinh nghim, phng php tr chi, v phng php iu tra
ngi mua.
a. Phng php 2 im:
Phng php ny bao gm vic to nn 2 im trn ng cong quan h doanh thu -
dch v m qua , ng thng b ct. ng ny c coi nh xp x vi quan h ng
cong, th hin hnh 1.10.
cao
Chi ph
logistics
Thp
Thp
cao
Trnh dch v khch hng
Phng n hp l:
Phng n khng hp l:
ng cong dch v-chi phhp l
12











.


Hnh 1.9. Mi quan h gia trnh dch v khch hng v doanh thu














Hnh 1.10. Phng php 2 im xc nh quan h doanh thu - dch v

Phng php ny da trn kin cho rng, cc im xc nh ng cong kh tn km
hoc khng thc t, v kh c kh nng m t mi quan h vi chnh xc cao.
Phng php ny bao gm trc ht chn dch v logistics khch hng trnh cao
cho sn phm xc nh v xem xt doanh thu c th t c. Sau gim dch v n mc
thp v ghi li doanh thu. Tuy k thut c v n gin, nhng mt s vn c th hn ch
ch li ca phng php. Th nht, khng th thay i trnh dch v i vi sn phm
ang bn thu thp thng tin p ng doanh thu. Th hai, Thi lng m dch v thay i
l ang hiu qu, khch hng no s cho thng tin thay i, v cc hot ng no khc nh
hng n doanh thu (xc tin, gi, cht lng sn phm, ...) c th l cc bin nh hng
n kt qu doanh thu.
Gn ng theo
phng php 2 im
D
o
a
n
h

t
h
u

Trnh dch v
khch hng
D
o
a
n
h

t
h
u

Trnh dch v
13
Trnh dch v
Chi ph
b. Phng php trc v sau th nghim:
Vic xy dng ng cong doanh thu - dch v phm vi rng c th l khng thc t.
Do , p ng doanh thu c th n gin c xc nh bng cch to ra s thay i trnh
dch v khch hng v theo di s thay i doanh thu, hoc bng cch quan st nh
hng tng t t cc bo co lch s khi dch v thay i trong qu kh. S thay i dch
v cn ln sao cho nhng khc bit doanh thu khng b che lp bi dao ng doanh thu
bnh thng hoc do sai s o lng.
Phng php ny tng t phng php 2 im, tuy nhin n d thc hin do trnh
dch v hin ti c coi l "trc" im d liu, v ch cn bit "sau"im d liu.
c. Phng php tr chi:
ng n hn trong vic o lng s p ng doanh thu vi s thay i dch v l
kim sot mi trng sao cho ch xc nh nh hng ca trnh dch v logistics khch
hng. Phng php ny ging nh to ra phng th nghim hoc tnh th tr chi, cc
quyt nh c din ra trong mi trng c kim sot. Mi trng ny c gng sao chp
cc yu t bin i nhu cu, cnh tranh, chin lc logistics v nhng ci khc tng t
hon cnh thc t. Tr chi gm cc quyt nh v cc mc hot ng logistics (do l cc
mc dch v) vi mc tiu to nn doanh thu tng ng vi chi ph to ra chng. Bng vic
theo di tr chi theo thi gian, c th c c d liu khi qut xy dng ng cong
doanh thu - dch v.
d. iu tra ngi mua:
y l phng php ph bin nht thu thp thng tin dch v khch hng.
1.4.2 Chi ph v dch v
D thy rng dch v logistics khch hng l kt qu ca cc mc hot ng logistics.
Mi mc dch v c mt mc chi ph tng ng. Thc ra c nhiu phng n chi ph h
thng logistics i vi tng mc dch v, tu thuc vo s phi hp cc hot ng logistics.
Khi bit c cc mi quan h doanh thu - dch v, c th xc nh c chi ph tng ng
vi dch v (Hnh 1.9).











Hnh 1.11. Mi quan h gia trnh dch v v chi ph
14
1.4.3 Xc nh trnh dch v ti u
Khi bit doanh thu v chi ph logistics i vi tng trnh dch v, chng ta c th
xc nh c trnh dch v s ti a ho ng gp li nhun cho doanh nghip. Bng
phng php phn tch cn bin theo trnh dch v khch hng trong kinh t, c th tm
c im dch v ti u. Tin hnh nghin cu l thuyt v sau vn dng l thuyt trong
thc t.
a. L thuyt
Gi s mc tiu l ti a ho ng gp li nhun. V mt ton hc, li nhun ti a t
c im ti , s bin i doanh thu bng bin i chi ph: doanh thu bin bng chi ph
bin. minh ho, gi s cho ng cong doanh thu - dch v l:
2 / 1
. 5 , 0 D R = .y, D-
trnh dch v khch hng: % s n hng c thi gian chu k t hng 5 ngy. Bn cht
ca ng cong nh sau (H.10).













Hnh 1.12. Ti u ho dch v logistics l thuyt

ng cong chi ph tng ng C = 0,00055D
2
. Biu thc ti u ho:
P =0,5D
1/2
- 0,00055D
2
y: P- ng gp li nhun ($)
Ly o hm bc nht ca P theo D: P
/
(D)
dD
dP

P cc i khi: D
*
=(0,5/4. 0,00055)
2/3
D
*
=37,2%
b. Thc t: nghin cu v d
Mt hng thc phm d tr nc chanh p cung ng cho cc khch hng ca mnh.
Hng mun d tr vi mc dch v cho li nhun t a.
Theo nghin cu, c thay i 1% trnh dch v th s thay i 0,1% doanh thu. Chit
khu thng mi l 5.500/hp vi doanh s qua kho l 59.904 hp. Gi ph mt hp kho
Doanh thu,
chi ph, li
nhun
R =0,5D
1/2
C =0,00055D
2
ng gp
li nhun
ti a
5
4
3
2
1
20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
15
l 53.800/hp, v chi ph m bo d tr nm l 25%. Thi gian cung ng v chu k t
hng l 1 tun vi doanh s trung bnh tun l 1.152 hp v lch tiu chun l 350 hp.
Cc bc tnh ton nh sau:
Dch v ti u khi A R =A C. Do p ng doanh s l hng s (khng i ) cho mi
trnh dch v, nn s bin i trong doanh thu l:
A R =Chit khu thng mi t l p ng doanh s doanh s nm
=0,55 0,001 59.904 = 329.500/nm. 1% thay i trnh dch v.
S thay i trong chi ph l do chi ph d tr bo him cn duy tr trnh dch v.
S bin i trong d tr bo him l:
A C =chi ph d tr nm Gi ph mt hp lch tiu chun nhu cu trong chu k t
hng s bin i ca Z
Z- Ch s lch tiu chun tng ng vi xc sut m bo d tr hng ho ti kho .
Do vy: A C =0,25 53.800 350 A Z / nm
S bin i chi ph d tr bo him vi cc gi tr khc nhau ca A Z c trnh by
bng 1.1
Bng 1.1 Mi quan h gia chi ph d tr bo him v trnh dch v

Bin i trnh
dch v
Bin i v Z
Bin i chi ph
d tr bo him
87-86 1,125-1,08 =0,045 211.800
88-87 1,17 -1,12 =0,045 211.800
89-88 1.23 -1,17 =0,05 235.400
90-89 1,28 - 1,23 =0,05 235.400
91-90 1,34 - 1,28 =0,06 282.500
92-91 1,41 - 1,34 =0,07 329.500
93-92 1,48 - 1,41 =0,07 329.500
94-93 1,55 - 1,48 =0,07 329.500
95-94 1,65 - 1,55 =0,10 470.800
96-95 1,75 - 1,65 =0,10 470.800
97-96 1,88 - 1,75 =0,13 612.000
98-97 2,05 - 1,88 =0,17 800.300
99-98 2,33 - 2,05 =0,28 1.318.810

Th hin A R v A C trn th (H.11),ta c trnh dch v ti u l 93% cho ta
AR =AC = 329.500
Thng th dch v khch hng c coi l c gii hn i vi h thng logistics khi
khng th pht trin c mi quan h doanh thu - dch v. Trong trng hp ny, c th
chn trnh dch v khch hng nh trc, v h thng logistics c thit k p ng
trnh ny vi chi ph ti thiu. Trnh dch v thng da vo cc yu t nh: trnh
dch v ca i th cnh tranh, kin ngi bn hng, v truyn thng. Theo cch ny,
khng th m bo rng, trnh dch v c s cn i tt nht gia doanh thu v chi ph.
thit k h thng ti u khi khi dch v c coi l c gii hn, c th s dng phn
tch nhy. Trong trng hp ny, phn tch nhy bao gm bin i cc nhn t to nn
16
dch v v sau tm thit k h thng mi c chi ph ti thiu. Nu lp li kiu phn tch
ny mt s ln, c th thu c chi ph h thng vi cc trnh dch v khc nhau, v c
minh ho bng 1.2.












Hnh 1.13. Bin i doanh thu v chi ph theo trnh dch v
1.4.4 Dch v c gii hn
Tuy rng cha bit c thit k h thng logistics v trnh dch v khch hng nh
hng ra sao n doanh thu, nhng c th xc nh c gi tr ca trnh dch v. Theo v
d bng 1.2, ci thin trnh dch v khch hng t 85% ln 90%, chi ph logistics s
tng t 7 triu $ ln 9 triu $ mi nm. Ci thin trnh dch v khch hng ln 5% phi
tng chi ph ln 2 triu $. Do vy doanh thu do ci tin dch v ny phi tng ln b p
chi ph logistics tng thm. Chn mc dch v cui cng thuc vo quyt nh qun tr, tuy
nhin thng tin v chi ph ca cc trnh dch v khch hng khc nhau h tr cho cc qu
trnh quyt nh.
Bng 1.2 Chi ph thit k h thng Logistics l hm
ca trnh dch v khch hng khc nhau
Phng
n Thit k h thng logistics
Chi ph logistics
hng nm
Trnh dch v
khch hng
1
Chuyn n hng bng th, vn
chuyn ng thu, mc d tr thp
5.000.000 $ 80%
2
Chuyn n hng bng th, vn
chuyn ng st, mc d tr thp
7.000.000 $ 85%
3
Chuyn n hng bng th, vn
chuyn t, mc d tr thp
9.000.000 $ 90%
4
Chuyn n hng bng th, vn
chuyn ng st, mc d tr cao
12.000.000$ 93%
5
Chuyn n hng bng th, vn
chuyn t, mc d tr cao
15.000.000$ 95%
5
Chuyn n hng bng in thoi, vn
chuyn t, mc d tr cao
16.000.000$ 96%
86-87 88-87 93-94
20
30
40
Bin i trong
doanh thu
hoc chi ph
Bin i trong
chi ph d tr
Bin i doanh thu
Kh nng hng (%)
17
1.4.5 Nhng t bin dch v
a s cc k hoch v n lc logistics c lnh o theo hng hiu qu trong nhng
iu kin bnh thng. ng thi phi chun b cho nhng trng hp bt thng c th lm
nh tr h thng hoc lm nh hng ln n nhng c im hot ng trong thi gian
ngn, nh nh cng, ho hon, l lt, ...C 2 t bin ph bin l s nh tr h thng v
loi b sn phm.
1.5 i tng, phng php nghin cu mn hc
1.5.1 i tng v ni dung mn hc
Logistics kinh doanh thng mi l mn khoa hc kinh t nghin cu cc hin tng
v tnh qui lut ca qu trnh logistics kinh doanh thng mi.
Nh vy, i tng ca mn hc logistics kinh doanh thng mi l nhng hin tng
v tnh qui lut ca qu trnh logistics: mua, d tr vn chuyn, kho, bn hng v dch v
khch hng, ..
Ni dung nghin cu mn hc bao gm ton b qu trnh qun tr logistics, t hoch
nh, thc thi, cho n kim sot cc hot ng logistics. Tuy nhin, tu thuc vo cc i
tng chuyn ngnh m ni dung nghin cu c th ton din, su sc hay ch cp n
nhng ni dung c bn nht.
1.5.2 V tr v phng php mn hc
Logistics kinh doanh thng mi l mn hc chuyn ngnh qun tr kinh doanh thng
mi, cung cp nhng kin thc c bn v thc t cho cc nh qun tr trong cc doanh
nghip thng mi.
Mn hc logistics kinh doanh thng mi c quan h cht ch vi cc mn hc chuyn
ngnh qun tr kinh doanh: marketing, qun tr doanh nghip, kinh t doanh nghip, ...
Mn hc cung cp kin thc c bn ca kinh doanh thng mi lm c s cho nhn
thc, lnh hi cc mn hc khc.
Logistics kinh doanh thng mi l hot ng c tnh cng ngh thng nht cht ch,
do nghin cu mn hc ny phi p dng phng php nghin cu h thng; l mn hc
gn lin vi hot ng thc tin, do phi p dng phng php t duy bin chng, gn
lin l lun vi thc tin.







1
CHNG 2. QUI HOCH CC C S LOGISTICS KINH DOANH
THNG MI
2.1 Cc qui l ut pht tri n mng li logistics kinh doanh thng mi
2.1.1 Khi nim, vai tr ca mng li LOGISTICS KD
a. Khi nim
Mng li logistics kinh doanh thng mi l tng th cc c s logistics trc tip
cung cp hng ho v dch v cho khch hng, lin kt vi nhau v pht trin theo
nhng qui lut ca nn kinh t v ca qu trnh phn phi, vn ng hng ho.
Nh vy trong kinh doanh thng mi, mng li logistics kinh doanh bao gm:
- Mng li bn l: Trc tip cung cp dch v logistics cho ngi tiu dng trc tip
thng qua hnh vi thng mi bn l.
- Mng li kho: Trc tip cung cp dch v logistics cho khch hng mua bun thng
qua hnh vi thng mi bn bun.
S pht trin mng li logistics kinh doanh tun theo nhng qui lut ca nn kinh t,
v n nhng tnh qui lut pht trin c th: chuyn doanh ho, tp trung ho, v hin i
ho.
Nh vy, mng li logistics kinh doanh bn bun l mng li kho, mng li
logistics kinh doanh bn l l mng li cc ca hng bn l.
b. Vai tr
Mng li logistics kinh doanh thng mi l thnh phn c bn ca knh logistics v
h thng logistics tng th v ca doanh nghip thng mi, to nn dng chy phn phi
vt cht.
- Vai tr dch v khch hng: Cung cp dch v khch hng, tho mn nhu cu mua
hng ca khch hng, c bit tho mn dch v thi gian. Khi tng s lng v qui m cc
c s logistics, trnh dch v khch hng tng ln.
- Vai tr chi ph: S lng v qui m mng li logistics kinh doanh nh hng n
chi ph. Khi tng s lng v qui m cc c s logistics, chi ph d tr c xu hng tng,
cn chi ph vn chuyn c xu hng gim (mng li kho) v tng (mng li bn l).
Nh vy, vai tr ca mng li logistics bn l ch yu l dch v, cn ca mng li
kho l chi ph v dch v.
2.1.2 Cc qui lut pht trin mng li logistics
a. Qui lut chuyn doanh ho
a.1. Khi nim v tnh tt yu ca qui lut
Chuyn doanh ho mng li logistics l qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin cc c s
logistics kinh doanh chuyn cung cp dch v logistics theo nhm, phn nhm, loi hoc tn
hng kinh doanh nht nh.
Thc cht ca chuyn doanh ho l s phn cng x hi trong h thng logistics theo
th trng v mt hng kinh doanh nhm tho mn tot hn nhu cu mua hng ca khch
hng v gim chi ph.
2
Tnh tt yu ca qui lut:
- Do qu trnh chuyn mn ho tt yu trong ton b nn kinh t, trong h thng knh
phn phi, trong c knh logistics.
- Do yu cu nng cao trnh dch v khch hng:
i vi bn l: Dch v mt hng - m bo c cu phong ph, y v s lng, v
m bo cht lng.
i vi bn bun: m bo s lng, c cu, v cht lng; hon chnh mt hng (bin
i mt hng ); tng tc cung ng cho khch hng.
- Do c tnh thng phm ca hng ho: Yu cu h thng logistics ring bit m
bo cht lng hng ho.
a.2. Hnh thc v mc chuyn doanh ho
- Hnh thc: Ph thuc vo cch phn loi hng ho - cch xc nh chui, nhm hng
theo cng dng, khch hng, tn s nhu cu, gi, ....
- Mc chuyn doanh: Kch thc ca phi thc mt hng kinh doanh - chuyn
doanh theo chiu rng: lin doanh, chuyn doanh nhm; chiu di: phn nhm,...
- Yu cu: Pht trin c chiu su (bin th), m bo nhu cu ng b khi mua hng
ca khch hng, m bo cht lng hng ho.
a.3. c im ca chuyn doanh ho
- u im: Nng cao cht lng dch v khch hng; chuyn mn ho h thng
logistics, do nng cao nng sut lao ng v thit b, gim chi ph.
- Nhc im:
+Chuyn doanh ho ch tho mn nhu cu hng ho gii hn hp, do m bo
doanh thu kinh t, phm vi phc v phi rng, v do bn knh hot ng xa nh hng
n trnh dch v khch hng v thi gian.
+Chuyn doanh ho hn ch nhu cu ng b khi mua hng ca khch hng, do
gim trh dch v c cu hng mua (c bit trong kinh doanh bn l).
a.4. Cn c chuyn doanh ho
- c im ca nhu cu mua hng: Nhu cu nh k, hng ngy; nhu cu ng b n
chic; nhu cu mua theo n hng cung cp ti nh hay ti ca hng.
- c im ca hng ho: Hng ho (nhm) c nhiu bin th hay t; hng c c tnh
thng phm ring bit hay phc tp hay khng.
- Th trng: Mt dn s, sc mua; s hnh thnh cc khu vc chuyn doanh; mng
li i th cnh tranh.
- Mng li v iu kin giao thng vn ti.
b. Qui lut tp trung ho mng li
b.1. Khi nim v tnh qui lut
L qu trnh tng t trng cc c s logistics c qui m ln, tng trng qui m bnh
qun mng li logistics.
Cc ch tiu nh gi qui m ca mt c s logistics: doanh s - doanh thu; din tch;
s lng loa ng; cng sut (kho); s ni cng tc (ca hng bn l).
Tnh tt yu ca qui lut:
3
- Do tng trng kinh t, tng trng knh logistics, pht trin qui m mng li
- Do qu trnh tp trung ho: tch t, tp trung di cc n lc kinh doanh v cnh
tranh.
- Do s pht trin ca khoa hc v k thut to mi iu kin tng tc cung cp
dch v khch hng.
b.2. c im ca nhng c s qui m ln
- u im:
+Nng cao trnh dch v khch hng, c bit l dch v mt hng: c cu hng ho
phong ph, tho mn yu cu la chn, mua hng ng b; c nhiu iu kin dch v b
sung cho khch hng.
+Qui m ln c nhiu iu kin chuyn mn ho v hin i ho nng cao trnh
dch v khch hng, nng cao sng sut lao ng.
+Do doanh s ln m chi ph logistics bnh qun trn mt n v doanh s gim (tnh
kinh t nh qui m); gim d tr v do gim chi ph d tr. iu ny c th hin theo
qui tc cn bc 2:
n D D i
o
=
y:
D
o
: Gi tr d tr ti u nu tp trung d tr vo mt v tr
i
D : Gi tr d tr trung bnh mi im d tr trong trng hp d tr n im
n: S v tr kho (hoc ca hng ) trc khi tp trung
- Hn ch:
Tng qui m c th tng bn knh phc v, gim trnh dch v khch hng, gim
hiu lc logistics.
Tng qui m kho ng ngha vi tp trung ho d tr, gim s lng kho, tng chi ph
vn chuyn hng ho.
M rng qui m khng tng xng vi pht trin doanh s s lm tng chi ph, gim
hiu lc kinh doanh.
b.3. Cn c tp trung ho
- Cn c vo trnh tp trung th trng: mt , dn s, sc mua
- Kh nng pht trin doanh s, pht trin mt hng kinh doanh.
- iu kin giao thng vn ti
- Kh nng ti chnh ca doanh nghip.
c. Qui lut hin i ho
c.1. Khi nim, tnh qui lut
L qu trnh to nn c s vt cht - k thut logistics hin i v trin khai cc hot
ng logistics theo cc phn phi tin tin.
- Tnh tt yu:
+Do s pht trin ca khoa hc - cng ngh trong nc v trn th gii.
+Do yu cu nng cao trnh dch v khch hng, nng cao nng sut lao ng, gim
chi ph logistics, tng kh nng cnh tranh trong nn kinh t th trng.
4
c.2. u im
+To phng php cng ngh mi, i mi qu trnh cung cp dch v khch hng:
hon thin, tng tc qu trnh logistics bn bun; to iu kin p dng cc phng php
bn hng tin b trong vic cung cp dch v logistics bn l (cc phng php bn hng
tin b). Do vy nng cao vn minh thng mi.
+ Nng cao nng sut lao ng logistics, gim chi ph
+ Tng kh nng cnh tranh v hiu qu kinh doanh
c.3. Nhng cn c hin i ho
- Thnh tu v iu kin p dng khoa hc - k thut trong nc v trn th gii.
- Kh nng pht trin doanh s, li nhun do u t khoa hc - cng ngh
- Kh nng ti chnh doanh nghip
2.1.3 Vn qui hoch mng li logistics
a. Khi nim, v tr ca qui hoch mng li logistics
Qui hoch mng li logistics kinh doanh thng mi l qu trnh k hoch ho cu
trc c s logistics nhm trin khai h thng logistics mt cch hiu qu.
i vi doanh nghip thng mi bn bun th qui hoch mng li logistics ch yu
l qui hoch mng li kho hng ho; cn i vi h thng logistics bn l l qui hoch
mng li bn l.
Nh vy, qui hoch mng li logistics cng c ngha xc nh cu trc thng qua ,
hng ho s chy t cc im ngun n cc im ca nhu cu.
V tr:
- Qui hoch mng li logistics l quyt nh logistics tm chin lc: k hoch ho
di hn. V tr ca quyt nh mng li logistics c th hin trn hnh 2.1
+Qui hoch mng: Nhm thc hin cc mc tiu chin lc doanh nghip. Bao gm
xc nh s lng, v tr, qui m, mt hng kinh doanh. Mc ch: tp trung d tr v cung
cp dch v cho khch hng thng qua mng; xc nh trnh dch v khch hng. S dng
cc d liu tng hp v d bo di hn. Thi hn k hoch ho >1 nm.
+K hoch ho cung ng v phn phi: Xc nh khi lng, c cu hng ho cho cc
c s logistics, cho cc ngun hng; xc nh r khi lng hng mua, bn, d tr v vn
chuyn. K hoch c xy dng theo thng v qu.
+K hoch ho dng hng v thi biu cung ng: Ging nh trn, nhng c th cho
tng c s logistics. Mc tiu: p ng nhu cu d bo v mc tiu d tr.
+Thc hin thng v bn bun v bn l: K hoch ho theo ngy thc hin n
hng ca khch mua bun v trin khai bn l hng ho cc ca hng bn l.
+ Chng trnh ngn hn: K hoch ho ngn hn tm cch ti u ho s dng cc
ngun lc - k hoch ho hng ngy.
b. Bn cht v cc quyt nh qui hoch mng li
Vn thit k mng li bao gm c kha cnh khng gian v thi gian
Kha cnh khng gian gn lin vi vic b tr mt bng cc c s vt cht nh nh kho,
ca hng bn l. S lng, qui m, v v tr c s logistics c xc nh bng cch cn i
5
gia yu cu dch v khch hng v nhng vn tip theo v mt a l: chi ph mua hng;
chi ph m bo d tr; chi ph bo qun; chi ph vn chuyn.





















Hnh 2.1: H thng cc quyt nh logistics
Vn thi gian trong hoch nh mng li l kh nng mng li m bo hng ho
p ng cc mc tiu dch v khch hng: kh nng hng ho c th c bn thng qua
thi gian p ng n t hng hoc thng qua vic duy tr d tr tip cn khng gian vi
khch hng. Vic cn i chi ph vn, chi ph phn phi (thc hin n t hng), chi ph
vn ti trong khi phi p ng cc mc tiu dch v khch hng i hi l: hng ho chy
qua mng li nh th no. Cc quyt nh theo thi gian cng nh hng n vic b tr c
s logistics.
c. Cc quyt nh trong qui hoch
Bao gm: C s logistics no s c s dng; bao nhiu; chng s c b tr u;
hng ho v khch hng no s c c nh vi chng; Dch v vn ti no s c s
dng gia chng; v cc c s logistics ny s c cung ng nh th no.
2.2 Qui hoch mng li kho hng ho
2.2.1 Chc nng v cc loi kho hng ho
a. Chc nng kho hng ho
Kho hng ho l loi hnh c s logistics, thc hin vic d tr v bo qun hng ho
nhm cung ng hng ho cho khch hng vi trnh dch v cao nht v chi ph thp nht.
Qui hoch
mng li
K hoch phn phi
tng th
K hoch ho dng
hng
Thc hin
thng v
Cc chng trnh
ngn hn
C s d liu
- K hoch hin ti
- Tnh trng hin ti
- Kt qu trc y
- H s d liu ch yu
Hot ng logistics
Hng nm
Tn s k hoch ho
Hng qu, thng
Hng thng, tun
Hng ngy
Hng ngy
6
Nh vy, kho hng ho thc hin 2 chc nng c bn: chc nng li ch kinh t v
chc nng dch v.
a.1. Chc nng li ch kinh t
Li ch kinh t ca kho khi m ton b chi ph logistics trc tip gim xung nh s
dng h thng kho. Cc li ch kinh t c bn ca kho bao gm: gim chi ph nh tp trung,
tip tc qu trnh sn xut, v m bo cho qu trnh sn xut din ra lin tc.
Li ch nh tp trung vn chuyn
Gia sn xut v tiu dng cn c s cch bit v khng gian, do mun gim chi ph
trong vn chuyn hng ho th phi to lp nhng l hng ln vn chuyn, tc l phi tp
trung vn chuyn. Nh c kho m c th tp trung vn chuyn trong nhng iu kin sau:
- Tp trung thu nhn hng ho sn xut phn tn vo kho, to lp l hng ln vn
chuyn. Kiu tp trung ny c th hin trn hnh 2.2









Hnh 2.2: Kho tp trung thu nhn v vn chuyn
- Tp trung vn chuyn l hng ln khong cch ln t ngun hng n kho t v
tr phn phi, sau cung ng l hng nh vi khong cch nh cho khch hng phn tn.
Kiu ny c th hin trn hnh 2.3








Hnh 2.3: Kho tp trung vn chuyn v phn phi
- Tp trung thu nhn, vn chuyn, v phn phi (Hnh 2.4)
Li ch nh d tr thi v
Kho d tr thi v do m bo cho qu trnh sn xut c lin tc tit kim c
vn u t v lao ng.
Li ch nh tip tc qu trnh sn xut
Ngun hng A
Ngun hng B
Ngun hng C
Kho thu nhn
A B C
Khch hng
Khch hng A
Khch hng B
Khch hng C
Kho phn phi Ngun hng
A
7
Mt s cng on ca qu trnh sn xut c th c tin hnh trong kho (nh ng
gi, gn nhn hiu,...) do c th nng cao nng sut ca ton b qu trnh sn xut, tng
cng hiu lc ca bao gi v nhn hiu hng ho.








Hnh 2.4: Kho tp trung thu nhn, vn chuyn v phn phi
b. Chc nng li ch dch v
Bao gm cc li ch dch v c bn sau:
b.1. D tr ti ch
Vic s dng cc loi hnh kho tip cn th trng mc tiu s m bo cung ng hng
ho cho khch hng vi thi gian t nht, ng thi cung cp l hng trn b cho khch
hng.
b.2. Tng hp l hng
Cc kho t v tr th trng mc tiu s tng hp cc l hng t nhiu ngun v cung
cp l hng tng hp cho khch hng, tho mn nhu cu dch v khch hng v mt hng.
b.3. Phi hp vn ti
Phi hp vn chuyn hng ho n kho tp trung d tr hng ho theo c im c
th ca khch hng.
b.4. Li ch tip th
2.2.2 Cc loi kho hng ho
C th phn loi kho theo mt s tiu thc sau:
a. Phn loi theo i tng phc v
a.1. Kho nh hng th trng
Kho p ng yu cu ca khch hng trn th trng mc tiu. Loi hnh kho ny cn
c gi l kho phn phi hay kho cung ng. Kho ny c chc nng ch yu l dch v
khch hng: tng hp cc l hng v cung ng tho mn cc nhu cu ca khch hng. V
mt a l, kho gn khch hng tp trung vn chuyn l hng ln, c ly di t nh my
kt hp cung ng l hng nh t kho cho khch hng. Phm v hot ng ca kho nh v th
trng cn c vo yu cu tc cung ng, qui m n hng trung bnh, chi ph/n v cung
ng. C trong kinh doanh bn bun v bn l u s dng kho nh v th trng.
a.2. Kho nh hng ngun hng
Kho c v tr cc khu vc sn xut, p ng cc yu cu ca cc nh sn xut v do
chc nng ch yu l chc nng li ch kinh t: thu nhn v tp trung vn chuyn, tip tc
qu trnh sn xut v d tr thi v.
Ngun hng A
Ngun hng B
Ngun hng C
Kho thu
nhn
Khch hng A
Khch hng B
Khch hng C
Kho phn
phi
8
a.3. Kho nh hng trung gian
Kho p ng yu cu ca qu trnh vn ng hng ho, thc hin cc chc nng li ch
kinh t l ch yu: d tr hng ho, chuyn ti hng ho gia cc loi phng tin vn ti.
Kho nh hng trung gian gm 2 loi: kho d tr v kho trung chuyn.
b. Phn loi theo quyn s hu v s dng
b.1. Kho dng ring
Kho dng ring thuc quyn s hu v s dng ca ring tng doanh nghip (thng
mi ) c quyn s hu hng ho d tr v bo qun ti kho. Loi hnh kho ny thch hp vi
nhng doanh nghip c kh nng v ngun lc ti chnh, ng thi cc loi hnh kho khc
khng p ng yu cu d tr, bo qun hng v cung ng ho ca doanh nghip (v tr qu
xa, iu kin thit k v thit b khng ph hp).
Li ch ch yu ca kho dng ring kh nng kim sot, tnh linh hot nghip v, v
cc li ch v hnh khc.
Tuy nhin nu dng kho dng ring th chi ph h thng logistics s tng, v tnh linh
hot v tr khng m bo khi doanh nghip m rng th trng mc tiu.
b.2. Kho dng chung
Trong iu kin nn kinh t th trng, kho dng chung c s dng ph bin. Khc
vi kho dng ring, kho dng chung hot ng nh mt n v kinh doanh c lp cung cp
mt lot cc dch v nh d tr, bo qun, v vn chuyn trn c s tin th lao c nh
hoc bin i. Kho dng chung cung cp cc dch v tiu chun cho mi khch hng.
Kho dng chung em li li ch linh hot v ti chnh v li ch kinh t. Chng c qui
m nghip v v trnh qun tr chuyn mn rng ln hn, bi l kho l n v kinh doanh
c bn. iu ny c ngha, cc nh qun tr kho dng chung nm c nhng ri ro v hot
ng kho v hot ng chim li th cc c hi th trng.
Theo quan im ti chnh, kho dng chung c th c chi ph bin i thp hn kho
dng ring. Chi ph ny thp hn c th l do tnh kinh t nh qui m, nng sut cao hn.
Kho dng chung cng c chi ph vn thp hn. Nu nh hiu lc qun tr c iu chnh
ph hp vi li nhun trn u t (ROI) th vic s dng kho dng chung c th tng ng
k li nhun ca doanh nghip.
Kho dng chung c th cung cp tnh linh hot ch, n d thay i v tr, qui m, v
s lng kho, cho php doanh nghip p ng nhanh vi ngun hng, khch hng, v nhu
cu thi v.
Do kho dng chung d tr v bo qun hng ho cho mi khch hng nn c qui m
lun lun ln v do em li li th chi ph thp nh qui m.
Nhiu doanh nghip ln s dng kho dng chung cho hot ng logistics do chng
cung cp nhiu dch v v c tnh linh hot cao.
b.3. Kho hp tc (lin hp s dng)
Do cc doanh nghip cng gp vn u t xy dng. Phn phi din tch s dng theo
t l vn u t. c im: tit kim vn xy dng do tp trung xy dng; c th tp trung
qun l; c iu kin s dng hp l din tch kho v hin i ho cng ngh kho.
9
c. Phn theo iu kin thit k, thit b
c.1. Kho thng thng
C c im thit k, kin trc xy dng v thit b thc hin qu trnh cng ngh
trong iu kin bnh thng.
c.2. Kho c bit
C c im thit k - kin trc xy dng v thit b ring bit bo qun nhng hng
ho ch bit do tnh cht thng phm v yu cu ca qu trnh vn ng hng ho (kho
lnh, kho ng vt sng)
d. Phn theo c im kin trc
d.1. Kho kn
C kh nng ngn cch mi trng bo qun vi mi trng ngoi kho; ch ng duy
tr ch bo qun, t chu nh hng ca cc thng s mi trng bn ngoi.
d.2. Kho na kn
Ch c th che ma, nng cho hng ho, khng c cc kt cu (tng) ngn cch vi
mi trng ngoi kho.
d.3. Kho l thin (bi cha hng)
Ch l cc bi tp trung d tr nhng hng ho t hoc khng b nh hng bi nhng
thay i ca kh hu, thi tit.
e. Phn theo mt hng bo qun
e.1. Kho tng hp
C trnh tp trung ho v chuyn mn ho cao. Kho bo qun nhiu loi hng ho
theo cc khu kho v nh kho chuyn mn ho.
e.2. Kho chuyn nghip
Chuyn bo qun mt nhm hng, phn nhm hng v loi hng nht nh.
e.3. Kho hn hp
C trnh tp trung ho v chuyn mn ho thp nht. Kho bo qun nhiu loi hng
ho trong mt khu kho hoc nh kho.
2.2.3 Ni dung qui hoch mng li kho hng ho
a. Cc nhn t nh hng n qui hoch mng li kho
C nhiu nhn t nh hng, nhng nhng nhn t sau l c bn: th trng mc tiu;
iu kin giao thng vn ti; s phn b ca ngun hng; qui hoch pht trin mng li
kho dng chung.
a.1. Nhn t th trng mc tiu
- Qu trnh pht trin th trng ca doanh nghip: tng s im nhu cu, tng qui m
v c cu nhu cu
- Tng trng qui m v c cu nhu cu trn th trng mc tiu
- Nhu cu v dch v logistics ca khch hng: dch v mt hng, thi gian, a
im,....
Nhn t th trng mc tiu nh hng n vic xc nh c cu, s lng v v tr
phn b kho hng ho.
10
S M
Tng chi ph
Chi ph
bo qun
Chi ph
bo qun
Ngun hng Th trng
X
Y
a.2. Nhn t iu kin giao thng vn ti
- Mng li cc con ng giao thng:
- S pht trin cc loi phng tin vn ti
- Cc ph vn chuyn: Phi xem xt xu hng chuyn dch chi ph vn ti khi xc
nh a im phn b gia ngun v th trng. Nu xu hng gim th nn t v tr phn
b ngay khu vc nhu cu th trng. Nhn t ny c th c th hin trn hnh 2.5.












Hnh 2.5: Chuyn dch chi ph vn chuyn y v tr
phn b n ngun hng hoc th trng
iu kin giao thng vn ti nh hng n v tr phn b mng li kho, n vic xc
nh s lng kho do tc vn chuyn tng c th gim yu cu s lng kho m vn m
bo dch v thi gian cung ng hng ho cho khch hng.
a.3. Nhn t ngun hng
- S lng v qui m v c cu ngun hng cung ng cho th trng mc tiu
- V tr phn b ngun hng c v a im v khong cch
Nhn t ngun hng nh hng n s lng, qui m v a im phn b kho, c
bit l kho nh hng ngun hng (kho thu nhn)
a.4. Nhn t mng li kho
- S pht trin mng li kho c v s lng, c cu v v tr phn b, c bit l cc
loi hnh kho dng chung v hp ng (kho lin hp )
Nhn t ny nh hng n vic xc nh c cu kho theo c trng quyn s hu.
b. Xc nh c cu kho
b.1. Xc nh loi hnh kho theo knh logistics
Trn c s v tr phn b ca th trng mc tiu (cc im khch hng ) v ngun
hng, kt hp vi cc yu t khc nh iu kin giao thng vn ti, ...m doanh nghip quyt
nh knh logistics hp l. Knh logistics ca doanh nghip l tp hp cc loi hnh kho m
hng ho s vn ng qua cung ng cho khch hng mc tiu ca doanh nghip.
Nh vy, knh logistics ca doanh nghip c th l knh trc tip, knh mt cp, knh
hai hoc ba cp c th hin trn hnh 2.6

11








A: Knh logistics trc tip; B: Knh logistics nhiu cp (1, 2, 3 cp)
: Kho ngun hng; : C s logistics khch hng (kho hoc ca hng )
: H thng kho doanh nghip

Hnh 2.6: Cc loi knh logistics ca doanh nghip
Vic xc nh knh logistics, c ngha xc nh s lng cc loi hnh kho tu thuc
vo kt qu phn tch chi ph logistics v m bo dch v khch hng. Trong trng hp
knh logistics trc tip, hng ho c cung ng cho khch hng khng qua bt k loi hnh
kho trung gian no ca doanh nghip. iu kin s dng knh trc tip:
-Khng lm gim trnh dch v khch hng: S lng, c cu, c im hng ho;
thi gian cung ng hng ho phi p ng yu cu ca khch hng. iu ny cng c ngha:
l hng mua phi ph hp vi l hng bn-qui m l hng khng qu ln, c cu n gin,
hng ho khng phi qua khu t chc mt hng thng mi; c ly vn chuyn ngn, iu
kin vn chuyn khng phc tp-khng phi chuyn ti qua nhiu phng tin; thi gian
thc hin n t hng mua ca ngun hng nhanh, p ng yu cu thi gian cung ng
hng ho cho khch hng;
-Tng chi ph logistics phi gim: chi ph d tr(d tr trn ng) v cc ph vn ti
chuyn thng nh hn chi ph d tr (d tr trn ng v kho) v cc ph vn ti (vn
chuyn n kho v t kho cung ng cho khch hng ). iu ny cng c ngha: qui m l
hng vn chuyn thng phi ln, iu kin giao thng vn ti phi thun tin.
Nh vy, knh logistics trc tip thch ng vi mc tiu nh hng chi ph ch khng
phi dch v, v trong iu kin kinh t th trng pht trin vi s cnh tranh dch v gay
gt, n t c s dng.
Khi khng m bo iu kin s dng knh trc tip, doanh nghip phi s dng knh
trung gian. Knh trung gian c th 1, 2, 3 cp tu thuc vo nhiu nhn t, nhng phi m
bo yu cu dch v v chi ph logistics. Trong iu kin nn kinh t th trng tp trung v
chuyn mn ho, knh logistics gin tip c nhiu u th v n m bo tho mn tt nht
nhu cu dch v ca khch hng vi chi ph thp.
Theo quan im chi ph thp nht, vic b sung thm mt loi hnh kho vo trong knh
logistics l hp l nu tho mn iu kin sau:
x x x x
x
v v
T P L W
N
T P
+ s + +
+


y:

1
2
3
A
B

12
S dng kho thu
S dng kho ring
Cc thng trong nm
Ngng d tr
D
v
P
: chi ph x l l hng ln (kho thu nhn- nh hng ngun hng)
v
T
: chi ph vn chuyn l hng ln (t kho thu nhn n kho phn phi)
x
W
: chi ph kho l hng nh (kho phn phi)
x
L
: chi ph cung ng l hng nh (t kho phn phi n khch hng)
x
N
: T s l hng nh / l hng ln
x
P
: chi ph x l l hng nh
x
T
: chi ph vn chuyn trc tip l hng nh

Do hng ho d tr trong mng li kho c phn b hp l nn m bo tho mn
nhu cu ca khch hng c v s lng, cht lng, c cu...ng thi cung ng nhanh v n
nh hng ho cho khch hng.
Trong knh logistics gin tip, mng li kho c phn b hp l s pht huy tnh
kinh t nh qui m trong vn chuyn v do gim c chi ph vn chuyn. Chnh v vy,
xc nh mt knh logistics hp l phi gn lin vi vic qui hoch mng li kho hp l.
b.2. C cu kho theo c trng s hu
C ngha xc nh t l d tr hng ho theo cc loi hnh kho dng ring, kho dng
chung, v kho hp ng.
quyt nh s dng kho dng ring hoc kho thu (kho dng chung, kho hp ng)
cn phi xc nh ngng d tr kho dng ring. Khi d tr ca doanh nghip vt qu
ngng th s dng kho thu. M hnh phi hp s dng kho dng ring v thu c th
hin trn hnh













Hnh 2.7: Phi hp s dng kho dng ring v thu
Vic la chn loi hnh kho cng ph thuc vo cc nhn t th hin trn bng 2.1:
b.3. C cu kho theo mt hng
Cn c vo yu cu dch v mt hng kinh doanh ca khch hng, phi thc mt hng
kinh doanh ca doanh nghip v trnh chuyn doanh ho mng li kho thu, doanh
nghip xc nh c cu kho chuyn doanh, hn hp, hoc chuyn doanh rng (theo nhm
hng)

D tr
13
Bng 2.1: Cc nhn t nh hng la chn loi hnh kho
La chn loi hnh kho
Yu cu s dng
Ring Hp ng Dng chung
Yu cu marketing
Yu cu t chc l hng
Yu cu linh hot nghip v
Yu cu linh hot v tr
Tnh kinh t nh qui m

c. Xc nh s lng kho
S lng kho, c bit s lng kho nh hng khch hng (kho phn phi) c nh
hng ln n trnh dch v khch hng v chi ph ca h thng logistics. Thng thng
khi tng s lng kho, trnh dch v khch hng tng do gim c khong cch vn
chuyn, v do gim thi gian thc hin n t hng ca khch hng. Tuy nhin, khi tng
s lng kho vt qu gii hn nht nh th chi ph logistics s tng (chi ph d tr v vn
chuyn ).
Do vy, vic xc nh s lng kho cng c ngha l xc nh cc trung tm cung ng
hng ho cho khch hng m bo mc tiu trnh dch v khch hng v chi ph. Vic xc
nh cc trung tm ny ph thuc vo s lng v qui m khch hng, mc tp trung hay
phn tn ca khch hng, khong cch gia cc khch hng, tu thuc vo iu kin giao
thng vn ti (s lng cc trung tm phn phi s gim khi ci thin tc vn chuyn
hng ho).
d. Xc nh v tr phn b kho
d.1. Cc nhn t nh hng
Vic xc nh v tr phn b kho phi trn c s phn tch cc nhn t nh hng, bao
gm:
- Lc lng nh hng: Xc nh v tr phn b thng c quyt nh bi mt nhn
t quan trng hn cc nhn t khc. Trong trng hp xc nh v tr kho, nhn t kinh t
(tit kim chi ph) thng l ni tri.
- S lng kho cn phn b: Phn b mt kho khc vi phn b nhiu kho. Nu ch
phn b mt kho, c th gim c vic nghin cu cnh tranh, phn chia nhu cu i vi
cc kho, nghin cu nh hng ca tp trung d tr v chi ph kho, trong chi ph vn
chuyn l vn nghin cu ch yu. S lng kho quyt nh vic p dng cc phng
php nh v v s phc tp ca qu trnh tnh ton.
- La chn phng php phn b:
C hai loi phng php phn b: phng php lin tc - thm d mi v tr c th mt
cch lin tctheo khng gian v chn ra mt v tr tt nht; loi phng php phn bit -
phng php c la chn t mt danh mc cc phng php v tin hnh chn trc mt
cch hp l. Loi sau thng s dng ph bin, c bit khi phn b nhiu c s.
- Mc tp hp d liu:
14
Mc tp hp d liu nh hng n vic la chn cc phng php phn tch, tri
li, cc phng php phn tch li yu cu mc tp hp d liu thch hp.
- Tm thi gian:
Nhn t ny lin quan n la chn phng php: phng php thng k hay ng
thi.
- Xu hng gi thu a im
- Cc ph vn ti
Phi xem xt xu hng chuyn dch chi ph vn ti khi xc nh a im phn b gia
ngun v th trng. Nu xu hng gim th nn t v tr phn b ngay khu vc nhu cu
th trng.
d.2. Cc phng php xc nh v tr kho
C nhiu phng php tu thuc s lng kho. C phng php nh v mt kho v
nh v nhiu kho. y chng ta s nghin cu phng php nh v mt kho trn c s p
dng cc m hnh ton. M hnh ph bin mt kho l m hnh trung tm sc ht chun xc-
m hnh thng k lin tc.
M hnh ny c th hin di dng biu thc ton hc nh sau:
MinF
v
=
i
v
i
r
i
d
i
(1)
y: F
v
: Tng chi ph vn chuyn
v
i
: Qui m im i
r
i
: Cc ph vn chuyn i vi im i
d
i
: Khong cch t v tr phn b kho n im i
V tr kho c tm thy bng cch gii 2 phng trnh to v tr - to trung tm
sc ht chun xc:

=
i
i i i
i
i i i i
d r v
d x r v
X
/
/
(2)

=
i
i i i
i
i i i i
d r v
d y r v
Y
/
/
(3)
X , Y : To kho c phn b
x
i
, y
i
: To ca ngun v im nhu cu (khch hng)
d
i
: Khong cch, c tnh nh sau:
( ) ( ) | |
2 / 1
2 2
Y y X x K d
i i i
+ = (4)
K: H s qui i n v khon cch theo to sang n v thc t
Cc bc tin hnh theo m hnh ny nh sau:
1- Xc nh cc im to X, Y cng vi qui m v cc ph vn chuyn cho mi
im ngun v im nhu cu.
2- Xc nh gn ng v tr ban u theo cng thc (2) v (3) bng cch b thng s
khong cch d
i
, tc l:
15
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
X
To ngang Thang: 1=10Km

=
i
i i
i
i i i
r v
x r v
X
0

=
i
i i
i
i i i
r v
y r v
Y
0
(5)
3- S dng
0
X v
0
Y t bc 2, tnh d
i
- nhn t k cha cn s dng
4- a d
i
vo phng trnh (2) v (3), gii phng trnh sa i to
5- Tnh li d
i
trn c s to X , Y chnh l
6- Lm li bc 4 v 5 cho n khi X v Y khng bin i
7- Tnh tng chi ph i vi v tr ti u theo phng trnh (1)
V d:
C 2 ngun hng cung cp hng ho cho 1 kho cung ng cho 3 trung tm nhu cu.
Phn b khng gian ca ngun hng v th trng nh sau:

N
1 3
1
2

2



Sn phm A c cung cp t N
1
v sn phm B t N
2
; cc sn phm ny c tip tc
cung cp cho th trng. im to , qui m v cc ph vn chuyn c tm tt bng
sau:





Y
T
o

c

16
To
im (i)
Sn phm
(S)
Tng khi
lng di
chuyn v
i

(T)
Cc ph
vn chuyn
($/km)
x
i
y
i
1 N
1
A 2.000 0,05 3 8
2 N
2
B 3.000 0,05 8 2
3 M
1
A & B 2.500 0,075 2 5
4 M
2
A & B 1.000 0,075 6 4
5 M
3
A & B 1.500 0,075 8 8
S dng phng trnh (4) v (5), tm v tr ban u (gn ng) ca kho. Vic tnh ton
c thc hin theo bng sau:
I x
i
y
i
v
i
r
i
v
i
r
i
v
i
r
i
x
i
v
i
r
i
y
i
1 3 8 2.000 0,05 100,00 300,00 800,00
2 8 2 3.000 0,05 150,00 1.200,00 300,00
3 2 5 2.500 0,075 187,50 375,00 937,00
4 6 4 1.000 0,075 75,00 450,00 300,00
5 8 8 1.500 0,075 112,50 960,00 900,00
625,00 3.225,00 3.237,50
Ta c: X =3.225,00/625,00 =5,16
Y =3.237,50/625,00 =5,18
Cc to ny xc nh v tr ca kho. Tng chi ph vn chuyn tng ng vi v tr
ny c xc nh bng sau:
i x
i
y
i
v
i
r
i
d
i
(km)
F
vi

(4)(5)(6)
1 3 8 2.000 0,05 35,52 3.552
2 8 2 3.000 0,05 42,63 6.395
3 2 5 2.500 0,075 31,65 5.935
4 6 4 1.000 0,075 14,48 1.086
5 8 8 1.500 0,075 40,02 4.503
21.471
Tip tc s dng gii php trung tm sc ht nh ban u phng trnh (1) v (2).
To v tr i vi ln lp u c th tm thy bng cch gii phng trnh dng bng
sau:
i

v
i
r
i
(2)
v
i
r
i
x
i

(3)
v
i
r
i
y
i

(4)
d
i

(5)
v
i
r
i
/d
i

(6)=(2)/(5
)
v
i
r
i
x
i
/d
i

(7)=(3)/(5)
v
i
r
i
y
i
/d
i

(8)=(4)/(5)
1 100,00 300,00 800,00 35,52 2,815 8,446 22,523
2 150,00 1.200,00 300,00 42,63 3,519 28,149 7,037
3 187,50 375,00 937,50 31,65 5,924 11,848 29,621
4 75,00 450,00 300,00 14,48 5,180 31,077 20,718
5 112,50 900,00 900,00 40,02 2,811 22,489 22,489
20,249 102,009 102,388
To v tr kho ln 2 tnh c l:
X =102,009/20,249 =5,038
Y =102,388/20,249 =5,056
17
V tng chi ph: 21.431 $
S dng chng trnh phn mm trong my tnh, c th tnh n 100 ln nhc li
v cho kt qu sau:

Ln
lp
To X To Y
Tng chi ph
0 5,160 5,180 21.471,00
1 5,038 5,056 21.431,22
2 4,990 5,031 21.427,11
3 4,966 5,032 21.426,14
4 4,951 5,037 21.425,49
5 4,940 5,042 21.425,44
6 4,932 5,046 21.425,30
7 4,927 5,049 21.425,23
8 4,922 5,051 21.425,19
9 4,919 5,053 21.425,17
10 4,917 5,054 21.425,15
11 4,015 5,055 21.425,14
.
.

100 4,910 5,058 21.425,14

M hnh ny c mt s tha nhn n gin nh sau:
1- Qui m nhu cu lun c coi l tp trung mt im. Nhng trong thc t, chng
c hnh thnh t nhiu im khch hng phn tn trn phm vi rng. Trung tm sc ht
th trng thng dng l cm nhu cu. Do c th gy nn mt s sai s khi tnh chi ph
vn chuyn.
2- M hnh nh v v c bn xc nh v tr trn c s chi ph bin i. Chng khng
phn bit s khc nhau trong chi ph vn xy dng kho cc v tr khc nhau v nhng chi
ph khc nh lao ng, chi ph m bo d tr, v nhng li ch tng ng vi qu trnh
hot ng ca cc kho nhng v tr khc nhau.
3- Tng chi ph vn chuyn thng c coi l tng theo khong cch. Tuy nhin,
trong thc t gi cc vn chuyn li bin i theo khong cch.
4- Hnh trnh theo ng thng thng c xc nh gia cc c s logistics. iu
ny km chnh xc trong thc t
5- M hnh ny khng nng ng, c ngha chng khng xc nh gii php nh hng
n nhng bin i v doanh thu v chi ph trong tng lai.
2.3 QUI HOCH MNG LI BN L
2.3.1 Chc nng v cc loi hnh bn l
a. Chc nng
Loi hnh kinh doanh bn l l tp hp nhng c s bn l cung ng cho khch hng
phi thc hng ho v trnh dch v khch hng nh nhau.
18
Nh vy, chc nng c bn ca cc loi hnh bn l l dch v khch hng - ngi tiu
dng.
b. Cc loi hnh kinh doanh thng mi bn l
Cc loi hnh kinh doanh thng mi bn l kh phong ph. C th tp hp cc loi
hnh ny theo mt s tiu thc nh sau.
b.1. Cn c vo c trng giao tip v v tr bn hng
Bao gm hai loi hnh c bn: bn hng qua ca hng v bn hng khng qua ca
hng.
Loi hnh bn hng qua ca hng
y l loi hnh bn l ph bin nht nc ta hin nay cng nh mt s nc khc.
Loi hnh ny c rt nhiu loi phong ph c v phi thc hng ho v dch v khch hng.
c trng c bn ca cc loi hnh ny l khi mua hng, khch hng phi n tn ca hng
tin hnh cc giao tip mua bn, do khch hng phi mt nhiu thi gian v sc lc
mua hng.
Loi hnh bn hng khng qua ca hng
Loi hnh ny ngy cng pht trin trn th gii cng nh nc ta. S d nh vy l
v, bn l khng ca hng em li cho khch hng s thun tin trong vic la chn v mua
hng nhng ni h thch. Bn l khng ca hng c th bao gm dch v c nhn cao c
cung cp bi ngi bn trong giao tip i mt vi khch hng. Trong a s cc trng hp,
hng ho c cung cp n v tr do khch hng xc nh. Thng th hng ho c cung
ng n tn nh khch hng. Tuy nhin, cc thng v bn l khng ca hng thng din
ra ni lm vic hoc nh. Li ch ny ca bn l khng ca hng thu ht nhng ngi tit
kim thi gian v nhng khch hng khng th d dng i n ca hng.
Tuy bn l khng ca hng cung cp mt s li ch c o hn bn l trong ca hng
truyn thng, nhng v c bn, mt s dch v khng c nh bn l khng ca hng cung
cp, nh mt hng khng phong ph, khng cm nhn c hng ho, th hng, khng c
giai on la chn mua, khng c nhn hng ho, khng c hng dn cch s
dng, hoc khng yu cu ngi bn tr li nhng cu hi cn thit. Tuy nhin, ngy nay
cng vi s pht trin ca mng my vi tnh, thng mi in t ngy cng c p dng
rng ri, to iu kin cho vic bn hng qua mng (online marketing channel), khc phc
c nhng nhc im k trn. Chnh v vy, bn hng qua mng ang l c hi cho cc
nh bn l ca c Vit-nam v cc nc khc.
Cc loi hnh bn l khng qua ca hng bao gm:
- Bn hng theo n t hng (Marketing trc tip-Direct Marketing) l hnh thc bn
l khng ca hng trong , thot tin khch hng bit hng ho thng qua trung gian phi c
nhn v sau mua hng bng in thoi, th hoc qua mng my vi tnh c nhn. Cc loi
hnh khc nhau ca marketing trc tip cn c vo loi trung gian s dng. nc ta,
marketing trc tip ch yu s dng in thoi, th (n t hng), v ang bt u trin
khai marketing trc tip trn mng my vi tnh.
- Bn hng lu ng (Direct Selling) l hnh thc bn hng khng ca hng trong
ngi bn mang hng v giao tip trc tip vi ngi tiu dng ni hoc ni lm vic.
19
Trong thng mi bn l nc ta, bn hng lu ng l loi hnh bn hng trc tip c
t lu, bi n tit kim thi gian i mua hng cho khch hng, c bit l nhng mt hng c
nhu cu hng ngy, ng thi loi hnh ny d p dng v khng cn u t nhiu.
- Bn bng my (Vending machine retailing) l hnh thc bn l khng ca hng trong
khch hng mua v nhn hng t my.
b.2. Theo c trng ph mt hng kinh doanh
Cc loi hnh bn l theo c trng ph mt hng kinh doanh kh phong ph do c th
bin i kch thc ph mt hng theo chiu rng, chiu di, chiu su tu thuc vo nhu
cu mua hng ca khch hng v kh nng ngun lc ca doanh nghip. Theo tiu thc ny,
c cc loi hnh sau:
Cc ca hng hn hp (tin dng-convenience Store)
Loi hnh ny c qui m nh, bn nhng loi hng c nhu cu hng ngy c tc chu
chuyn cao, nh thc phm ti sng, tp phm. Loi hnh ny c phn b gn khu vc
dn c, m ca hng lin tc.
Chiu rng ca ph hng ch hn ch i vi nhng nhm hng c nhu cu hng ngy,
chiu di v chiu su khng ln do cu trc phn nhm v bin th khng phc tp.
Cc ca hng chuyn doanh rng
Cc loi hnh ca hng ny c qui m ln hn: t 3 10 ni cng tc, din tch t 200
250m
2
, kinh doanh mt s nhm hng c lin quan vi nhau trong tiu dng nhm phc v
nhu cu ng b ca khch hng.
Ph hng ca loi hnh ny bao gm cc nhm hng chuyn doanh theo ni cng tc,
do vy chiu rng ca ph hng khng ln lm; chiu di ph kh ln p ng cho cc sc
thi nhu cu khc nhau; chiu su gm cc bin th theo kiu, mt mu m khng nhiu.
Cc ca hng chuyn doanh hp
Cc loi hnh chuyn doanh c ph hng n v, trong phm vi mt nhm hng. Tu
thuc vo s lng cc phn nhm (chiu di ph) m c cc mc chuyn doanh khc
nhau. Tuy nhin, cc c s chuyn doanh phi c chiu su ln, tc l s lng cc bin th
phi nhiu.
- S lng bin th nhiu/nhm: chuyn doanh theo nhm
- S lng bin th nhiu/phn nhm: chuyn doanh theo phn nhm
- S lng bin th nhiu/vi nhm: chuyn doanh hp
Xu hng pht trin loi hnh chuyn doanh cng ngy cng cao, c bit nc ta i
i vi trnh phn cng lao ng ngy cng su sc. Cc loi hnh chuyn doanh tho
mn trnh dch v khch hng cao: dch v la chn hng ho, v cc loi dch v khc....
Cc ca hng tng hp
y l loi hnh ca hng bn l c qui m ln, ph hng rng "bn t ci kim n con
voi !"; nh v chuyn doanh theo nhm, phn nhm cc gian hng. Nh vy, ca hng
Bch ho c cc kch thc ca ph hng u ln: chiu rng, di v su. Loi hnh hot
ng theo 4 nguyn tc: li thp, quay vn nhanh, nim yt gi v t do ngm ngha, tip
nhn khiu ni thoi mi. Vit-nam, loi hnh ca hng Bch ho kh pht trin.
Siu th
20
L nhng ca hng ln. c im ca siu th l: t phc v v t chn; nhn mnh gi
bn; tp trung dch v khch hng; trang b qui m; hng ho a dng phong ph. Ph hng
ca siu th kh ln, ch yu tp trung cho nhng hng ho thc phm, dng gia nh,...
Vit-nam, loi hnh siu th ang ngy cng pht trin do c nhiu u th: mt hng
phong ph, t do la chn, tin cy cao. Tuy nhin, hin nay cc siu th Vit-nam ang
km hp dn i vi ngi tiu dng do gi c cn cao, tin cy v mt hng cn thp.
Ngoi nhng loi hnh ca hng trn, cc nc pht trin, cn c cc loi hnh: siu
ca hng (super store), ca hng lin hp (combination store), siu th i qui m (ch ln-
hypermarches).
b.3. Phn theo trnh phc v
Ca hng t phc v
T phc v l phng php bn hng trong khch hng c th t do tip cn hng
ho, la chn hng ho theo mnh. Siu th l cc ca hng t phc v, thng p dng i
vi cc loi hng khi mua khch hng khng cn phi c s t vn hay gip ca nhn
vien bn hng.
Ca hng bn l phc v c gii hn
Loi hnh ny dng nhiu nhn vin hn v bn nhng hng ho m khch hng cn
hng dn t m hn. Cung cp mt s dch v c bn, gi bn hi cao. Cc ca hng bn l
Vit-nam ch yu thuc loi hnh ny.
Ca hng bn l dch v ton phn
BAo gm cc ca hng chuyn doanh, ca hng Bch ho ln, cc ca hng bn hng
chuyn dng v tiu th hi chm (my nh, kim hon, thi trang,...)m khch hng mun
c phc v k lng. Loi hnh ny cung cp nhiu dch v phong ph, k c dch v b
sung. Gi bn trong cc ca hng ny cao.
b.4. Cn c vo cc loi s hu bn l
Mt cch khc phn loi cc loi hnh bn l l theo s hu. C 3 loi hnh bn l
c phn loi theo s hu l: loi hnh bn l c lp; ca hng chui; v cc chi nhnh.
Loi hnh bn l c lp (Independent, Single-Store Establishments)
Loi hnh bn l c lp c th rt hiu qu trong vic p ng nhu cu khch hng.
Nhiu ca hng bn l c lp do ngi ch qun tr. Do vy, vic qun tr c s giao tip
trc tip vi khch hng v c th p ng nhanh nhu cu ca h. Nhng nh bn l nh
thng rt linh hot. H khng b hn ch bi nhng nguyn tc vn phng gii hn v tr
ca hng hoc loi hng ho c th c bn.
T khi chuyn sang c ch kinh t th trng, Vit-nam loi hnh bn l c lp pht
trin rt mnh, v u t cho loi hnh kinh doanh ny khng i hi phi u t vn nhiu.
Kinh doanh loi hnh ny c s cnh tranh rt mnh, v do thi c kinh doanh cng b
hn ch.
Chui bn l (Retail Chains)
Chui bn l bao gm nhiu n v bn l cng chung s hu, thng c mt s trung
tm ra quyt nh khi xc nh v thc thi chin lc. Chui bn l c th c qui m t 2 cho
n 1.000 ca hng.
21
Vit-nam, chui bn l vn cn chim t trng kh ln, c bit cc th. S d
nh vy l do cc cng ty thng nghip bn l trc y trong thi k nn kinh t k hoch
ho tp trung thuc vo loi hnh chui bn l. Loi hnh chui phn ln thuc s hu Nh
nc (quc doanh).
Chui ln thng hnh thnh cc chc nng bn bun v phn phi trong knh cng
nh chc nng bn l. Nh kt hp cc chc nng bn bun v bn l m nhng nh bn l
ny ci thin c hiu lc phn phi. Thm vo , cc nh bn l c nhiu ca hng c th
chia mng chi ph c nh - h thng computer, chi ph mua, v tin lng ca cn b qun
tr - cho tng doanh s ln hn.
Trong khi cc ca hng chui c li th chi ph hn ca hng n l, th cc chui bn
l ln li rt quan liu, lm lu m tnh sng to ca cc nh qun tr cng vi nhng qui tc
v qui trnh khng hp l. Thng th tt c cc ca hng u c cng hng ho v dch v
nh nhau, v do , nhng cng hin ca tng ca hng c th khng ph hp vi nhu cu
th trng a phng.
Nhng quyn (Franchising)
L hp ng gia ngi thu i l v tng i l, cho php tng i l m cc ca
hng bn l s dng tn v hnh thc do ngi thu i l pht trin v h tr. Vit-nam,
loi hnh ny cng ang pht trin, nhng ch yu l cc i l nh cho cc nh sn xut.
Cc hnh thc s hu khc
Mt s ca hng bn l do khch hng s hu. Trong cc hp tc x ngi tiu dng
(H.T.X mua bn), khch hng s hu v tin hnh kinh doanh bn l. Loi hnh ny hnh
thnh v pht trin t thi k k hoch ho tp trung, nhng hin nay ang suy thoi do hiu
lc qun tr thp.
b.5. Phn theo gi bn
Ca hng gi cao
y l loi hnh ca hng hin nay cng ang pht trin. Loi hnh ny thng c mt
hng phong ph, trnh dch v khch hng cao. Cc ca hng Bch ho, chuyn doanh,
bn l khng ca hng thuc loi ny.
Ca hng gi thp
Loi hnh ny thng bn vi gi thp hn gi trung bnh th trng do chi ph c th
thp hn. Chi ph thp l nh cung ng dch v cho khch hng vi trnh thp hn. Cc
ca hng hn hp (tin dng), ca hng dch v hn ch thuc loi hnh ca hng ny.
Ca hng h gi
L loi hnh ca hng kinh doanh nhng hng ho c, hoc khng hp mt, p ng
nhu cu ca phn on khch hng c thu nhp thp. Loi hnh ny cng ang pht trin
Vit-nam, chuyn kinh doanh hng c hay khng hp mt (hng Second Hand).
b.6. Phn theo phng php bn hng
Ca hng bn theo phng php truyn thng
L loi hnh ca hng ch yu bn theo phng php truyn thng (t trng doanh s
cao). Loi hnh ny hin ti ang chim t trng kh ln v ph bin. Trong tng lai, loi
hnh ny s ngy cng gim.
22
Cc ca hng vi phng php bn hng tin b
C rt nhiu phng php bn hng tin b: t phc v, t chn, bn l khng ca
hng, bn theo mu,... nc ta hin ang pht trin cc loi hnh ca hng bn theo phng
php tin b: siu th, bn theo n t hng.
Ging nh sn phm, mi loi hnh ca hng u c chu k pht trin ph thuc vo
tnh th mi trng. Thuyt "lun xa bn l" pht hin ra tnh chu k trong pht trin ca
cc loi hnh bn l. Thng k vng i ca cc loi hnh bn l c th hin trn bng 2.2
Bng 2.2: Vng i ca cc loi hnh bn l
Loi hnh bn l Pht trin Thnh thc
Thi gian
thnh thc
1- Ca hng Bch ha Gia 1860 Gia 1960 100 nm
2- Ca hng tp phm u 1900 u 1960 60
3- Siu th Gia 1930 Gia 1960 30
4- Ca hng B.H gim gi Gia 1950 Gia 1970 20
5- im phc v thc n nhanh u 1960 Gia 1970 15
6- Trung tm sa cha nh Gia 1960 Cui 1970 15
7- Kho trng by ni tht Cui 1960 Cui 1970 10
8- Phng trng by (Catalog) Cui 1960 Cui 1970 10
2.3.2 Mc tiu qui hoch mng li bn l
L c s trc tip cung ng dch v logistics cho khch hng - ngi tiu dng, mc
tiu chung nht ca qui hoch bn l l m bo gi tr cung ng khch hng nhiu nht.
Nh vy c 3 mc tiu trong qui hoch mng li bn l:
a. m bo tho mn nhu cu dch v khch hng cao nht
Doanh nghip thng mi bn l s la chn loi hnh ca hng bn l no cung cp
cho khch hng nhiu dch v nht: dch v mt hng, dch v thi gian, dch v la chn,
v dch v b sung; ng thi doanh nghip phi tm v tr phn b ca hng thun tin nht.
Tuy nhin, loi hnh cung cp nhiu dch v s c chi ph cao, v tt nhin doanh nghip s
phi bn hng vi gi cao.
b. Gim chi ph kinh doanh bn l
Doanh nghip c th nh hng mc tiu gim chi ph bn l c th t gi bn l
thp, p ng cho on th trng i hi mua hng vi gi thp. gim chi ph bn l,
doanh nghip phi gim bt trnh dch v khch hng, ng thi chn v tr phn b c
gi thu r, khng tht thun tin cho khch hng trong vic mua hng.
c. Mc tiu li nhun ti a
Vi mc tiu ny, doanh nghip bn l s chn loi hnh ca hng v v tr phn b
cung ng trnh dch v khch hng ti u, c ngha trnh dch v to ra doanh thu v
chi ph m bo cho li nhun cao nht. Nhng loi hnh ca hng no c co dn ca cu
theo chi ph dch v cao, chng hn nh siu th, s t c mc tiu li nhun ti a.
23
2.3.3 Ni dung qui hoch mng li bn l
Qui hoch mng li bn l thc cht l qu trnh k hoch ho chin lc th trng.
Qu trnh k hoch ha chin lc th trng bao gm phn on th trng v, chn th
trng mc tiu v loi hnh kinh doanh bn l.
a. Phn on th trng kinh doanh bn l
Th trng mc tiu kinh doanh c xc nh trn c s phn on th trng, nh
gi v la chn on th trng ph hp. Cc bin s phn on th trng bn l bao
gm:
- Nhm cc bin s a d: vng, min; thnh ph; vng qui hoch; vng kh hu.
- Nhm cc bin s nhn khu hc: la tui; qui m gia nh; gii tnh; chu k cuc
sng gia nh; thu nhp; ngh nghip; gio dc; tn gio; dn tc.
- Nhm cc bin s phc tm l: tng lp x hi; cch sng; nhn cch.
- Nhm cc bin s thi ng x: c hi ng x; li ch em li; tnh trng ngi s
dng; t l s dng; nim v sn phm.
b. Chn th trng mc tiu loi hnh kinh doanh bn l
Vic chn th trng mc tiu gn lin vi loi hnh kinh doanh bn l, hay cn gi l
xc nh cp loi hnh kinh doanh / th trng.
Qu trnh chn th trng mc tiu c thc hin theo s hnh 2.8








Hnh 2.8: Cc bc trong qu trnh chn th trng mc tiu
b.1. Bc 1: Xc nh cc c hi chin lc
C 4 loi c hi tng trng m nh bn l c th theo ui c trnh by hnh 2.9.
Trc dc ch ra mc m cc c hi tng trng nh hng theo cc on th trng m
nh bn l hin ang theo ui. Trc ngang ch mc m c hi tng trng nm trong
vic s dng hnh thc hin ti ca nh bn l.
C hi thm nhp th trng
C hi thm nhp th trng bao gm u t trc tip theo hng khch hng hin ti
s dng hnh thc bn l hin ti.
C hi m rng th trng
C hi m rng th trng s dng hnh thc bn l nh nhau trn nhng on th
trng mi.


3- Xc nh c hi chin lc
4- nh gi phng n chin lc
5- Thit lp mc tiu v
b tr cc ngun lc
24



















Hnh 2.9: Ma trn c hi tng trng
C hi pht trin hnh thc bn l
C hi pht trin hnh thc bn l bao gm cung cp hnh thc bn l mi cho khch
hng hin ti.
C hi a dng ho
C hi a dng ho bao gm hnh thc bn l hon ton mi nh hng on th
trng hin ti cha c phc v. a dng ho c th bao gm: thng nht chiu dc; a
dng ho c quan h v khng c quan h.
Thng nht chiu dc khi nh bn l tin hnh u t vo sn xut hng ho.
C hi a dng ho c quan h khi m chin lc th trng bn l hin ti chia s mt
s th chung vi c hi m nh bn l ang xm nhp.
a dng ho khng c quan h khi khng c bt k mt t no chung gia kinh doanh
hin ti v kinh doanh mi.
b.2. Bc 2: nh gi cc phng n chin lc
C 2 cch nh gi phng n chin lc l phn tch ti chnh v ma trn s hp
dn th trng / cnh tranh.
Phn tch ti chnh
Phng php ph bin nh gi v so snh cc c hi u t chin lc l tnh ton s
thu hi trn vn u t (ROI) hoc s thu hi trn c phiu (return on owner
/
s equity) cho
tng c hi.
Ma trn hp dn th trng /v th cnh tranh


















Tim nng khch hng


Pht trin loi
hnh kinh doanh




Thm nhp
th trng
a dng ho

Khng quan h



C quan h

M rng
th trng
M

i

H
I

n

t

i

T
i

m

n

n
g

l
o

i

h

n
h


k
i
n
h

d
o
a
n
h


L
o

i

h

n
h

k
i
n
h

d
o
a
n
h


Th trng
HIn ti Mi
25
Ma trn ny em li phng php phn tch c hi cn nhc mt cch r rng c kh
nng ca nh bn l v s hp dn ca th trng bn l. Ma trn c th hin trn hnh
2.10, ch ra rng, phi u t nhiu nht cho c hi th trng bn l hp dn trong , nh
bn l c v th cnh tranh mnh.


Cao




Trung
bnh



Thp



Cao Trung bnh Thp
V th cnh tranh
Hnh 2.10: Ma trn hp dn th trng /v th cnh tranh
Cc bc s dng ma trn ny nh sau:
1/ Xc nh cc c hi chin lc nh gi.
2/ Xc nh cc nhn t then cht quyt nh s hp dn th trng v v th cnh
tranh ca nh bn l.
3/ nh gi trng s cho mi nhn t c s dng xc nh s hp dn th trng
v v th cnh tranh.
4/ Cho im c hi u t theo mc hp dn ca th trng v v th cnh tranh
ca nh bn l trn th trng ny. C hi cho im t 1- 10, vi 10 im l th trng rt
hp dn hoc v th cnh tranh rt mnh, v 1 im l ngc li.
5/ Tnh im ca mi c hi theo mc hp dn th trng v v th cnh tranh. S
im c tnh bng cch nhn trng s vi im ca mi nhn t v cng dn cc nhn t.
6/ nh du mi c hi trn ma trn.
c/ Li th c hi chin lc v cnh tranh
Ma trn c hi chin lc trnh by hnh 5 cng c th c s dng nh gi li
th cnh tranh tim nng cu nh bn l. Hai trc ca ma trn trnh by tnh tng t c th
tn ti gia c hi mi v th trng v hnh thc ca nh bn l. V c bn, cc nh bn l
c li th cnh tranh ln nht nm trong nhng c hi rt ging vi chin lc bn l hin
ti ca h. Do vy, cc nh bn l s m bo thnh cng trong cc c hi thm nhp th
u t
ti a

Cng c
v th
u t
thch
thc lnh
o
u t c
hi
Xy dng
sc mnh
hoc thot ra
u t
chn lc

Xy dng
sc mnh
Bo v
v th

Qun tr
to tin mt
u t
thn trng
Thu hoch
hoc
ct gim
Thu hoch
hoc
ct gim
Thu hoch
hoc
ct gim
S

p

d

n

t
h

t
r

n
g


26
trng, khng phi xm nhp vo th trng mi v l lm, hoc khng phi trin khai hnh
thc bn l mi v khng quen.
b.3. Bc 3: Thit lp mc tiu v b tr cc ngun lc
Sau khi nh gi cc c hi u t chin lc, bc tip theo trong qu trnh k hoch
ho chin lc l thit lp mc tiu cho tng c hi. Cc mc tiu phi bao gm cc thnh t
sau: (1) kt qu thc hin, bao gm ch s s lng c th o lng s pht trin; (2) Phm
vi thi gian t c mc tiu; v (3) Mc u t cn thit t c mc tiu. V c bn,
trnh thc hin l cc tiu chun ti chnh nh mc thu hi trn u t, doanh s, hoc li
nhun. Tuy nhin, th phn l mc tiu hay s dng nht do n d o lng v thng c
tnh khch quan hn cc s o ti chnh - da vo thng tin hch ton v c th chu nh
hng bi nhng nguyn tc hch ton. Nghin cu ch ra rng, th phn l ch tiu kh nng
li nhun di hn trong nhiu hot ng kinh doanh.
c. Phn b mng li bn l
L qu trnh xc nh v tr cc ca hng bn l trn cc khu vc th trng. phn b
hp l, phi tun th cc nguyn tc v phn tch cc nhn t nh hng.
c.1. Cc nguyn tc v nhn t nh hng n phn b
Cc nguyn tc
Phn b mng li bn l phi tun th cc nguyn tc sau:
- Phi m bo thun tin cho khch mua hng:
C ngha phi gim chi ph thi gian v tin ca khch hng tip cn ca hng bn
l. Mun vy, v tr phn b phi thun tin giao thng, l trung tm khu vc dn c.
Phi m bo tho mn nhu cu mua hng trn b ca khch hng. Mun vy phi p
dng cc phng php phn b thch hp: cm, trung tm.
Phi thun tin cho vic kt hp cc hot ng ca ngi dn: phn b theo hng vn
ng ca dng khch hng trn th trng.
- Phi m bo thun tin cho cung ng hng ho:
Trn c s m bo thun tin cho khch hng, phi tm v tr phn b tip cn kho v
ngun hng; thun tin cho vn chuyn v bc d hng ho.
- Phn b phi to v th cnh tranh trn th trng.
Cc nhn t nh hng
C rt nhiu nhn t nh hng n v tr phn b c s bn l. Sau y l mt s nhn
t ch yu:
1- c im dn c a phng
- Dn s a phng
- Tim nng thu nhp ca a phng
2- iu kin giao thng
- S lng v loi phng tin giao thng
- S ngi i b v cc loi phng tin th s
- Kh nng vn ti cng cng
- Mc tip cn thun tin vi cc i l
- Mc n tc giao thng trn cc con ng
27
- Cht lng lu thng cc con ng
3- Cu trc bn l
- S lng cc i th cnh tranh trong khu vc
- S lng v loi hnh ca hng trong khu vc
- Cc loi hnh ca hng k cn b sung
- S tip cn khng gian thun li i vi cc khu vc thng mi
- S lin kt xc tin ca cc thng nhn a phng
4- c im v tr
- S im gi phng tin giao thng c th
- Khong cch ca bi xe
- Kh nng nhn thy a im t ng ph
- Kch thc v hnh dng khu t xy dng
- iu kin xy dng (nu cn thit)
- Cht lng ca li vo ra ca hng
5- Cc nhn t lut v chi ph
- Loi qui hoch vng
- Thi gian hp ng thu a im
- Thu khu vc
- Cc hot ng m bo an ninh
- Cc iu khon hn ch trong hp ng
- Cc qui nh ring ca cc thng nhn a phng
c.2. Cc phng php phn b
Phng php nh tnh
Mi loi hnh ca hng c mt hng kinh doanh v trnh dch v khch hng xc
nh. Do vy nh hng phn b ca hng bn l trn th trng nh sau:
* Phn b theo t im dn c: Cc ca hng tip cn trung tm cc t im dn c v
c bn knh hot ng nh. Phng php ny thch hp vi loi hnh ca hng nh (tin
dng-hn hp) kinh doanh hng nht dng
* Phn b theo t im trao i: T im trao i l ni tp trung nhiu ngi mua-
bn nh ch, dy ph thng mi. Phng php ny thch hp vi loi hnh ca hng hn
hp hoc chuyn doanh.
* Phn b theo tuyn giao thng: Thch hp vi loi hnh kinh doanh hn hp.
* Phn b theo cm v trung tm: Cc loi hnh lin doanh, chuyn doanh, siu th.
Phng php phn tch nh lng
*Phng php lng gi cc nhn t chn a im
Vic nh gi nh hng ca cc nhn t ny da trn phng php cho im. Theo
phng php ny, trc ht xc nh cc nhn t c bn nh gi, tip theo xc nh
quan trong ca mi nhn t xp loi t 1 10; sau nh gi mc t c yu cu ca
tng nhn t theo thang im 10; sau cng tnh tng im nh gi ca cc nhn t. a
im no c tng im cao hn th c u th hn la chn

28

=
i
i i
k d D
V d:

Bng sau xc nh cc nhn t c bn v phng php tnh im nh gi cc nhn t.
Cc nhn t
quan
trng
im nhn
t
im quan
trng nhn t
Tip cn ca hng i th cnh tranh 8 5 40
Cc iu kin thu a im 5 3 15
Bi xe 8 10 80
Tip cn ca hng b sung 7 8 56
Mc i mi khng gian ca hng 6 9 54
Thu t 3 2 6
Kh nng tip cn ca khch hng 9 8 72
Dch v cng cng 3 4 12
Tip cn ng giao thng chnh 8 7 56
Cng 391
* Phng php lng gi tim nng nhu cu th trng
C nhiu phng php nh: phng php m hnh khng gian tng h, phn tch hi
qui, m hnh che ph, l thuyt tr chi, cc m hnh v tr phn phi, .... y chng ta
nghin cu m hnh khng gian tng h nhm nh gi sc ht th trng ca cc v tr, t
c quyt nh chn v tr thch hp.
M hnh ny da trn nh lut sc ht tng h th trng ca Reilly (ging nh lut
sc ht tng h ca Newton). Theo m hnh ny th khch hng b ht bi a im bn l
thun li. M hnh c dng sau:
i
a
ij j
a
ij j
i ij ij
C
T S
T S
C P E = =

/
/

y:
E
ij
: Nhu cu t trung tm i b ht bi a im bn l j
P
ij
: Xc sut khch hng t trung tm dn c i i n a im bn l j
C
i
: Nhu cu khch hng trung tm i
S
j
: Hiu lc bn ca a im bn l j (tng hp mi bin s thu ht khch hng n a
im bn l: s hp dn ca hng, kh nng d tr, gi, bi xe, ....)
T
ij
: Thi gian i li gia trung tm dn c i v a im bn l j
n: S a im bn l j
a: Thng s kinh nghim (thng l bng 2)
Ch l, a im bn l c th l ca hng c lp hoc trung tm dch v ca cc
nhm ca hng, nh trung tm mua bn. Thi gian i li T c th bao gm bt k v ton b
cc bin cn tr khch hng (khong cch, tc nghn giao thng, ro chn, ng quanh
co,...). Mc ch ca m hnh l c tnh th phn s chim c ca cc im bn l v
trung tm dch v khc nhau.
D: Tng im nh gi cc nhn t a im
d
i
: im nh gi tng nhn t
k
i
: quan trng ca tng nhn t
29
10 20

30 40 50 60 70 80
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Y
X
0
V d:
Gi s c 2 trung tm bn l (R
a
v R
b
) quan h vi nhng yu t khc c th hin
trn s sau (S mng thi gian i vi v tr trung tm bn hng)

2 b
3
1 a



Trn s , R
a
l a im hin ti, v R
b
l a im tim nng. Khch hng (C
1
, C
2
,
C
3
) b ht n cc trung tm bn tp trung ln cn. Tim nng bn (nhu cu) i vi 3 cm
khch hng tng ng l 10, 5, v 7 t . Trung tm A c din tch bn l 500.000 m
2
v B
l 1.000.000 m
2
. Thng s kinh nghim c tnh l a=2.
Th phn i vi mi trung tm tnh xp x theo bng sau:

Thi gian t
C
i
n R
i

2
ij
T
2
/
ij j
T S P
ij
E
ij
Khch
hng
R
a
R
b
R
a
R
b
R
a
R
b
R
a
R
b
R
a
R
b

C
1
30,0 56,0 900 3.200 555 313 0,64 0,36 6,4 3,6
C
2
44,7 30,0 2.000 900 250 1.111 0,18 0,82 0,9 4,1
C
3
36,0 28,3 1.300 800 385 1.250 0,24 0,76 1,7 5,3
Tng doanh s (triu ) 9,0 13,0

Trc ht thi gian i li c tnh bng cch tnh to . Trong v d, thi gian gia
C
1
v R
b
l D
1b
:
( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | | 6 , 56 60 20 50 10
2 / 1
2 2
2 / 1
2
1
2
1 1
= + = + =
b b b
Y Y X X D
Thi gian cn tr 200 . 3
2
1
=
b
T ; xc sut P
ij
dng doanh thu n trung tm - xc sut
khch hng C
1
chn trung tm R
b
l:
( ) ( )
36 , 0
868
5 , 312
200 . 3 / 000 . 000 . 1 900 / 000 . 500
200 . 3 / 000 . 000 . 1
1
= =
+
=
b
P
Thi gian (ph)
Thi gian (ph)
30
Tip theo ly xc sut nhn vi tng tim nng doanh s i vi tng cm khch hng
l doanh s tim nng ca tng cm khch hng i vi tng trung tm. Tim nng doanh s
ca C
1
i vi trung tm R
b
l 0,36 10 t = 3,6 t.. Cui cng, doanh thu tim nng i
vi R
b
l 13 t.. Lc ny c th so snh doanh thu c th vi chi ph hot ng, tin thu,
thu, chi ph xy dng quyt nh u t.






1
CHNG 3. QUN TR D TR V MUA HNG TRONG
KINH DOANH THNG MI
D tr hng ha l mt trong nhng hot ng logistics then cht. Chnh v vy, nhiu
khi c th ni qun tr Logistics l qun tr dng d tr, bi mt l, cc trng thi ca hng
ha trong knh Logistics u l d tr. Trong kinh doanh thng mi, d tr cn thit
m bo qu trnh bn hng din ra lin tc, tha mn nhu cu ca khch hng vi chi ph
thp. p ng nhng quyt nh ca d tr l hot ng mua hng. Mua hng l hnh vi
thng mi nhm to nn lc lng hng ha d tr trong doanh nghip. Chnh v vy, d
tr v mua hng l nhng hot ng lun lun gn b vi nhau.
3.1 Qun tr d tr hng ha trong kinh doanh thng mi
3.1.1 Chc nng v cc loi hnh d tr hng ho trong kinh doanh thng mi
a. Khi nim v s cn thit phi c d tr hng ho
T khi c sn xut v lu thng hng ho, d tr hng ho xut hin nh l mt hin
tng tt yu. Theo C.Mark th "D tr hng ho l s c nh v c lp ho hnh thi ca
sn phm ". Nh vy, sn phm ang trong qu trnh mua, bn v cn thit cho qu trnh
mua bn l nm trong hnh thi d tr.
S vn ng ca hng ho trong h thng logistics u di hnh thi d tr. Nh vy,
d tr hng ho trong h thng logistics l cc hnh thi kinh t ca vn ng hng ho
trong knh logistics nhm tha mn nhu cu mua hng ca khch hng trn th trng mc
tiu vi chi ph thp nht.
Trong ton b nn kinh t quc dn, d tr hng ho l tt yu do s cch bit v
khng gian v thi gian gia sn xut v tiu dng hng ho, do c im khc bit gia
hng ho sn xut v hng ho tiu dng, do iu kin a l, t nhin v kh hu, hoc do
phi phng nhng mt cn i ln c th xy ra (chin tranh, thin tai, ...).
i vi doanh nghip, d tr cn thit l do yu cu ci thin dch v khch hng, nh:
d tr cung cp sn phm v dch v cho khch hng y v nhanh, p ng yu cu dch
v cao cho khch hng, v do duy tr v pht trin doanh s. Mt khc, d tr trong cc
doanh nghip gip gim chi ph do: duy tr sn xut n nh v nng sut cao, tit kim trong
mua v vn chuyn (trong mua: gim gi v lng hoc mua trc thi v; cn trong vn
chuyn vic tng d tr do tng qui m l hng s m bo vn chuyn tp trung vi chi ph
thp ), v nh d tr m cc doanh nghip gim nhng chi ph do nhng bin ng khng
th lng trc.
b. Cc chc nng d tr hng ho trong thng mi
D tr hng ha trong thng mi hin 3 chc nng c bn: chc nng cn i cung -
cu, v chc nng iu ho cc bin ng, v chc nng gim chi ph.
Chc nng cn i cung - cu m bo cho s ph hp gia nhu cu v ngun cung
ng v s lng, khng gian v thi gian. Trong kinh doanh bn bun, phi tp trung khi
lng d tr thi v, d tr ch n trc do iu kin giao thng vn ti v kh hu, d tr
2
phng nhng bin ng ca nn kinh t. Chc nng ny l do nh hng ca mi trng
v m n quan h cung - cu.
Chc nng iu ho nhng bin ng: D tr phng nhng bin ng ngn hn
do s bin ng ca nhu cu v chu k nhp hng. Thc hin chc nng ny, cn phi c d
tr bo him.
Chc nng gim chi ph: C nhiu khi, d tr khng ch do cn i cung cu hoc iu
ha cc bin ng m cn do yu cu phi gim chi ph, chng hn, do phi gim chi ph
trong trng hp vn chuyn vi c ly xa, phi vn chuyn vi khi lng hng ln v do
lm tng d tr ti cc kho.
c. Cc loi d tr hng ho trong kinh doanh thng mi
Trong kinh doanh thng mi, c nhiu cch phn loi d tr khc nhau ty thuc yu
cu qun tr. C mt s cch phn loi ph bin:
c.1. Phn theo trng thi ca thi k kinh doanh:
- D tr u k: D tr ca cui thi k kinh doanh trc m bo tip tc cho u
thi k kinh doanh mi
- D tr cui k: Lng hng ha d tr cui k nhm duy tr hot ng kinh doanh
lin tc cho thi k kinh doanh tip theo
- D tr trung bnh: Bng tng ca d tr u k v cui k
c.2. Phn theo gii hn ca d tr:
- D tr cao nht: Lng d tr cao nht ti mt thi im xc nh, thng l thi
im nhp mi mt l hng.
- D tr thp nht: Lng d tr thp nht ti thi im xc nh, thng vo thi
im quyt nh nhp hng b sung d tr (im t hng)
- D tr trung bnh: Bng tng d tr cao nht v thp nht
c.3. Phn theo c im ca nhu cu v sn xut theo thi gian:
- D tr thng xuyn: D tr p ng nhu cu hoc sn xut n nh theo thi gian
- D tr thi v: D tr p ng cho nhu cu tiu dng thi v; Nu sn xut c tnh
thi v th doanh nghip thng mi phi tp trung d tr vo thi v thu hoch m bo
hng ha bn ra cho c nm; Nu nhu cu c tnh thi v th doanh nghip thng mi cng
phi d tr vi khi lng p ng nhu cu ln tp trung vo mt thi k nht nh.
c.4. Phn theo cc yu t cu thnh d tr trung bnh
- D tr chu k: D tr nhm m bo cho bn ra gia hai chu k nhp hng. Loi d
tr ny c th hin bng qui m l hng nhp. D tr chu k tham gia vo d tr trung
bnh bng mt na qui m l hng.
- D tr trn ng: D tr trong qu trnh vn chuyn hng ho. Loi d tr ny tu
thuc vo v tr chuyn giao quyn s hu hng ho gia cc bn mua, bn. D tr trn
ng ph thuc vo qui m tiu th hng ho v thi gian trung bnh vn chuyn hng ho:

v v
t m D . =
;

D
v
- D tr hng ho trn ng
m - Mc tiu th hng ho bnh qun mt ngy
v
t - Thi gian trung bnh hng ho trn ng
3
- D tr bo him: D tr phng nhng bin ng do nhu cu hoc thi gian nhp
hng. D tr ny ph thuc vo cng bin ng v yu cu m bo d tr ca doanh
nghip. Trnh dch v khch hng l do chnh sch d tr bo him ca doanh nghip:

D
b
=d. z


Trong qun tr d tr hng ha ti cc c s Logistics ca cc doanh nghip thng
mi, thng s dng cch phn loi ny.
3.1.2 Cc mc tiu ca qun tr d tr hng ha
Cc mc tiu ca qun tr d tr hng ho trong kinh doanh thng mi bao gm: Mc
tiu dch v khch hng, v mc tiu chi ph d tr.
3.1.3 Mc tiu dch v khch hng
Trnh dch v l vic xc nh cc mc tiu hot ng m d tr phi c kh nng
thc hin. Trnh dch v c xc nh bng thi gian thc hin n t hng; h s tho
mn mt hng, nhmhng v n t hng (bn bun); h s n nh mt hng kinh doanh
h s tho mn nhu cu mua hng ca khch (bn l). Nhng ch tiu trnh dch v khch
hng trn y ph thuc kh ln vo vic qun tr d tr hng ho. Trnh dch v khch
hng do d tr thc hin c tnh ton theo cng thc sau:
c
t
M
m
d =1
Trng hp khch hng mua nhiu mt hng, th trnh dch v chung i vi khch
hng c tnh nh sau:
i
n
i
c
d d
1 =
[ =


Ch tiu trnh dch v khch hng k hoch c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
( )
Q
z f
d
.
1

=


nng cao trnh dch v khch hng ca d tr, c th s dng nhng gii php
sau:
- Th nht l gii php truyn thng: tng cng d tr. Gii php ny c th t n
trnh dch v khch hng nht nh, nhng c th lm tng chi ph d tr v c h thng
logistics.
- Th hai l gii php ci tin: vn chuyn hng ho nhanh, chn ngun hng tt hn
v qun tr thng tin hiu qu hn. Gii php ny nhm chn phng n ti u trong qun tr
d tr hng ho.
D
b
- D tr bo him
d- lch tiu chun chung
z- Ch s lch tiu chun
d- Trnh dch v khch hng (mt mt hng)
m
t
- Lng hng ho thiu bn cho khch hng
M
c
- Nhu cu ca khch hng c k
d
c
- Trnh dch v chung cho mt khch hng
d
i
- Trnh dch v ca mt hng i
n- S lng mt hng cung cp cho khch hng
d- lch tiu chun chung
f(z)- Hm phn phi chun
Q- Qui m l hng nhp
4
3.1.4 Mc tiu chi ph d tr
Chi ph d tr l nhng chi ph bng tin c lin quan n d tr. T l chi ph m
bo d tr l % ca t s chi ph m bo d tr /gi tr trung bnh ca d tr.
Cu thnh chi ph m bo d tr bao gm:
- Chi ph vn: chi ph bng tin do u t vn cho d tr. Chi ph vn ph thuc vo
gi tr d tr trung bnh, thi gian hch ton v sut thu hi vn u t. Thng thng trn
th trng tin t, t l chi ph vn c tnh theo li sut tin vay ngn hng. T l chi ph
vn trung bnh l 15%, dao ng t 8-40%.
- Chi ph cng ngh kho, thng gi l chi ph bo qun hng ho d tr kho. Trung
bnh chi ph ny l 2%, dao ng t 0-4%.
- Hao mn v hnh: gi tr hng ho d tr gim xung do khng ph hp vi th
trng (tnh th marketing ). Th hin ca chi ph ny l % gim gi bn. Chi ph ny trung
bnh l 1,2%, dao ng t 0,5 - 2%.
- Chi ph bo him: l chi ph phng ri ro theo thi gian. Chi ph bo him tu
thuc vo gi tr hng ho v tnh trng c s vt cht k thut. Chi ph ny trung bnh
0,05%, dao ng t 0 - 2%.
- Ngoi ra cn c th chi ph v thu lin quan n v tr, a phng, coi d tr l ti
sn v b nh thu.
Chi ph m bo d tr mt n v hng ha c th vit di dng sau:

p k f
d d
=

Tng chi ph c lin quan n qun tr d tr bao gm:

- Chi ph t hng: F

=
h
f
Q
M
;

- Chi ph d tr: D p k F
d d
= ;

- Chi ph thiu hng bn:
( ) z f f
Q
M
F
t t
. =
;
M- Tng mc tiu th k k hoch
Q- Qui m l hng nhp
h
f - Chi ph mt ln t hng
k
d
- T l chi ph m bo d tr
p- Gi ph hng ho
D - D tr trung bnh
f
t
- Chi ph thiu bn mt n v hng ho
f(z)- Gi tr hm phn phi chun theo bin s ch s
lch z
d
f : Chi ph bnh qun d tr mt n v hng ha
K
d
: T l chi ph mt n v d tr
P: Gi tr mt n v d tr (gi hng nhp kho)
5
3.1.5 Phn loi hng ho d tr v cc h thng d tr hng ha
a. Phn loi hng ho d tr v xc nh mc tiu dch v khch hng
a.1. Phn loi hng ha d tr
Phn loi hng ho d tr thnh cc nhm A,B,C theo tm quan trng vi nhng c
trng qun tr d tr. S phn loi c th da vo mt s tiu thc: doanh s, li nhun,
gi tr d tr, ...Trong qun tr, ngi ta hay s dng tiu thc doanh s.
Qui tc Pareto
*
, hay cn gi l qui tc 80/20 thng c s dng trong phn loi hng
ho d tr. Theo qui tc ny, nhng hng ho no c t trng n v d tr hng ho (hoc
t trng khch hng, n t hng, ngi cung ng ) thp (20%), nhng c t trng doanh s
cao (80%) th c xp vo loi A. Tng t, t trng n v d tr cao hn (30%), nhng
t trng doanh s thp hn (15%) c xp vo loi B, v loi C c t trng n v d tr
hng ho cao nht (50%), v t trng doanh s thp nht (5%). Cch phn loi ny xc nh
tm quan trng ca mt hng, khch hng trong kinh doanh c chin lc thch ng.
Phng php phn loi ny nh sau:
- Trc ht lp bng phn loi (bng 3.1)
- Sp xp hng ho theo th t t doanh s cao n thp trn bng phn loi. Sau ,
tnh t trng doanh s ca tng mt hng v in vo bng.
- Tnh t trng cng dn(tn sut tch lu) doanh s v mt hng theo tng mt hng.
- Tin hnh phn nhm hng ho cn c vo kt qu tnh ton v qui tc phn loi.
Bng3.1 Bng phn loi hng ha d tr theo qui tc Pareto
S
T.T
mt
hng
Tn, k
hiu mt
hng
Doanh s
T trng
doanh s
m
i
/M

T trng
D.S cng
dn
m
i
/M
T trng
mt hng
cng dn
i/n
Xp loi
hng ha
1 .. m1(max) d1(max) k1 h1
2 .. m2 d2 k2=80% h2=20%
A
3 .. m3 d3 k3 h3
. . . .
.. . . . .
.. . . .=95% .=50%
B



n .. m
n
d
n
k
n
=100% h
n
=100%
C
M

100%

C th m t cch phn loi hng ho theo qui tc Pareto hnh 3.1


*
Vilfredo Pareto Nh kinh t hc Italia pht minh qui tc ny nm 1906
6
























Hnh 3.1 ng cong Pareto v phn loi A,B,C
a.2. S dng kt qu phn loi
Xc nh mc tiu v m hnh qun tr d tr: Trn c s kt qu phn loi, c th
xc nh mc tiu v chnh sch d tr thch hp. Nhng hng ho thuc nhm A yu cu
ch tiu dch v cao nht v p dng m hnh kim tra d tr thng xuyn; Nhng hng
thuc nhm C khng cn ch tiu dch v cao, v p dng m hnh kim tra d tr nh k
thng thng.
p dng phn loi k hoch ho vn d tr:
Trn c s phn loi hng ho theo cc nhm A, B, C kt hp vi mt s d liu k
hoch, c th d tnh vn dng cho d tr trong thi k k hoch. Qui trnh tnh ton theo
cc bc nh sau:
Bc 1: Tnh ton d bo tng doanh s ca cc mt hng trong nm k hoch; xc
nh tc chu chuyn d tr ca cc nhm hng.
Bc 2: Xc nh t trng mt hng cng dn, v trn c s xc nh t trng
doanh s cng dn trong nm k hoch da vo mi quan h gia t trng doanh s v mt
hng cng dn theo cng thc sau:

10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
A B C
Y
X T trng mt hng(%)
T
trng
doanh
s(%)
10 20 30 40 50 80 90 100
0
7

( )
X A
X A
Y
+
+
=
1

( )
A A
A A
X Y
Y X
A

=
1

Bc 3: Tnh t trng doanh s ca tng mt hng nm k hoch: y
i
=Y
i
Y
i-1
, v
trn c s tnh doanh s ca tng mt hng trong nm k hoch: m
i
=M.y
i
(M: Tng
doanh s nm k hoch).
Bc 4: Phn loi hng ho d tr trong nm k hoch thnh cc nhm A, B, C
theo qui tc phn loi.
Bc 5: Xc nh vn d tr trung bnh ca tng mt hng trong nm k hoch v
tng vn d tr :

i
i
di
c
m
V =

v: V
d
=V
di
V d bi tp ng dng:
Gi s mt kho hng bo qun 11 mt hng v c mi quan h l: X =0,21; Y =
0,68. Ta xc nh c A = 0,12. Kho c chnh sch d tr khc nhau theo nhm hng ho
khc nhau. Tc chu chuyn nhm hng A =7: 1; nhm B =5: 1; nhm C =3: 1. Nu
doanh s / nm ca kho l 25 t ng th cn u t d tr nh th no?
Cch xc nh:
Trc ht ta tnh: X
1
=1/N =1/11 =0,090; X
2
=2/11 =0,1818; . ...
T y ta tnh c Y, v d ta tnh Y
1

( )
4827 , 0
0909 , 0 12 , 0
0909 , 0 12 , 0 1
1
=
+
+
= Y
V t y ta tnh c doanh s ca mt hng 1 l 12.068 triu (tc, 0,4827 25.000
triu). Tng t tnh cho X
i
v Y
i
c bng 3.2
b. Cc h thng d tr
b.1. H thng ko v y
Vic hnh thnh d tr hng ho ti cc c s logistics c th do tng c s ny quyt
nh ty thuc vo c im hot ng kinh doanh ca minh; Hoc c th do mt trung tm
ca doanh nghip a ra cc quyt nh d tr cho c h thng. V vy c 2 h thng qun
tr d tr trong mt doanh nghip.
- H thng "ko": Vi h thng ny, xem mi c s logistics (im d tr ) c lp so
vi cc c s khc trong knh. Vic hnh thnh d tr c tnh ton tu thuc vo iu kin
ca tng v tr.

V
di
: Vn d tr ca mt hng i
C
i
: Tc chu chuyn d tr nhm hng i (A,B,C)
Y- Tn sut tch lu theo doanh s
X- Tn sut tch lu theo mt hng
A- Hng s xc nh
Y
A
- T trng doanh s cng dn k bo co (nhm
A)
X - T trng mt hng cng dn k bo co (nhm
8
Bng3.2 Xy dng k hoch d tr trn c s phn loi A,B,C
Th t sn
phm
Tn sut tch
lu mt hng
(X
i
)
Doanh s tch
lu
Doanh s d
tnh
D tr trung
bnh
Tc c.c
d tr
1 0,0909 12.068 12.068 1.724 7:1
2 0,1818 16.867 4.798 685 7:1
3 0,2727 19.444 2.577 515 5:1
4 0,3636 21.052 1.608 322 5:1
5 0,4545 22.151 1.099 220 5:1
6 0,5454 22.950 799 160 5:1
7 0,6363 23.557 607 202 3:1
8 0,7272 24.039 477 159 3:1
9 0,8181 24.419 384 128 3:1
10 0,9090 24.735 316 105 3:1
11 1,0000 25.000 265 88 3:1
12 25.000 4.308
Ch : D tr trung bnh = Doanh s / tc chu chuyn d tr.
H thng ko ph bin trong cc doanh nghip thng mi, c bit l cc doanh
nghip thng mi bn l hoc bn bun c qui m nh.
- H thng "y": l h thng hnh thnh d tr ti cc c s logistics khng ch tu
thuc vo iu kin ca tng c s logistics (nhu cu v d tr hin c) m ph thuc vo
yu cu tp trung v phn phi d tr ca c h thng (doanh nghip ); H thng do mt
trung tm iu tit d tr chung (quyt nh y sn phm d tr vo cc n v
H thng ny kh phc tp nhm ti u d tr cho c h thng, trong iu kin hin
nay do pht trin thng tin, h thng ny cng c p dng rng ri. H thng ny thng
c p dng i vi chui bn l.
Mi h thng d tr c cc cch thc tnh ton cc thng s khc nhau v rt phong
ph. Nhng h thng no i chng na cng phi p ng cc yu cu ca qun tr d tr.
b.2. Xc nh cc thng s d tr ca h thng "y"
Xc nh cc thng s ca h thng ny phi tr li cc cu hi: mi kho s duy tr
lng d tr bao nhiu? Phn phi s lng hng ho mua c cho mi im d tr l bao
nhiu?
C nhiu phng php khc nhau tnh ton cc thng s ca h thng y. Ngy
nay, do p dng cng ngh thng tin hin i, c th xy dng cc m hnh iu tit d tr
ca h thng y. y, chng ta nghin cu 2 phng php n gin p dng trong h
thng y: phng php theo t l nhu cu d bo, v phng php theo ngy d tr
chung.
Phng php theo t l nhu cu d bo
Qu trnh tnh ton theo phng php ny nh sau:
- Bc 1: Xc nh nhu cu ca thi k kinh doanh cho tng c s logistics (kho).
- Bc 2: Xc nh s lng hng ho d tr hin c mi c s logistics.
A
B
C
9
- Bc 3: Xc nh xc sut m bo d tr mi kho.
- Bc 4: Xc nh tng lng hng ho cn thit mi c s logistics trn c s
lng hng ho d bo cng vi lng hng ho d tr bo him.
- Bc 5:Xc nh lng hng ho b sung d tr - chnh lch gia tng lng hng
ho cn thit v d tr hng ho hin c.
- Bc 6:Xc nh s lng hng ho phn phi vt qu yu cu cho tng im d tr
theo t l nhu cu trung bnh theo d bo.
Bc 7:Xc nh s lng hng ho phn phi cho tng im d tr bng cch cng
lng hng ho b sung d tr (bc5) vi lng hng ho phn phi vt qu yu cu
(bc 6).
V d: Mt cng ty nng sn d tnh mua 125.000 T hng ho v sau a vo d tr
3 kho phn phi. Cng ty phi xy dng phng n phn phi lng hng ho ny cho 3
kho nh th no cho hp l. Nhng d liu bo co 3 kho nh sau:
- Xc nh tng lng hng ho cn thit tng c s = D bo + ( Z sai s d bo)
Z: Ch s lch tiu chun tng ng vi xc sut m bo d tr hng ho (tra
bng). Chng hn, vi xc sut m bo d tr P
r
=90%, th Z =1,28.
Kho
D tr
hin c
(T)
Nhu cu theo
d bo
(T)
Sai s d bo
(T)
Xc sut m
bo d tr(%)
1 5.000 10.000 2.000 90
2 15.000 50.000 1.500 95
3 30.000 70.000 20.000 90
Kt qu tnh ton c th hin bng sau:
Kho
Tng lng
cn thit (1)
D tr
hin c (2)
Lng hng
b sung
(3)=(1)-(2)
Lng hng
vt yu
cu (4)
Tng lng
phn phi
(5)=(3)+(4)
1 12.560 5.000 7.560 1.105 8.665
2 52.475 15.000 37.475 5.525 43.000
3 95.600 30.000 65.600 7.735 73.335
160.635 110.635 14.365 125.000
Ch : Tng lng hng phn phi vt qu yu cu: 14.365 = 125.000 - 110.635. T
l phn phi hng vt qu yu cu: 10.000/50.000/70.000.
Phng php ngy d tr chung
y l phng php n gin trn c s phn phi t cng mt ngun tp trung (nh
tng kho) cho mi c s logistics trc thuc mt lng hng ho b sung d tr m bo
cho cc c s ny u c cng s ngy d tr (tiu th) hng ha nh nhau. Cc bc tin
hnh theo phng php ny nh sau:
Bc 1: Xc nh tng lng hng ho hin c ti ngun tp trung, lng hng ho cn
d tr ngun tp trung v lng hng ho cn phn phi cho cc c s logistics trc
thuc.
10
Bc 2: Xc nh lng hng ho d tr hin c v mc tiu th hng ho bnh qun
hng ngy tng c s logistics trc thuc.
Bc 3: Xc nh s ngy d tr chung ca c h thng theo cng thc sau:

=
=
+
=
n
i
i
n
i
i t
d
m
D Q
n
1
1

Bc 4: Xc nh s lng hng ho phn phi cho mi c s logistics theo cng thc
sau:
i
i
i
d i
m
m
D
n Q
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

V d: Mt tng kho xy dng phng n phn phi hng ho cho cc kho khu vc trn
c s cc s liu trnh by bng sau:

n v D tr
hin c
Mc tiu th
b.q mt ngy
Tng kho 600 v
Kho 1 50 10 v
Kho 2 100 50
Kho 3 75 15

Tng kho mun gi li 100 v v phn phi 500 v cho cc kho khu vc.
Theo cng thc, ta tnh c s ngy d tr chung
( )
67 , 9
15 50 10
75 100 50 500
=
+ +
+ + +
=
d
n ngy
T y ta tnh c:
47 7 , 46 10
10
50
67 , 9
1
~ =
|
.
|

\
|
= Q n v
383 50
50
100
67 , 9
2
=
|
.
|

\
|
= Q n v
70 15
15
75
67 , 9
3
=
|
.
|

\
|
= Q n v
3.1.6 Cc m hnh kim tra d tr ca h thng ko
Kim tra l hot ng tt yu ca qun tr d tr, do phi xc nh phng php
kim tra. Phi xc nh m hnh kim tra d tr trc v n nh hng n cc thng s
qun tr d tr nh: im t hng, qui m l hng, d tr trung bnh, v tt nhin trnh
dch v khch hng v chi ph. i vi h thng ko, c cc m hnh: M hnh kim tra
n
d
- S ngy d tr chung ca c h thng
Q
t
- Tng lng hng ho phn phi t ngun tp trung
D
i
- S lng hng ho d tr hin c tng c s logistics
i
m - Mc tiu thu hng ho trung bnh ngy tng c s
logistics
11
thng xuyn; M hnh kim tra nh k thng thng; v M hnh kim tra nh k bin
dng.
a. M hnh kim tra thng xuyn d tr
y l m hnh phi thng xuyn kim tra tnh trng d tr a ra cc quyt nh
iu tit d tr. M hnh ny thng p dng i vi nhng hng ho thuc nhm A, hng
c tc chu chuyn nhanh.
i vi m hnh ny, im t hng
1
c xc nh nh sau:

D

=
b h
D T m +



Qui m l hng c xc nh theo cch tnh qui m l hng kinh t Q
o

Khi kim tra d tr, nu xy ra trng hp sau:
D
k
+Q

; y, Q

- Qui m l hng t (ang thc hin)

D
k
- D tr thc t ti thi im kim tra
th tin hnh t hng vi qui m l hng kinh t.
Vi m hnh ny, d tr trung bnh c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
b
o
D
Q
D + =
2

b. M hnh kim tra nh k thng thng
Vi m hnh ny, sau mt thi gian nht nh th li tin hnh kim tra d tr v xc
nh cc thng s d tr. M hnh ny c chu k kim tra d tr di ngy v thng p dng
i vi hng thuc nhm C hng c tc chu chuyn chm nht
i vi m hnh ny, im t hng c tnh theo cng thc sau:
D

=
b h
D
L
T m +
|
.
|

\
|
+
2
;L- Chu k kim tra d tr (ngy)
Qui m l hng cng c xc nh theo cch tnh qui m l hng kinh t Q
o

D tr trung bnh trong trng hp ny s l:
b
o
D
L m Q
D + + =
2
.
2

M hnh ny c d tr trung bnh cao hn, nhng v l hng c tc chu chuyn thp
(m=nh) nn mc tng ca d tr trung bnh khng ln. B li m hnh ny gim c
nhng chi ph cp nht thng tin thng xuyn.

1
L Tiu chun d tr so snh vi d tr thc t kim tra nhm quyt nh t hng (mua hng)
D

- im ti t hng
m - Mc tiu th hng ho bnh qun ngy
h
T - Thi gian trung bnh thc hin mt n hng
D
b
- D tr bo him
12
c. Cc m hnh kim tra bin dng
Bao gm 2 m hnh: m hnh h thng chu k t hng c nh, v m hnh 2 mc d
tr (min- max).
c.1. M hnh h thng chu k t hng c nh.
i vi m hnh ny, chu k kim tra cng ng thi l chu k t hng, v do D

=
D
k
. M hnh ny c p dng trong trng hp n t hng c nhiu mt hng v thng
p dng trong cc ca hng thng mi bn l. Qui m l hng ca tng mt hng c xc
nh nh sau:
Q
h
=D
max
- D
k
- Q

y, D
max
- Mc d tr b sung mc tiu: ( )
b h
D L T m D + + =
max

Vi h thng ny, d tr trung bnh ca tng mt hng s l:
b
D
L m
D + =
2
.
, c th coi
h
Q L m = .
Qu trnh tnh ton cc thng s d tr ca m hnh ny nh sau:
- Trc ht, phi xc nh chu k kim tra chung theo cng thc sau:

( )

+
=
i i d
di dc kh
m p k
f f T
l
2
;

T y, tnh cc thng s khc:
- Tnh ( )
bi h i i
D t l m D + + =
max
;
i i bi
z D . =
- Tnh
i i i i
z l m D + =
2
1

- Tnh tng chi ph:
F =F

+F
d
+F
t
y, F

- Chi ph t hng; F
d
- Chi ph d tr;
F
t
- Chi ph thiu hng
F

= ( )

+
hi hc
kh
f f
l
T


+ =
i i i d i i d d
z p k m p l k F
2
1

( )

=
i i ti
kh
t
z f f
l
T
F
- Tnh trnh dch v i vi tng mt hng:
( )
i
i i
i
Q
z f
d

=1 ; l m Q
i i
=
T
kh
- Tng thi gian trong k k hoch (ngy)
hc
f - Chi ph t hng chung
hi
f - Chi ph t hng ring tng mt hng
13
V d: Mt ca hng bn l nhp 2 mt hng t cng mt ngun hng trong cng mt
l hng. Hy xc nh cc thng s k hoch d tr i vi 2 mt hng ny trn c s cc d
liu sau:
Mt hng
Cc d liu
A B
D bo nhu cu (n v/ngy) 25 30
Sai s d bo - d
m
(n v/ngy) 7 11
Thi gian thc hin n hng (ngy) 14 14
T l chi ph m bo d tr (%) 30 30
Chi ph chung mt ln t hng(1000) 30
Chi ph ring mt ln t hng(1000) 10 10
Xc sut m bo d tr hng ho (%) 70 75
Gi nhp mt n v hng ho (1000) 15
0
75
Chi ph thiu bn mt n v hng ho
(1000)
10 15
S ngy trong nm 365
Cc bc tnh ton nh sau:
- Xc nh chu k kim tra d tr:
( )
( )
4 03 , 4
30 . 75 25 . 150 3 , 0
10 10 30 365 . 2
~ =
+
+ +
= l ngy
- Xc nh D
max
:
+Tnh D
maxA
cho mt hng A:
Ta c 30 70 , 29 14 4 7 ~ = + =
A
n v
P
rA
=0,70 z
A
=0,52. Vy D
maxA
=25.(4+14) + 0,52.29,7 = 465 n v
+Tnh D
maxB
cho mt hng B:
47 67 , 46 14 4 11 ~ = + =
B
n v
P
rB
=0,75 z
B
=0,67. Vy D
maxB
=50.(4+14) + 0,67.46,67 = 931 n v
- Tnh d tr trung bnh:
65 70 , 29 . 52 , 0
2
4 . 25
= + =
A
D n v
131 67 , 46 . 67 , 0
2
4 . 50
= + =
B
D n v
- Tnh tng chi ph:
F

= ( ) 5 , 4562 10 10 30
4
365
= + + nghn
F
d
=F
dA
+F
dB
=0,3.150.65 +0,3.75.131 =2925 +2947,5 =5872,5 nghn
F
t
- tnh F
t
cn

tm gi tr hm phn phi chun f(z).
f(z
A
) =f(0,52) =0,1917; f(z
B
) =f(0,67) =0,1503
14
Ta c ( ) 4 , 14796 1503 , 0 . 67 , 46 . 15 1917 , 0 . 7 , 29 . 10
4
365
= + =
t
f nghn
Vy F = 4562,5 + 5872,5 + 14796,4 = 25231,4 nghn
- Tnh trnh dch v:
Ta c Q
A
= 25. 4,01 = 101 n v; Q
B
= 30. 4,03 =121 n v
Vy:
% 4 , 94
101
1917 , 0 . 70 , 29
1 = =
A
d
% 2 , 94
121
1503 , 0 . 67 , 46
1 = =
B
d
c.2. H thng 2 mc d tr (h thng min-max)
M hnh ny thng c p dng vi hng nhm B vi chu k kim tra ngn ngy.
Vi h thng ny, ti thi im kim tra nu:
D
k
+Q

<D
min
th tin hnh t hng vi qui m l hng Q
h
=D
max
- D
k
- Q

y, D
min
- D tr thp nht, v D
min
=D

=
b h
D T m + .
D tr trung bnh cng c tnh theo cng thc ca m hnh kim tra vi chu k t
hng c nh.
3.1.7 Xc nh qui m l hng (h thng d tr "ko")
Quan im xc nh qui m l hng l hp l, ngha l tn dng trit ngun lc sn
c ca doanh nghip (vn, c s vt cht,) v vi chi ph thp nht. C nhiu m hnh xc
nh qui m l hng nhp. Trong kinh doanh thng mi, thng p dng cc m hnh: M
hnh nhp tng ln, M hnh ti cung ng ngay. M hnh ti cung ng ngay thng hay p
dng v rt phong ph cho nhiu tnh th khc nhau.
a. Xc nh qui m l hng nhp tng ln
M hnh ny p dng trong trng hp doanh nghip nhp v tiu th ht l hng ri
mi t tip l hng sau. Thng p dng trong kinh doanh rau qu ti hoc kinh doanh
nhng hng ha c tnh thi v hoc hng kiu, mt.
tm qui m l hng kinh t Q
o
, chng ta c th tin hnh phn tch gii hn kinh t,
c ngha qui m l hng m ti , li nhun cn bin ca mt n v hng bn ra phi bng
l cn bin khng bn c n v hng ho .
Li nhun mt n v bn ra l: Li nhun = gi - chi ph n v
L mt n v bn ra l: L = chi ph n v - chi ph thu hi n v
Ta c: CP
n
L n v = (1 - CP
n
).Li n v
y, CP
n
- Tn sut tch lu bn ti thiu n n v sn phm.
T ta c:

o a
a
n
l l
l
CP
+
=
;

a
l - Li n v
o
l - L n v
15
C ngha, s tip tc tng qui m l hng cho n khi tn sut tch lu bn thm mt
n v bng t l
o a
a
l l
l
+

V d 1: Mt ca hng d tnh s bn 100 T hng trong tun ti. Phn phi nhu cu l
chun vi lch tiu chun l 20 T. Ca hng bn vi gi 590.000/T, v h phi trang tri
chi ph l 250.000/T.
Trc ht chng ta tnh:
( )
58 , 0
000 . 250 000 . 250 000 . 599
000 . 250 000 . 599
=
+

=
n
CP
Tra bng phn phi chun vi tn sut tch lu 0,58 th s c Z = 0,21. Nh vy s
lng l hng s l:
Q
o
=100 T +0,21. 20 T =104,2 T
V d 2: Mt ca hng thi trang mun xy dng n t hng ti u v mt loi hng
ho kiu mi. Gi bn mi n v hng ho l 950.000 khi mt ang thnh hnh, v gi t
mi n v l 700.000. Khi lc mt, h ch bn c vi gi 500.000. Bit nhu cu d
on vi phn phi nh sau:
S n v bn
ra(1000)
Tn sut
nhu cu
Tn sut
tch lu
0 0,10 0,10
1 0,15 0,25
2 0,20 0,45
3 0,30 0,75
4 0,20 0,95
5 0,05 1,00
Chng ta chn qui m n t hng :
( )
( ) ( )
555 , 0
000 . 500 000 . 700 . 000 . 700 000 . 950
000 . 700 000 . 950
=


=
n
CP
Gi tr CP
n
nm gia 2.000 v 3.000, chng ta chn Q
o
= 2.500 n v
b. Xc nh qui m l hng ti cung ng ngay
L hng ti cung ng ngay l l hng dt b sung d tr kp thi p ng yu cu
tiu th. L hng ti cung ng ngay thng p dng trong kinh doanh thng mi, c bit
trong cc ca hng bn l. Xc nh qui m l hng phi m bo tng chi ph thp nht
b.1. Trng hp n gin
Khi nhu cu lin tc v c tc n nh, phi xc nh qui m l hng v tn s nhp
hng. y l bi ton xc nh qui m l hng c tng chi ph thp nht. Cng thc xc
nh qui m l hng nh sau:

16
k d
h
o
p k
Mf
Q
2
=
;

Trong mt s trng hp, nu tc cung ng ln hn tc nhu cu, th cng thc
trn phi iu chnh nh sau:
b m
m
k d
h
o
v v
v
p k
Mf
Q

=
2
;

p dng m hnh trn y i hi mt s rng buc:
- Phi m bo tho mn mi nhu cu
- Nhu cu c tnh lin tc, n nh v vi c cu bit.
- Thi gian thc hin chu k nhp hng n nh.
- Gi hng n nh khng ph thuc vo qui m l hng v thi gian (gi mua v chi
ph vn chuyn khng gim theo s lng )
- Khng gii hn phm vi k hoch ho.
-Khng c s tc ng qua li gia c cu d tr.
- Khng tnh d tr trn ng.
- Khng gii hn kh nng vn v din tch bo qun hng ho.
Tuy nhin m hnh trn c nhng tc dng trong lp k hoch d tr:
- Tm thy im m ti , chi ph thc hin n hng v nh mc bo d tr hng
nm bng nhau.
- Xc nh c d tr trung bnh chu k bng 1/2 qui m l hng.
- Trong trng hp mi ci khc nh nhau, gi tr ca n v d tr c nh hng n
chu k nhp hng: hng c gi tr cao s c t nhiu ln hn.
b.2. Trng hp gim gi mua v vn chuyn v lng
Do nhng chnh sch marketing m ngun hng v n v vn ti c th gim gi khi
mua hoc vn chuyn vi n t hng c qui m ln. C 2 chnh sch gim gi: chnh sch
gim gi ton phn v chnh sch gim gi tng phn. Chng ta nghin cu phng php
xc nh qui m l hng i vi tng chnh sch.
Chnh sch gim gi v lng ton phn.
Vi chnh sch ny, ngun hng s gim gi cho tt c cc n v hng ho khi qui m
l hng vt qu gii hn nht nh. C th tm tt chnh sch ny nh sau:
Qui m l hng(Q
i
) Gi(p
i
)
0 <Q
i
<Q
1
p
1

Q
i
Q
1
p
2

y, Q
i
- Qui m l hng cn mua; Q
1
-Gii hn qui m l hng c mc gi p
1

p
2
- Gi hng ho khi qui m l hng vt qu gii hn Q
1

M- Tng mc tiu th hng ho trong k k hoch
f
h
- Chi ph mt ln t hng
k
d
- T l chi ph m bo d tr
p
k
- Gi ph hng ho nhp kho
v
m
- Tc cung ng (mua), n v/ngy
v
b
- Tc nhu cu (bn), n v / ngy
v
m
>v
b


17
Q
1
0 Qui m l hng
Vic xc nh qui m l hng kinh t da trn c s xc nh tng chi ph thp nht ca
chi ph gi tr hng ho mua, chi ph t hng v chi ph d tr. Cng thc xc nh tng chi
ph ny nh sau:
2
. . .
.
i
m
i d
i
h m
i
Q p k
Q
f M
M p F + + =
y:
F- Tng chi ph mua v d tr cho c thi k vi qui m l hng Q
i

p
i
- Gi mua vi qui m l hng Q
i

M- Nhu cu cho c thi k k hoch
f
h
- Chi ph mt ln t hng
Q
i
- Qui m l hng cn mua; k
d
- T l chi ph m bo d tr
ng cong tng chi ph i vi chnh sch ny c th hin hnh 3.2











ng cong xc nh (hin thc)
ng cong khng xc nh (khng hin thc)
Hnh 3.2 th tng chi ph theo qui m l hng
Qu trnh xc nh qui m l hng kinh t theo cc bc nh sau:
- Bc 1: Tnh qui m l hng kinh t Q
on
vi mc gi thp nht p
n
. Nu Q
on
xc nh
th l qui m l hng cn tm. Nu khng, tnh tip bc 2.
- Bc 2: Ln lt tnh qui m l hng ti u vi mc gi thp hn cho n khi t gi
tr nm trong khong xc nh. Tnh tng chi ph F theo qui m l hng ti u Q
0i
xc nh
mc gi p
i
v theo cc qui m l hng gii hn Q
i-1
n Q
n
vi mc gi thp hn.
- Bc 3: So snh cc phng n chi ph trn, phng n no c chi ph thp hn th
qui m l hng ng vi phng n l qui m l hng kinh t cn tm.
V d: Mt trm bn bun cn mua mt mt hng vi nhu cu d bo l 2.600 n v /
nm. Chi ph mt n qt hng l 100.000/n, t l chi ph m bo d tr l 20%/nm.
Ngun hng c chnh sch gim gi v lng ton b vi 2 mc gi nh sau: p
1
=
50.000/n v cho qui m mua Q
i
< 500 n v, v gim 5% gi khi s lng mua 500
n v. Vy trm bn bun cn mua vi qui m bao nhiu tng chi ph mua c nm l
thp nht?
Chi ph khi
0 <Q
i
<Q
1
Chi ph khi
Q
i
>Q
1

Tng
chi ph
F
18
- Trc ht ta tnh qui m l hng kinh t Q
0
ng vi 2 mc gi;
228
000 . 50 20 , 0
000 . 100 600 . 2 2
1
2
01
=

= =
p k
Mf
Q
d
h
n v
Tng t ta tnh c Q
02
:
( )
234
% 5 % 100 000 . 50 20 , 0
000 . 100 600 . 2 2
02
=


= Q n v
Ta nhn thy Q
02
khng xc nh (234 < 500), tnh tip.
- Tnh tng chi ph F(228) v F(500):
F(228) = 4 , 240 . 132
2
228 50 20 , 0
228
100 600 . 2
600 . 2 50 =

+

+ nghn
F(500) =( )
( )
395 . 126
2
500 95 , 0 50 20 , 0
500
100 600 . 2
600 . 2 95 , 0 50 =

+

+
So snh ta thy F(500) < F(228). Vy qui m l hng kinh t l Q
0
= 500 n v
Chnh sch gim gi v lng tng phn
i vi chnh sch ny, khi qui m l hng mua vt qu gii hn xc nh th ngun
hng s gim gi mua cho s lng n v hng ho vt qu gi hn. C ngha:

Qui m mua (Q
i
) Gi mua (p
i
)
Q
i
<Q
1
p
1

Q
i
Q
1
p
1
cho Q
1
v p
2
<p
1
cho Q
2
=Q
i
-Q
1

C th din t ng cong tng chi ph theo chnh sch gim gi ny hnh 3.3











0 Q
1




Hnh 3.3 th tng chi ph vi chnh sch gim gi mt phn


Chi ph vi
0 <Q
i
<Q
1
Chi ph vi
Q
i
>Q
1

Tng
chi ph
F
Qui m mua
19
tm qui m l hng kinh t Q
0
, ta tm cc tiu ca hm s sau:
( )
( ) ( )
x
x
d x h
x x
x
x
Q
Q Q p Q p
k Q f
Q
M
M
Q
Q Q p Q p
Q F
1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1
2
1 +
+ +
+
=
Gii ra ta c:
( ) | |
2
2 1 1
2
p k
f p p Q M
Q
d
h
x
+
=

Nu Q
x
xc nh vi mc gi thp nht p
2
th y chnh l qui m l hng mua kinh t
Q
02
. Nu Q
02
khng xc nh th lc ny qui m l hng mua l qui m l hng kinh t Q
01

vi mc gi cao hn p
1
, tc l:
1
01
2
p k
Mf
Q
d
h
=

C th vit cng thc tng qut xc nh Q
x
nh sau:
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
n d
d n n n
x
p k
f p p Q p p Q p p Q M
Q
+ + + +
=
1 1 3 2 2 2 1 1
..... 2

( )
n d
n
i
d i i i
p k
f p p Q M
Q
(

+
=

=
+
1
1
1
2


V d: Cng vi v d trn, nhng gi ch gim 5% cho lng hng 500 n v, tc l
cho Q
2
=Q
x
- 499.
p dng cng thc tnh qui m l hng kinh t, ta c:
( ) | |
826
5 , 47 . 20 , 0
100 5 , 47 50 . 499 2600 . 2
02
=
+
= Q n v
Q
02
= 826 xc nh vi mc gi p
2
do l qui m kinh t.
b.3. Trng hp hn ch vn u t v din tch bo qun hng ho
Khi doanh nghip b hn ch vn d tr hoc khng din tch bo qun, ngha l:

=
s
n
i
d i
k
i
V D p
1


Trong iu kin cn c d tr bo him, th biu thc trn l:
d
n
i
bi
k
i
n
i
i k
i
V D p
Q
p s +

= = 1 1
2

p
i
k
- Gi ph mt hng trong d tr
i
D - D tr trung bnh mt hng i
V
d
- Vn ti a dng d tr hng ho
Q
i
- Qui m l hng nhp mt hng i
D
bi
- D tr bo him mt hng i
20
Do yu cu phi m bo d tr bo him p ng trnh dch v khch hng, v do
vn cn thit cho d tr bo him khng thay i, th qui m l hng ca cc mt hng
phi iu chnh sao cho:
db d
n
i
i k
i
V V
Q
p s

=1
2
; y, V
db
- Vn dng d tr bo him
t: V
d
- V
db
=V
Q
ta c
Q
n
i
i k
i
V
Q
p s

=1
2

Cc bc tin hnh xc nh qui m l hng Q
i
nh sau:
-Bc 1:Xc nh qui m l hng kinh t v d tr bo him ca tng mt hng, sau
xt xem c ph hp vi gii hn v vn d tr khng:
d
n
i
bi
k
i
n
i
oi k
i
V D p
Q
p s +

= = 1 1
2
; y Q
oi
- Qui m l hng kinh t
Nu tho mn biu thc trn th khng cn phi iu chnh. Nu khng th tin hnh
sang bc 2
- Bc 2:Xc nh vn dng d tr bo him v gii hn vn d tr chu k V
Q

- Bc 3:Xc nh h s iu chnh qui m l hng theo cng thc sau:
d
n
i
hi
k
i i
Q
k f p M
V

|
|
.
|

\
|
=

=
2
1
2
2
4
1

Cng thc tnh h s iu chnh c xc nh trn c s phng trnh sau:
( )
Q
d
k
i
hi i k
i
n
i
V
k p
f M
p =
+

=

2
2
1
1

- Bc 4:Xc nh qui m l hng iu chnh i vi tng mt hng bng cch thm h
s iu chnh vo cng thc tnh qui m l hng kinh t:
( ) +
=
d
k
i
hi i
i
k p
f M
Q
2

L d nhin l khi iu chnh, qui m l hng s khng cn l kinh t na v tt nhin
tng chi ph lin quan n d tr s tng ln.
V d: Gi s mt trm bn bun kinh doanh 3 mt hng. Vn u t cho d tr 3
mt hng ny l 130 triu , trong 30 triu dng d tr bo him. T l chi ph m
bo d tr l 30%/nm. D liu 3 mt hng ny nh sau:
Mt
hng
Chi ph
t
hng()
Gi mua
()
D bo
nhu
cu(.v)
1 500.000 200.000 12.000
2 500.000 100.000 25.000
3 500.000 150.000 8.000
21
Trc ht, chng ta tnh Q
0i
theo cng thc tnh kinh t:
Q
01
=447,21 Q
02
=912,87 Q
03
=421,64
Vn dng d tr chu k: V
Q
=130 tr - 30 tr =100 tr
Ta c: tr tr
Q
k p
i
oi
d
k
i
100 122
2
3
1
> =

=
;
Vy cn phi iu chnh qui m l hng:
- Xc nh h s iu chnh a

( ) 3 , 0 5 , 0 . 15 , 0 . 8000 . 2 5 , 0 . 1 , 0 . 25000 . 2 5 , 0 . 2 , 0 . 12000 . 2
100 . 4
1 2
2
+ + =
a =0,15
Thay a vo cng thc iu chnh, ta c:
( )
365
15 , 0 3 , 0 200000
500000 . 12000 . 2
1
=
+
= Q n v
Tng t ta tnh c Q
2
= 765 .v v Q
3
= 344 .v
b.4. Xc nh qui l hng trong trng hp bit chi ph thiu hng
Khi bit c chi ph thiu hng, khng cn phi xc nh trnh dch v khch
hng. C th s dng phng trnh tnh lp sau y xc nh qui m l hng theo cc
bc sau:
- Bc 1:Tnh gn ng qui m l hng theo cng thc sau:
p k
Mf
Q
d
h
g
2
=
- Bc 2:Tnh xc sut m bo d tr trong c thi gian nhp hng P
r
:
t
d g
r
Mf
p k Q
P =1
; y f
t
- Chi ph thiu bn mt n v hng ho
Xc nh lch tiu chun chung d, xc nh gi tr z tng ng vi xc sut P
r
. T
, tnh gi tr hm phn phi chun f(z).
- Bc 3:Tip tc tnh qui m l hng gn ng theo cng thc sau:
( ) | |
p k
z f f f M
Q
d
t h
gd
. 2 +
=

- Bc 4: Lp li bc 2 v 3 cho ti khi khng cn s bin i ca P
r
hoc Q, v Q
cui cng chnh l qui m l hng cn tm.
3.1.8 Xc nh d tr bo him
Mt trong nhng chc nng quan trng ca qun tr d tr l phi khc phc nhng
bin ng ca nhu cu v chu k nhp hng c thiu d tr, v nh vy cn phi c d tr
bo him.
22
xc nh d tr bo him, cn phi tnh c lch tiu chun ca nhu cu v chu
k nhp hng. Da vo s liu thng k tnh hnh nhu cu v nhp hng ca thi gian
qua, c th tnh c lch theo cng thc sau:
n
D F
i i
i

=
2

Trn c s xc nh lch ca nhu cu v chu k nhp hng, c th xc nh c
lch chung theo cng thc sau:

( )
2 2 2
t c h
m l t + + =



V d tr bo him ph thuc vo lch tiu chun v xc sut m bo d tr. D
tr bo him c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
D
b
=d. z ; y, D
b
- D tr bo him,
z- Ch s lch tiu chun ph thuc vo xc sut m bo d tr
a. Xc nh cc thng s d tr trong trng hp n t hng c nhiu mt
hng
3.2 QUN TR MUA HNG TRONG KINH DOANH THNG MI
3.2.1 Cn c v nguyn tc mua hng
a. Khi nim, vai tr ca mua hng trong kinh doanh thng mi
Mua hng l h thng cc mt cng tc nhm to nn lc lng hng ho ti cc c s
logistics, p ng cc yu cu d tr v bn hng vi tng chi ph thp nht
V bn cht kinh t, mua hng l hnh vi thng mi u tin nhm chuyn giao quyn
s hu hng ho gia doanh nghip thng mi v cc n v ngun hng. Mua hng khng
phi l mc ch t thn trong kinh doanh thng mi m do yu cu chia s ri ro gia
doanh nghip thng mi v cc doanh nghip ngun hng trong h thng knh phn phi
v vn ng hng ho. Thc cht, mua hng l nhng hot ng nhm to ngun lc hng
ho trin khai ton b h thng logistics, do , cht lng v chi ph logistics chu nh
hng rt ln ca hot ng mua hng. Tuy rng khng phi mi hot ng mua c lin
quan trc tip n nh qun tr logistics, nhng mua nh hng gin tip n dng hng
trong knh logistics. Cc quyt nh lin quan n vic la chn im giao hng, vic xc
nh s lng v thi gian mua, la chn hnh thc hng ho v phng php vn chuyn
i khi l nhng quyt nh quan trng nh hng n chi ph logistics. Ngc li, cc hot
ng lin quan n thng lng hp ng, nh gi ngun hng, m bo s lng v
phn tch gi tr khng trc tip to ra s di chuyn, d tr hng ho trong knh cung ng.
d- lch tiu chun ca cc bin c
F
i
- Tn s xut hin bin c i
2
i
D - lch tuyt i ca bin c i so vi trung bnh
n- Tng s cc quan st
d
c
- lch tiu chun nhu cu
d
t
- lch tiu chun thi gian thc hin
n t hng

23
Do , c th ni rng, mua hng khng hon ton l trch nhim ca cc nh qun tr
logistics. Tuy nhin, mi quan h gia mua v cc hot ng kho - vn c th l rt quan
trng. Trong chng ny, chng s ch nghin cu cc hot ng mua c lin quan n
logistics.
Vai tr ca mua hng trong kinh doanh thng mi:
- To ngun lc logistics - hng ho - ban u trin khai ton b h thng logistics:
m bo b sung d tr kp thi vi c cu hp l v cht lng m bo. Trn c s ,
tho mn tt nht nhu cu dch v ca khch hng, c bit dch v mt hng, dch v thi
gian.
- To iu kin gim chi ph, tng li nhun cho kinh doanh thng mi.
Mua hng c v th quan trng do trong doanh nghip thng mi, gi tr hng ho do
mua chim t l ln, t 60% - 80% doanh thu. Do d, ch cn gim chi ph tng i trong
mua l nh hng ln n li nhun hn l gim nhng chi ph khc. nh hng ny ca
mua c gi l nguyn l n by.
V d: Nguyn l n by c th c th hin thng qua bn thuyt minh l li vi
mc tiu l tng li nhun ln gp i (Bng 3.3)
Bng3.3 Nguyn l n by ca gim chi ph mua
n v: triu
Ch tiu Hin ti
Tng
doanh thu
+25%
Tng gi
bn +5%
Gim chi
ph LTL
-25%
Gim chi
ph qun
l -33%
Gim chi
ph mua
-8,5%
1. Doanh
thu
100 125 105 100 100 100
2. Gi tr
hng ho
60 75 60 60 60 55
3. Lao ng
v tin
lng
20 25 20 15 20 20
4. Qun l 15 15 15 15 10 15
5. Li nhun 5 10 10 10 10 10
ng thi, gim gi mua cn lm tng hiu qu thu hi vn do lm tng li nhun v
gim vn dng cho mua.
V d: Gi s mt cng ty t c 100 tr.ng doanh s nm vi tng chi ph l 95
tr.ng, tng vn l 50 tr, trong c 20 tr dng d tr, tr gi (chi ph ) mua chim 50%
24
doanh thu. Cng ty c th gim c 5% gi mua v lng. Vy c th ci thin mc thu hi
vn nh th no ?
Chng ta c th s dng m hnh phn tch thu hi vn nh hnh 3.4
Theo m hnh, Gim gi mua lm tng 50% li nhun v gii hn li nhun - hiu qu
n by. Mt khc, Gim gi mua lm gim vn do gi tr d tr ch cn 95% so vi gi tr
ban u. Vic lm tng tc chu chuyn vn ln 2,04% so vi 2,00% ban u. Sut thu
hi trn vn tng n 15,3% so vi ban u 10%, c ngha tng thm 5,3%.



















Hnh 3.4 Hiu qu thu hi vn do gim gi mua theo m hnh thu hi vn
b. Cc cn c v nguyn tc mua
mua hng mt cch hp l, cn phi cn c vo nhng yu t sau;
- Cn c vo cc quyt nh marketing v mt hng, gi, trnh dch v khch hng
- Cn c vo kt qu phn tch gi tr gia tng, phn tch d tr, tnh hnh bn hng,
phn tch chi ph, phn tch ngun hng.
- Cn c vo kh nng vn dng cho d tr, dng cho mua hng ho
Cc nguyn tc tin hnh mua hng bao gm:
- Nguyn tc nhiu nh cung ng: Nguyn tc ny nhm trnh cho doanh nghip khi
b l thuc vo ngun hng, do , trnh c nhng ri ro v b ngun hng a ra nhng
iu kin bt li, gy thit hi cho doanh nghip.
- Nguyn tc cn i li ch, to mi lin h lu di, bn vng gia doanh nghip
thng mi v ngun hng, thc hin tt marketing cc mi lin h.
Doanh thu
100 tr
Tng chi ph
95 tr (a)
Li nhun
5 tr
Doanh thu
100 tr
Doanh thu
100 tr
D tr:
20 tr (c)
Tng vn:
50 tr
Tc c.c vn:
2 ln
Gii hn L N
5%
Thu hi trn
vn: 10%
Tr
(92,5 tr) (b)
(7,5 tr)
Chia cho
(7,5 %)
Nhn
vi
(15,3 %)
(2,04)
(49 tr) (19 tr) (d)
Ghi ch: (b): 95-(500,05) =92,5
(d): 20-(200,05) =19
Chia cho
25
- Nguyn tc dch v v chi ph logistics: m bo cung cp hng ho b sung d
tr kp thi, gim chi ph cho ton b qu trnh cung ng.
3.2.2 Cc quyt nh c bn trong qun tr mua hng
K hoch mua gm nhng ni dung c bn sau: Xc nh s lng, c cu hng ho
mua; xc nh tng tr gi hng ho mua; xc nh ngun hng mua; xc nh cc chnh sch
thi im v l hng mua.
a. Xc nh s lng, c cu v tng tr gi hng ho mua
Thng thng, tnh s lng hng ho cn mua c th da vo cng thc cn i.
Theo quan im logistics, c th xc nh s lng hng mua theo cng thc sau:
M =(B +K +X +H) - (D +N)
y, M: Lng hng ho cn mua
B : D bo bn
K: Lng hng m khch hng t hoc k hp ng
X: Lng hng dng xc tin
H: Lng hng ho hao ht (nu c)
D: D tr hin c
N: Lng hng ho t hoc k hp ng vi ngun hng
Trn c s tnh s lng hng ho cn mua, d tnh gi mua, c th xc nh c tng
tr gi hng ho mua trong thi k k hoch nhm tnh ton cc ch tiu chi ph vn mua v
cc ch tiu khc trong kinh doanh. ng thi phn b khi lng, doanh s mua cho tng
thi k, theo tng n v logistics (trm bn bun, ca hng bn l ), v c th theo n v
ngun hng.
b. Quyt nh ngun hng
Cht lng cung ng hng ha cho khch hng v hiu qu mua hng ph thuc rt ln
vo vic xc nh ng ngun hng.
b.1. Tm quan trng ca ngun hng
Ngun hng l cc hng hoc c nhn cung cp hng ha cho doanh nghip thng
mi.
Chn Ngun hng c tm quan trng ln trong hot ng Logistics v trong kinh
doanh ca doanh nghip thng mi.
- Ngun hng m bo cung cp hng ha vi s lng y , cht lng, n nh,
chnh xc,p ng yu cu ca kinh doanh vi chi ph thp.
- Chn ngun hng to nn cc mi quan h chin lc, thc hin marketing cc mi
quan h.
- Chn ngun hng tt s tng cng kh nng cnh tranh ca doanh nghip, to tin
cho s pht trin bn vng ca doanh nghip.
Theo gio s Wibur England th:
Mt nh cung cp ng tin cy l ngi lun trung thc v cng bng trong quan
h vi khch hng, nhn vin v vi chnh bn thn minh; H c y cc trang thit b,
26
my mc thch hp, c phng php cng ngh tt c th cung cp vt t hng ha s
lng, ng cht lng, kp thi hn vi gi c hp l; Nh cung cp tin cy c tnh hnh ti
chnh lnh mnh, chnh sch qun tr tin tin, linh hot, sng to, khng ngng ci tin quy
trnh sn xut cho hon thin hn, v cui cng, nh cung cp hiu c rng quyn li ca
anh ta c p ng nhiu nht khi anh ta phc v khch hng tt nht
Nh vy, ngun hng l ti sn v gi, mt trong nhng nhn t chin lc ca mi
trng vi m trong cc doanh nghip thng mi: 3C+1S (Customer, Competator,
Company, Suplier)
b.2. Qu trnh la chn ngun hng
Qu trnh nghin cu v chn ngun hng c th theo s ca hnh 5.1
Giai on thu thp thng tin
Ngun d liu bao gm s cp v th cp. Trc ht cn thu thp thng tin th cp:
Cc bo co v tnh hnh mua v phn tch ngun hng trong doanh nghip, thng tin trong
cc n phm (nin gim, bn tin thng mi, bo, tp ch,), thng qua nhng thng tin xc
tin ca cc ngun hng.









Hnh 3.5 Qu trnh la chn ngun hng
Tt nhin thng tin th cp c th c hoc khng chnh xc, khng c. V do cn
phi c nhng d liu s cp thng qua iu tra kho st trc tip ti cc ngun hng. Ty
thuc vo nhng tiu chun cn nh gi cc ngun hng m tin hnh thu thp nhng d
liu cn thit
Giai on nh gi, la chn
Trc ht, cn phn loi cc ngun hng theo cc tiu thc c bn, nh theo thnh
phn kinh t, theo v tr trong knh phn phi, theo trnh cng ngh,Mi loi ngun
hng theo cc cch phn loi s cho nhng c im nht nh nh gi, la chn
Tip theo, cn nh gi cc ngun hng theo cc tiu chun xc nh. Cc tiu chun
c th khc nhau ty thuc vo c im kinh doanh ca tng doanh nghip, c im ca
cc ngun hng theo cc cch phn loi, nhng v c bn bao gm nhng tiu chun v Sc
mnh marketing cht lng, gi c; Sc mnh ti chnh nng lc vn kinh doanh, qui
m,; Sc mnh Logistics - tin cy trong vic giao hng, cung cp dch v,
thun tin cho vic xp loi ngun hng, c th s dng m hnh lng ha nh
gi ngun hng

Tp hp
thng tin
nh gi
Tip xc,
ngh
Th nghim
Quan h lu di
Lm li
t yu cu?
C
Khng
27




Theo m hnh ny, c th xp loi s b cc ngun hng theo im nh gi t cao n
thp (Bng 3.4)
Bng3.4 V d v phn tch ngun hng
Xp loi
Cc tiu chun Rt km
(0s1)
Km
(1s2)
Kh tt
(2s3)
Tt
(3<4)
Rt tt
(4)
- Kh nng k thut v sn xut
- Cnh tranh gi
- Cht lng sn phm
- tin cy cung ng
- Kh nng dch v
4 +2 +4 +2 +4 =16
im trung bnh: 16/5 =3,2
Ghi ch: Ngun hng ny mnh tr 2 tiu chun. i din mua phi quyt nh xem 2
im yu ny c quan trng khng. S phi phn tch li ng thi s dng quan trng
i vi 5 tiu chun.
Giai on tip xc, ngh
L giai on ca qu trnh trong , doanh nghip c cn b mua thm ngun hng
a ra nhng ngh. Nhng ngh ny c tnh nguyn tc thit lp mi quan h mua, bn
gia doanh nghip v ngun hng v sn phm mua, gi c, cch thc t hng v cung ng,
th tc v hnh thc thanh ton,
Trn c s nhng thng tin sau khi tip xc vi cc ngun hng, kt hp vi nhng
thng tin thng qua giai on nh gi, tin hnh xp loi ngun hng theo th t u tin
tin hnh cc mi quan h mua.
Giai on th nghim
Sau giai on tip xc, ngh ch mi xp loi c cc ngun hng c nhiu tim
nng nht, ch cha phi l nhng ngun hng chnh thc quan h lu di c tnh chin
lc, v do phi tri qua giai on th nghim.
Giai on th nghim nhm kim tra trong mt thi gian nht nh cc ngun hng c
m bo t c nhng tiu chun thng qua cc thng v mua bn hay khng. Nu cc
ngun hng t c nhng tiu chun v m bo tin cy cao, c th xp cc ngun
hng vo quan h i tc lu di. Nu cc ngun hng qua thi gian th nghim khng t
c nhng tiu chun t ra, cn chn v tin hnh th nghim i vi ngun hng tip
theo trong danh sch nhng ngun hng tim nng.

=
=
n
i
i i k
q d D
1
D
k
: Tng s im nh gi ngun hng k
d
i
: im nh gi tiu chun i ca ngun hng k (0sd
i
s10)
q
i
: quan trng ca tiu chun i (0sq
i
s1, q
i
=1)
n: S tiu chun nh gi
28
3.2.3 Xc nh chnh sch mua
a. Chnh sch thi im mua
Thi im mua hng c nh hng n gi c, chi ph vn chuyn, chi ph m bo d
tr. C chnh sch mua tc th, tc l chnh sch mua ch p ng khi c nhu cu; chnh sch
mua trc c li th khi gi mua s cao hn trong tng lai; chnh sch mua hn hp: phi
hp mua tc th v mua trc. Cn phn bit mua trc vi mua u c. Mua u c c
ng c phong to tng gi trong tng lai, do , s lng mua c th vt qu tng nhu
cu thi v d on.
Chnh sch mua tc th c u th khi gi ang gim v do , hin ti khng nn mua
vi s lng ln khi mua dn c th em li gi thp hn. Mt khc, mua trc l hnh ng
mua vi s lng vt qu nhu cu hin ti, nhng khng vt qu nhu cu d bo trong
tng lai. Chnh sch ny hp dn khi m gi mua trong tng lai s tng, v nu mua trc
s vi mc gi thp. Tuy nhin lc ny, d tr s tng v do s phi cn nhc gia tng
chi ph d tr v li th gi thp. Khi nhu cu c tnh thi v, vic kt hp 2 chnh sch ny
- gi l chnh sch mua hn hp - c th em li hiu qu.
V d: Gi s mt trm bn bun c nhu cu tiu th mt mt hng trong nm l 10000
v/thng. Biu gi thi v c cho bng 3.5
Bng3.5 Bng gi theo cc thng trong nm
n v tnh: ng
Thng Gi Thng Gi
1 30.000 7 10.000
2 26.000 8 14.000
3 22.000 9 18.000
4 18.000 10 22.000
5 14.000 11 26.000
6 10.000 12 30.000

Trong trng hp ny, trm s chn chnh sch mua hn hp. Do gi gim dn t
thng 1 n thng 6 nn trm s dng chnh sch mua tc th thi k ny, cn t thng 7
n thng 12, trm s dng chnh sch mua trc c th t 2, 3, 6 thng. Vic la chn
chnh sch mua tt nht i hi phi cn i c vic gim chi ph do mua trc vi chi
ph d tr gia tng do mua trc. Nu chi ph m bo 1 v d tr l 100000/nm th chi
ph d tr trung bnh i vi phng n mua tc th l: (10000/2)100000 = 500 tr./nm.
Vi chnh sch mua trc 2 thng vo 6 thng sau, chi ph d tr s l: |(10000/2).6/12 +
(20000/2).6/12 |.100000 =750 tr. Chi ph d tr i vi chnh sch mua trc 3 thng v 6
thng s l 1000 tr(1 t) v 1750tr (1,75 t). Tng chi ph i vi cc chnh sch mua c
th hin bng 3.6.
Nhn vo bng, ta thy tng chi ph thp nht i vi chnh sch mua tc th c nm.
Chi ph d tr tng nhanh hn vo thi k mua trc. Tuy nhin, nu c s gim gi mua v
cc ph vn chuyn do tng qui m th mua trc c th kinh t hn.
29
Bng3.6 Cc chnh sch mua hn hp
Chi ph gi tr hng ho mua
Thng
Mua tc th
Mua trc
2 thng
Mua trc
3 thng
Mua trc
6 thng
1 300 tr 300 tr 300 tr 300 tr
2 260 - 260 - 260 - 260 -
3 220 - 220 - 220 - 220 -
4 180 - 180 - 180 - 180 -
5 140 - 140 - 140 - 140 -
6 100 - 100 - 100 - 100 -
7 100 - 200 - 300 - 600 -
8 140 - - - -
9 180 - 360 - - -
10 220 - - 660 - -
11 260- 520 - - -
12 300 - - - -
Cng 2400 tr 2280 tr 2160 tr 1800
Chi ph
d tr
500 tr 750 tr 1000 tr 1750 tr
Tng
cng
2900 tr 3030 tr 3160 tr 3555 tr

Nh vy la chn chnh sch mua thch hp, cn phi tnh tng chi ph gi tr mua
v d tr ca tng chnh sch mua theo cng thc sau:

i i i
kh
i i m
t m p
T
d
m p F

+ =
2

y: F
m
: Tng chi ph mua trong c k k hoch
p
i
: Gi mua vo thi im mua lng hng ho m
i

m
i
: Lng hng ho mua vo thi im ng vi gi p
i

d: T l chi ph m bo d tr hng ho
T
kh
: Tng thi gian trong c k k hoch
t
i
: Khong thi gian u v cui k nhp lng hng ho m
i
b. Xc nh chnh sch qui m l hng
Qui m l hng mua phi c tnh ton m bo tng chi ph mua v d tr nh
nht, tc l xc nh qui m l hng hp l. Cc phng php xc nh qui m l hng
c trnh by trong phn qun tr d tr hng ho.
3.2.4 Thit k v trin khai qu trnh nghip v mua hng
L tp hp cc cng tc lin h k tip nhau c tnh chu k nhm thc hin tng
thng v mua
30
Ngoi vic la chn ngun hng, cc chnh sch mua th thit k v trin khai qu trnh
nghip v mua nh hng ln n kt qu mua. Ty thuc vo cc quyt nh ca d tr,
c im ca ngun hng v hng ha cn mua, yu cu ca qu trnh cung ng hng ha
cho khch hng m qu trnh nghip v mua khc nhau, nhng v c bn din ra theo mt
qu trnh th hin trn hnh








Hnh 3.6 Qu trnh nghip v mua hng
a. Quyt nh mua
Giai on u tin ca qu trnh nghip v mua l quyt nh mua, c ngha khi no th
mua, mua ci g v bao nhiu, v cch thc mua.
Mua c tin hnh khi c quyt nh t hng b sung d tr ty thuc vo m hnh
kim tra d tr p dng, khi i hi p ng l hng cung ng trc tip cho khch hng, khi
phi khai thc nhng c hi trn th trng (mua mt hng mi, mua tn dng s bin
ng ca gi c trn th trng,)
Thi im mua ty thuc vo vic xc nh chnh sch mua ca doanh nghip: Mua tc
thi, mua trc,
Trong giai on quyt nh mua, ng thi phi xc nh c im ca l hng mua:
hng ha cn mua, s lng, cht lng, thi gian nhp hng, gi c,nhm tin hnh t
hng hoc thng lng vi cc ngun hng.
Cn xc nh phng thc mua: Mua li khng iu chnh, mua li c iu chnh, hoc
mua mi
Mua li khng iu chnh c tin hnh i vi ngun hng c quan h mua theo
mi lin kt cht ch. L phng thc mua khng c nhng vn g ln cn phi iu
chnh, thng lng vi ngun hng. Phng thc ny thng c thc hin di cc hnh
thc t hng n gin t pha ngi mua. Nhng ngun hng ang cung ng (gi l ngi
cung ng trong - insuppliers) thng n lc nng cao cht lng cung ng duy tr mi
quan h ny. Phng thc mua ny thng p dng trong h thng knh tip th dc.
Mua li c iu chnh l phng thc mua li nhng cn thng lng, iu chnh
i n thng nht gia ngi mua v bn v hng ho, gi c, cch thc cung ng, ...trong
trng hp tnh th mi trng thay i v nhng quyt nh mua bn ca cc bn khng
ph hp. Nu khng i n thng nht, c th phi chuyn ngun cung ng (ngi cung ng
ngoi - out-suppliers).
Quyt nh mua
Xc nh
ngun hng
Nhp hng mua

t hng,
k hp
ng mua
nh gi sau mua
31
Mua mi l phng thc mua bt u to lp mi quan h vi ngun cung ng mua
trong trng hp doanh nghip mi bt u kinh doanh, hoc kinh doanh mt hng mi,
thay i cng ngh ch to sn phm, hoc khng trin khai c phng thc mua c iu
chnh, hoc xut hin ngun hng mi vi nhng ngh hp dn. Lc ny phi xc nh li
ngun hng, v cn thit phi nghin cu v phn tch la chn ngun hng.
b. Xc nh ngun hng
Mi thng v c th phi xc nh ngun hng ty thuc vo nhiu yu t. Nhng cn
c xc nh ngun hng:
- Cn c vo phng thc mua: Trng hp mua li khng iu chnh hoc mua li c
iu chnh nhng 2 bn i n thng nht nhng vn trong mua th khng cn xc nh
ngun hng. Trng hp mua mi hoc mua li c iu chnh nhng khng t c tha
thun gia cc bn th cn phi xc nh li ngun hng.
- Cn c vo danh sch xp loi ngun hng: theo danh sch xp loi u tin nghin
cu chn ngun hng thay th ngun hng hin ti.
- Cn c kt qu nh gi ngun hng sau nhng ln mua trc: Sau mi thng v
u c nh gi cc ngun hng. Nhng ngun hng khng t c nhng yu cu ca
doanh nghip th cn phi thay th, v do phi xc nh li ngun hng.
- Cn c vo s xut hin ngun hng mi hp dn: Trng hp ny cn phi tin hnh
nghin cu, nh gi ngun hng mi mt cch cn thn.
c. t hng, k hp ng mua
t hng, k hp ng mua nhm to nn hnh thc php l ca quan h mua bn. C
th c 2 cch tin hnh:
Cch 1:



Cch ny thng p dng i vi phng thc mua li khng iu chnh hoc mua li
c iu chnh trong trng hp ngun hng chp nhn nhng thay i ca bn mua. Cch
ny n gin theo , ngi mua ch vic lp n hng ri s dng cc phng tin chuyn
pht n hng cho bn mua (fax, email,)
Cch 2:



Cch ny thng p dng vi phng thc mua mi vi ngun hng mi, phng thc
mua li c iu chnh trong trng hp ngun hng v bn mua cn gp nhau thng
lng, hoc trong trng hp thay th ngun hng hin ti.
m phn t kt qu, cn tun th qui trnh hp l sau:
o Giai on chun b
o Giai on tip xc
Ngi mua lp
n hng
Giao dch bng cc
phng tin thng tin
Ngun hng chp nhn
n hng/k hp ng
Ngi mua lp n hng
hoc d tho hp ng
Hai bn trc tip gp nhau
v m phn
Hai bn k thng nht n t
hng hoc k hp ng
32
o Giai on m phn
o Giai on kt thc m phn k kt hp ng cung ng
o Giai on rt kinh nghim
Nhng thng tin cn c trong n hng hoc hp ng mua bn:
o Tn v a ch ca cng ty t hng
o S, k m hiu ca n t hng
o Thi gian lp n t hng
o Tn v a ch ca nh cung cp
o Tn, cht lng, qui cch hng ha cn mua
o S lng hng ha cn mua
o Gi c
o Thi gian, a im giao hng
o Thanh ton
o K tn
Mi iu khon trong n hng v hp ng phi tnh ton cn thn theo cch tip cn
phng n kinh doanh.
d. Nhp hng
L qu trnh thc hin n t hng, hp ng mua bn v a hng ho vo cc c s
Logistics (kho, ca hng bn l). Ni dung nhp hng bao gm giao nhn hng ho v vn
chuyn.
Giao nhn hng ho l qu trnh chuyn giao quyn s hu hng ho gia ngun hng
v doanh nghip. Qu trnh giao nhn c th ti kho ca ngun hng hoc ti c s logistics
ca bn mua. Trong trng hp giao nhn ti kho ca ngun hng, bn mua phi chu trch
nhim vn chuyn hng ho. Ni dung giao nhn hng ho bao gm tip nhn s lng v
cht lng hng ho, lm chng t nhp hng.
Ngun hng thng chu trch nhim vn chuyn hng ho, bi n c th tit kim
c chi ph cho c ngi mua v bn. Nhng trong nhng trng hp nht nh, bn mua
phi t mnh vn chuyn hng ho (do c im hng ho phi c phng tin vn ti
chuyn dng, hoc ngun hng khng c kh nng t chc vn chuyn hng ho ). Trong
trng hp ny, bn mua phi c phng n vn chuyn hp l m bo chi ph thp nht.
V mt tc nghip quan h kinh t, sau khi giao nhn l kt thc mt ln mua hng.
Nhng theo gc qun tr, sau khi giao nhn hng ho, cn phi tin hnh nh gi qu
trnh nghip v mua nhm cung cp thng tin iu chnh chu k mua sau t kt qu tt
hn.
e. nh gi sau mua
L vic o lng kt qu sau mua theo cc tiu chun, xc nh nguyn nhn ca
thng v khng p ng yu cu.
Cc tiu chun nh gi sau mua:
- Tiu chun l hng: Mc p ng yu cu mua v s lng, c cu, cht lng.
33
- Tiu chun hot ng: Gm thi gian thc hin n hng hoc hp ng, tnh chnh
xc ca thi gian v a im giao nhn
- Tiu chun chi ph: Mc tit kim chi ph trong qu trnh mua.
So snh kt qu thc hin vi cc tiu chun. Nu thc hin cha tt cc tiu chun t
ra, cn xc nh nguyn nhn c hnh ng thch hp. Nguyn nhn c th do bn bn
hoc mua.

1
Chng 4: QUN TR CUNG NG HNG HA CHO KHCH
HNG TRONG KINH DOANH THNG MI
4.1- Mc tiu, nguyn tc ca qun tr qu trnh cung ng hng ho cho
khch hng trong thng mi bn bun
4.1.1- V tr ca cung ng hng ha cho khch hng trong kinh doanh thng mi
H thng logistics kinh doanh thng mi bao gm nhiu cng on, trong c cng
on trc tip cung ng hng ha v dch v cho khch hng (Hnh 4.1). Nh vy, cung ng
hng ha cho khch hng l qu trnh trc tip cung cp hng ha v dch v logistics cho
khch hng thng qua hnh vi bn hng, m bo kp thi, nhanh chng chnh xc, vi s
lng, cht lng v c cu hng ho ph hp vi nhu cu khch hng v chi ph thp
nht.





Hnh 4.1: V tr ca qu trnh cung ng hng ha cho khch hng
trong h thng logistics doanh nghip thng mi
Kt qu ca qu trnh cung ng hng ha cho khch hng chu nh hng v th hin
cht lng ca ton b h thng logistics. S lng, c cu, v cht lng hng ho, thi
gian cung ng hng ho cho khch hng ph thuc vo t chc v phn b mng li
logistics. ph thuc vo h thng cung ng hng ho cho mng li logistics, th hin
cng tc qun tr d tr, mua hng, qu trnh kho vn,. ..Mt khc, cht lng dch v khch
hng chu nh hng trc tip ca qu trnh cung ng hng ha cho khch hng. Do , cn
phi t chc v qun tr tt qu trnh ny.
Bn hng l kt qu ca 2 hot ng c mi quan h khng kht vi nhau: hot ng
marketing v logistics. Cc hot ng marketing s to nn thng v, cn hot ng cung
ng hng ha cho khch hng l thc hin cc thng v. Qu trnh cung ng hng ha cho
khch hng c tnh chu k, v nh vy vn t ra i vi cung ng hng ha cho khch
hng l phi rt ngn chu k, tng tn s cc thng v.
4.1.2- Mc tiu v nguyn tc qun tr cung ng hng ha cho khch hng
Mc tiu chung ca qun tr cung ng hng ha cho khch hng l: Pht trin doanh
s trn c s cung cp trnh dch v khch hng mong i c tnh chin lc vi tng chi
ph thp nht.
Dng d tr

Nghip v
Mua h tr Bn

Dng thng tin
Khch
hng
Ngun
hng
2
Mc tiu ny i hi phi ti u ho dch v khch hng, c ngha, phi m bo trnh
dch v khch hng ca qu trnh cung ng hng ha cho khch hng em li kh nng
li nhun cao nht.
Mc tiu tc nghip ca cung ng hng ha cho khch hng bao gm:
- p ng nhanh: C ngha thi gian thc hin n t hng trong kinh doanh thng
mi bn bun v chi ph thi gian mua hng ca khch hng trong kinh doanh thng mi
bn l l t nht. Vic ci tin phng php v qu trnh cung ng hng ha s rt ngn c
thi gian cung ng hng ha cho khch hng n mc thp nht.
- Ti thiu ho cc sai lch: Qu trnh giao hng cho khch hng trong kinh doanh bn
bun phi ng vi mong i ca khch hng c th hin trong hp ng mua bn, c
bit phi gim n mc thp nht nhng sai lch thi gian. Trong kinh doanh bn l phi
tho mn n mc cao nht nhng nhu cu ca khch hng v s lng, cht lng, yu cu
la chn hng ho. ..nh truyn tin v nh v i vi khch hng trn th trng mc
tiu.
- Mc tiu chi ph: S dng cng ngh x l v thc hin n t hng v bn hng
tin tin, hin i nng cao nng sut v chnh xc. Phi dn tng bc c gii ho v
t ng ho cc thao tc ca qu trnh, va m bo c mc tiu dch v v chi ph.
thc hin c nhng mc tiu trn y, qun tr cung ng hng ha cho khch
hng phi thc hin cc nguyn tc sau:
- Phi thc hin nguyn tc cam kt: Thc hin y nhng cam kt i vi khch
hng c th hin trong hp ng mua bn k kt; phi p ng y nhng tiu
chun dch v khch hng qui nh trong cc ca hng bn l.
- Phi thc hin nguyn tc linh hot v u tin: Khi c nhng yu cu bt thng ca
khch hng, phi huy ng mi n lc logistics p ng cho d c th khng thu c
li nhun nh mong mun. ng thi phi thc hin chnh sch u tin theo qui tc phn
loi 80/20 (qui tc ABC).
- Phi m bo nguyn tc h thng cng ngh: Vic trin khai qu trnh theo mt qui
trnh hp l, thng nht.
4.2- Qun tr cung ng hng ho cho khch hng trong thng mi bn
bun
4.2.1- Cc quyt nh cn bn ca qun tr cung ng hng ho cho khch hng
Cc quyt nh ny bao gm: Xc nh mc tiu dch v v chi ph; Xc nh cc
phng php bn hng; Xc nh tng lng v c cu lu chuyn hng ho theo mt hng
v khch hng; Thit k cc qui trnh nghip v bn hng.
a- Xc nh mc tiu dch v cung ng hng ha cho khch hng.
Cht lng dch v khch hng l kt qu ca ton b h thng logistics, i hi phi
c s phi hp ca ton b h thng. ng thi, mi cng on nghip v phi ra mc
tiu ring. Mc tiu ca cung ng hng ha cho khch hng ch yu tp trung vo tc v
tnh n nh trong cung ng hng ho cho khch hng.
3
Phi xc nh thi gian ti a k t khi nhn c n t hng hoc k hp ng mua
bn hng ho. Phi d on nhu cu dch v ca tng khch hng mc tiu p ng, m
bo li th cnh tranh. Trong tng thi k, phi thit k c ca s dch v nhm xc nh
trnh dch v cn t t , xc nh thi gian cung ng hng ho cho khch hng
tng ng. Cch thc thit k ca s dch v c th hin trn hnh 4.2

















Hnh 4.2: Ca s dch v khch hng
Theo ca s dch v th mun t c ch tiu trnh dch v 95%, thi gian thc
hin n t hng ca khch hng khng c vt qu 6 ngy. Nu vt qu, c ngha
gim trnh dch v khch hng xung.
Tuy nhin, do c mi quan h gia trnh dch v khch hng v chi ph, kh nng
li nhun, cho nn xc nh mc tiu cung ng hng ha cho khch hng c th theo mt s
cch nh sau:
- Xc nh mc tiu dch v khch hng, sau bng mi n lc gim chi ph n
mc thp nht;
- Xc nh mc chi ph ti a, sau ci thin cc hot ng logistics t c
trnh dch v cao nht c th ;
- Xc nh trnh dch v khch hng ti u, c ngha xc nh trnh dch v
khch hng m ti , cho kh nng thu li nhun cao nht.
b- Xc nh tng mc v c cu lu chuyn hng ho bn bun.
Trn c s k hoch marketing thng mi nh, phi tin hnh o lng v d bo
nhu cu lm c s cho vic xc nh nh mc bn v ngn sch bn. Phi s dng cc
phng php o lng v d bo m bo chnh xc v kp thi. K hoch lu chuyn
hng ho phi c th, chi tit theo tng nhm, mt hng, theo tng i tng khch hng
d tnh cc gii php logistics hp l, m bo nhng mc tiu dch v logistics ra.
95%
Trnh
dch v
khch
hng
(%)
90%
100%
4 6 8 10
Thi gian thc hin n t hng (ngy)
2
4
c- Xc nh cc phng php bn hng.
Tu thuc yu cu dch v ca khch hng m phi c cc phng php bn hng
thch hp. Cc phng php bn ph thuc vo cc quyt nh v gi. Quyt nh v gi
trc tip xc nh b phn no trong thng v c trch nhim thc hin cc hot ng
logistics, chuyn giao s hu, v trch nhim php l. C 2 phng php nh gi bn: Gi
F.O.B ni giao v gi F.O.B ni nhn (hnh 4.3).









vv






















Hnh 4.3: Gi bn v trch nhim tng ng

Nh vy, tu thuc vo phng php bn hng theo cc kiu gi khc nhau m cc c
s logistics bn bun phi thc hin nhiu hay t dch v logistics. V do , qui trnh cung
ng hng ha cho khch hng cng n gin hay phc tp.
1-Gi bn F.O.B im giao, tp trung vn
chuyn







Ngi vn Ngi
bn chuyn mua
4-Gi bn F.O.B ni nhn, tp trung vn
chuyn








Ngi vn Ngi
bn chuyn mua
Chuyn s hu cho
ngi mua
Ngi mua tr chi
ph vn chuyn
*Ngi mua
tr ph v/c
*Ngi mua
cha ph v/c
*Ngi mua
s hu hng
ho trongv/c
*Ngi mua
a yu cu
Chuyn s hu cho
ngi mua
Ngi mua tr chi
ph vn chuyn
*Ngi mua
tr ph v/c
*Ngi mua
cha ph v/c
*Ngi bn
s hu hng
ho trongv/c
*Ngi bn
a yu cu
2-Gi bn F.O.B im giao, tr gip vn
chuyn







Ngi vn Ngi
bn chuyn mua
Chuyn s hu cho
ngi mua
Ngi bn tr chi
ph vn chuyn
*Ngi bn
tr ph v/c
*Ngi bn
cha ph v/c
*Ngi mua
s hu hng
ho trongv/c
*Ngi mua
a yu cu
5-Gi bn F.O.B ni nhn, tr trc vn
chuyn







Ngi vn Ngi
bn chuyn mua
Chuyn s hu cho
ngi mua
Ngi bn tr chi
ph vn chuyn
*Ngi bn
tr ph v/c
*Ngi bn
cha ph v/c
*Ngi bn
s hu hng
ho trongv/c
*Ngi bn
a yu cu
3-Gi bn F.O.B im giao, tr trc v
c hon chi ph vn chuyn







Ngi vn Ngi
bn chuyn mua
Chuyn s hu cho
ngi mua
Ngi bn tr v
c hon tr chi
ph vn chuyn
*Ngi bn
tr ph v/c
*Ngi mua
cha ph v/c
*Ngi mua
s hu hng
ho trongv/c
*Ngi mua
a yu cu
6-Gi bn F.O.B ni nhn, h tr v tp
trung vn chuyn







Ngi vn Ngi
bn chuyn mua
*Ngi mua
tr ph v/c
*Ngi bn
cha ph v/c
*Ngi bn
s hu hng
ho trongv/c
*Ngi bn
a yu cu
Chuyn s hu cho
ngi mua
Ngi mua tr v
c hon tr chi
ph vn chuyn
5
d- Thit k cc qui trnh thc hin n t hng cho khch hng
ch ng v tit kim chi ph, tng tc qu trnh logistics, cn phi thit k cc
qui trnh thc hin n t hng ph hp vi cc phng php bn hng. Nu ch tnh trch
nhim dch v gia cc bn trong qu trnh cung ng hng ha cho khch hng, th c 2
phng php bn hng ch yu: bn hng ti kho ngi giao (bn), v bn hng vn chuyn
giao hng ti kho ngi nhn. Qui trnh bn u n gin hn qui trnh sau. Trong thit k
qui trnh, cn phi ch mt s nguyn tc sau:
- Nguyn tc u tin thc hin n hng: Trong qu trnh thc hin n hng, cn phi
u tin cung cp hng ho cho mt s khch hng c tm quan trng i vi hot ng kinh
doanh ca doanh nghip. Trong trng hp ny, nn p dng qui tc 80/20 hay phn loi
A,B,C khch hng c chnh sch thch ng.
- Nguyn tc ng b thc hin n hng: tit kim thi gian, tng nhanh tc
cung ng, khng nn ch nhn mnh vo tnh tun t ca qui trnh. Nu mt s thao tc ca
qui trnh c th thc hin ng thi th trin khai song song.
- Nguyn tc tp trung: tng nng sut lao ng v gim chi ph trong vic chun
b l hng v vn chuyn, phi m bo nguyn tc tp trung. Nguyn tc ny i hi tp
trung chun b v x l nhiu l hng cng mt lc, hoc tp trung vn chuyn nhiu l
hng trong cng mt t nhm li dng tnh kinh t nh qui m, gim chi ph.
4.2.2- Qu trnh thc hin n t hng ca khch hng trong thng mi bn
bun
Cung ng hng ho cho khch hng trong thng mi bn bun c thc hin thng
qua vic thc hin n t hng.
Qu trnh thc hin n t hng l tp hp cc hot ng c c trng chu
k nhm cung cp hng ha v dch v cho khch hng, m bo tha mn n t
hng ca khch hng vi chi ph thp nht.
Qu trnh ny c th hin trn hnh 4.4






Hnh 4.4: Qu trnh thc hin n t hng bn bun
a- Tp hp, x l n t hng v hp ng
y l qu trnh thu thp, x l v truyn tin gia cc bn mua bn nhm thit lp
quan h mua bn theo hnh thc php l nht nh. Ni dung ca cng on ny bao gm 3
cng tc:
a.1- Chun b n hng v hp ng ca khch hng:
Tp hp, x
l n hng
Xy dng
chng trnh
giao hng

Chun b



giao hng
Giao
hng
Thng bo,
kim tra,
nh gi
6
y l hot ng truyn tin nhng yu cu ca khch hng v sn phm v dch v
cho ngi bn. Ni dung c th l: hon thin hnh thc t hng, yu cu ngi bn cung
cp nhng thng tin cn thit chun b n hng.
a.2- Chuyn n hng hoc yu cu v hp ng ca khch hng:
Bao gm vic chuyn yu cu t hng t im tip nhn n ni x l n hng. C
2 phng php chuyn n t hng: bng sc ngi, v bng in t. S dng sc ngi
th tc chm, nhng tn chi ph. S dng in t thng qua h thng in thoi, Fax,
mng vi tnh. ..;n t hng c chuyn nhanh, tin cy cao, chnh xc, nhng tt nhin
l tn chi ph.
a.3- X l n t hng:
Bao gm cc hot ng nh, kim tra chnh xc ca thng tin n hng v s
lng, c cu, gi c; kim tra kh nng d tr; chun b nhng ti liu, vn kin t chi
(nu cn); kim tra tnh trng tn dng ca khch hng; sao chp thng tin v n t hng
nu thy cn thit.
b- Xy dng chng trnh giao hng
Chng trnh giao hng l bn thuyt minh cc hot ng hoc cc bc cn thit
thc hin k hoch logistics, hp ng mua bn, n t hng ca khch hng vi chi ph
thp nht.
Cn c xy dng chng trnh giao hng:
- Kt qu x l n hng v hp ng, phn tch tnh hnh bn bun hng ho
- Phn tch tnh hnh d tr hng ho v ngun hng.
- Kh nng vn chuyn hng ho ca doanh nghip
c- Chun b giao hng
Trn c s chng trnh giao hng, phi tin hnh cng tc chun b giao hng. Ni
dung chun b giao hng bao gm:
- Chun b ngun cung cp hng ho cho khch hng: Xc nh v tr kho pht hng.
Trong trng hp cung cp hng ho t ngun hng, phi tin hnh t hng hoc k hp
ng mua hng vi ngun hng. Phi khn trng xc tin vic mua hng trnh chm tr
trong vicc giao hng cho khch hng.
- Chun b l hng: Vic chun b cc l hng giao c thc hin trong cc kho
hng ho. Chun b l hng chim t l thi gian kh ln, do , phi nng cao nng sut v
c gii ho cc cng tc chun b hng ho kho.
- Chun b phng tin giao hng: bao gm chun b phng tin vn ti, cht xp,
tin hnh k hp ng hoc t hng vn chuyn hng ho vi cc n v vn ti
- Chun b giy t: Phi chun b y cc chng t hp l, thun tin cho qu trnh
vn chuyn v giao nhn hng ho, bao gm: ho n, giy php vn chuyn, giy m bo
cht lng,. ...
- Chun b lao ng: chun b lao ng cht xp, lao ng bo v hng ho v giao
hng nu cn thit.
7
d- Tin hnh giao hng
Tu thuc vo phng php bn hng, vic giao hng c tin hnh kho ngi bn
hoc c s logistics ca ngi mua. Nu giao hng ti c s logistics ca ngi mua, ngi
bn phi m nhim cng tc t chc vn chuyn hng ho v phi thc hin qu trnh
nghip v vn chuyn. Cnh tranh trong kinh doanh thng mi i hi ngi bn phi m
nhim cng tc vn chuyn vi chi ph h, tc nhanh v n nh.
Qu trnh giao hng phi thc hin ng nhng cam kt vi khch hng, c bit l
cam kt v a im v thi gian giao hng.
e- Thng bo v kim tra tnh hnh giao hng
y l hot ng cui cng trong qu trnh thc hin n t hng, n cam kt rng
mt dch v khch hng tt c cung ng thng qua vic duy tr thng tin cho khch
hng v bt c s chm tr no trong qu trnh t hng hoc giao n t hng. C th n
bao gm: (1) theo di n hng trong ton b chu k thc hin n t hng; (2) thng tin
ti khch hng tin trnh thc hin n t hng. y l hot ng kim tra v n khng nh
hng n tng thi gian thc hin n t hng.
4.3- QUN TR QU TRNH CNG NGH TRONG CA HNG BN L
4.3.1- Nguyn tc, cn c qun tr qu trnh cng ngh trong ca hng bn l
Qu trnh cng ngh trong ca hng bn l chnh l qu trnh cung ng hng ha cho
khch hng trong kinh doanh thng mi bn l. Qu trnh ny l tp hp cc thao tc c
mi lin h cht ch k tip nhau trong ca hng nhm cung ng hng ho cho khch hng
thng qua hnh vi bn l vi trnh tho mn cao nht v chi ph t nht.
Qu trnh cng ngh qui nh v lin kt ni dung, v tr, thi gian v trt t thc hin
x l dng hng t khi hng ho n ca hng cho n khi bn cho khch. S cng ngh
tng qut qu trnh cng ngh trong ca hng c th hin trn hnh 4.5.






Hnh 4.5: Qu trnh cng ngh trong ca hng bn l
Tu thuc vo c im ca qu trnh nhp hng vo ca hng v cc phng php
bn hng m c th c 3 kiu dng cng ngh: (1)-Dng hon chnh bao gm y 4 cng
on; (2) - dng ngn hn bao gm 3 cng on; (3)- dng ngn nht ch 2 cng on.
Dng (1) p dng i vi nhng hng ho c th d tr mt s ngy ti ca hng trong
iu kin kho phn phi cch kh xa ca hng, hoc hng ho phi tri qua giai on bin
i mt hng trong ca hng.
Dng (2) p dng i vi nhng hng ho khng th hoc khng cn d tr ti ca
hng nh thc phm ti sng,. ..
Bo qun
hng
Chun b
hng
Bn
hng
2
3
1 Tip nhn
hng
8
Dng (3) p dng i vi nhng hng ho c chun b sn sng bn ti ca
hng, chng hn nh cc siu th - hng ho c chun b sn ti cc kho.
Qu trnh cng ngh bao gm cc nghip v c tnh c lp tng i. Nghip v l
phn ng nht ca qu trnh do mt s nhn vin hon thnh v thc hin nhng tc ng
nht nh n i tng mt v tr cng tc vi mt thit b no
Qun tr qu trnh cng ngh phi thc hin cc nguyn tc sau:
- Nguyn tc phng n bn hng ti u - Thit k cc phng n bn hng l nhng
quyt nh marketing, v do , trin khai qu trnh cng ngh phi trn c s cc phng
php bn hng nh.
- Nguyn tc tin b k thut
- Nguyn tc h thng
Nhng cn c tin hnh qun tr qu trnh cng ngh:
- Cn c vo cng ngh bn l hng ho ti cc ca hng
Mi cng ngh bn hng c trnh tho mn nhu cu mua hng ca khch khc nhau,
v do nh hng n ni dung ca qu trnh cng ngh trong ca hng.
- Cn c vo h thng nhp hng vo ca hng
H thng nhp hng vo ca hng quyt nh c cu v qui m cc nghip v v cc
dng cng ngh trong ca hng.
- Cn c vo c s vt cht - k thut ca doanh nghip thng mi v ca hng.
- Cn c vo thnh tu tin b khoa hc - k thut trong thng mi.
4.3.2- Ni dung c bn ca qun tr qu trnh cng ngh trong ca hng bn l
Nhng ni dung c bn qun tr qu trnh cng ngh trong ca hng bn l bao gm:
Xc nh cc mc tiu ca qu trnh cng ngh bn l; Thit k cc qu trnh cng ngh
trong ca hng bn l; Qui hoch mt bng cng ngh trong ca hng; Xy dng phng n
cung cp thit b cng ngh; T chc lao ng cng ngh bn l.
a- Xc nh cc mc tiu ca qu trnh cng ngh bn l
Bao gm cc mc tiu: Doanh thu (lu chuyn bn l), cc mc tiu v dch v khch
hng
- Mc tiu doanh thu:
Trn c s mt k hoch marketing nh, phi d bo nhu cu th trng ca doanh
nghip v mt tng lng v c cu. V cng trn c s d bo nhu cu, doanh nghip xc
nh k hoch ngn sch bn l trin khai k hoch logistics v cc k hoch khc. Cn
phi d tnh mc lu chuyn hng ho bn l theo cc phng php bn hng v theo cc
kiu dng cng ngh.
- Mc tiu dch v khch hng:
C nhiu ch tiu dch v khch hng khc nhau, cn phi xc nh m bo cho
qu trnh cng ngh trong ca hng t c mc tiu dch v.
- Thi gian khch mua hng
- H s tho mn nhu cu mua hng c v s lng, c cu v cht lng
- H s n nh mt hng kinh doanh
9
b- Thit k qu trnh cng ngh v qui hoch mt bng cng ngh
trong ca hng
Trn c s cc phng php bn hng v c im cung ng hng ho, phi thit k
cc qu trnh cng ngh thch ng v chi tit. C thit k chi tit qu trnh cng ngh th mi
nm vng nhng c im ca tng cng on, tng thao tc cng ngh x l dng hng
tho mn nhu cu dch v khch hng vi chi ph thp nht.
thc hin tt qu trnh cng ngh c thit k, cn phi qui hoch hp l mt
bng ca hng. C cu cc loi din tch trong ca hng phi ph hp vi s cng ngh,
trong cn phi ch qui hoch tt din tch phng bn hng.
nh gi trnh s dng hp l din tch doanh nghip trong ca hng t phc v
(siu th), c th dng h s s dng din tch lp t thit b v h s din tch trng by.
H s s dng din tch lp t thit b c xc nh bng t s din tch dng t
thit b trn din tch gian hng:
1
c
c
K


K ti u trong ca hng t phc v: 0,30 - 0,32
H s din tch trng by c xc nh bng t s din tch dng by hng trn
din tch gian hng:

1
2
1
c
c
K

Trong ca hng bn hng theo phng php c truyn, h s ny bng 0,33 - 0,40,
trong ca hng t phc v (siu th), h s ny bng 0,65 - 0,75
c- Xy dng phng n cung cp thit b cng ngh bn hng
Mi mt cng ngh bn hng i hi cung cp thit b tng ng. Phi tnh ton s
lng, c cu thit b hp l, m bo y v pht huy ht cng sut. C nh vy, qu
trnh cng ngh mi din ra lin tc thng nht, phc v khch hng tt nht v vi chi ph
thp nht.
Phi xy dng phng n c gii ho qu trnh cng ngh trong ca hng. C gii
ho em li hiu qu kinh doanh cao cho ca hng bi n tit kim thi gian mua hng ca
khch, nng cao trnh vn minh thng mi, ng thi ci thin iu kn lao ng ca
nhn vin ca hng. p dng c gii ho s nng cao kh nng thu li nhun, gim bt chi
ph lu thng. Do vy, ch tiu nh gi hiu qu kinh t ca c gii ho l ch tiu o lng
hiu qu vn u t.
4.3.3- Qu trnh cng ngh trong ca hng bn l
Qu trnh cng ngh bao gm nhiu cng on v thao tc khc nhau, nhng v c bn
c 4 cng on chnh: Tip nhn hng, bo qun hng, chun b hng bn, v bn hng.
K- H s s dng din tch lp t thit b
c- Din tch lp t thit b (m
2
)
c
1
- Din tch gian hng (m
2
)
K- H s s dng din tch by hng
c
2
- Din tch by hng (m
2
)
c
1
- Din tch gian hng (m
2
)
10
a- Tip nhn hng ho
L nghip v cn thit trong ca hng. N c thc hin k tip v ng thi vi vic
bc d hng ho. T chc tip nhn hng ho phi m bo kp thi, nhanh chng, v gi
gn tt cht lng. Tip nhn hng ho ph thuc vo qu trnh cung ng hng ho ca
ngun hng.
Ni dung tip nhn hng ho bao gm: tip nhn v s lng v cht lng. Cc
phng php tip nhn hng ho ca hng thng l n gin c th a hng ho vo
bn hoc bo qun c ngay. Trong qu trnh tip nhn, nu pht hin hng ho tha, thiu
hoc khng m bo cht lng th phi lp bin bn qui trch nhim vt cht gia cc
bn. Sau khi giao nhn hng ho, phi tin hnh hch ton nghip v nhp hng cung cp
thng tin cho kim sot qu trnh cung ng.
Hng ho sau khi tip nhn c th c chuyn thng ra gian hng bn, hoc
chuyn sang b phn chun b hng, v phn ln chuyn sang phng bo qun d tr
thng xuyn cho bn ra.
b- Bo qun hng ho trong ca hng
T chc bo qun hng ho trong ca hng bao gm: phn b v cht xp hng ho,
chm sc v gi gn hng ho.
i vi mi loi hng ho bo qun trong ca hng, cn c nh v tr ca chng c
tnh n kch thc, tn s bn, khi lng cng tc chun b hng v iu kin di chuyn
hng ho ra gian hng. Trong cc ca hng thc phm, cn phi b tr cc thit b lnh
duy tr ch bo qun bnh thng cho hng ho.
Vic p dng bao b - thit b cho php gim bt ng k thi hn bo qun hng ho
trong ca hng, v do b gim c din tch cc phng dng d tr v bo qun trong
ca hng. S dng bao b - thit b trong cc ca hng tng hp c th gim c t 40-
60% din tch phng bo qun, v tng ng tng din tch doanh nghip.
Vic p dng giao v bn hng ho bng thng ti em li hiu qu kinh t to ln:
gim chi ph lao ng v thi gian ca nhn vin ca hng (hn 7 ln), tng tc chu
chuyn hng ho, gim d tr hng ho trong ca hng.
duy tr mt hng n nh trong ca hng, s lng thng ti dng cho mi nhm
hng c xc nh nh sau:

N
E
K
Q

c- Chun b hng bn v by hng ni bn hng
Bao gm cc nghip v: m bao b, phn loi, lm sch, pha lc, lp rp, chnh l,
nh lng, bao gi, ghi k m hiu ln bao b,y l nhng nhim v logistics ca sn
xut hoc kho trong iu kin hin i. Cn phi tp trung cc nghip v chun b hng
bn cho php s dng cc thit b, din tch, lao ng v vt liu hiu qu.
Q- S lng thng ti cn thit
K- Mc bn hng ho bnh qun mt ngy (kg)
E- Trng ti mt thng ti (kg)
N- nh mc d tr hng ho (kg)
11
T chc pha lc, bao gi hng ho c ngha quan trng trong kinh doanh hng thc
phm. Phn ln hng thc phm c bao gi bi cc ngnh sn xut cng nghip v cc
kho trong h thng logistics thng mi. iu ny em li hiu qu kinh t cao. Tuy nhin,
c mt b phn ng k hng ho a n mng li bn l cha c chun b sn sng
bn, do , cn phi t chc chnh l, bao gi trong ca hng.
T chc bao gi trong ca hng cn d tnh: T chc hp l ni cng tc; phn cng
lao ng hp l; S dng thit b v cng c chuyn dng. ng thi, phn b thit b v v
tr cng tc phi m bo cho qu trnh bao gi lin tc, gim bt con ng vn ng ca
hng ho, bao b v vt liu bao gi.
Hng ho sau khi chun b c di chuyn v trng by ti gian hng. Vic trng
by hng ho ti gian hng va m bo d tr hng ho ti ni cng tc, va l hot ng
xc tin (trng by, gii thiu hng ho), va l ni dung ca t chc ni cng tc bn hng
- m bo thun tin cho vic ly hng ca nhn vin bn hng hoc ca khch hng.
Giao hng v di chuyn hng ho trong ca hng thuc loi lao ng nng, chi ph
nhiu lao ng, do cn phi c gii ho.
d- Bn hng
L s phi hp gia 2 hot ng: logistics v marketing, s dng 3 cng c marketing:
con ngi, bng chng vt cht, v qu trnh. Tu thuc vo cc phng php bn hng m
c cc qui trnh k thut bn hng khc nhau.
Bn l hng ho l hot ng ch yu ca qu trnh cng ngh trong ca hng, kt thc
qu trnh logistics, qu trnh phn phi v vn ng hng ho.
1
Chng 5: QUN TR VN CHUYN HNG HO TRONG KINH DOANH
THNG MI
5.1- Chc nng v cc loi hnh vn chuyn hng ho.
5.1.1- Vai tr v chc nng ca vn chuyn hng ho
Vn chuyn hng ho l s di ng hng ho trong khng gian bng sc ngi hay
phng tin vn ti nhm m bo d tr v cung cp dch v cho khch hng trn cc khu
vc th trng mc tiu.
Xt trn ton b nn kinh t, vn chuyn hng ho l do s cch bit v khng gian
gia sn xut v tiu dng hng ho, v do yu cu vn chuyn tng ln cng vi s pht
trin ca nn kinh t, m ch yu l qu trnh tp trung ho v chuyn mn ho ca sn
xut v tiu dng. Cn xt v chc nng qun tr logistics ca doanh nghip th vn chuyn
hng ho mt mt nhm b sung d tr cho mng li logistics ca doanh nghip, mt
khc,nhm cung cp dch v logistics cho khch hng, v do , vn chuyn hng ho phi
thc hin c 2 nhim v logistics doanh nghip : nng cao cht lng dch v logistics
khch hng v gim chi ph.
Trong h thng logistics ca doanh nghip thng mi, vn chuyn c vai tr c
bit quan trng. N l mt trong nhng yu t logistics c bn ca doanh nghip th hin
s ca hnh 1. Mt h thng vn chuyn hp l s tng cng kh nng cnh tranh cho
doanh nghip do nng cao trnh dch v khch hng v gim chi ph logistics



















Hnh 5.1: Cc quyt nh logistics cn bn
Trnh dch v khch hng















Trnh dch v khch hng
Cc quyt nh
v
mng li

logistics

Cc quyt nh v

d tr hng ho
Cc quyt nh v

vn chuyn
2
Mt trong nhng tiu chun dch v khch hng c bn l tc , n nh v tnh
linh hot trong cung ng hng ho cho khch hng. Thi gian v n nh cung ng hng
ho cho khch hng ch yu do vn chuyn p ng. Chnh v vy, tc v n nh l
nhng mc tiu ch yu ca vn chuyn hng ho. Qun tr vn chuyn p ng tt cc mc
tiu dch v s tho mn tt hn nhu cu mua hng ca khch hng, pht trin doanh thu,
nng cao li th cnh tranh cho doanh nghip.
Vn chuyn nh hng ln n chi ph ca c h thng logistics, bao gm chi ph vn
chuyn, d tr (trn ng v trong mng li logistics ).Tp trung vn chuyn v s dng
cc phng tin vn ti tc cao s c tc dng gim tng chi ph logistics, v do gim
gi hng ho bn ra, pht trin nhu cu khch hng (co gin ca cu theo gi) em li li th
cnh tranh cao cho doanh nghip.
Xut pht t bn cht logistics, vn chuyn c 2 chc nng: chc nng di chuyn v
chc nng d tr.
Chc nng di chuyn: y l chc nng ch yu ca vn chuyn. Thc hin chc nng
ny, vn chuyn tiu tn cc ngun lc: Thi gian, ti chnh v mi trng.
Thi gian l ngun lc chnh m vn chuyn tiu tn v do vn chuyn hp l khi
chi ph thi gian vn chuyn t nht. Chi ph thi gian vn chuyn l mt trong nhng ch
tiu c bn nh gi trnh dch v logistics. Tng tc vn chuyn m bo duy tr d
tr hp l, gim d tr trn ng v trong mng li logistics, ng thi cung cp kp thi
hng ho cho khch hng. V do , tng tc vn chuyn hp l s m bo nng cao
hiu qu kinh doanh cho doanh nghip thng mi.
Vn chuyn hng ho gn lin vi cc chi ph: phng tin vn ti, lao ng, qun l,
hao ht... .,c ngha vn chuyn hng ho tiu tn cc ngun lc ti chnh. Mt phng n
vn chuyn hp l phi m bo gim chi ph vn chuyn n mc thp nht.
Vn chuyn hng ho cng ng ngha vi tiu tn cc ngun lc mi trng. Vn
chuyn trc tip tiu tn ngun ti nguyn thin nhin ang dn b cn kit nh du m,than
..., ng thi lm nhim mi trng khng kh, gy ting n, lm tc nghn giao
thng... Chnh v vy, nh nc rt quan tm n ngnh giao thng vn ti nhm gim n
mc thp nht nh hng ca vn chuyn n mi trng.
Chc nng d tr hng ho : y l chc nng khng c bn gn lin vi vic tn tr
hng ho trong qu trnh vn chuyn. D tr hng ho trong vn chuyn ph thuc vo tc
v cng vn chuyn. Phng tin vn ti c tc cng cao th d tr trnng
cng nh. ng thi c th li dng chc nng ny s dng phng tin vn ti d tr
hng ho thay cho kho trong nhng trng hp nu s dng phng tin vn ti d tr
tt hn kho: do thiu kho, thay kho d tr ngn ngy tit kim chi ph bc d...Nguyn
tc d tr trn phng tin l m bo cht lng hng ho, gim thi gian vn ng ca
hng ho vi chi ph thp.
5.1.2- Cc loi hnh vn chuyn hng ho
Cng vi s pht trin ca nn kinh t, cc loi hnh vn chuyn cng phong ph. C
th phn loi vn chuyn hng ho theo mt s tiu thc sau:
3
Theo c trng ca con ng v phng tin vn ti, c cc loi hnh vn chuyn :
vn chuyn ng st, ng thu, ng b(t), ng khng (my bay), ng ng.c
im c cu chi ph ca cc loi hnh vn chuyn ny nh sau:
- ng st: Chi ph c nh cao, chi ph bin i thp;
- ng thu: Chi ph c nh trung bnh, chi ph bin i thp;
- ng b: Chi ph c nh thp, chi ph bin i trung bnh;
- ng khng: Chi ph c nh thp, chi ph bin i cao;
- ng ng: Chi ph c nh rt cao, chi ph bin i thp nht.
Cc c trng dch v v chi ph ca cc loi hnh phng tin vn ti c th hin
bng 5.1.
Bng 5.1: Nhng c im dch v v chi ph ca cc phng tin vn ti



















Ghi ch: T 1 n 5- T tt nht n km nht

Theo c trng s hu v mc iu tit ca nh nc, c cc loi hnh vn chuyn
: vn chuyn ring, vn chuyn hp ng, v vn chuyn chung.
Vn chuyn ring l loi hnh vn chuyn trong , cc doanh nghip (khng phi kinh
doanh vn ti) c phng tin vn ti v t cung cp dch v vn chuyn cho ring mnh.
Vn chuyn ring t b iu tit bi lut kinh t, tuy nhin phi tun th nhng iu lut lin
quan n di chuyn nhng hng ho nguy him, n an ton lao ng, phng tin, v cc
iu lut x hi khc do nh nc ban hnh.
Vn chuyn hp ng: Ngi vn chuyn hp ng cung cp dch v vn ti cho
khch hng c chn lc. C s ca hp ng l s tho thun v chi ph v dch v gia
ngi vn chuyn v ch hng m khng b nh nc chi phi. Trong tng thi k, ngi
vn chuyn hp ng b hn ch tuyn ng v hng ho vn chuyn, do hn ch
c
im

Phng tin
Tc
Tnh
lin tc
tin
cy
Kh nng
bo qun
nhiu loi
hng
Tnh
linh
hot
Chi ph
1- ng st 3 4 4 2 2 3
2- ng thy 4 5 5 1 4 1
3- ng b
(t)
2 2 2 3 1 4
4- ng
khng
(my bay)
1 3 3 4 3 5
5- ng ng 5 1 1 5 5 2
4
lng khch hng v kh nng cnh tranh trc tip vi nhng ngi vn chuyn chung(vn
chuyn cng cng).
Vn chuyn chung(cng cng): C s cn bn ca h thng vn chuyn chung l
nhng ngi vn chuyn chung(common carriers). Vn chuyn chung c trch nhim cung
cp dch v vi mc gi chung(c qui nh)cho cng chng. Quyn hn vn chuyn
chung c th cho mi hng ho, hoc gii hn chuyn mn ho cho cc loi hng. ng
thi ngi vn chuyn chung c nh r khu vc a l hot ng.
Theo s lng phng tin v mc tp trung vn chuyn
- Vn chuyn n thc: Ch s dng mt phng tin v vi mt ngi vn chuyn
- Vn chuyn a phng thc (a phng tin tp trung): s dng nhiu phng tin
vn ti, nhng ch vi mt chng t vn ti v do mt t chc chu trch nhim.
- Vn chuyn t on (a phng tin phn tn): s dng nhiu phng tin vn ti,
vi nhiu chng t vn ti v do nhiu t chc chu trch nhim.
Dch v vn chuyn l mt loi sn phm c bit v do c nhiu thnh phn tham
gia (Hnh 5.2), bao gm: Ngi giao v ngi nhn hng; Ngi vn chuyn; Chnh ph
v, cng chng.

Hnh 5.2: Cc thnh phn tham gia qu trnh vn chuyn hng ho
Ngi giao hng (shipper, cn gi l ch hng): l ngi yu cu vn chuyn hng
ho n a im nht nh trong khong thi gian cho php. Thnh phn ny thc hin cc
hot ng nh tp hp l hng, m bo thi gian cung ng, khng xy ra hao ht v cc
s c, trao i thng tin kp thi v chnh xc,.... Mc tiu ca ngi giao hng l s dng
dch v vn chuyn sao cho c th ti thiu ho tng chi ph logistics (gm chi ph vn
chuyn, d tr, thng tin, v mng li) trong khi p ng tt mc dch v khch hng yu
cu.
Bi vy, ngi giao hng cn hiu bit v nhng c hi v kh khn ca cc phng
n vn chuyn khc nhau, ng thi cn c k nng m phn v thng lng c c
cht lng vn chuyn cao vi cc iu khon hp l. Ngi gi v n v vn ti cn xy
dng c mi quan h hp tc, gn b trn c s hai bn cng c li v pht trin bn
vng.
Ngi nhn





V vn ti
Ngi giao




Chnh ph

Cng chng
Dng hng ho Dng chng t /
thanh ton
Dng thng tin
5
Ngi nhn hng (consignee, cn gi l khch hng): l ngi yu cu c chuyn
hng ho n ng a im, ng thi gian, ng s lng, cht lng v c cu vi mc
gi tho thun nh theo n t hng thng bo vi ngi gi. Ngi nhn hng quan
tm ti cht lng dch v trong mi tng quan vi gi c.
n v vn ti (carrier): l ch s hu v vn hnh cc phng tin vn ti ( t, my
bay, tu ho, tu thu...) v mc tiu ti a ho li nhun v nhanh chng hon tr vn u
t. Mc cnh tranh trn th trng dch v vn ti s quyt nh gi c, tnh a dng v
cht lng dch v ca tng loi hnh vn chuyn hng ho. n v vn ti phi t c
tnh chuyn nghip cao trong vic nhn bit nhu cu ca ngi gi v ngi nhn, h tr ra
quyt nh v phng n v l trnh vn chuyn ti u, qun l tt ngun lc v nng cao
hiu qu chuyn tr hng ho.
n v vn ti v ngi giao hng/ngi nhn hng phi trao i k lng vi nhau
v cc phng n nng cao nng lc vn chuyn. Trong cn rt ngn thi gian vn
chuyn bnh qun, tng h s s dng trng ti ca phng tin, nng cao h s s dng
phng tin theo thi gian, nng cao h s s dng qung ng xe chy c hng, tng
vng quay ca xe, ci tin th tc giy t v l li lm vic, v.v.
Chnh ph: thng l ngi u t v qun l h thng h tng c s giao thng cho
con ng vn chuyn (ng st, ng b, ng ng) v cc im dng phng tin
vn chuyn (sn bay, bn cng, bn xe, nh ga, trm bm v kim sot,...). Chnh ph xy
dng v qui hoch cc chin lc giao thng di hn cng cc chnh sch v lut l nhm
cn i hi ho gia cc mc tiu kinh t, x hi v mi trng.
Dch v vn chuyn hng ho c nhiu nh hng khng nh n nn kinh t quc dn, mi
trng x hi, mi trng sinh thi v cht lng cuc sng ca cng ng, bi vy chnh quyn
thng can thip v kim sot nhiu mc khc nhau. S can thip ca chnh ph th hin di
nhiu hnh thc trc tip v gin tip nh: lut v cc vn bn di lut; chnh sch khuyn khch
hoc gii hn quyn s hu cc phng tin vn ti; gii hn hoc m rng th trng; qui nh
gi; h tr pht trin ngnh GTVT, v.v.
Chnh sch i mi kinh t ca Vit Nam t 1986 n nay c tc ng rt ln n s pht
trin ca ngnh GTVT. C s thay i c bn v c cu hng ho vn chuyn gia khu vc nh
nc v khu vc t nhn theo xu hng khu vc kinh t vn ti t nhn ngy cng pht trin. Mc
d cn rt nhiu hn ch, nhng ngnh GTVT ni chung v vn chuyn hng ho ni ring ang
pht trin theo hng tch cc, gp phn quan trng trong cng cuc cng nghip ho, hin i
ho t nc.
Cng chng: L thnh phn rt quan tm n hot ng vn chuyn hng ho ni
ring v giao thng vn ti ni chung v vn chuyn lin quan n chi ph, mi trng v an
ton x hi. Cng chng to nn d lun x hi v gy sc p chnh ph v chnh quyn
cc cp ra cc quyt nh v mc tiu an sinh ca a phng v quc gia.
Nh vy, trong vn chuyn hng ho pht sinh mu thun gia nhng li ch cc b
ca ngi giao, ngi nhn, ngi vn chuyn, v li ch x hi tng th (chnh ph v
cng chng) dn n s i lp, iu ho v kim sot dch v vn ti.
6
5.2- Cc c trng ca chi ph v gi cc vn chuyn hng ho
5.2.1- Cc nhn t nh hng n chi ph vn chuyn
C 7 nhn t nh hng n cc ph vn chuyn. l: Khong cch,qui m,
cht,hnh dng hng ho, yu cu bo qun v bc d hng ho, trch nhim php l ca
ch phng tin,v nhn t th trng.
Khong cch l nhn t c bn nh hng n chi ph vn chuyn do tng chi ph vn
chuyn bin i nh lao ng,nhin liu,chi ph bo qun... th sau hnh 5.3 th hin
mi quan h ny.













Hnh 5.3: Mi quan h gia khong cch v chi ph vn chuyn
Theo th, chng ta nhn thy:
- ng cong chi ph khng bt u t gc to do chi ph c nh khng ph thuc
vo khong cch;
- ng cong chi ph l hm ca khong cch,v khi khong cch tng ln,tc tng
chi ph n v gim dn.V nu tnh chi ph cho 1t.km th khi khong cch tng,chi ph bnh
qun 1 t.km gim dn.
Nh vy, phi hn ch n mc thp nht vic chuyn i phng tin vn ti trong
qu trnh vn chuyn nhm gim chi ph vn chuyn hng ho.
Khi lng hng ho vn chuyn l nhn t th 2 nh hng n chi ph vn chuyn.
Cng nh nhiu hot ng logistics, tnh kinh t nh qui m ng vi vn chuyn hng ho.
Mi quan h gia chi ph vn chuyn bnh qun v khi lng hng ho vn chuyn c
th hin trn th (Hnh 5.4).
Theo th, chi ph bnh qun/n v khi lng hng ho vn chuyn gim khi khi
lng hng ho vn chuyn tng ln. l do chi ph c nh c phn b u cho ton b
khi lng hng ho vn chuyn. Vn dng tnh cht ny khi vn chuyn, c th tp hp
l hng nh thnh cc l hng ln hn c u th kinh t nh qui m.
cht l s tng quan gia khi lng v dung tch chim ch. Nhn t ny kh
quan trng do chi ph vn chuyn lun lun c xc nh trn 1 n v khi lng. Phng
tin b hn ch sc ch bi dung tch hn l trng ti. Do lao ng v chi ph nhin liu
khng chu nh hng nhiu bi trng ti nn sn phm c cht cng cao, chi ph bnh
qun n v khi lng vn chuyn cng thp. Hnh 5.5 th hin mi quan h ny.V th,
Gi cc
Khong cch
7
cc nh qun tr logistics c gng tng cht ca hng ho s dng tt nht dung tch
phng tin vn ti. Vic bao gi v s dng bao b tiu chun s li dng c nhn t
ny.










Hnh 5.4: Mi quan h gia khi lng v chi ph vn chuyn










Hnh 5.5: Mi quan h gia cht v chi ph vn chuyn

Hnh dng hng ho c nh hng n vic s dng dung tch phng tin vn ti.
Hng ho cng knh,hnh dng khng thng nht lm gim kh nng cha hng, gim h s
s dng trng ti, v do lm tng chi ph. Khi vn chuyn ng di, c th vn chuyn
hng ho dng ng hp linh kin, sau lp rp khu vc tiu th.
iu kin bo qun v xp d hng ho trong qu trnh vn chuyn nh hng n chi
ph vn chuyn. Hng ho i hi iu kin bo qun c bit th s c chi ph cao hn.
Trch nhim php l c lin quan n nhng ri ro,thit hi trong qu trnh vn
chuyn. Cc yu t sau nh hng n mc thit hi do ri ro: hng ho d hng,nhng
thit hi do cht xp, kh nng xy ra trm cp, kh nng chy n, gi tr ca hng ho. Gi
tr ca hng ho cng cao v xc sut ri ro cng ln th chi ph cng nhiu. Ngi vn
chuyn phi mua bo him phng kh nng xu nht hoc chp nhn bt k mi s
thit hi. Ngi giao hng c th gim ri ro v do gim chi ph vn chuyn bng cch
ci tin bao gi hoc gim bt nhng kh nng xy ra hao ht hoc thit hi.
Nhn t th trng l s phn b cc ngun cung ng v cc khu vc tiu th. S
phn b ny cng cn i to nn kh nng s dng phng tin vn ti chy 2 chiu v do
gim c chi ph vn chuyn. Tuy nhin trong thc t, s phn b cc ngun cung ng
Gi/
v
khi
lng
Khi lng v.c
Gi/
v
khi
lng
cht sn phm
8
v cc khu vc tiu th thng mt cn i, do cng tc k hoch ho tuyn ng vn
chuyn ca cc n v vn ti v vic thit k h thng logistics ca cc doanh nghip
thng mi c tc dng nng cao h s s dng qung ng vn chuyn, gim chi ph vn
chuyn.
5.2.2- Cc chnh sch gi cc ca n v vn ti
Gi cc m nh qun tr logistics phi tr tng ng vi cc c trng chi ph ca
mi loi hnh dch v vn chuyn. Gi cc vn chuyn hp l thng c xu hng ph hp
vi chi ph sn xut ra dch v vn chuyn. Do mi loi hnh dch v vn chuyn c nhng
c im chi ph khc nhau, cho nn ng vi mt trng hp nht nh, u th gi cc ca
dch v ny th li c th khng hiu qu i vi dch v vn chuyn khc.
Dch v vn chuyn phi gnh chu nhiu chi ph nh :lao ng, xng du, bo dng,
l ph ng, chi ph hnh chnh, v nhng chi ph khc. Phi thc cc chi ph ny c
chia thnh 2 loi: chi ph bin i- nhng chi ph thay i theo dch v v qui m vn
chuyn, v chi ph c nh-khng thay i theo dch v v qui m vn chuyn. L d nhin,
mi chi ph u bin i nu thi gian v qui m vn chuyn vt qu mt gii hn nht
nh. Tuy nhin, vi mc ch xc nh gi vn chuyn cn phi nghin cu nhng chi ph
bin i cng nh chi ph c nh trong nhng iu kin bnh thng. Mi chi ph khc
c coi l bin i.
Chi ph c nh bao gm l ph con ng, bo dng, chi ph nh ga bn cng, thit
b vn ti, chi ph qun l hnh chnh; chi ph bin i thng l nhng chi ph gn lin vi
qu trnh vn chuyn nh xng du v lao ng, bo dng thit b, bo qun hng ho, v
nhng chi ph to lp l hng v cung ng. Khng c s phn bit tht r rng gia chi ph
c nh v bin i, tuy nhin c s khc bit v chi ph v c cu chi ph c nh-bin i
kh ln gia cc loi hnh vn chuyn. Mi chi ph c phn l c nh v c phn l bin
i, v vic a cc yu t chi ph vo loi ny hay loi khc l vn c tnh ch quan.
Cc n v vn chuyn thng s dng cc chnh sch gi cc : chnh sch gi cc
chi ph, chnh sch gi cc gi tr dch v, v chnh sch gi cc hn hp.
Chnh sch gi cc chi ph c ngha gi cc c xc nh trn c s chi ph cung
ng dch v cng thm gii hn li nhun. Chnh sch ny thng p dng vn chuyn
nhng hng ho c gi tr thp hoc trong tnh th cnh tranh cao.
Chnh sch gi tr dch v nhm nh gi da trn gi tr dch v m ngi mua chp
nhn.y l chnh sch gi cc cao do cung cp dch v vn chuyn c trnh cao cho
khch hng (dch v vn chuyn hon ho, tc cao,... ). Chnh sch ny thng p dng
trong trng hp vn chuyn hng ho c gi tr cao hoc trong nhng tnh th marketing
c bit: Yu cu cung ng khn cp hng ho cho th trng, hoc trong iu kin cnh
tranh hn ch.
Chnh sch phi hp (chnh sch gi cnh tranh) l chnh sch to mc gi trung gian
gi mc thp nht ca gi theo chi ph v mc cao nht ca gi theo gi tr dch v. Trong
thc t, a s cc n v vn chuyn p dng gi trung gian, c ngha va da trn tnh th
cnh tranh nh gi.
9
Cc doanh nghip thng mi c mt s quyt nh cn bn trong qun tr vn chuyn:
Quyt nh mc tiu vn chuyn, Quyt nh hnh thc vn chuyn, Quyt nh phng
thc vn chuyn, Quyt nh con ng vphng tin vn chuyn, v Quyt nh n v
cung cp dch v vn chuyn.
5.3- Quyt nh mc tiu vn chuyn
i vi cc doanh nghip thng mi, c 3 mc tiu vn chuyn hng ho. l mc
tiu chi ph, mc tiu tc , v mc tiu n nh.
Mc tiu chi ph l mt trong nhng mc tiu hng u ca vn chuyn hng ho.
Qun tr phi a ra nhng quyt nh vn chuyn nhm gim n mc thp nht chi ph
ca c h thng logistics. Chi ph vn chuyn l s tin phi tr di chuyn hng ho gia
cc v tr a l, chi ph qun l v bo qun hng ho trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Chi ph
ph thuc nhiu yu t, c bit ph thuc h thng logistics nhm s dng cc gii php
ti thiu ho tng chi ph ca c h thng. iu ny c ngha, ti thiu ho chi ph vn
chuyn khng phi lun lun lin quan n tng chi ph logistics thp nht.
Tc l mc tiu dch v hng u ca vn chuyn. Trnh dch v khch hng
chu nh hng nhiu ca chi ph thi gian vn chuyn. Trong mt chu k thc hin n t
hng, thi gian vn chuyn chim nhiu nht,v do tc vn chuyn c lin quan n
vic p ng kp thi hng ho cho khch hng, n d tr hng ho ca khch hng. Tc
v chi ph vn chuyn lin quan vi nhau theo 2 hng. Th nht, cc n v vn chuyn
c kh nng cung cp dch v vn chuyn nhanh hn th cc ph s cao hn; th hai, dch
v vn chuyn cng nhanh, thi gian d tr trn ng cng gim. Do , chn phng n
vn chuyn phi cn i c tc v chi ph vn chuyn. Thng thng, doanh nghip
thng mi chn mc tiu chi ph khi vn chuyn b sung d tr, cn khi vn chuyn cung
ng hng ho cho khch hng th chn mc tiu tc .
n nh vn chuyn l s bin ng thi gian cn thit thc hin qu trnh di
chuyn xc nh i v cc l hng giao, nhn. n nh phn nh tin cy ca vn
chuyn v c coi l c trng quan trng nht ca cht lng vn chuyn. n nh vn
chuyn nh hng n c d tr ca ngi mua, ngi bn v nhng c hi, ri ro trong
kinh doanh. Tc v n nh to nn cht lng dch v ca vn chuyn.
Nh vy:
-Trong thit k h thng logistics, phi kho lo t c s cn i gia chi ph vn
chuyn v cht lng dch v. Trong mt s trng hp, chi ph thp l cn thit; tnh th
khc, dch v l cn thit t c mc ch kinh doanh. Qu trnh tm kim v qun tr
phi thc vn chuyn hp l l trch nhim hng u ca logistics.
-C 3 kha cnh vn chuyn m nh qun tr phi lun nh c lin quan n h thng
logistics :
+Th nht: Chn c s logistics thit lp cu trc mng nhm tng cng h
thng vn ti v ng thi hn ch cc phng n la chn;
+Th hai: Tng chi ph vn chuyn cao hn cc ph vn chuyn;
+Th ba: Ton b mi n lc thng nht kh nng vn chuyn vo trong h thng
logistics c th b tht bi nu dch v cung ng phn tn v mu thun.
10
5.4- Quyt nh hnh thc vn chuyn
Hnh thc vn chuyn trong doanh nghip thng mi l cch thc di chuyn hng
ho t ngun hng n khch hng theo nhng iu kin nht nh nhm hp l ho s vn
ng ca hng ho trong knh logistics doanh nghip.
Thc cht ca quyt nh hnh thc vn chuyn l la chn knh logistics trong doanh
nghip mt cch hp l nht- m bo tho mn nhu cu dch v khch hng vi chi ph t
nht. C 2 hnh thc vn chuyn : vn chuyn thng v vn chuyn qua kho(knh logistics
trc tip v knh gin tip). C th m t mt cch n gin cc hnh thc vn chuyn s
hnh 5.6.












Hnh 5.6: Cc loi knh logistics ca doanh nghip thng mi

Vn chuyn thng l s di ng ca hng ho t ngun hng thng n c s logistics
ca khch hng hoc ca hng bn l m khng qua bt k mt khu kho trung gian no.
Nh vy, vn chuyn thng trong doanh nghip thng mi bn bun c ch cui
cng l c s logistics ca khch hng mua bun- kho hoc ca hng bn l; cn trong
doanh nghip thng mi bn l, ch cui cng l mng li cc ca hng bn l ca
doanh nghip
Trong nhng tnh th nht nh, vn chuyn thng c nhng u th: Tng nhanh qu
trnh dch chuyn hng ho v do gim d tr hng ho trong doanh nghip; c th gim
c chi ph vn chuyn trong trng hp c ly vn chuyn ngn do gim c s ln xp
d hng ho. Tuy nhin, vn chuyn thng hn ch kh nng cung ng dch v cho khch
hng, cho nn ch s dng trong nhng iu kin nht nh.
Nhng iu kin p dng hnh thc vn chuyn thng l:
-Khng lm gim trnh dch v khch hng :S lng, c cu, c im hng ho;
thi gian cung ng hng ho phi p ng yu cu ca khch hng. iu ny cng c ngha:
l hng mua phi ph hp vi l hng bn-qui m l hng khng qu ln, c cu n gin,
hng ho khng phi qua khu t chc mt hng thng mi; c ly vn chuyn ngn, iu
kin vn chuyn khng phc tp-khng phi chuyn ti qua nhiu phng tin; thi gian
Kho ngun
hng
C s logistics
khch hng
Knh
logistics trc
tip
Knh logistics gin tip
H thng kho
doanh nghip

11
thc hin n t hng mua ca ngun hng nhanh, p ng yu cu thi gian cung ng
hng ho cho khch hng;
-Tng chi ph vn chuyn thng phi gim: chi ph d tr(d tr trn ng) v cc
ph vn ti chuyn thng nh hn chi ph d tr (d tr trn ng v kho) v cc ph vn
ti (vn chuyn n kho v t kho cung ng cho khch hng ). iu ny cng c ngha: qui
m l hng vn chuyn thng phi ln, iu kin giao thng vn ti phi thun tin.
Nh vy, hnh thc vn chuyn thng thch ng vi mc tiu nh hng chi ph ch
khng phi dch v, v trong iu kin kinh t th trng pht trin vi s cnh tranh dch
v gay gt, n t c s dng.
Hnh thc vn chuyn ph bin hn c vn l vn chuyn qua kho. Vn chuyn qua
kho l hnh thc vn chuyn trong , hng ho t ngun hng cung ng cho khch hng
phi qua t nht mt khu kho. Thc cht ca hnh thc vn chuyn qua kho l trin khai
knh logistics gin tip trong doanh nghip. C th vn chuyn qua mt hoc nhiu khu
kho tu thuc vo nhiu nhn t h thng logistics :Khong cch gia ngun hng v khch
hng, mng li kho v giao thng vn ti, c im ca hng ho vn chuyn. Trong iu
kin nn kinh t th trng tp trung v chuyn mn ho, vn chuyn qua kho c nhiu u
th v n m bo tho mn tt nht nhu cu dch v ca khch hng vi chi ph thp.
Do hng ho d tr trong mng li kho c phn b hp l nn m bo tho mn
nhu cu ca khch hng c v s lng, cht lng, c cu...ng thi cung ng nhanh v
n nh hng ho cho khch hng.
Vn chuyn hng ho qua mng li kho c phn b hp l s pht huy tnh kinh t
nh qui m trong vn chuyn v do gim c chi ph vn chuyn. Chnh v vy,xc
nh mt hnh thc vn chuyn hp l phi gn lin vi vic qui hoch mng li kho hp
l.
5.5- Quyt nh phng thc vn chuyn
Doanh nghip thng mi phi la chn phng thc vn chuyn n thc, a thc
hay t on. xc nh phng thc vn chuyn, cn cn c nhng yu t sau:
- Loi hnh giao nhn: FOB giao, FOB nhn
- iu kin vn chuyn: c ly, tnh phc tp ca con ng v phng tin (phi s
dng nhiu con ng v phng tin)
- S hin din ca cc t chc dch v giao nhn, vn chuyn a phng thc
- c im, tnh cht hng vn chuyn
- Kh nng vn chuyn ring
- tc , n nh v chi ph ca tng phng thc
5.6- Quyt nh phng tin vn ti hp l
Gn lin vi quyt nh hnh thc, phng thc vn chuyn l quyt nh phng tin
vn ti. Quyt nh phng tin vn ti nhm to ra c cu phng tin m bo cung cp
dch v cho khch hng tt nht v chi ph thp nht.Tu thuc vo mc ch vn chuyn -
b sung d tr hay cung ng hng ho cho khch hng -m quyt nh phng tin vn ti
nh hng chi ph hay dch v. Thng thng, vn chuyn b sung d tr nh hng chi
ph, c ngha ly tiu chun chi ph la chn phng n phng tin vn ti; vn chuyn
12
cung ng hng ho cho khch hng ly tiu chun trnh dch v khch hng, v do l
kh nng pht trin doanh thu, li nhun, hoc kh nng cnh tranh chn phng n
phng tin vn ti.
Quyt nh phng tin vn ti phi cn c vo nhng yu t sau:
- Cn c vo mc ch vn chuyn xc nh mc tiu phng tin vn ti :chi ph
hay dch v;
- Cn c vo nhng c trng dch v v chi ph ca cc loi phng tin vn ti
la chn phng tin vn ti p ng nhng yu cu dch v vi tng chi ph thp nht
(Hnh 5.7)



















Hnh 5.7: S tri ngc gia chi ph vn chuyn v d tr - Hm ca
nhng c trng dch v vn chuyn

- Cn c vo vic phn tch nhu cu dch v khch hng, kh nng cung ng dch v
ca i th cnh tranh nhm xc nh loi phng tin vn ti p ng yu cu cnh tranh-
dch v ca doanh nghip;
- Cn c vo vic phn tch kh nng li nhun chn phng tin vn ti ng vi
trnh dch v khch hng ti u;
- Cn c vo vic phn tch tng chi ph lin quan n loi phng tin vn ti : chi
ph d tr trn ng v kho, cc ph vn chuyn. .. chn phng tin vn ti cho chi
ph thp nht.
- Cn c tnh hnh phn b ngun hng v khch hng, mng li kho v giao
thng vn ti.
V d 1: Mt khch hng bn l mua 3000 kin hng c gi tr 1triu ng/kin t 2
nh bn bun. Hin ti, s lng mua c chia u cho c hai. Mi nh bn bun hin
ang s dng phng tin vn ti ng st vn chuyn v c thi gian cung ng cho
khch hng nh nhau. Tuy vy, khch hng bn l s chuyn 5% tng lng hng mua cho
Chi ph dch v
vn chuyn
Tng chi ph Chi
ph
Chi ph d tr
(kho + trn ng)
ng st My bay t
Dch v vn chuyn
(tc v tin cy cao hn)
13
ngi cung ng no gim c thi gian cung ng i 1 ngy, tc l 150 triu. Gii hn li
nhun trc khi tnh chi ph vn chuyn l 20% cho mi kin hng.
Nh bn bun A lp phng n s dng phng tin vn ti t hoc my bay. Cc
ph vn chuyn v thi gian cung ng ca mi loi phng tin vn ti nh sau:

Loi ptvt Gi cc(1000/kin) Thi gian cung ng (ngy)
1-ng st 25 7
2-t 60 4
3-My bay 103,5 2

Nh bn bun A tnh ton kh nng thu li nhun theo tng phng tin vn ti
nh sau:

Loi ptvt
S lng bn
(kin)
Li gp
(triu )
Chi ph v/c
(triu )
Li
(triu )
1-ng st
1500 300 37,5 262,5
2-t
1950 390 117 273
3-My bay
2250 450 232,9 217,1

Nh vy, t cho kh nng thu li nhun cao nht, do chn phng tin vn ti t
vn chuyn bn hng.
V d 2: Mt trm bn bun c th s dng 2 loi phng tin vn ti vn chuyn
hng thu mua t ngun v kho. Phng tin vn ti B r hn nhng chm v km tin cy
hn. la chn phng tin vn ti, trm da vo cc d liu sau:

1/D bo nhu cu nm-365ngy(T) 10950
2/Chi ph mt ln t hng(1000) 1000
3/Gi sn phm mua ti ngun(1000/T) 500
4/T l chi ph d tr trn ng(%) 20
5/T l chi ph d tr ti kho(%) 30
6/Xc sut m bo d tr kho(%) 95
Phng tinA Phng tinB
7/Thi gian vn chuyn(ngy) 4 5
8/ lch tiu chn thi gian v/c(ngy) 1,5 2
9/Gi cc vn chuyn(1000/T) 120 118

Kho p dng m hnh kim tra thng xuyn d tr hng ho
Yu cu: Xc nh phng tin vn ti theo quan im tng chi ph thp nht
Trong trng hp ny, phi tnh ton tng chi ph cung ng hng ho cho c s
logistics theo tng phng n phng tin vn ti, bao gm: chi ph d tr (c trn ng
v kho), cc ph vn chuyn, chi ph thiu bn do khng m bo d tr. .. Phng n no
c tng chi ph thp hn th s c la chn.
14
la chn phng tin vn ti, ta phi so snh tng chi ph lin quan n vic s
dng phng tin vn ti :
F=F
d
+F

+F
v

y, F :Tng chi ph lin quan n s dng phng tin vn ti
F
d
:Chi ph d tr ti kho v trn ng F
d
=F
dk
+F
d

F

:Chi ph t hng F

=(M/Q).f

F
v
:Cc ph vn chuyn F
v
=p
v
M
F
dk
:Chi ph d tr ti kho F
dk
=(Q/2 +D
b
).p
k
.f
dk

F
d
:Chi ph d tr trn ng F
d
=(c
tb
.t
tb
).p
m
.f
d
M : D bo nhu cu nm
Q: Qui m l hng vn chuyn =
dk k d
f p f M . / . . 2
f

: Chi ph mt ln t hng
p
v
: Gi cc vn chuyn
D
b
:D tr bo him D
b
='. z; ' : lch tiu chun do bin ng canhu cu v
thi gian thc hin n hng
2 2 2 ,
. .
tv tb vtb c
c t

z : Ch s lch tiu chun tng ng
vi xc sut m bo d tr (tra bng)

c
: lch nhu cu

tv
: lch thi gian vn chuyn
t
vtb
:Thi gian vn chuyn trung bnh
c
tb
Nhu cu bnh qun ngy
p
k
:Gi nhp kho; p
k
=p
m
+p
v
; p
m
: Gi mua ti ngun
p
v
: Gi cc vn chuyn
f
d
: T l chi ph m bo d tr trn ng(%)
f
dk
:T l chi ph m bo d tr ti kho(%)

By gi, ta tnh tng chi ph i vi tng phng n phng tin vn ti. n v tin
t l 1000
Phng tin vn ti A:
1/Chi ph d tr :
- D tr trn ng : F
d
=(10950/365.4).500.20%=12000
- D tr ti kho:
+

34
3 , 0 . 120 500
1000 . 10950 . 2

Q

+
45 5 , 1 . 365 / 10950
2
2
,


+ z :Xc sut m bo d tr p
r
=0,95 nn tra bng c z =1,64
F
dk
=(343/2+45.1,64).(500+120).0,3=45625,8
15
Vy chi ph d tr l: F
d
=12000+45625,8=57625,8
2/Chi ph t hng:
F

=(10950/343).1000=31924,2
3/Cc ph vn chuyn :
F
v
=10950.120=1314000
Tng chi ph phng n phng tin vn ti A l:
F
A
=57625,8+31924,2+1314000=1403550(nghn )
Tng t tnh tng chi ph phng n phng tin vn ti B ta c:
F
B
=1389063,6(nghn )<F
A
=1403550(nghn )
Nh vy phng n phng tin vn ti B c tng chi ph thp hn, do ta
chnphng tin vn ti B vn chuyn hng ho.
Khi la chn phng tin vn ti, phi cn nhc nhiu nhn t. C mt s nhn t m
nhng ngi ra quyt nh khng th kim sot c:
- Th nht: Cn khuyn khch s hp tc hiu qu gia ngi cung ng v ngi mua
nu bit c l do gy ra chi ph l xc thc. Nu ngi bn v ngi mua l nhng thc
th php l c lp th nhng thng tin v chi ph khng ng tin cy. Trong trng hp
ny, s nhy cm vi phn ng ca bn khc i vi vic la chn dch v vn ti, hoc
mc thu ht khch hng s cho bit phng hng hp tc.
-Th hai: u c ngi cung ng cnh tranh trong knh phn phi, ngi mua v
ngi bn s hnh nh t c s ph hp ti u dch v - chi ph vn ti. Tuy nhin,
l l ca cc bn c th khng m bo chc chn.
- Th ba: Hiu qu ca gi c thng khng c cn nhc. Nu ngi bn cung cp
dch v vn ti cht lng cao hn, h c th nng gi hng ho b vo chi ph gia tng.
Ngi mua s phi cn nhc c gi v hiu qu vn chuyn khi quyt nh ngi cung ng.
- Th t: Nhng thay i gi cc vn chuyn, thay i phi thc sn phm v thay
i chi ph d tr, cng nh s tr a dch v vn chuyn ca i th cnh tranh, s b
sung thm cc yu t nng ng vo nhng vn khng c nghin cu trc tip.
- Th nm: nh hng gin tip la chn phng tin vn ti v d tr ca ngi bn
khng c nh gi. Ngi bn c th c mc d tr tng, gim l do qui m l hng ph
hp vi vic la chn phng tin vn ti tng t nh ngi mua. Nh cung ng c th
iu chnh gi phn nh nhng ci . Ngc li, s nh hng n vic la chn
phng tin vn ti.
ng thi vi quyt nh phng tin vn ti, phi xy dng hnh trnh vn chuyn
nhm gim bt chi ph vn chuyn v tng tc giao hng. Trong trng hp hnh trnh
con thoi-vn chuyn t mt ni giao n mt ni nhn-c th s dng phng php gii bi
ton vn ti; trong trng hp hnh trnh ri hng-nhn hng mt ni v giao cho nhiu ni-
c th s dng thut ton ngi a th thit lp hnh trnh vn chuyn.
5.7- Quyt nh n v cung cp dch v vn chuyn.
n v cung cp dch v vn chuyn c nh hng rt ln n cc tiu chun dch v
v chi ph. Do phi la chn mt cch cn thn. Cn phi nh gi n v cung cp dch
16
v vn chuyn theo nhiu tiu chun la chn. Qu trnh la chn n v cung cp dch
v vn chuyn tin hnh theo cc bc sau y:
- Bc mt: Xc nh cc tiu chun nh gi.
Trn quan im tip th, phi phn tch cc tiu chun nh gi n v cung cp dch
v vn chuyn nh hng ngi nhn ch khng phi nh hng ngi giao, tc l nh
hng khch hng. Cc tiu chun ny bao gm dch v v chi ph. C th cn nhc cc tiu
chun sau: chi ph, thi gian vn chuyn, tin cy thi gian vn chuyn, kh nng vn
chuyn cc loi hng, tnh linh hot, v an ton ca hng ho trong qu trnh vn chuyn.
- Bc hai: Xc nh quan trng ca mi tiu chun.
quan trng ca mi tiu chun c xc nh theo h s ph hp vi quan im
ca ngi giao hng. C th xp loi quan trng theo th t: h s 1 l quan trng nht,
h s 3 l km nht.
- Bc ba: nh gi kt qu thc hin mi tiu chun ca tng n v cung cp dch
v vn chuyn
Kt qu thc hin tiu chun ca tng n v cung cp dch v vn chuyn c nh
gi bng cch cho im vi thang im t 1-tt n 3-km; im nh gi ny phi bao gm
c yu t s lng v cht lng.
-Bc bn: Xc nh tng s im nh gi.
Tng s im nh gi c xc nh bng cch nhn im thc hin tiu chun vi
h s quan trng c im nh gi tng tiu chun, sau , cng im nh gi cc
tiu chun c tng s im nh gi. n v cung cp dch v vn chuyn no c tng s
im nh gi thp nht th c nh gi cao nht.
Trong mi trng logistics ngy nay, vic nh gi v la chn n v cung cp dch
v vn chuyn kh khn hn do nhng n v cung cp dch v vn chuyn u tng cng
kh nng cung cp dch v vn chuyn. V vy, ngoi vic nh gi cc tiu chun chi ph
v dch v, cn cn nhc thm cc yu t b sung. Bng 5.2 minh ho phng php nh gi
ny.
Bng 5.2: nh gi n v cung cp dch v vn chuyn bng phng php cho im
Kt qu nh gi
n v cung cp
DVVC A
n v cung cp
DVVC B
Cc tiu chun

quan
trng
(1-3)
im
tiu
chun
Tng
im
im
tiu
chun
Tng
im
1. Chi ph 1 1 1 2 2
2. Thi gian vn chuyn 3 2 6 3 9
3. tin cy 1 3 3 1 1
4. Kh nng vn chuyn cc loi hng 2 2 4 1 2
5. Tnh linh hot 2 2 4 1 2
6. an ton vn chuyn 2 2 4 3 6
Cng 22 24

17
Nh vy, nu khng xt thm cc nhn t khc th n v cung cp dch v vn chuyn
A c la chn t cc mi quan h vn chuyn hng ho, bi tng s im nh gi l
22 nh hn tng s im nh gi ca n v cung cp dch v vn chuyn B-24 im.
5.8- Quyt nh phi hp vn chuyn.
Trong vn chuyn, gi cc gim cng vi qui m l hng vn chuyn ln khuyn
khch cc nh qun tr giao hng vi s lng ln. Phi hp giao cc l hng nh trong cng
mt l hng ln l cch ch yu t c chi ph vn chuyn /1n v khi lng thp
hn. Vic phi hp cc l hng giao thng c tin hnh theo 4 cch:
- Cch 1: Phi hp d tr
C ngha d tr cc mt hng p ng cho cng mt nhu cu. iu ny cho php giao
l hng ln, thm ch ch y phng tin vn ti.
- Cch 2: Phi hp phng tin
C ngha, nu l hng giao nh hn trng ti phng tin, th c th kt hp cc l
hng c cng hng vn ng vn chuyn trong cng mt phng tin vn ti c trng
ti ln.
-Cch 3: Phi hp kho.
Trong trng hp khong cch vn chuyn t ngun hng n cc khu vc tiu th
ln, c th phi hp mng li kho trong knh logistics tp trung vn chuyn hng ho
gia kho thu nhn v kho phn phi c ly xa, v sau vn chuyn cung ng hng ho
cho khch hng c ly ngn.
- Cch 4: Phi hp thi gian.
Tr hon thc hin cc n hng ca nhiu khch hng cho n khi to nn l hng ln
hn tp trung vn chuyn.
V d: Mt cng ty bn bun phn phi hng ho t tng kho cho 3 trm bn bun khu
vc. Phn tch cc n t hng ca 3 trm trong 3 ngy lin tip c s liu qui m n t
hng(tnh theo n v sn phm ) nh sau:

T tng kho n Ngy 1 Ngy 2 Ngy 3
Trm A 5.000 25.000 18.000
Trm B 7.000 12.000 21.000
Trm C 42.000 38.000 61.000

Cng ty thng giao cc l hng cng ngy nhn n t hng. Cc nh qun tr
ang ngh xem c nn phi hp cc n t hng ca 3 ngy hay khng
Trn c s gi cc vn chuyn, c th tnh c tng cc ph vn chuyn hng
ho trong trng hp thc hin n t hng trong tng ngy:
n v: 1000
Trm Ngy 1 Ngy 2 Ngy 3 Cng
A 34,2.5000=171000 11,4.25000=285000 13,6.18000=224800 700800
B 36,0.7000=252000 14,4.12000=172800 12,0.21000=252000 676800
C 6,8.42000=285600 6,8.40000=272000 6,8.61000=414800 972400
Cng 708.600 729.800 891.600 2.350.000
18
40.000: L hng 38.000 coi nh ch y phng tin vn ti 40.000
Nu cc n t hng gi li 3 ngy sau mi giao, chi ph vn chuyn s l:

Trm 3 ngy
A 8,2.48000=393600
B 8,6.40000=344000
C 6,8.141000=988800
Cng 1.696.400

Tit kim chi ph vn chuyn do phi hp n t hng s l:
2.350.000-1.696.400=683.600(nghn ng)

Trn c s ny, so snh nh hng ca vic ko di thi gian cung ng n doanh
thu, v nh gi xem phi hp n hng c li khng.
5.9- Qu trnh nghip v vn chuyn.
Qu trnh nghip v vn chuyn l h thng cc mt cng tc nhm di chuyn hng
ho t ni giao hng n ni nhn hng, m bo tho mn nhng yu cu ca qu trnh
mua, bn vi chi ph thp nht. Qu trnh nghip v vn chuyn nm trong 2 qu trnh
logistics c bn ca doanh nghip thng mi: qu trnh nghip v mua v qu trnh
nghip v bn.
Nh vy, hon thin qu trnh nghip v vn chuyn c vai tr rt ln trong vic thc
hin nhng mc tiu ca vn chuyn hng ho, nng cao trnh dch v khch hng, gim
chi ph logistics, m bo li th cnh tranh v kh nng li nhun cao cho doanh nghip.
Tu thuc vo cc mi quan h mua bn, vn chuyn m thnh phn tham gia c th khc
nhau, nhng v c bn l: ngi giao (ngun hng), doanh nghip thng mi, khch hng,
ngi vn chuyn.
Hnh 5.8 trnh by s tng qut qu trnh nghip v vn chuyn cng cc mi quan
h gia cc t chc tham gia vo qu trnh nghip v vn chuyn.
ng trn gc doanh nghip thng mi l bn bn (ngi gi hng), qu trnh
nghip v vn chuyn bao gm 4 giai on c bn: chun b gi hng; gi hng; bo v v
bc d hng ho trn ng vn chuyn; v giao hng.
5.9.1- Chun b gi hng
Bao gm nhng mt cng tc m bo sn sng vn chuyn hng ho. Yu cu ca
giai on ny l: L hng vn chuyn phi ph hp vi lch giao hng v hp ng, m
bo nhng iu kin giao nhn vn chuyn v phi thun tin thc hin cc khu nghip
v khc. Chun b gi hng c 2 mt cng tc c bn l: chun b v hng ho, v chun b
cc loi giy t.
Chun b v hng ho thc cht l to lp l hng giao cho khch hng. y l ni
dung c bn trong cng on nghip v pht hng kho;

19

Hnh 5.8: S tng qut qu trnh nghip v vn chuyn

Chun b v giy t nhm to nn nhng iu kin kinh t - php l trong vn chuyn
v giao nhn hng ho, m bo cho hng ho vn chuyn c thng sut, giao nhn
nhanh, v do tng tc qu trnh nghip v vn chuyn hng ho.
Cc chng t trong giao nhn, vn chuyn
Trong giao nhn vn chuyn thng thng (Ni a)
Vn n (bill of lading): l mt bn hp ng hp php gia ngi thu vn chuyn
v cc hng vn chuyn v vic vn chuyn mt khi lng hng ho ti mt a im c
th v khng c nguy him. C 3 chc nng:
+C tc dng nh bin lai
+Coi nh l hp ng vn chuyn
+L bng chng bng vn bn
Ho n vn chuyn (Freight bill): Nh vn n nhng c thm thng tin v cc vn
chuyn
Khiu ni vn chuyn (Freight claims): Thng l Khiu ni trch nhim php l ca
ngi vn chuyn v Khiu ni mc gi cao
Trong giao nhn vn chuyn kinh doanh quc t
Chng t dng trong hot ng xut khu: vn n, ho n cng, hng dn giao
hng, khai bo xut khu, th tn dng, chng nhn ca lnh s qun, chng nhn v ngun
gc ca hng ho, ho n thng mi, chng t bo him, th chuyn giao.
Chng t dng trong nhp khu: thng bo n, giy khai bo hi quan, chng nhn
ca hng vn chuyn v yu cu gii phng hng, giy yu cu giao hng, chng nhn gii
phng hng, ho n hi quan c bit.
5.9.2- Gi hng
Bao gm nhng mt cng tc chuyn giao hng ho ln phng tin vn ti. Yu cu
ca giai on ny l: Xc nh trch nhim vt cht v hng ho vn chuyn gia cc bn c
Ngi nhn








V vn ti
Ngi gi




Quan h trao i/giao dch hng ho Quan h vn chuyn
Knh VC
vc
Dng hng ho
Vn n
Thng tin n t hng
Ho n/chi tit vc Ho n vc
Chuyn tin Chuyn tin
Tuyn ng
20
lin quan- ngi giao, nhn v vn chuyn hng ho, tn dng trng ti v dung tch ca
phng tin vn ti, m bo an ton cho hng ho trong qu trnh vn chuyn.
Tu thuc loi dch v vn chuyn s dng m ni dung gi hng phc tp hoc n
gin. Gi hng ti kho bng phng tin vn ti t l n gin nht; phc tp nht vn l
gi hng bng phng tin vn ti ng di nh :ng st, ng thu,ng khng.Ni
dung gi hng bng ng st bao gm: vit giy gi hng- xc nh a im gi hng-
chuyn hng ra a im bc xp- kim tra s lng v cht lng hng ho - kim tra
phng tin vn ti - cht xp hng ln phng tin vn ti - lm th tc chng t giao
nhn.
5.9.3- Bo v v bc d hng ho trn ng vn chuyn.
Bao gm nhng mt cng tc gn lin vi vic di chuyn hng ho t ni giao n ni
nhn hng. Yu cu: m bo di chuyn hng ho nhanh, lin tc, gim n mc thp nht
hao ht hng ho trong qu trnh di chuyn v bc d chuyn ti.
Trch nhim bo v hng ho trong qu trnh vn chuyn c th thuc v bn s hu
hng ho - ngun hng, doanh nghip thng mi, khch hng-hoc ngi vn chuyn tu
thuc vo c im hng ho, a im giao hng, kh nng thc hin cc dch v ca ngi
vn chuyn. Trong vn chuyn hin i, ngi vn chuyn m nhim c dch v bo v
hng ho, v do nng cao trch nhim ca bn vn chuyn ng thi gii phng cc bn
s hu hng ho khi cng tc ny.
Trong qu trnh vn chuyn, phi thng xuyn kim tra hng ho, duy tr v to nn
nhng iu kin bo v v bo qun hng ho, x l kp thi v hp l nhng trng hp
hng ho b suy gim cht lng.
Trong qu trnh vn chuyn, c th phi thay i phng tin vn ti do chuyn i
loi hnh phng tin (ng st-t, ng thu-t,...), hoc do h hng cu ng hay
phng tin vn ti. ..,v do phi tin hnh bc d hng ho. Trch nhim bc d trong
qu trnh vn chuyn thng l do ngi vn chuyn m nhim bng cch s dng cc loi
hnh t chc lc lng bc d khc nhau. Cn phi qun l tt hng ho trong qu trnh bc
d chuyn ti.
5.9.4- Giao hng.
Bao gm nhng mt cng tc nhm chuyn giao hng ho t phng tin vn ti cho
bn nhn hng. y l giai on kt thc v th hin kt qu ca c qu trnh nghip v vn
chuyn. Yu cu ca giai on ny l: Xc nh trch nhim vt cht gia cc bn giao,
nhn v vn chuyn hng ho; gii phng nhanh phng tin vn ti, m bo gi gn an
ton cho hng ho.
Tu thuc vo vic giao hng t loi phng tin vn ti no m ni dung giao hng
n gin hay phc tp. i vi bn nhn hng th y l nghip v tip nhn hng ho v do
c ni dung nh nghip v tip nhn hng ho kho.

1
Chng 6: QUN TR NGHIP V KHO V B
6.1- Qun tr nghip v kho hng ho
6.1.1- Mc tiu v nguyn tc cu qun tr nghip v kho hng ho
a- V tr v ni dung ca qun tr nghip v kho hng ho
Trong h thng cc nghip v logistics, nghip v kho l nhng hot ng logistics
tip ni v h tr cho qu trnh cung ng v c bit l qu trnh cung ng hng ha cho
khch hng. Do , nghip v kho chu nh hng v nh hng trc tip n cht lng
bn hng, qun tr d tr v qun tr mua hng.
Nghip v kho hng ho l h thng cc mt cng tc c thc hin i vi hng ho
trong qu trnh vn ng qua kho nhm p ng cho qu trnh vn ng v mua, bn hng
ho qua kho vi chi ph thp nht.
Qun tr nghip v kho c vai tr to ln trong h thng logistics kinh doanh thng
mi:
- Nghip v kho m bo hng ho sn sng cho qu trnh bn hng, qu trnh
logistics trc tip. C cu, s lng v cht lng l hng cung ng cho khch hng l kt
qu ca qu trnh nghip v kho; thi gian cung ng hng ho chu nh hng ln ca qu
trnh nghip v kho, c bit chu nh hng ca cng tc chun b hng trong cng on
pht hng kho. V nh vy, trnh dch v khch hng cng chu nh hng kh ln ca
nghip v kho.
- Nghip v kho to iu kin thun li thc hin cc quyt nh ca qun tr mua
v d tr hng ho; nghip v kho p ng nhng iu kin c s vt cht - k thut bo
qun qui m v c cu d tr hng ho ti u, kim tra v cung cp thng tin tnh hnh bin
ng d tr hng ho qun tr c hiu qu d tr hng ho trong kho; nghip v kho trc
tip kim tra s lng v cht lng hng ho trong qu trnh mua hng, ngn chn hng
ho khng m bo cht lng lt vo knh logistics, ng thi nng cao hiu lc ca qu
trnh mua hng.
- Qu trnh nghip v kho s dng cc phng php cng ngh tin tin hp l, mt
mt, nng cao cht lng dch v ca qu trnh, mt khc, gim chi ph nghip v kho v do
gim chi ph ca ton b qu trnh logistics
Qun tr nghip v kho bao gm nhng ni dung sau: 1- Thit k qu trnh nghip v
kho; 2- Qui hoch mt bng nghip v kho; 3- Qun tr thit b nghip v kho; 4- T chc
lao ng nghip v kho; Trong ni dung u l quan trng nht v n quyt nh ni
dung ca nhng ni dung sau.
b- Mc tiu v nguyn tc qun tr nghip v kho hng ho
Xut pht t v tr v vai tr ca qun tr nghip v kho nu trn, qun tr nghip
v kho tp trung vo nhng mc tiu sau:
- Th nht, l mc tiu p ng nhanh nhng yu cu ca qu trnh mua bn hng
ho qua kho. Mc tiu ny gn lin vi chc nng h tr ca nghip v kho hng ho.
- Th hai, l mc tiu hp l ho vic phn b d tr hng ho trong kho. Mc tiu
2
ny lin quan n qun tr d tr hng ho v s dng hp l din tch v dung tch kho.
- Th ba, l mc tiu cht lng hng ho bo qun. Mc tiu ny lin quan n vic
qun tr cht lng hng ho trong kinh doanh thng mi c tp trung ch yu trong kho
hng ho.
Cc ch tiu nh gi vic thc hin cc mc tiu ny bao gm: S ln vi phm hp
ng cung cp hng ho cho khch hng; t l cc l hng b tr li; thi gian trung bnh
chun b mt l hng pht cho khch hng; tc chu chuyn hng ho kho; h s s
dng din tch v dung tch kho; t l hao ht hng ho kho; gi thnh nghip v kho,...
Cc nguyn tc qun tr nghip v kho hng ho:
- Nguyn tc hiu qu: t mc tiu vi chi ph thp
- Nguyn tc tin b k thut
- Nguyn tc h thng
- Nguyn tc gim hao ht
6.1.2- Qu trnh nghip v kho hng ho
Tu thuc vo loi hng ho d tr v bo qun, loi hnh kho v cc i kin khc
m qu trnh nghip v kho khc nhau. Tuy nhin qu trnh bao gm 3 giai on: tip nhn
hng, bo qun hng, pht hng. S tng qut qu trnh nghip v kho c th hin
hnh 6.1
a- Nghip v tip nhn hng
a.1- Cc yu cu tip nhn hng kho
Tip nhn hng l h thng cc mt cng tc kim tra tnh trng s lng v cht
lng hng ho thc nhp vo kho, xc nh trch nhim vt cht gia cc bn giao nhn,
vn chuyn hng ho trong vic chuyn giao quyn s hu, quyn qun l hng ho theo
cc vn bn php l qui nh.
Tip nhn hng ho l cng on nghip v trung gian gia qu trnh nghip v mua
hng, nghip v vn chuyn, v nghip v kho. Do , tip nhn hng ho th hin mi
quan h kinh t - php l gia cc n v kinh t: ngun hng, n v vn chuyn, v doanh
nghip thng mi. Chnh v vy, tip nhn hng phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
- Phi xc nh trch nhim vt cht c th gia n v cung ng v ngi nhn hng.
y l xc nh r trch nhim vt cht trong vic thc hin cc cam kt kinh t - php
l gia ngi bn (ngun hng) v ngi mua (doanh nghip thng mi ), v n v vn
chuyn hng ho c k kt trong hp ng mua-bn v hp ng vn chuyn hng
ho.
- Phi kim tra vic thc hin k hoch nhp hng ca doanh nghip, kim tra vic
thc hin hp ng mua bn v vn chuyn gia cc bn.
Thng qua tip nhn hng ho, c th tp hp c thng tin v mua hng v vn
chuyn hng ho, do , phi tin hnh hch ton nghip v nhp hng kho mt cch chi
tit v c th.


3
1
1.1
2
1.2
1.1a
1.1b

































Hnh 6.1: S tng qut qu trnh nghip v kho
Ghi ch:
1- Hng c bao b
2- Hng khng bao b
1.1- Giao nhn theo s lng, cht
lng hng ho c th
1.2- Giao nhn nguyn ai kin
1.1a- Hng phi qua kim tra nh
gi cht lng chi tit
1.1b- Hng ch kim tra mt s ch
tiu cm quan bn ngoi
Kim tra bao b, s
lng hng theo n
v bao b
Kim tra s lng
theo n v hng ho,
c cu chng loi,
kim tra cht lng
cm quan
Kim tra, nh gi
cht lng
Lm chng t
nhp hng
Cht xp hng ho
vo v tr bo qun
Chm sc, gi gn
hng ho
Lp
bin bn
Xc nh v tr phn
b hng ho
Qun l nhit
, m
V sinh st
trng kho
Phng chng chy,
bo l, phng gian
Gim st cht
lng hng
Chun b pht hng
Giao hng
Xy dng k
hoch pht hng
Quyt nh
tip nhn
T chi
tip nhn
X l
Kim tra ln cui
s lng hng ho
Kim tra cc iu
kin giao hng
K hoch nhp v
chun b nhp hng
4
- Phi m bo tip nhn kp thi, nhanh chng v chnh xc.
Yu cu ny nhm tit kim thi gian hng ho dng li cng on tip nhn, do
gii phng nhanh phng tin vn ti, nhanh chng a hng ho vo ni bo qun. Tnh
kp thi v nhanh chng khng c lm nh hng n tnh chnh xc trong vic kim tra
s lng v cht lng hng ho.
a.2- Ni dung tip nhn hng
Cng on tip nhn hng kho bao gm: tip nhn s lng, tip nhn cht lng,
v lm chng t nhp hng.
Tip nhn s lng
l tin hnh kim tra s lng hng ho thc nhp v xc nh trch nhim vt cht
gia cc bn trong vic giao nhn hng ho v mt lng.
Ch , k thut tip nhn, phng php, thi hn, cc th tc tip nhn...s khc nhau
tu thuc vo v tr tip nhn, phng tin vn ti, c im ca bao b, tnh cht ca hng
ho... c qui nh trong trong cc vn bn php l.
Tip nhn hng ho c th bao gm 2 bc:
- Tip nhn s b: Tip nhn theo n v bao b hng ho bng phng php m s
lng cc n v bao b cha lng hng ho tiu chun xc nh tng lng hng ho.
Tip nhn s b nhm gii phng nhanh phng tin vn ti ch bc d. Tip nhn s b
ch trong trng hp hng ho ng trong bao b tiu chun nguyn vn, khng b dp v,
khng c du hiu mt an ton. Kt thc tip nhn s b, trch nhim vt cht v hng ho
vn cha chuyn giao cho bn nhn.
- Tip nhn chi tit: p dng trong trng hp hng ho qua tip nhn s b, hoc
hng ho khng c bao b, bao b khng an ton. Tip nhn chi tit theo n v hng ho
bng cc phng php v n v o lng hp php ca nh nc. Tip nhn chi tit c th
c tin hnh trn mu i din, thng l t 15 -20% qyi m l hng. Sau khi tip nhn
chi tit, trch nhim vt cht v mt lng ca hng ho c chuyn giao cho bn nhn
hng.
Tuy nhin, tu thuc vo cam kt gia cc bn m hng ho ch cn qua bc tip
nhn s b nguyn ai kin ri chuyn vo kho m khng cn qua bc tip nhn chi tit.
Trong qu trnh tip nhn, nu pht hin hng ho tha hoc thiu, phi lp bin bn
qui trch nhim vt cht.
Tip nhn cht lng hng ho
Bao gm cc mt cng tc nhm kim tra tnh trng cht lng hng ho thc nhp
v xc nh trch nhim vt cht gia cc bn giao nhn v tnh trng khng m bo cht
lng ca hng ho nhp kho.
Cht lng hng ho l kh nng hng ho thc hin nhng chc nng ca mnh; cht
lng hng ho bao gm bn, tin cy, chnh xc, d vn hnh v sa cha, v cc
c tnh gi tr khc. Cc c tnh cht lng hng ho c o lng bng cc ch tiu
khc nhau, nhng ch yu l cc ch tiu l, ho, sinh, v cc ch tiu cm quan.
Tip nhn cht lng hng ho phi cn c vo cc vn bn c tnh php l, nh: hp
ng, cc vn bn tiu chun v cht lng hng ho, ch qui nh tip nhn hng ho;
5
ng thi phi cn c vo cc chng t i km nh ho n, giy m bo cht lng,...
Tip nhn cht lng hng ho phi tin hnh theo cc bc sau:
- Th nht, phi ly mu kim tra cht lng: Vic kim tra cht lng khng th tin
hnh i vi ton b l hng c, do phi ly mu kim tra. Mu kim tra phi c
ly theo phng php khoa hc theo qui nh hoc tho thun gia cc bn. Mu kim
tra phi c nh du hoc nim phong c gn nhn hiu km ch k ca nhng ngi
tham gia tip nhn, ng thi phi lp bin bn ly mu. Mu la chn kim tra phi
c bo qun cn thn cho ti khi tip nhn xong v khng c s tranh chp gia cc bn
na.
- Th hai, phi xc nh phng php kim tra v nh gi cht lng. Tu thuc vo
c im hng ho, nhng qui nh v s tho thun gia cc bn m c th s dng
phng php kim tra thch hp. C 2 phng php kim tra ch yu: phng php cm
quan v phng php phn tch th nghim.
Phng php cm quan l phng php s dng cc gic quan ca con ngi kim
tra cht lng. Cc ch tiu cm quan thng l: mu sc, mi v, m thanh cng,...
Phng php ny c u im l: n gin, nhanh chng, r tin, thit b dng c khng
phc tp, v trong mt s trng hp, phi dng ch tiu cm quan mi nh gi cht lng
tng hp mt cch chnh xc nh cc loi hng kch thch,... Nhc im ca phng php
ny l thiu chnh xc, thiu khch quan, ph thuc vo trnh cm quan v cc yu t tm
sinh l ca ngi kim tra.
Phng php phn tch th nghim l phng php s dng cc thit b phn tch trong
phng th nghim xc nh cc ch tiu cht lng v l, ho, sinh,... Yu cu quan trng
ca phng php ny l phi c nhng thit b c chnh xc cao. u im ca phn phi
ny l kim tra chnh xc v khch quan cht lng hng ho. Nhc im ca phng
php ny l i hi phi c thit b phc tp, thi gian phn tch lu. Ngy nay, do pht
trin ca khoa hc k thut, cc thit b phn tch tr nn tinh vi, m bo kim tra nhanh
m vn m bo chnh xc cao
i vi phng php kim tra cm quan, phi s dng phng php cho im nh
gi cht lng; cn i vi phng php phn tch th nghim, vic nh gi da trn c s
kt qu phn tch nh lng.
Thi gian tip nhn cht lng hng ho khng c vt qu gii hn qui nh. Thi
gian tip nhn tu thuc vo tnh cht hng ho, khong cch gia ni giao v ni nhn,
iu kin giao thng vn ti, phng thc giao nhn,...
- Trong qu trnh kim tra v nh gi, nu pht hin thy cht lng hng ho khng
m bo tiu chun v cc cam kt, bao b v hng ho khng ng qui cch, phi lp bin
bn v tnh trng cht lng c mt bn giao hng hoc c quan gim nh cht lng hng
ho.
Hng ho khng m bo cht lng phi x l theo nhng qui nh ca php lut v
s tho thun gia cc bn. Nguyn tc x l l: php l, tho thun, v gim chi ph cho c
cc bn.
Lm chng t nhn hng

6
Lm chng t nhn hng bao gm nhng cng tc nhm chuyn giao quyn s hu
hng ho v tin hnh hch ton nghip v nhp hng.
Sau khi kim tra s lng v cht lng hng ho, nu l hng m bo th ngi nhn
hng (th kho) k vo ho n giao hng v kt thc vic nhn hng. Trng hp hng ho
khng m bo s lng v cht lng hoc khng c chng t i km th phi tin hnh
lp bin bn v tu theo tnh hnh c th x l.
Sau khi tip nhn, phi tin hnh hch ton nghip v nhp hng vo kho. Mi mt l
hng nhp kho phi ghi s theo di tnh hnh nhp hng, ng thi phi ghi chp s liu
hng nhp vo trong th kho nm c tnh hnh nhp xut v tn kho.
b- Nghip v bo qun hng ho kho
b.1- Yu cu i vi nghip v bo qun
Bo qun hng ho l h thng cc mt cng tc nhm m bo gi gn nguyn vn s
lng v cht lng hng ho trong qu trnh d tr, tn dng n mc cao nht din tch
v dung tch kho, nng cao nng sut thit b v lao ng kho.
Trong ton b qu trnh nghip v kho, bo qun hng ho l cng on nghip v c
bn v phc tp nht, quyt nh cht lng cng tc kho, thc hin tt chc nng c bn
ca kho hng ho; cng an nghip v ny c nh hng r rt n cht lng ca cng
on nghip v tip nhn v pht hng, thc hin mc tiu ca qu trnh nghip v kho.
Cng on nghip v bo qun hng ho kho phi thc hin nhng yu cu sau:
- Phi gi gn tt s lng v cht lng hng ho bo qun kho, phn u gim
n mc thp nht hao ht hng ho kho;
- Tn dng din tch v dung tch kho, nng cao nng sut cc loi thit b v lao ng
kho;
- To iu kin thc hin tt nht qu trnh nghip v kho.
Qu trnh bo qun hng ho kho bao gm 3 mt cng tc c bn: Phn b v cht
xp hng ho kho; Chm sc v gi gn hng ho bo qun kho; Qun tr nh mc hao
ht hng ho kho.
b.2- Phn b v cht xp hng ho kho
Phn b v cht xp hng ho kho l s qui hoch v tr ca hng ho bo qun, l
phng php hng ho ti nhng ni qui nh thch hp vi c im, tnh cht hng
ho, kho, bao b v thit b kho.
Phn b v cht xp hng ho hp l kho s m bo thun tin cho vic bo qun
hng ho, tip nhn v pht hng, ng thi tn dng tt nht din tch v dung tch kho
hng ho.
Nguyn tc ca phn b v cht xp hng ho: Phi theo khu vc v theo loi hng,
trnh nh hng c hi ln nhau gia cc loi hng ho v mi trng bo qun v b tr ln
cn nhng hng ho c lin quan vi nhau trong tiu dng; m bo trt t v v sinh- d
thy, d ly, d kim k hng ho; m bo m quan cho kho hng ho.
C ngha nhng hng ho ging nhau v iu kin v k thut bo qun th c th bo
qun trong cng mt khu vc kho; tuy nhin, i vi nhiu loi hng ho do c tnh thng
7
phm m nh hng c hi ln nhau tuy rng c cng iu kin bo qun, th cn phi
cch ly nhau nh ch, thuc l,. ..
Do nhng hng ho c lin quan trong tiu dng thng c pht trong cng mt l
hng, cho nn thun tin cho pht hng, cn c b tr gn nhau.
Yu cu chung trong phn b v cht xp: m bo thun tin cho vic tin hnh cc
nghip v kho; m bo an ton cho con ngi, hng ho v phng tin; bo m tit kim
sc lao ng, gim chi ph, khng ngng nng cao nng sut lao ng, tn dng sc cha
ca kho, cng sut thit b
Nhng cn c tin hnh phn b v cht xp: Tnh cht, c im ca hng ho,
kho v thit b; cc phng php v iu kin k thut bo qun hng ho; iu kin kh hu
khu vc kho; cc tiu chun v nh mc kinh t - k thut i vi con ngi, hng ho v
thit b.
Ni dung ca phn b v cht xp hng ho trong kho:
1/ Phn loi hng ho bo qun theo cc c trng kinh t v k thut:
Nhng c trng kinh t i vi hng ho bo qun bao gm: qui m lu chuyn v
d tr hng ho, tc chu chuyn hng ho, tnh lin quan trong tiu dng hng ho.
Nhng hng ho c tc chu chuyn nhanh, cng xut nhp cao s c phn b
nhng v tr thun tin cho di chuyn v xp d; nhng hng ho c lin quan trong tiu
dng c b tr ln cn nhau,. ..
Nhng c trng k thut i vi hng ho: tnh cht v c im thng phm ca
hng ho.
2/ Xc nh cc phng php cht xp hng ho trong kho:
Phng php cht xp l cch thc hng ti nhng v tr bo qun hng ho. Mi
loi hng ho khc nhau vi nhng tnh cht v bao b khc nhau c th p dng cc phng
php cht xp khc nhau. Mi loi phng php cht xp c nhng u v nhc im nht
nh, v c ti trng cht xp trn mt n v din tch khc nhau. C 3 phng php cht
xp ph bin:
- Phng php ng: Thng p dng i vi nhng hng ho dng ht ri v
khng c bao b.
u im ca phng php ny l: S dng trit din tch v dung tch nh kho,
tn chi ph bao b trong qu trnh bo qun hng ho ti kho.
Nhc im: Cn phi c thit b ngn phc tp, kh khn cho qu trnh di chuyn
hng ho trong kho, c bit l nhng kho cha c c gii ho; kh kim tra, pht hin
hng ho b h hng, km cht lng.
- Phng php xp trn gin, gi, bc, t: Thng p dng cht xp nhng hng
ho m bao, hng l, hng xut cn tha,hoc hng cn bo qun trn gi t chuyn
dng.
u im ca phng php ny: C chiu cao cht xp ln, m bo tnh chnh xc ca
qu trnh cng ngh kho, thun tin cho c gii ho kho.
Nhc im: Gi tr ca cc thit b cha ng kh cao, h s s dng din tch v
dung tch khng ln, phi c cc thit b xp d phc tp, nht l khi chiu cao cht xp ln.
- Phng php xp hng thnh chng: Thng s dng i vi hng ho bo qun
8
nguyn bao, nguyn kin.
u im: m bo tnh trt t ca cc chng hng, c th s dng tt din tch, dung
tch nh kho khi bao b m bo; thun tin cho cng tc xut nhp, kim k, kim tra v
bo qun hng ho.
Nhc im: Khng tht s dng trit dung tch nh kho, km an ton cho con
ngi v hng ho.
Phng php xp thnh chng hin nay c p dng ph bin nc ta. Tu thuc
vo c im ca hng ho, m c cc loi hnh cht xp thnh chng: chng hnh vung,
hnh ch nht v hnh chp. Xp chng hnh chp p dng cho cc loi hng ng bao nh
mui, ng, go ,. ..;xp theo hnh ch nht v hnh vung p dng khi bao b chc
chn. Xp chng hnh ch nht c 6 kiu: 1- Xp thng thnh chng; 2- Xp cch vn thnh
chng; 3- Xp ng thnh chng; 4- Xp cho thnh chng (kiu ch thp); 5- Xp ngc
thnh chng; v 6- Xp ming ging thnh chng.
Da vo cc phng php cht xp v c im ca hng ho, xc nh tiu chun
cht xp trn mt n v din tch bo qun.
3/ Tnh ton din tch bo qun:
Trn c s qui m hng ho nhp kho v tiu chun cha hng trn mt n v din
tch, c th xc nh c din tch cn thit bo qun hng ho.
4/ Xc nh v tr phn b hng ho:
V tr phn b hng ho bo qun thng c xc nh tu thuc vo h thng qui
hoch din tch bo qun. Trong kho, c 2 h thng qui hoch: qui hoch ng v qui hoch
c nh.
- H thng qui hoch ng (nh v ng): cho php nh v hng ho bo qun trong
kho thay i theo thi gian nhp l hng mi vi mc ch s dng hiu qu dung tch kho.
- H thng qui hoch c nh: Mi loi hng ho c nh v lu khu vc la chn.
Li th ca h thng ny l xc nh ngay c v tr bo qun hng ho a hng vo v
ly hng ra. Tuy nhin, h thng ny s dng khng hiu qu din tch v dung tch bo
qun hng ho kho.
5/ Tin hnh cht xp hng ho vo v tr bo qun - nh du hoc ghi k, m hiu
hng ho ln s qui hoch din tch bo qun hng ho.
Tin hnh cht xp hng ho vo v tr bo qun theo cc phng php d tnh. Di
chuyn v cht xp hng ho l loi lao ng nng nhc, cn phi c c gii ho. ng
thi xc nh nhanh chng v tr bo qun hng ho, p ng yu cu ca nghip v pht
hng, cn phi nh du v tr phn b hng ho trn s qui hoch. Trong trng hp t
ng ho qu trnh cng ngh kho, cn phi m ho khu vc bo qun.
b.3- Chm sc, gi gn hng ho bo qun kho
Hng ho trong thi gian bo qun ti kho, di nh hng ca cc yu t bn ngoi
c th b suy gim s lng v cht lng. to nn iu kin thch hp bo qun hng
ho, pht hin hng ho b gim st cht lng, phng hng ho mt mt, phi s dng
mt h thng cc mt cng tc: Qun l nhit , m; v sinh, st trng kho; phng
chy, cha chy, phng gian bo mt; kim tra v gim st cht lng hng ho.
9
Qun l nhit , m hng ho v kho
Nhit v m l 2 yu t c bn ca iu kin bo qun hng ho. Do tnh cht
thng phm m mi loi hng ho c nhng khc nhau trong vic chng li nhng tc
ng ca mi trng, v do , i hi phi c bo qun nhit v m nht nh.
Qun l nhit , m kho l mt h thng cc bin php khc nhau nhm to ra
cng nh duy tr nhit v m thch hp vi yu cu bo qun hng ho.
Ni dung ca qun l nhit , m kho bao gm 2 cng tc c bn: Xy dng ch
v nhit v m thch hp cho tng loi hng ho khc nhau; v kim tra v to lp,
duy tr nhit m theo yu cu.
Cc bin php to ra v duy tr nhit , m kho bao gm: Thng gi; dng cht
ht m; sy, v bt kn.
a/ Thng gi
Thng gi l qu trnh lm thay i khng kh trong kho ci thin iu kin bo
qun: iu ho nhit , m thch hp vi yu cu bo qun hng ho, loi tr cc kh
c hi trong kho ra ngoi (CO
2
, NO
2
, NH
3
,. ..)
C 2 phng php thng gi: thng gi t nhin v nhn to.
Thng gi t nhin l qu trnh lm thay i khng kh trong kho da vo cc iu
kin t nhin. thng gi t nhin, phi nm vng thi c thng gi v phng php m
ca kho.
Thi c thng gi phi m bo 4 iu kin sau:
iu kin 1: Ngoi tri khng ma, khng c sng m, sm st, v khng c gi
mnh t cp 4 tr ln.
iu kin 2: Nhit ngoi kho khng c thp hn 10oC v cao qu 32oC.
iu kin 3: m tuyt i ngai kho phi thp hn m tuyt i trong kho.
iu kin 4: Nhit thp nht ca mt trong 2 mi trng (trong hoc ngoi kho)
khng c thp hn qu 1
0
C so vi nhit im sng ca mi trng c nhit
cao hn.
Nh vy, nu iu kin thi tit khng m bo 4 iu kin trn th khng phi l thi
c thng gi. Bng 6.1 cho ta v d v thi c thng gi.
nc ta, thi c thng gi thng l cc thng nng v kh ro, cn cc thng nhiu
ma v m cao (thng 3,4,8,9) t c thi c thng gi. Trong ngy, theo kinh nghim th
c th m ca kho thng gi vo lc 8- 9 h v 17- 18 h hng ngy, nht l v ma h.
thng gi tt, phi bit cch m ca thng gi v tnh ton din tch ca thng gi.
Din tch ca thng gi c tnh theo cng thc sau:

3600
. 2

A

=
ex
p g
L
F

F- Din tch ca ht hoc thot gi
- H s lung gi thng vo p dng cho ca
hai bn tng kho (=0,68)
g- Gia tc trng trng (g = 9,81Kg/m
2
)
L- Khi lng khng kh cn a vo kho
ex
- Khi lng ring ca khng kh ngoi kho
Ap- Hiu s p lc khng kh trong v ngoi kho
10
Bng 6.1: Bng xc nh thi c thng gi
a/ Trng hp nhit khng i, m tng i khc nhau

iu kin
Nhit
(
0
C)
m
tng i
(%)
m
tuyt i
(g/cm
3
)
im
sng
(
0
C)
Trong kho 30 65 20 22,5
22 65 12,83 15
22 70 16,64 16 Tt nht
22 75 14,49 17
22 80 15,54 18,2 C th
c 22 85 16,32 19
22 95 18,33 21


Ngoi

kho
Khng
li 22 100 19,43 22
a/ Trng hp nhit thay i, m tng i khc nhau

iu kin
Nhit
(
0
C)
m
tng i
(%)
m
tuyt i
(g/cm
3
)
im
sng
(
0
C)
Trong kho 30 65 20 22,5
22
22 Khng li
22
22 65 12,83 15
22 75 14.49 17 Tt nht
22 80 15,54 18,2
23 65 13,64 16
23 75 15,43 18
23 80 16,46 19,2
24 65 14,16 16,7
24 75 18,34 19
24 80 17,43 20,2
25 65 14,98 17,6
25 75 17,29 20





Ngoi


kho


T
chc
thng
gi
c
25 80 18,44 21
Trnh t thng gi:
- M ca thng gi theo hng gi thi ti to nn lung gi mnh vo kho.
- M dn nhng ca hai bn cho lung khng kh mi thi u vo kho c th
la vo cc ng hng.
- M nhng ca cn li lung gi mi a khng kh khng thch hp ra ngoi.
Tc dng ca thng gi t nhin: iu chnh c nhit v m trong kho, tn t
chi ph, nhanh chng v n gin, ci thin mi trng cng tc ca cn b v nhn vin
11
kho.
Tuy nhin thng gi t nhin ph thuc vo iu kn thin nhin, ch p dng i vi
mt s loi kho nht nh. i vi mt s kho hng v trong iu kin thi tit, kh hu
khng cho php thng gi t nhin, phi tin hnh thng gi nhn to: kt hp qut thng
gi vi my lnh, my iu ho nhit . Dng phng php ny c u im l ch ng
iu ho nhit m, nhng chi ph cao, thit k, thit b phc tp.
b/ Dng cht ht m
L s dng mt s cht c kh nng hp th hi nc trong khng kh nhm gim
m trong kho.
Dng cht ht m ch c kh nng lm gim m ch khng gim c nhit v
thay i thnh phan khng kh trong kho.
Nhng yu cu khi s dng cht ht m: Kho phi kn, cht ht m phi c nng sut
ht m cao, khng lm nhim bn mi trng, gy mi l i vi hng ho, c vi ngi,
gi thnh h, s dng nhiu ln, tn t th tch.
Nhng cht ht m thng dng:
CaCl
2
: l cht ht m mnh nht, c th ht m n 200% trng lng ca n, nhng
gi t.
CaO (vi sng): c kh nng ht m 30%. Khi ht m, vi sng to nhit v tng th
tch 2- 3 ln, v sau b ra thnh vi bt c th bay trong khng kh lm nh hng n
hng ho. Tuy nhin, vi sng r v d tm.
Ngoi ra, tu loi kho v hng ho, c th dng cc cht chng m khc, nh tro, than,
tru,. ..
c/ Phng php sy hng ho
Dng nhit cao chng m cho hng ho. Sy lm gim hm lng nc hng
ho n m an ton.
C th dng nh nng mt tri sy, hoc trong nhng trng hp nht nh, c th
sy bng l, bng hi nng, bng nh in, bng tia hng ngoi, v c bit c th sy chn
khng nhit thp.
d/ Phng php bt kn
Nhm ngn cch mi trng bo qun vi mi trng bn ngoi, to nn iu kin bo
qun ph hp v yu cu v tnh cht ca hng ho.
Phng php ny gi c m khng kh an ton i vi mt s hng d ht m
nh ch, thuc l, hng kh,. ..,gi c cht lng i vi mt s hng v gic v hng
phm, trnh nh hng c hi ca mt s hng c mi v l.
C nhiu cch bt kn: trong chum, vi, thng,. ..Vi mt s lng ln c th p dng
mt s phng php sau:
- Bt kn ton kho: l hng ln v t nhp xut.
- Bt kn tng gian, ng hng: lng hng ho nh, hng ng gi l.
Yu cu i vi hng ho a vo bo qun bt kn l phi c thu phn an ton
V sinh, st trng kho
L mt h thng cc bin php tiu dit sinh vt, vi sinh vt v loi tr cc tp cht
nh hng c hi i vi hng ho v kho.
12
Nhng cn c lm v sinh, st trung kho:
- Cn c vo tnh cht, c im ca hng ho v bao b
- Cn c vo tp tnh sinh hot ca tng loi sinh vt v vi sinh vt.
- Cn c vo v tr v tnh trng kin tr nh kho, iu kin thit b bo qun v lm v
sinh st trng.
Ni dung ca cng tc v sinh st trng kho:
1/ m bo nhng iu kin v sinh, phng nga trng b pht sinh
- iu kin v sinh kho tng: Phi thng xuyn lm tt cng tc v sinh trong v
ngoi kho. Trong kho khng c to nn nhng iu kin cho sinh vt lm t. Trc khi
nhp hng, phi st trung kho. Phi m bo nhit , m trong kho thch hp vi hng
ho.
- iu kin hng ho: Hng ho phi sch s, m bo cc tiu chun bo qun, c
bit m bo thu phn an ton, khng b nhim trng; cch ly hng ho nhim v khng
nhim trng, hng tt v hng b gim cht lng.
- iu kin bao b v thit b: Bao b v thit b cng phi lun lun sch s, khng b
nhim trng.
- iu kin con ngi: Ngi lm cng tc kho cng phi m bo lun lun sch s.
2/ Xy dng v t chc thc hin cc ch kim tra v sinh, ch v sinh st trng
kho, hng ho v thit b.
3/ S dng hiu qu cc phng php dit trng:
- Phng php l hc, c hc: Dng nhit cao nh nh sng mt tri, sy, dng nh
sng hp dn cn trng tp trung tiu dit, dng tia cc tm, sng in t,. ..;Dng by
nh bt,. ..
- Phng php sinh thi hc: Thay i mi trng sng ca trng b bng cch thay
i hng ho bo qun trong kho nhm hn ch tc sinh trng hoc tiu dit chng.
- Phng php ho hc: y l phng php ph bin tiu dit trit cc loi sinh
vt v vi sinh vt trn phm vi rng.
Phng chy, cha chy, phng gian bo mt
Chy l hin tng thng d xy ra do s sut trong sn xut, sinh hot nh: ht thuc
l khng ng ni qui nh, mang xch nhng vt c la khng thn trng, h thng dy
in, thit b in, l sy, ng khi khng m bo an ton, so cc thit in, thit b sn
xut, ng c t trong khng c vt bo him, do sm st, v thm ch cn do sn phm t
bc chy.
Chy lm tn tht nghim trng ti sn ca doanh nghip v x hi, do phng chng
chy l cng tc cn phi c quan tm c bit. kho c th s dng cc bin php
phng chng cha sau:
- Bin php v t chc
- Bin php v s dng thit b
- Bin php k thut
- Bin php c tnh ch
- Cc bin php chy ho
- Nhng bin php phng nga, cha chy
13
- Nhng bin php phng ho tnh in
- Nhng bin php trong thit k xy dng
Nhng bin php bo mt phng gian:
- Phi xy dng ni qui phng gian bo mt v kim tra, n c nhn vin kho thc
hin tt ch v ni qui .
- T chc lc lng bo v kho tng, hng ho. Thng xuyn tun tra, canh gc, xy
dng cc phng n bo v kho v hng ho.
- Xy dng v trang b cc cng trnh, thit b bo v: nh kho phi c kho chc chn,
c in bo v ban m, c hng ro xung quanh kho,. ..
- Gio dc v nu cao tinh thn cnh gic phng chng trm cp cho cn b v nhn
kho.
Gim st v kim tra hng ho, kho tng
Gim st v kim tra l 2 mt cng tc c mi quan h mt thit vi nhau. Gim st l
l hot ng c tnh cht thng xuyn nhm theo di qu trnh nghip v kho, tnh trng
kho, hng ho, thit b, pht hin kp thi nhng hin tng bt thng c bin php x
l. Kim tra l tp hp nhng thao tc c th nhm xc nh c th tnh trng kho, hng
ho, thit b, tnh hnh thc hin cc ch , ni qui, qui trnh, qui phm k thut,. ..ti mt
thi im nht nh c bin php x l kp thi.
Phi qui nh ch kim tra thng k, lc cn thit c th kim tra t xut; nu
theo di thy hin tng khc thng cng phi t chc kim tra ngay pht hin ra
nguyn nhn, t c bin php x l.
b.4- Qun tr nh mc hao ht hng ho
Qun tr nh mc hao ht hng ho l vic s dng nhng bin php t chc v k
thut nhm gim n mc thp nht hao ht t nhin v loi tr hao ht do ch quan gy
ra.
Nh vy, ni dung ca qun tr nh mc hao ht bao gm:
- Xy dng nh mc
- Xt duyt, ban hnh v t chc thc hin nh mc
- Kim tra gim st vic thc hin nh mc, iu chnh nh mc.
Xy dng nh mc hao ht hng ho
nh mc hao ht hng ho l vic xc nh lng tiu hao vt cht cn thit v hp
l, ph hp vi nhng iu kin kinh t, k thut v x hi trong bo qun hng ho ti kho.
Hao ht kho l do nhng nguyn nhn sau:
- Do nh hng ca cc nhn t t nhin ca chnh bn thn hng ho
Tc l do tnh cht thng phm ca hng ho trong mi quan h tng tc vi cc
yu t mi trng bn ngoi: Do cc qu trnh sinh ho, sinh l ca hng ho; Do tnh cht
ho l sinh ca hng ho,. ..Vi mi trng bn ngoi khc nhau, cng ca cc qu
trnh ny cng khc nhau. Nhim v cng tc kho l to ra iu kin mi trng nhm hn
ch n mc ti a cc qu trnh t nhin ny. Loi hao ht do nguyn nhn ny cn gi l
hao ht t nhin.
- Hao ht tt yu do thc hin cc thao tc nghip v k thut kho
14
Trong qu trnh thc hin cc thao tc nghip v kho nh di chuyn, xp d, bin i
hng ho,. ..c th xy ra hao ht khng th trnh khi. Tuy nhin c th hn ch nhng hao
ht ny bng cch ci tin phng php nghip v, hon thin cc thit b k thut kho. Loi
hao ht ny c gi l hao ht tt yu nghip v.
Hao ht t nhin v tt yu thuc hao ht nh mc, v ch nh mc cho 2 loi hao
ht ny.
- Hao ht do li ca nhn vin kho khng thc hin ng cc ch , qui trnh, qui
phm bo qun hng ho kho m xy ra hao ht. y l hao ht do ch quan gy nn,
v cn b kho phi chu trch nhim vt cht.
- Hao ht do tai ho thin nhin khng khc phc c.
Nhng hao ht do 2 nguyn nhn sau khng c tnh khch quan, hoc khng lng
trc c, nn khng phi thuc phm vi nh mc, m l hao ht vt nh mc.
Nhng cn c xy dng nh mc hao ht:
- Cn c vo tnh cht, c im ca hng ho: Mi loi hng ho c nhng c im
v tnh cht t nhin khc nhau, trong nhng iu kin v k thut bo qun nht nh, s c
hao ht khc nhau. V th, khi xy dng nh mc hao ht phi phn bit theo loi hng.
- Cn c vo iu kin v k thut bo qun, vn chuyn hng ho.
- Cn c vo trnh k thut ca cn b v nhn vin kho.
Cc phng php tnh nh mc hao ht:
C 2 phng php tnh nh mc hao ht: phng php thng k - kinh nghim, v
phng php tnh ton kinh t - k thut.
- Phng php thng k - kinh nghim: l phng php tnh nh mc da trn tp hp
thng k t l hao ht hng ho trong nhng thi gian qua, kt hp vi kinh nghim ca
ngi lm cng tc nh mc.
Phng php ny c u im l n gin, nhanh chng, tn t chi ph v trong nhng
iu kin cng tc kho thng xuyn bin ng, phng php ny tng i hp l. Nhc
im ca phng php ny l: khng loi tr c nhng nguyn nhn ch quan gy nn
hao ht.
- Phng php tnh ton kinh t - k thut: l phng php tnh nh mc da trn c
s thit lp cc iu kin kinh t - k thut hp l trong bo qun hng ho, loi tr cc
nguyn nhn ch quan gy nn hao ht.
Phng php ny c u im l m bo chnh xc cao, loi tr c cc nguyn
nhn ch quan, ng thi khuyn khch ngi lm cng tc bo qun tm mi cch gim
hao ht. Nhc im ch yu ca phng php ny l thi gian kho st lu, chi ph tn
km, v trong trng hp iu kin bo qun khng n nh, con s nh mc c tin cy
khng cao.
nh mc hao ht phi l con s trung bnh tin tin mi c tc dng qun tr hao ht.
Xt duyt, ban hnh v t chc thc hin nh mc
Sau khi xy dng nh mc, cc cp c thm quyn phi tin hnh xt duyt v ban
hnh nh mc kp thi, nu khng nh mc c th sau mt thi gian s tr nn lc hu.
T chc thc hin nh mc bao gm nhng ni dung sau:
15
- Phi t chc nghin cu v hng dn vic thc hin nh mc mt cch t m v cn
thn cho mi ngi.
- Phi to mi iu kin bo qun hng ho hp l, ng vin mi ngi bo qun
hng ho theo ng cc qui trnh, qui phm ban hnh, pht huy sng kin ci tin k
thut gim hao ht hng ho n mc thp nht.
- Phi thc hin nghim chnh ch khen thng v trch nhim vt cht trong vic
thc hin nh mc. nh gi vic thc hin nh mc, phi so snh gia mc hao ht
thc t v mc hao ht c php tnh theo nh mc:

H
t
=D
c
- D
k
;




H

=(M +D
c
).k




n
n n
n
i
i
T
k t
k k
.
1
1
+ =

=





Nu H
t
s H

th thc hin tt nh mc v c khen thng;

Nu H
t
>H

th khng thc hin nh mc v phi xc nh nguyn nhn v x l kp

thi, xc nh trch nhim vt cht v hng ho hao ht vt nh mc.
Kim tra, theodi vic thchin nh mc, iu chnh nh mc
tng cng tnh khoa hc, tnh thc tin v tnh hnh chnh ca nh mc ban
hnh, cc cp xy dng xt duyt, ban hnh nh mc v t chc thc hin nh mc phi
kim tra, theo di vic thc hin nh mc.
Ni dung ca cng tc ny bao gm:
- Kim tra vic chp hnh cc qui nh v iu kin v k thut bo qun hng ho, qui
trnh, qui phm cng tc kho.
-Kim tra vic thc hin cc ch khen thng v trch nhim vt cht trong cng
tc t chc thc hin nh mc.
- Trong qu trnh kim tra, theo di, c th pht hin ra nhng im bt hp l ca
nh mc trong thc t v cn phi iu chnh. nh mc qu cao hoc qu thp u nh
hng xu n kt qu cng tc kho.
c- Nghip v pht hng kho
c.1- V tr v yu cu
H
t
- Hao ht thc t trong mt thi k nht nh
D
c
- Tn kho cui k theo s sch
D
k
- Tn kho cui k thc t
H

- Hao ht tnh theo nh mc

M- Mc lu chuyn hng ho trong k bo co
D
c
- Tn kho cui k theo s sch
k- T l hao ht nh mc c tnh n thi gian bo
qun trung bnh
k
i
- T k hao ht nh mc trong thi gian bo qun i
k
n
- t l hao ht nh mc thi gian bo qun cui
t
n
- Thi lng bo qun hng ho nm trong thi gian bo
qun cui
T
n
- Thi gian bo qun cui c t l hao ht k
n

16
Pht hng l cng on nghip v cui cng th hin cht lng ca ton b qu trnh
nghip v kho hng ho. Nhng mc tiu c bn ca nghip v kho u c thc hin
cng on nghip v ny. Nghip v pht hng cu thnh nn qu trnh nghip v vn
chuyn, v c bit l b phn cu thnh ca qu trnh logistics trc tip (logistics bn hng
) trong doanh nghip thng mi bn bun. Chnh v vy, nghip v pht hng phi thc
hin c nhng yu cu sau:
- Xc nh r trch nhim vt cht c th gia cc b phn cng tc k hoch, chun b
v giao hng;
- Phi m bo pht hng kp thi, nhanh chng v chnh xc cho khch hng theo hp
ng v lnh xut kho.
- Phi m bo gim nhng chi ph cho ton b qu trnh pht hng.
Cng on nghip v pht hng bao gm 3 cng tc ch yu: xy dng k hoch
nghip v pht hng; chun b pht hng; v tin hnh giao hng.
c.2- Ni dung nghip v pht hng
Xy dng k hoch nghip v pht hng
Xy dng k hoch nghip v pht hng l qu trnh d tnh cc ch tiu v cc gii
php nghip v k thut nhm thc hin tt vic pht hng ng thi s dng tt nht lc
lng lao ng v thit b k thut kho.
Nh vy k hoch nghip v pht hng d tnh ni dung, thi hn hn chun b v
tng hp cc l hng theo n t hng, thi gian cung cp phng tin vn ti v tin hnh
vn chuyn hng ho; trong k hoch nghip v cng d tnh lc lng lao ng cn thit
thc hin cc thao tc nghip v. K hoch nghip v m bo pht hng cho khch hng
mt cch nhanh chng, cn i, chnh xc, ng thi s dng trit lao ng kho v thit
b.
Yu cu i vi k hoch nghip v l: mt mt phi m bo cung cp hng ho cho
khch hng mt cch cn i, mt khc, phi theo ng hp ng, lnh xut kho.
Cn c lp k hoch nghip v pht hng l: hp ng, n t hng mua bn v
vn chuyn hng ho, tnh hnh bn bun hng ho t kho.
Ni dung ca k hoch nghip v bao gm:
- Cc ch tiu nghip v: S lng, c cu cc l hng giao, thi hn giao hng cho cc
i tng khch hng khc nhau; c trng cc l hng giao.
- Cc gii php nghip v: thi hn v ni dung chun b v tng hp cc l hng;
phng n vn chuyn v b tr lc lng lao ng thit b xp d v giao hng
Chun b pht hng
Bao gm chun b hng ho, chun b lao ng v phng tin, c bit l chun b
hng ho.
Chun b hng ho l qu trnh bin i hnh thc hng ho v tng hp l hng
theo a ch khch hng. Vic bin i hng ho l cn thit, v hng ho nhp kho l theo
yu cu ca kho v doanh nghip thng mi c ghi trong hp ng mua bn, cn
hng ho giao t kho l theo yu cu ca khch hng.
Qu trnh chun b hng pht bao gm:
17



C 2 phng php tng hp cc l hng: phng php phn tn v tp trung.
- Phng php phn tn: Thc hin ton b qu trnh chun b hng phn tn theo tng
n hng. Phng php ny thng p dng nhng kho hng c qui m nh, l hng nh,
v tn s xut nhp hng ho khng cao.
- Phng php tp trung: thc hin ton b qu trnh chun b hng mt cch tp trung,
chuyn mn ho theo tng giai on ca qu trnh, cho nhiu n t hng cng mt lc.
Phng php ny thng p dng trong nhng kho qui m ln, cng xut nhp ln,
phi chun b hng ho pht mt cch tp trung tng nng sut, gim chi ph.
Giao hng
Bao gm cc thao tc nghip v chuyn giao hng ho cho cc i tng nhn
hng. C 2 hnh thc giao hng: giao hng t kho ca doanh nghip thng mi, v giao
hng c s logistics ca khch hng.
Trng hp giao hng kho ca doanh nghip gm nhng thao tc sau: Kim tra
chng t, ho n thanh ton v lnh xut kho; kim tra ngi nhn hng; kim tra hng
ho v phng tin vn ti; cht xp hng ho ln phng tin vn ti; lm chng t giao
hng; lm giy php vn chuyn.
kim tra, theo di tnh hnh giao hng v bn bun hng ho t kho, cng nh bin
ng ca d tr, phi m s theo di hng xut, ng thi khi xut cc l hng, phi ghi
chp cn thn vo th kho kim tra bin ng ca d tr hng ho nhm b sung kp
thi.
6.2- Qun tr nghip v bao b hng ho
6.2.1- Chc nng v yu cu i vi bao b hng ho
a- Khi nim v chc nng ca bao b
Bao b l phng tin i theo hng bo qun, bo v, vn chuyn v gii thiu hng
ho t khi sn xut n khi tiu th hng ho.
Nh vy, bao b hng ho cn thit l do nhng yu t khch quan sau:
- Do tnh cht ca hng ho.
Hng ho trong qu trnh vn ng trong h thng phn phi, do nhng tnh cht t
nhin, d nh hng ca mi trng bn ngoi c th lm suy gim cht lng v hao ht
s lng. thng xuyn ngn cn nhng tc ng ny, cn phi c phng tin thng
xuyn gn lin vi hng ho, l bao b.
- Do phi m bo thun tin cho qu trnh vn ng ca hng ho.
Bao b c vai tr l nhng n v hng ho ln m bo thun tin cho vic giao nhn
v mt s lng, thun tin cho xp d hng ho trong vn chuyn v trong d tr, bo qun
hng ho.
- Do yu cu m bo thun tin cho bn hng.
Chn v ly hng
ra khi ni bo
qun
Bin i mt
hng theo yu
cu
Tng hp l hng
theo a ch
khch hng
18
Bn hng cng c ngha chuyn giao quyn s hu hng ho gia cc bn, i hi phi
xc nh nhanh s lng, do , bao b c vai tr l n v ln nh lng hng ho. Ngoi
ra trong bn l, bao b cha ng lng hng ho ph hp vi yu cu mua v tiu dng
hng ho ca khch hng; ng thi, bao b cn gip p dng cc phng php bn hng,
nh phng php bn hng t phc v.
T khi nim trn, c th thy rng, bao b hng ho c nhng chc nng sau:
- Chc nng hu cn: Bao b gn lin vi ton b qu trnh hu cn trong h thng
knh phn phi v trong h thng hu cn doanh nghip. Bao b h tr cho qu trnh mua,
bn, vn chuyn v d tr, bo qun hng ho.
- Chc nng marketing: Bao b thc y qu trnh bn hng, m bo truyn tin
marketing cho khch hng v hng ho v v doanh nghip.
b- Yu cu i vi bao b hng ho
thc hin nhng chc nng ca mnh, bao b hng ho phi m bo nhng yu cu
sau:
Phi m bo gi gn hng ho
y l yu cu c bn i vi bao b, c bit i vi bao b ngoi (bao b cng
nghip). Chnh v vy, bao b phi ph hp vi c im v tnh cht ca hng ho, ca
nhng iu kin trong qu trnh vn ng hng ho (vn chuyn v d tr, bo qun).
Phi ng qui cch v h gi cc vn chuyn
Bao b phi ng vi nhng qui nh ca cc vn bn php l: tiu chun, hp ng.
Khi lng bao b phi nh, kch thc phi ph hp vi kch thc phng tin vn ti, v
phi m bo thun tin cho vic xp d hng ho.
thun tin cho mua bn, p, v m bo truyn tin marketing
Bao b, c bit l bao b trong (bao b tiu dng) phi thc hin y chc nng
marketing. Do , khi thit k v chn bao b, cn phi nghin cu nhu cu ca ngi tiu
dng v bao b, bao gi: nhu cu cung cp thng tin, nhu cu s dng hng ho v bao b,
nhu cu thm m.
Gi thnh sn xut bao b phi gim
Gi thnh sn xut gim, to iu kin gim gi hng ho bn ra. Mun vy, cn ci
tin cng ngh sn xut v s dng bao b: vt liu ch to, phng php cng ngh, thit b
sn xut, vv .
6.2.2- Nhng cn c thit k v la chn bao b
Khi thit k sn xut v la chn bao b a vo s dng trong h thng knh
hu cn, phi cn c vo nhng yu t sau:
a- Cn c vo c im v tnh cht ca hng ho
Cn c vo yu t ny thit k hoc la chn bao b vi vt liu, hnh dng, kch
thc thch hp, p ng nhng yu cu i vi bao b.
19
b- Cn c vo nhng iu kin ca vn chuyn hng ho
Nhng iu kin ca vn chuyn hng ho bao gm: Khong cch, con ng,
phng tin vn chuyn, iu kin thit b xp d hng ho. Nhng iu kin ny nhm
thit k v chn bao b v vt liu, kch thc, trng ti,... nhm m bo an ton cho hng
ho trong vn chuyn, mt khc tit kim chi ph v hao ht.
c- Cn c vo nhng iu kin ca d tr v bo qun hng ho
Nhng iu kin l: tnh trng kin trc xy dng kho, thit b v phng php
cng ngh kho.
d- Cn c vo phng php bn hng
Cc phng php bn hng khc nhau i hi bao b, bao gi thch hp (bao b trong),
thun tin cho qu trnh bn hng v mua hng ca khch hng. Bao b dng trong phng
php bn hng t phc v cn phi thit k thch hp vi qu trnh mua hng ca khch
hng.
e- Cn c vo nhu cu s dng bao b ca khch hng
Nhng yu cu v truyn tin marketing ca khch hng, thi quen v tp qun tiu
dng bao b.
f- Cn c vo nhng iu kin c tnh php l
Cc vn bn tiu chun ha v bao b, hp ng mua bn hng ho.
g- Cn c vo kh nng ti chnh ca doanh nghip
Kh nng ti chnh ca doanh nghip quyt nh vic s dng bao b vi vt liu ch
to t hay r.
6.2.3- Phn loi v tiu chun ho bao b
a- Phn loi bao b
Bao gm cc tiu thc phn loi sau:
Theo tc dng ca bao b
Thc ra l theo chc nng ca bao b, bao gm 2 loi: Bao b ngoi (bao b cng
nghip, bao b vn ti, bao b bn bun). Chc nng ca loi bao b ny hu cn, bao gm
mm ti, thng ti v cc loi bao kin; v bao b trong (bao b tiu dng, bao b bn l) vi
chc nng ch yu l marketing, bao gm cc loi bao gi trc tip vi hng ho.
Theo s ln s dng
Bao gm cc loi:
- Bao b dng mt ln: ch s dng cho mt ln bao gi hng ho, ch yu l bao b
tiu dng.
- Bao b dng li: c th s dng li. Ty thuc vo iu kin ca qu trnh phn phi
m s ln s dng t 2 tr ln, bao gm ch yu l cc loi bao kin v mt s bao b trong
(chai l,...)
20
- Bao b dng nhiu ln: s ln v thi gian s dng nh trc; l ti sn ca bn
giao hng, thng l cc loi mm ti (pallet) v thng ti (container).
Theo cng
Bao gm bao b cng, mm, v na mm.
- Bao b cng: chu c cc tc ng c hc cao trong qu trnh vn ng, bao gm
cc loi thng kin hng (bao b vn ti).
- Bao b na cng: chu c tc ng hn ch ca lc bn ngoi trong qu trnh vn
ng, thng l cc loi bao b bng ba, cc tng.
- Bao b mm: d bin i hnh dng khi s dng nh cc loi bao ti, ti cht do,...
Theo kt cu
Bao gm bao b nguyn dng, bao b tho lp, bao b gp xp, v bao b thit b. Bao b
tho lp v gp xp c tc dng trong vic vn chuyn khng c hng, tn dng cng sut
ca phng tin vn ti.
Theo nguyn liu ch to
Bao gm bao b: g, kim loi, gm v thy tinh, cc tng v giy, nha v cht do,
cao su, bao b bng vi,... Mi loi c yu cu ring v tiu chun vt liu.
b- Tiu chun ha bao b
Tiu chun ha bao b l qu trnh xy dng v thng nht p dng cc tiu chun v
bao b trong sn xut, phn phi v tiu dng hng ho.
Tiu chun ha bao b cng nh cc lnh vc tiu chun ha khc, c ngha rt to ln
trong nn kinh t quc dn. Tiu chun ha m bo sn xut v s dng bao b tit kim v
hiu qu.
Cc cp tiu chun bao b: tiu chun ngnh, tiu chun Nh nc, v tiu chun quc
t. Cp tiu chun cng thp th cng c nhiu tiu chun, v tiu chun cng chi tit. Tuy
nhin, cc tiu chun cp thp hn phi m bo thng nht vi cp tiu chun cp cao hn.
Cc loi tiu chun bao b gm: vt liu ch to, bn, kch thc, hnh dng, kt
cu, cch ghi nhn hiu hng ho v cc du hiu, mu sc,...
Trong cc loi tiu chun ny, tiu chun kch thc c c bit ch v n lin
quan n vic s dng phng tin vn ti, xp d hng ho, phng php bo qun hng
ho trong cc kho,.... Tiu chun ha v kch thc bao b ph hp vi kch thc ca
phng tin vn ti c gi l thng nht ha kch thc bao b.
Thng nht ha kch thc bao b l qu trnh xy dng v thng nht p dng tiu
chun h thng kch thc bao b ph hp vi nhau v ph hp vi kch thc ca phng
tin vn ti v cc phng tin bo qun v xp d hng ho da trn Mdun (Module) n
v.
Module n v l kch thc ca thng ti (Container) tiu chun v mm ti (Pallet)
tiu chun (1200 m.m 800 m.m). Kch thc Module ny l tiu chun xc nh kch
thc ca cc loi bao b bn trong, thng cha hng ca phng tin vn ti, c cu
phng tin xp d, din tch nh kho, ...
Bao b trong thng nht kch thc v chiu di v chiu rng, chiu su c xc
nh theo cng thc sau:
21
=
N
Mk
A

A: Kch thc bn trong bao b thng nht
M: Kch thc Module n v [thng ti hoc mm ti n v (800 1200)]
N: S nguyn (c s ca chiu di, chiu rng, hoc chiu su)
K: H s, tnh khe h gia cc bao kin cha trong Module n v, thng l 0,95.
c- Mm ti ha v hm ti ha trong t chc vn ng hng ha
c gii ha ton b qu trnh vn ng hng ha, bao gm vn chuyn, xp d, bo
qun hng ha trong cc c s hu cn, ngoi vic phi c cc phng tin c gii ha, nh
phng tin vn ti, nh kho, phng tin xp d, cn cn phi c cc phng tin bao b,
bao gi c gii ha. Nhng phng tin bao b, bao gi thun tin cho c gii ha thng
nht ton b qu trnh vn ng hng ha l h thng thng ti v mm ti.
Nh vy, mm ti v thng ti c ngha to ln trong h thng hu cn. Nh p dng
mm ti v thng ti m m bo thng nht p dng c gii ha trong knh hu cn, nng
cao trnh dch v v gim chi ph trong phn phi v vn ng hng ha v kinh doanh
thng mi.
Tt nhin, p dng c hiu qu mm ti v thng ti, cc yu t ca qu trnh vn
ng phi c c gii ha ng b: phng tin vn ti, phng tin xp d, thit b v
cc cng trnh c s hu cn.
c.1- Mm ti ha
Mm ti ha l qu trnh s dng bao b bao gi kim thit b vn chuyn c thng
nht kch c theo cc tiu chun qui nh trong phn phi v vn ng hng ha.
Mm ti c cu to thng bng cc thanh g bn cao ghp nh hnh vi nhau
thnh cc bn g theo kt cu qui nh. Kch thc ca mm ti thng l 1200 1600
(m.m), 1200 800 (m.m). Kch thc ny ty thuc vo cc loi phng tin vn ti:
- Vn ti ng bin: Mm ti c kch thc 1600 1200 180 (m.m); trng lng
c b l 1,5 T, tong lng ca ring mm ti l 70 80 kg.
- Vn ti ng st: Kch thc mm ti l 1200 800 150 (m.m). trng lng ca
ring mm ti 23-25 kg c coi l hp l nht.
Theo tiu chun ISO th kch thc mm ti quc t 1200 1600, 1200 1800; ti
trng ti a l 2T.
Hng ha c ghp thnh kin cht ch trn mm ti, sau c cn cu xp vo
cc khoang tu hoc toa xe la vn chuyn. Do c im ch c mt mt xp hng ha
nn vic ghp kin hng trn mm ti v gia c kin hng n nh, chc chn l c bit
quan trng.
Khi xp hng ln mm ti, cn s dng ht trng ti ca mm ti, gim n mc thp
nht khong trng gia cc bao hng. C ly nh ra ca kin hng ha ngoi mm ti khng
qu 150 m.m. chiu cao ti a ca kin hng ghp l 1,6 m.
Phng php ghp kin trn mm ti khc nhau ty thuc vo kch thc v hnh dng
ca bao hng, tnh cht hng ha, v loi phng tin vn ti cungf cc nghip v xp d.
22
Khi ghp mm ti, vn t ra l phi tnh ton s bao hng v lp hng ti u, c
ngha c h s s dng trng ti ti a nhng kch thc khng vt qu dung sai qui nh
(50 m.m). Ta c:
m p
n
q N
q Q
L
.
max

s
;
m
n
p
q
q Q
L N N

s =
max
.
Suy ra:
Q
n
=N.q
m
+q
n
hay:

m
n n
q
q Q
N

=
;
N
q Q
L
n n

=
;
L
N
N
p
=

y:
N
p
: S bao xp trn mt lp ca mm ti
L: S lp bao xp trn mm ti
N: Tng s bao xp trn mm ti
q
m
: Khi lng c bao ca mt bao hng (kg)
q
n
: Khi lng bn thn mm ti (kg)
Q
n
: Khi lng ca kin hng trn mm ti (kg)
Q
n
s Q
max
(Q
max
: Ti trng ti a ca mm ti)
N
p
l s bao xp trn mt lp mm ti. y kt hp vi phng php xp, ta c th
xc nh c din tch b mt ca mt lp. Nu din tch cht xp vt qu din tch cho
php, ta phi iu chnh phng php xp hoc gim Q
n
t c mc ch.
Trong nhng nm gn y, trong ngnh vn ti bin xut hin loi mm ti ln c
kch thc 6,1 2,44 (m) v 12,2 2,4 (m).
Cc mm ti sau khi d hng c chuyn tr v ci cung ng theo hnh trnh ngc.
c.2- Thng ti ha
Cng vi qu trnh mm ti ha l qu trnh thng ti ha (Conteiner). Thng ti l
loi bao gi quay vng nhiu ln, thuc loi bao b vn chuyn c kch thc ln nht hin
nay.
y l loi bao b kim thit b vn chuyn c nhng c trng xc nh, bn chc, s
dng nhiu ln, c kt cu chuyn dng bo m vn chuyn bng hoc nhiu loi phng
tin vn ti m khng phi ng gi li, chuyn ti nhanh t phng tin vn ti ny sang
phng tin vn ti khc c dung tch t 1m
3
tr ln.
Vn chuyn bng thng ti em li hiu qu cao:
- Hng vn chuyn trong thng ti c th gim chi ph lao ng t 8-10 ln. Thi gian
xp d khi s dng thng ti gim t 5-7 ln, trn mm ti gim t 3-4 ln so vi xp d
tng bao kin ring l;
- Vn chuyn trong thng ti cho php bo qun tt cht lng, s lng hng ha.
Hng ha vn chuyn trong thng ti hoc mt s hng vn chuyn trn mm ti c th bo
qun ngoi kho. Giao nhn bng thng ti hoc mm ti theo n v thng ti v mm ti,
do gim thi gian giao nhn. Cng khi lng hng ha nh nhau, nhng nu s dng
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thng ti s tit kim vt liu sn xut hn rt nhiu nu ch cha ng trong bao b thng
thng.
Thng ti c nhiu loi: loi c nh, loi khng c nh, loi cng, loi mm, loi
bng g khung kim loi, loi bng kim loi, cht do,C th phn loi thng ti chuyn
dng v thng ti dng chung. Loi dng chung c s dng rng ri nht hin nay. Theo
tiu chun ISO, thng ti c kch thc nh sau:
R: 2,44m C: 2,59m D: 3,05m
R: 6,10m C: 9,15m D: 12,2m
Dung tch thng ti khong 9 60 m
3
, trng ti 5 30T, h s bao b khong 0,25
0,35.
H s cht xp hng ha vo thng ti t nht l 80% mi c coi l xp y hng.
Kt cu thng ti c thm nhng ph kin cn thit tin cho xp d hng ha.
Vn chuyn trong thng ti tuy c nhiu u im, nhng cng c nhng hn ch nht
nh do vn u t ln, ti trng ca thng ti ln lm tng h s bao b, v trong nhiu
trng hp, phi tn km nhiu chi ph vn chuyn thng ti hon tr.
Thng ti c p dng nhiu nht trong vn chuyn quc t.
6.2.4- Qu trnh trnh lun chuyn bao b
a- Tip nhn bao b
L h thng cc mt cng tc nhm kim tra v nh gi tnh trng s lng v cht
lng bao b thc nhp cng vi hng ho.
Yu cu ca tip nhn bao b: xc nh trch nhim vt cht ca cc bn trong vic
chuyn giao bao b cn c vo cc vn bn php l.
Trong trng hp s dng bao b ng gi hng ho, th vic tip nhn bao b c
tin hnh ring nh tip nhn mt loi hng ho, cn trong trng hp bao b gn lin vi
hng ho th vic tip nhn bao b nm trong ni dung tip nhn hng ho kho hay ca
hng.
Tip nhn bao b cng bao gm: tip nhn s lng v tip nhn cht lng. Cn c
tip nhn l cc vn bn php qui v bao b (tiu chun ha v bao b, qui nh v tip nhn
hng ho, bao b,...), vo cc cam kt trong hp ng kinh t hoc n t hng.
Trong trng hp bao b khng m bo s lng v cht lng, phi lp bin bn
nhm qui trch nhim vt cht r rng.
b- M v bo qun bao b
Bao gm cc mt cng tc tho d hng ho ra khi bao b v gi gn s lng v
cht lng bao b trong qu trnh m v bo qun bao b.
Yu cu: m bo gi gn tt bao b trong qu trnh tho d hng ho v bo qun, tn
dng din tch v th tch khu vc bo qun.
Nguyn tc ca m bao b: theo ng qui trnh, ng k thut v dng c. Do i
vi mi loi bao b cn xy dng qui trnh, qui phm m bao b thch hp.
Ni dung ca bo qun bao b:
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- V sinh v phn loi bao b theo quyn s hu v mc cht lng thun tin
cho vic x l bao b v bo qun bao b;
- Phn b v cht xp bao b m bo tn dng din tch v dung tch ni bo qun,
thun tin cho vic chm sc, gi gn bao b;
- m bo cc iu kin gi gn tt bao b: trnh ma nng, chng cc hin tng s
dng bao b khng ng mc ch.
c- Hon tr v tiu th bao b qua s dng
Bao gm nhng mt cng tc nhm hon tr bao b s dng nhiu ln cho ch s hu
v tiu th bao b theo cc hnh thc xc nh.
S dng li bao b v tn dng vt liu bao b qua s dng c ngha ln i vi
nn kinh t v i vi bn thn cc doanh nghip:
+Vi nn kinh t: Tit kim ngun ti nguyn, lao ng v cc chi ph ch to bao
b.
+Vi cc doanh nghip: i vi doanh nghip sn xut, gim chi ph vt liu v lao
ng sn xut bao b, tit kim chi ph sn xut bao b v hng ho.
+Vi doanh nghip thng mi: Tng thu nhp cho doanh nghip,
Yu cu: Hon tr bao b cho ch s hu theo ng ch v cam kt gia cc bn,
tn thu v tiu th nhng bao b qua s dng vi chi ph thp nht.
+ Hon tr: Nhng bao b dng nhiu ln, l ti sn ca bn ch hng hoc bn cho
thu mn bao b (container) phi tin hnh hon tr li theo cc cam kt php l.
+ Tiu th: Bn cc loi bao b hoc vt liu bao b qua s dng cho cc n v sn
xut hng ho hoc sn xut bao b s dng li hoc dng lm vt liu ch to bao b.
Ni dung:
- Xy dng k hoch hon tr v tiu th bao b: xc nh s lng, thi gian v thi
hn hon tr cho ch s hu; xc nh khch hng v nhu cu tiu th bao b qua s
dng, nhn n t hng hoc k hp ng tiu th bao b.
- Chun b bao b hon tr v cung ng: thu thp bao b t cc c s kinh doanh ca
doanh nghip v t trong dn chng; phn loi, v sinh, ng gi bao b gn gng nhm tn
dng dung tch phng tin vn ti.
- Giao bao b cho cc i tng nhn: vn chuyn, giao nhn bao b. Cn ch cht
xp tn dng trng ti v dung tch ca phng tin vn ti, xy dng hnh trnh giao bao
b hp l nhm gim c ly vn chuyn bnh qun, tng tc giao bao b, gim chi ph.
6.2.5- Nhng bin php gim chi ph bao b
a- Nhng nguyn nhn to nn chi ph bao b
i vi cc doanh nghip thng mi, c bit l doanh nghip thng mi bn bun,
phi s dng bao b cho nhiu hot ng hu cn: bao gi v bao gi li hng ho, ng
kin hng ho trong cc bao b vn ti thun tin cho vn chuyn,...Cn i vi cc doanh
nghip thng mi bn l, phi s dng bao b bao gi l hng ho, c bit i vi cc
siu th bn hng theo phng php t phc v. V vy, qun tr nghip v bao b mt mt
nhm tha mn yu cu s dng bao b ca doanh nghip, mt khc, tit kim chi ph bao b
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thc hin tt nhng nhim v ca hu cn ke thng mi. Cn phi nm vng nhng
nguyn nhn gy nn chi ph v bao b t c nhng gii php hp l.
Nhng nguyn nhn chi ph bao b bao gm:
a.1- Nguyn nhn khch quan
- Do tnh cht t nhin ca bao b: nhng tnh cht l, ha, sinh ha,... ca bao b
trong mi quan h vi cc nhn t ca mi trng lm cho bao b gim bn, h hng,
nh di tc ng ca mi trng, bao b c th b mc nt (bao b g), lo ha (bao b cht
do), han r (bao b kim loi).
- Do qu trnh s dng bao b: do cha ng hng ho, vn chuyn, xp d,...(s
dng) nn tiu hao gi tr s dng, v tt nhin lm suy gim s lng v cht lng bao b.
a.2- Nguyn nhn ch quan
- Do nhn thc cha ng n v bao b ca cn b v nhn vin trong cc doanh
nghip thng mi: coi bao b khng phi l ti sn ca doanh nghip, khng phi l ngun
thu nhp ca doanh nghip; cha nhn thc rng, tit kim bao b c li ch rt ln cho nn
kinh t quc dn;
- Do cn b v nhn vin khng chp hnh ng nhng qui nh v cng tc bao b,
ch yu l thc hin qu trnh nghip v bao b: tip nhn, m v bo qun bao b, hon tr
bao b.
b- Nhng bin php gim chi ph bao b
b.1- Bin php gim chi ph do ch quan
- Gio dc cho cn b v nhn vin trong cc doanh nghip thng mi nhn thc
ngha kinh t quc dn ca bao b, tm quan trng ca bao b trong vic tng thu nhp ca
doanh nghip: coi bao b qua s dng l mt hng kinh doanh ca doanh nghip.
- Xy dng cc qui nh, ch cng tc v bao b; ch khen thng v trch
nhim vt cht trong vic khng lm tt nhng qui nh v cng tc bao b.
- T chc b phn chuyn trch qun tr nghip v bao b trong cc doanh nghip
thng mi, c bit trong cc doanh nghip thng mi bn bun.
b.2- Bin php gim chi ph do khch quan
- Hon thin cc iu kin thc hin nghip v bao b, c bit nghip v bo
qun v hon tr, tiu th bao b.