Bai Giang Tu Dong Hoa Trong He Thong Dien 21-11-2011

TNG HA
TRONG H THNG IN
B mn H thng in
i hc Bch Khoa H Ni
11/21/2011
Ging vin: Nguyn Xun Tng & Nguyn Th Anh
i hc Bch Khoa H Ni
nx_tung-htd@mail.hut.edu.vn
Nguyn Xun Tng B mn H thng in HBK HN
T ng ha h thng in -
GS. Trn nh Long
2
Gio trnh
Automation in Electrical
Power Systems A. Barzam
Automatic Power System
Control - V.A. Venikov
3
Gio trnh
Power System Stability and
Control P. Kundur
Operation and Control in
Power Systems- P. S. R Murty
4
Gio trnh
Control and automation of
electric power distribution
systems J. Northcote
Kha hc online ti trang web ca NPTEL
Trang ch: http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/
Trang v Power Systems Operation and Control:
http://14.139.160.11/video.php?courseId=1023
hoc trn Youtube:
http://www.youtube.com/user/nptelhrd
5
Gio trnh
http://www.youtube.com/user/nptelhrd
Chng m u: Gii thiu chung v t ng ha trong HT v
cc vn lin quan
Chng 1: T ng ng li cc ngun in
Chng 2: T ng chuyn i ngun in
Chng 3: T ng ha ng b cc ngun in
6
cng mn hc
Chng 4: T ng sa thi ph ti theo tn s
Chng 5: T ng iu chnh in p & cng sut phn khng
trong HT
Chng 6: T ng iu chnh tn s & cng sut tc dng trong
HT
Chng 7: T ng ha li in phn phi v t ng ha trm
bin p
Gii thiu chung
Chng m u
7
S cn thit ca vic t ng ha trong
HT
Cc qui tc v bn v dng trong t ng
ha
Cc k hiu thng dng
Cc loi s c trong HT:
Din bin nhanh, d lan rng
Khng loi tr nhanh: gy tc hi nghim trng
Do thi gian rt ngn nn bt buc phi c cc thit b t ng pht hin
v x l cc trng hp ny
Nhiu thao tc t ng d gy nhm ln: my t ng s lm
8
S cn thit ca vic t ng ha
Nhiu thao tc t ng d gy nhm ln: my t ng s lm
tt hn con ngi, loi tr c cc sai st, tng chnh xc.
My t ng cho php theo di lin tc v kp thi iu chnh
Cc loi s :
S khi:
Th hin chc nng ca cc phn t
Mi lin h gia cc phn t ny
Trnh t hot ng ca c cu c thit k
Khng th hin chi tit ca tng khu
9
Cc qui tc dng trong bn v
Khng th hin chi tit ca tng khu
Cc loi s :
S khai trin
Khng v y cc phn t m th hin chi tit mi lin h, trnh t
vn hnh gia chng
S khai trin mt chiu (dc); S khai trin xoay chiu (ac); S
mch tn hiu, chiu sng...
10
Thch hp cho mc ch sa cha, u ni dy gia cc phn t
S tng hp: th hin y cc phn t ca s
Th hin c trnh t lm vic ca cc phn t
S phc tp, kh theo di
Vi cc c cu n gin c th dng loi s ny
Vi cc c cu phc tp: dng thm cc s khai trin
11
S biu din c v trng thi khng in:
My ct trng thi m
Cun dy rle khng mang in
C ghi ch vi cc trng hp c bit
12
Mt s k hiu thng gp
Tip im my ct
Tip im trng thi m:
Tip im trng thi ng
13
K hiu dng trong bn v
Tip im trng thi ng
Mt s k hiu thng gp
Tip im rle:
Tip im trng thi thng m
Tip im trng thi m, m chm
14
Tip im trng thi m, m chm
Tip im trng thi m, ng chm
Mt s k hiu thng gp
Tip im rle:
Tip im trng thi thng ng
Tip im trng thi ng, m chm
15
Tip im trng thi ng, m chm
Tip im trng thi ng, ng chm
Mt s k hiu thng gp
Cun dy:
Rle c k hiu theo tn gi:
16
C
C
c
U I
Cun ng
my ct
Cun ct
my ct
Cun
in p
Cun dng
in
Rle c k hiu theo tn gi:
Rle dng in: RI
Rle in p RU
Rle thi gian: RT
Rle trung gian: RG Rle trung gian hot ng c tr: RGT...
Cc phn t trn s c nh s th t d phn bit:
1BU; 2BU; 3RI; 4RI; 5RT; 6RG; 7RGT...
Tip im ca rle c nh ch s
1RT1; 1RT2 hoc 1RT
1
; 1RT
2
hoc 1RT-1; 1RT-2...
4RG
1
2
3
17
V d
Tn hiu
S bo v qu dng vi bin dng in t trn hai pha
(p dng cho li in c trung tnh cch in)
18
V d
Trnh
t
c
s
Mch khai trin in xoay chiu
Mch tn
hiu
Mch khai trin in mt chiu
s
T ng ng li cc ngun in
Chng 01
19
Chng 5: T ng iu chnh in p & cng sut phn khng trong HT
Chng 6: T ng iu chnh tn s & cng sut tc dng trong HT
Auto Reclose (AR) hoc 79
T ng li (TL)
79
S liu thng k i vi ng dy trn khng:
80-90%h hng: s c thong qua
Ngng 80% Li 6-110kV
Ngng 90% Li t 220kV tr ln
10-20% cn li: s c duy tr v bn duy tr
Do vy:
20
L do s dng thit b TL
Trong a s cc trng hp: c th cho php ng li ng dy sau s
c v xc sut thnh cng s ln
S dng thit b TL: lm nhim v t ng ng tr li my ct ng
dy sau mt khong thi gian c ci t trc
Nhanh chng khi phc li vic cung cp in
Nng cao c tnh n nh ca h thng so vi khi khng c TL (ng dy b ct in
ko di, gim kh nng lin kt truyn ti gia cc khu vc)
S c thong qua:
Nguyn nhn gy nn s c c th t loi tr
Phng in tm thi b mt s do st nh
Cy ci chm vo ng dy do gi to...
S c bn duy tr:
21
L do s dng thit b TL
Nguyn nhn gy s c c th b loi tr sau khi
h quang chy vi ln
Vt l ri vo ng dy c th b h quang t chy
sau khi ng ct li ng dy vi ln
S c duy tr
Nguyn nhn gy ra s c khng th t loi tr
t dy, nt v s, qun tip a ng dy...
Theo s ln t ng li:
TL mt ln: thng p dng cho li in t 220kV tr ln
TL hai ln: p dng cho cp in p t 110kV tr xung
ng li nhiu ln nh hng xu n tnh n nh ca h thng
Xc sut thnh cng thp (<10% vi ln TL th hai)
Tng mc hao mn my ct (MC ch cho php ng ct mt s ln gii hn
sau phi bo dng)
22
Phn loi thit b TL
sau phi bo dng)
Mc phc tp ca s
Theo s pha thc hin TL
TL 3 pha: dng cho cp in p t 220kV tr xung
TL 1 pha: dng cho cp in p 500kV
Khi s c pha no: ct v TL ring pha
H thng rle phi c chc nng la chn pha s c
My ct: c b truyn ng ring tng pha
23
Phn loi thit b TL
TL 1 pha dng cho li 500kV: ch yu l s c mt
pha
Cc thit b l loi mt pha: bin p mt pha
Khong cch pha-pha ln
Khi ct pha s c th hai pha cn li vn hot ng:
gi c lin kt gia cc phn ca h thng m
bo tnh n nh (yu t quan trng)
TL mt pha khng thnh cng: ct c 3 pha
Theo thi gian thc hin t ng li:
TL nhanh (Rapid AR): thi gian TL rt ngn (0.35-1 giy) thng ch
m bo thi gian kh i-on
m bo nhanh chng cung cp in tr li
Gim thiu mc mt ng b khi cn ng li gia hai ngun in
Gim nh s mt n nh.
TL c thi gian (Delayed AR): thi gian TL c ko di m bo
24
Phn loi thit b TL
TL c thi gian (Delayed AR): thi gian TL c ko di m bo
nguyn nhn gy s c c th c loi tr hon ton. Khi cc phn ca
HT c lin kt bi nhiu ng dy th c th p dng TL c tr.
Thc t: m bo xc sut thnh cng:
Ln 1: t
TL
= 0.3-2 giy
Ln 2: t
TL
= 10-15 giy
Ln 3: t
TL
= 1-5 pht
Theo cp in p thc hin t ng li:
TL cp trung p: mc tiu ca TL l gim thiu thi gian mt in
TL cp cao p: mc tiu chnh l m bo tnh n nh ca h thng.
25
Phn loi thit b TL
Thit b TL phi m bo ng s ln tc ng:
Trnh trng hp ng vo im s c nhiu ln c th gy h hng
my ct v nh hng xu n h thng
TL phi m bo lun khi ng ng vi mi trng hp s
c: m bo tin cy ca thit b TL
Thit b TL phi c kha trong mt s trng hp:
26
Cc yu cu i vi thit b TL
Khng tc ng ng li i vi my bin p, my pht, thanh gp
trnh vic s c lan rng
Bo v chnh ca my bin p (BV so lch, rle hi..) hot ng: chc chn s
c trong MBA Khng nn thc hin TL. Trong trng hp ny thng c
nhn vin vn hnh ra khu vc MBA kim tra bng mt v i lnh ca iu
cp trn
Khi ct my ct bng tay: c ch tch ng dy ra khi vn hnh
(bo dng, thay th..) khng c TL
Khi ng my ct bng tay nu MC li ct ra ngay: cn s c trn
ng dy cha c pht hin (vd: qun cha tho tip a ng
dy..) Khng nn t ng li.
Khi ph ti b ct ra do vic sa thi ph ti theo tn s
Khi bo v chng hin tng my ct t chi tc ng lm vic
27
Trong mt s trng hp thit b TL c th b kha khi dng s c
qu cao (s c gn). Vic pht hin s c gn c th thc hin bng
cch t thm chc nng bo v qu dng mc cao.
Khi xy ra dao ng in: nu my ct b ct ra do hin tng dao
ng in th nn kha TL n khi no h thng tr v trng thi n
nh.
Vi li phn phi: khng nn TL nu trn ng dy vn cn in
in p trn ng dy vn cn duy tr mt khong thi gian ngn do cc
ng c ln vn tip tc quay theo qun tnh
28
ng c ln vn tip tc quay theo qun tnh
Nu TL ngay khi in p ny cha gim hn: c th xy ra vic ng khng
ng b gy nguy him cho ng c
Vi ng dy cao p v siu cao p: kha TL khi s c 3 pha
Him khi khi xy ra s c 3 pha
Nu xy ra s c 3 pha: thng khng phi s c thong qua (qun tip a di
ng ground straps)
Nn kha Tl trong trng hp ny
Mc ch: ch cho php TL khi ng khi c yu cu
S khi ng thay i ty theo hng sn xut, tuy nhin phng php
chung l da vo (theo khuyn co ca tiu chun IEEE Std C37.104):
Khi ng bng thit b bo v rle
Khi ng bng tip im ph ca my ct
29
Cc phng php khi ng thit b TL
Khi ng bng thit b bo v rle - Khi c s c trn ng dy, thit b
bo v rle hot ng s:
a tn hiu ng MC
Khi ng thit b TL
c im:
30
Ngun
BV
Ct
Khi ng
TL
c im:
S n gin, m bo TL khi ng vi mi trng hp ng dy b ct ra
do s c
Khi ct MC bng tay: TL khng khi ng (ng)
Khi ng MC bng tay, nu c s c trn ng dy, MC ct ngay ra: TL s hot
ng
Vi cc thit b TL hin i - Cm TL khi ng my ct bng tay:
Khi c tn hiu ng MC bng tay (tip im ph) >> a tn hiu vo rle kha tm thi chc
nng TL >> chc nng TL s c gii tr sau khi MC trng thi ng trong khong thi
gian di no .
Khi ng bng tip im ph {my ct & kha iu khin}
TL li s c khi ng bt c khi no c s khc nhau gia trng thi thc ca MC
(th hin qua tip im ph 52b) v trng thi ca kha iu khin my ct
Tip im 52b: s ng khi MC trng thi m
Tip im ca kha iu khin (slip contact) s m ra khi MC c m bng tay v ng li khi
MC c ng bng tay
31
Kha iu khin (K)
My ct
- +
c im
Khi ng dy gp s c- MC ct ra: tip im ph MC ng + Tip im kha K
ang ng >> Khi ng TL
Khi ng/ct MC bng tay: tip im ph MC v tip im ph kha K cng v tr
>> khng khi ng (ng)
Kha iu khin (K)
52b
Rle
TL
32
Kha iu khin
T iu khin ngn l
My ct ngoi trm
33
Cc i lng thi gian trong qu trnh TL
Tip im chnh ri nhau
Dng in chy qua tip im
dp h quang
1
Tip im dp h quang tch ri
H quang xut hin
2
H quang b dp tt
3
Tip im v tr m hon ton
4
Qu trnh ct my ct (my ct GL314 Areva)
34
Bo
v
S c xut
hin
Thi gian lm
vic ca bo v
Bo v tc
ng
Bo v tr
v
My ct
Cun ct Tip im H quang Tip im Cun Tip im
H quang
tn ti
Cun ct
c cp
in
Tip im
tch ri
H quang
xut hin
H quang
b dp tt
Tip im
m hon
ton
Cun
ng
c cp
in
Tip im
chm
nhau
Tip im
ng hon
ton
Thi gian cht (khng in)
Thit b TL
TL c
khi ng
TL gi
xung ng
di xung ng
Thi gian cht ca TL
Thi gian sn sng (gii tr)
Sn sng cho ln
s c tip theo
Thi gian lm vic ca bo v: t khi bo v khi ng >> pht tn hiu ct
MC.
Thi gian ct MC: cun ct mang in >> h quang dp tt
Thi gian tn ti h quang trong MC: cc u tip xc chnh ca MC ri nhau
(h quang pht sinh) >> h quang b dp tt.
35
(h quang pht sinh) >> h quang b dp tt.
di xung ng ca TL: l khong thi gian tip im u ra ca thit b
TL cn gi trng thi ng
Thi gian ng ca MC: cun ng MC mang in >> tip im chnh MC
chm nhau
Thi gian kh i-on: l thi gian cn thit khng kh xung quanh im s c
khi phc li mc cch in cn thit (cc i-on tn mt) m bo h
quang khng pht sinh tr li khi cp in cho ng dy. Cc yu t quyt
nh:
Cp in p << l yu t ng vai tr quan trng
Khong cch gia cc phn mang in
Dng in s c ; thi gian tn ti s c
36
in dung ca cc phn t ln cn, tc gi, iu kin mi trng
t
kh i-on
= 0,07-0,5 (giy) (vi cp in p t 35-500kV)
Thi gian t ng tr li t
TL
: TL c khi ng >> cun ng mang in
Thi gian sn sng: thit b TL gi tn hiu ng >> sn sng cho ln s c
tip theo
Thi gian cht (thi gian khng in): h quang b dp tt >> tip im chnh
MC tip xc tr li
Thi gian nhiu lon: s c pht sinh >> MC ng li thnh cng
37
Tnh ton ci t thng s
ng dy mt ngun cp (TL 3 pha):
TL ln th nht: t
TL
chn theo 2 iu kin
iu kin kh i-on:
Theo iu kin sn sng cho ln lm vic k tip ca b truyn ng MC (cng l xo,
phc hi p sut kh...):
Chn theo gi tr ln nht tnh c t hai iu kin trn
38
Tnh ton ci t thng s
(1)
( ) (1)
TDL at khuion d MC
t K t t =
(2)
(2)
TDL at sansang
t K t =
1 (1) (2)
ax{ ; }
lan
TDL TDL TDL
t m t t =
m bo s thnh cng ca TL th thi gian TL ln th nht c th c c ko
di 2-5 giy (35kV)
TL ln th hai: chn theo gi tr ln nht ca
Ty theo kh nng dp h quang ca MC nu gp s c trong ln ng ny
Theo iu kin kh kh i-on
t
TL
> t
khi phc kh nng ct
t
TL
> t
kh i-on
t
ng MC
ax{ ; }
TDL TDL TDL
t m t t =
ng dy hai ngun cp (TL 3 pha):
Thi gian lm vic ca cc bo v: t
BV1
<t
BV2
(pha 1 ct ra trc khi c s c)
39
Tnh ton ci t thng s
HT1 HT2
TL2 TL1
BV1 BV2
U
2
<
MC1 MC2
U
1
<
Thi gian lm vic ca cc bo v: t
BV1
<t
BV2
(pha 1 ct ra trc khi c s c)
Thi gian TL pha 1:
Phi ln hn thi gian lm vic chnh nhau gia BV1 & BV2 trnh ng vo s c
Phi ch thm thi gian ct MC pha 2 v thi giankh i-on sau khi ct pha 2
Do vy:
Do ng my ct 1 mt mt khong thi gian tr nn c th gi xung ng sm hn:
TL 2 ch thc hin khi ng thnh cng pha i din (c th kim tra
ng b hoc khng)
1 2 1 2
( )
TDL BV BV cat MC khui on
t t t t t
+ +
1 2 1 2 1
{( ) }
TDL BV BV cat MC khui on d MC du phong
t t t t t t t
+ + +
ng dy hai ngun cp (TL 3 pha):
40
Tnh ton ci t thng s
HT1 HT2
TL2 TL1
BV1 BV2
U
2
>
MC1 MC2
U
1
<
m bo an ton: trnh ng c hai ngun vo ngn mch cn tn ti:
kim tra xem trn ng dy c cn in p hay khng in p s bng 0
khi ct hon ton c hai pha.
TL1 ch tc ng khi ng dy khng mang in: dng cc rle in p thp kim
tra (U
1
<)
TL2 ch tc ng khi ng dy c ng li thnh cng t pha 1: dng cc rle
in p cao (U
2
>).
T ng li khng ng b:
n gin v nhanh chng t ng li cc ngun : c th s dng thit
b t ng li khng kim tra ng b
Vic t ng li khng ng b c th dn n dao ng cng sut. Nu
thi gian dao ng b ko di: phi m my ct tch ring cc phn ca h
thng.
Phng php TL khng ng b cho php dng nu dng in cn bng
41
Cc loi t ng li khc
Phng php TL khng ng b cho php dng nu dng in cn bng
khi ng MC m bo nh hn mt gi tr cho php
Khng kim tra
ng b
HT1
HT2
T ng li khng ng b - Phm vi p dng:
S thay th khi ng my ct: khi ng my ct s xut hin dng in
cn bng.
42
Cc loi t ng li khc
1
'
E
1
'
HT
X
2
'
E
2
'
HT
X
d
X
' '
; ; E X X
Sut in ng & in khng qu ca hai pha h thng
Tr s dng in cn bng ln nht:
(gi thit S qu hai pha bng nhau)
Nu: th c th cho php dng phng php t
ng li khng ng b
' '
; ;
d
E X X
Sut in ng & in khng qu ca hai pha h thng
& in khng ng dy
1 2
2
'
'
ax
' '
cbm
HT d HT
E
I
X X X
=
+ +
3 ' ( )
max cb N daucuc
I I
T ng li nhanh
Sau khi my ct trn ng dy m: cc vector in p hai pha u
ng dy b mt ng b v gc lch tng i gia hai vector ny thay
i theo thi gian
Nu c th cho php t ng li trong thi gian rt ngn: bin thin
gc lch s nh >>> khi ng li my ct s khng cn kim tra ng b
v ln dng cn bng
43
Cc loi t ng li khc
v ln dng cn bng
Khng kim tra
ng b
HT1
HT2
Thi gian TL
rt ngn
E
HT1
E
HT2
gc lch bnh
thng
E
HT1
E
HT2
gc lch tng ln t
E
HT1
E
HT2
gc lch tng ln
nhiu
t
TL (tng)
= 0.35 1 giy
T ng li mt pha
Phm vi p dng: cc ng dy siu cao p (>330kV)
L do s dng:
Li siu cao p ch yu xy ra s c mt pha
Cc thit b l loi mt pha: bin p mt pha
Khong cch pha-pha ln
Gi vai tr lin kt trong h thng in Cn gim thiu vic ct hon ton
44
Cc loi t ng li khc
Gi vai tr lin kt trong h thng in Cn gim thiu vic ct hon ton
ng dy:
TL 1 pha ch ct pha s c
Hai pha cn li vn hot ng: m bo tnh n nh (yu t quan trng)
Cc yu cu:
My ct phi truyn ng ring tng pha
Thit b bo v c chc nng chn pha s c: s phc tp
TL mt pha khng thnh cng: ct c 3 pha
T ng li mt pha
Nhc im:
Ch vn hnh khng i xng gy ra dng th t nghch nh (I
2
) hng ti
cc my pht
Gy nhiu cc ng dy thng tin ln cn
Thi gian kh i-on ko di hn do in p cm ng xut hin trn pha ct
in: in p cm ng ny xut hin do cc lin h v in cm & in dung
45
Cc loi t ng li khc
in: in p cm ng ny xut hin do cc lin h v in cm & in dung
gia hai pha ang mang in v pha ct in hai u.
46
Phi hp thit b bo v rle
& thit b t ng li
Mc ch Phi hp gia thit b bo v rle (BVRL) & thit b
t ng li (TL)
Loi tr nhanh chng s c
Gim thi gian ngng cung cp in (cho cc trng hp s c thong
qua)
Thc hin: theo 02 hng
C BVRL hot ng nhanh v khng chn lc sau hiu chnh li bng
47
Phi hp thit b BVRL & TL
C BVRL hot ng nhanh v khng chn lc sau hiu chnh li bng
thit b TL
Thc hin t ng li v sau s dng bo v (loi ct nhanh khng chn lc)
loi tr nhanh cc trng hp s c duy tr.
Tng tc BVRL trc khi thc hin TL
48
1 2 3
B3 B2
t~0 giy
Trang b cc bo v qu dng (I>) cho cc phn on
Phn on u ngun:
Mt b TL
M b bo v qu dng ct nhanh c chnh nh:
Thi gian tc ng tc thi (t~0 giy)
Bo v (tc ng vi mi s c) trn ton b cc phn on chnh >> khng chn lc
Khng tc ng khi s c sau cc nhnh r (VD: sau B2; B3..) gim s ln tc ng ca
bo v u ngun
49
1 2 3
B3 B2
t~0 giy
N2
Hot ng
Gi thit s c ti N2
Bo v (I>>) ct tc thi my ct u ngun, loi tr s c
Thit b TL hot ng:
Kha tm thi bo v ct nhanh (I>>)
ng li my ct
ng li thnh cng: sau mt thi gian s m kha (I>>)
ng li khng thnh cng: cc bo v chn lc (I>) s tc ng (bo v phn on 2)
50
1 2 3
B3 B2
t~0 giy
c im
Cc s c lun c loi tr tc thi trong ln xut hin th nht >> c tc
dng tt vi cc s c thong qua
My ct u ngun phi hot ng nhiu >> tng hao mn
Thch hp vi cc ng dy c t phn on
Tng tc BVRL sau khi thc hin TL
51
1 2 3
t~0 giy
t~0 giy t~0 giy
t
1
giy t
2
giy t
3
giy
Trang b cc bo v qu dng (I>) & (I>>) & TL cho cc phn on
Bo v qu dng ct nhanh c chnh nh:
Bo v ton b phn on v mt phn phn on tip theo >> khng chn
lc (c vng chng ln bo v)
a vo lm vic sau khi TL
52
1 2 3
t~0 giy
t~0 giy t~0 giy
N2
t
1
giy t
2
giy t
3
giy
Hot ng
S c ti N2 (ti vng chng ln phm vi bo v)
Bo v c thi gian (I>) ti phn on 1 & 2 hot ng
Sau khong thi gian t
2
: bo v ti phn on 2 ct s c
TL
2
c khi ng
M kha (I>>) ca ring phn on 2
ng li my ct phn on 2:
TL thnh cng: sau kha (I>>)
TL khng thnh cng: bo v (I>>) ct tc thi s c
53
1 2 3
t~0 giy
t~0 giy t~0 giy
t
1
giy t
2
giy t
3
giy
c im
Bo v ct nhanh ch c tc dng loi tr nhanh khi s c duy tr khi thc
hin t ng li
C th p dng cho li in c nhiu phn on
Ln s c u tin c loi tr bi cc bo v c thi gian: c th tng
kh nng bin s c thong qua thnh s c duy tr
T ng li tng on theo th t
54
1 2 3
t~0 giy
t~0 giy t~0 giy
t
TL1
t
TL2
t
TL3
Trang b cc bo v qu dng (I>) & (I>>) & TL cho cc phn on
Bo v qu dng ct nhanh c chnh nh (khng kha):
Bo v ton b phn on v mt phn phn on tip theo >> khng chn
lc (c vng chng ln bo v)
Thit b TL hot ng phn cp: gn ngun ng trc, xa ngun
ng sau: t
TL1
< t
TL2
< t
TL3
55
1 2 3
t~0 giy
t~0 giy t~0 giy
N2
t
TL1
t
TL2
t
TL3
Hot ng
S c ti N2 (ti vng chng ln phm vi bo v)
Bo v ct nhanh (I>>) ca c phn on 1 & 2 c th tc ng
TL
1
& TL
2
c khi ng:
TL
1
gn ngun nn tc ng trc: thnh cng (v s c trn phn on 2)
Sau kha bo v ct nhanh phn on 1 (I>>)
TL
2
m ht thi gian tip sau :
Nu s c ti N2 l thong qua th TL
2
thnh cng
Nu TL
2
khng thnh cng: bo v (I>>) ca phn on 2 ct tc thi s c
56
1 2 3
t~0 giy
t~0 giy t~0 giy
t
TL1
t
TL2
t
TL3
c im
Mi loi s c u c loi tr bng bo v ct nhanh
C th p dng cho li in c s phn on bt k
Cc h cui ngun c thi gian t ng li ko di: tng thi gian ngng
cung cp in
T ng chuyn i ngun in
Chng 02
57
Auto Transfer to Reserve Supply (ATS)
T ng ngun d phng (TD)
Nu cc h tiu th ch c cp t mt ngun: s c ngun >> mt in
Nhiu loi ph ti khng cho php mt in: phi c h thng in d phng
Vi t my nhit in, mt in t dng trong khong 20-30 giy c th dn ti ngt
s vn hnh ca ni hi >> mt nhiu gi vn hnh li t my
Mt s qu trnh trong nh my ha cht nu mt in lu hn 3 giy c th phi
khi phc li t u
58
L do s dng thit b TD
khi phc li t u
Phng thc vn hnh ca ngun (thit b) d phng:
Vn hnh song song: khng kinh t
trng thi d phng khng mang in: m bo thao tc nhanh >> s dng
thit b TD t ng thao tc i ngun (thi gian mt in <1-2 giy)
59
V d v ng dng ca thit b TD
TD ng dy TD my bin p
TD t my diezen d phng TD cho h thng t dng trong nh my in
H thng
F1 F2 F3
TD1 TD2 TD3 DP
TD thanh gp
Thit b TD phi tc ng khi phn t lm vic b mt in v bt c
l do g, k c trng hp ngn mch trn thanh ci h ph ti (tr
trng hp sa thi theo tn s)
Thit b TD ch ng ngun du phng khi ct hon ton ngun
chnh:
Trnh vic ng khng ng b gia hai ngun
Trnh vic ng thm ngun vo im s c
60
Cc yu cu i vi thit b TD
Trnh vic ng thm ngun vo im s c
Thit b TD phi c thi gian tc ng nhanh gim thi gian ngng
cung cp in
ngn chn kh nng ng ngun d phng vo ngn mch duy tr
nhiu ln: thit b TD ch tc ng mt ln
Khi thc hin thao tc TD phi m bo iu kin t khi ng ca
cc ng c c th ct bt mt s ng c khi ng ngun d
phng
C kh nng phi hp tng tc thit b bo v rle vi mc ch
loi tr nhanh s c khi ng ngun d phng
61
Cc yu cu i vi thit b TD
Phng php khi ng thit b TD: 2 cch
Dng tn hiu t tip im ph my ct: tip im thng ng
62
Cc nguyn l p dng trong thit b TD
1MC ng
1MC
3
2MC m
2MC
1
+ -
Ch bnh thng:
Cun ng ca 2MC khng c in
1MC
3
m
2MC
1
ng
+ C
-
1MC ct
1MC
3
ng
2MC m
2MC
1
ng
+ C
-
Ch s c: 1MC b ct ra
Cun ng ca 2MC c cp in >> ng 2MC
Phng php khi ng thit b TD:
Dng tn hiu t tip im ph my ct:
c im: nu ngun cp b ct t u
ng dy, my ct 1MC khng m ra >>
s khng hot ng
Khc phc: dngrle in p thp (U<)
kim tra tnh trng ca ngun cp >> S
63
kim tra tnh trng ca ngun cp >> S
khi ng c dng rle in p thp
U<
S khi ng TD c rle in p thp (U<)
64
Khi thanh gp mt in v bt c
l do g: rle in p thp (3U<)
khi ng
Khi (3U<) khi ng s cp in Khi (3U<) khi ng s cp in
cho rle thi gian 5RT
Sau mt khong thi gian tr:
5RT s cp in ti cun ct ca
1MC >> ct 1MC
Khi 1MC c ct ra th s
TD s khi ng nh bnh
thng.
S khi ng TD c rle in p thp (U<)
65
c im:
Nu thit b lm vic v d
phng ly in chung t mt
ngun th phng php ny ngun th phng php ny
khng cn thit.
S s tc ng nhm khi t
cu ch u ra ca bin in p
(9BU)
Khc phc: s dng hai rle in
p thp u ni tip tip im
66
Khc phc: s dng hai rle in p thp u ni tip tip im
Nu t cu ch: ch mt trong hai rle in p thp hot ng >> mch in
cp cho 5RT h mch
Nu thanh gp mt in: c (3U<)&(4U<) tc ng: mch in cp cho 5RT
khp kn >> khi ng TD
S hai rle in p thp u ni tip
Nguyn tc m bo thit b TD ch tc ng mt ln
Dng rle trung gian loi thng m, m chm (6RGT):
67
Bnh thng: 1MC ng
1MC ng > 1MC
3
: m
1MC
2
: ng -> 6RGT c in
6RGT c in > Tip im 6RGT: ng
2MC: ang m -> 2MC1: ng
Mch ng 2MC: khng c in
(+) -> 1MC
3
-> 6RGT -> 2MC
1
-> C
-> (-)
(m) (ng) (ng)
Nguyn tc m bo thit b TD ch tc ng mt ln
Dng rle trung gian loi thng m, m chm (6RGT):
68
Khi s c: 1MC b ct ra
1MC ct > 1MC
3
: ng
1MC
2
: m -> 6RGT mt in
6RGT mt in > Tip im 6RGT: m chm
2MC: ang m -> 2MC1: ng
Mch ng 2MC: c in khi 6RGT ang m
chm
(+) -> 1MC3 -> 6RGT -> 2MC1 -> C -> (-)
(ng) (m chm) (ng)
Khi 6RGT m hon ton: mch ng h mch
v khng th tc ng ln 2.
Kim tra s sn sng ca ngun d phng
Thao tc TD ch c tc dng khi ngun d phng c in p trong
ngng cho php: s dng rle in p cao (U>) kim tra trng
thi ngun d phng
69
U>
70
S tng th ca thit b TD
S TD cho ng dy
71
Tnh ton chnh nh thit b TD
Thi gian m chm ca 6RGT:
Trong thi gian m chm ca 6RGT: mch ng cn c cp in
Thi gian m chm phi ln hn thi gian ng my ct
t
6RGT
= K
at
x t
ng 2MC
72
Chnh nh
in p khi ng ca rle in p thp {3U<} & {4U<}
S c ln cn ngun cp (N1): in p trn thanh gp gim thp ti U
d(N1)
--> rle
khng c php tc ng
S c ti ln cn thanh gp (N2): in p trn thanh gp gim ti U
d(N2)
: rle
khng c php tc ng.
Chnh nh: U
khi ng
= min{U
d(N1)
; U
d(N2)
}/K
at
vi K
at
=1.2-1.3
73
Chnh nh
N1
U
d
=?
N2
in p khi ng ca rle in p cao {8U>}
Rle in p cao {8U>} kim tra s sn sng ca ngun lm vic khi in p
ngun ny trong ngng cho php th rle c php hot ng
Chnh nh: U
khi ng
= K
at
x U
nh nht cho php
vi K
at
=1.2-1.3
74
Chnh nh
Thi gian lm vic ca rle thi gian 5RT
S c ln cn ngun cp (N3): cn m bo loi tr hon ton s c ny trc khi
ng ngun d phng : t
(1)
5RT
> t
cc bo v ti thanh gp u ngun
Phn tch tng t vi cc s c ti ln cn thanh gp ph ti (N4):
t
(2)
5RT
> t
cc bo v ti thanh gp ph ti
Do vy t
5RT
= max{t
(1)
5RT
; t
(2)
5RT
} + t
d tr
75
Chnh nh
N3 N3
N4
T ng ha ng b cc ngun in
Chng 03
76
Automatic Synchronization
Chc nng kim tra ng b (25)
L thao tc cn thit a my pht in vo lm vic cng vi h
thng hoc kt ni gia hai h thng.
Yu cu: dng in cn bng trong lc ha ng b phi nh nht,
gim thiu st p v dao ng cng sut
77
Ha ng b trong h thng in
C hai phng php ha ng b:
Ha ng b chnh xc
T ha ng b
S ha ng b
Trnh t thao tc
My pht c kch t - quay ti tc
78
Phng php ha ng b chnh xc
My pht c kch t - quay ti tc
ng b
Kim tra cc iu kin ha
Cng th t pha
in p bng nhau:
Tc gc (tn s) bng nhau:
Gc lch tng i gia vecto in p hai pha bng
khng:
Khi cc iu kin ha m bo: ng my ct ha
H F
U U =

H F db
= =
0 ,
H F
U U = =

Gc lch
H
U
F
U
Dng in cn bng xut hin ti thi im ha
79
cb
I H
X
d
X
H
E
F
E
S thay th
ln dng in cn bng I
cb
:
H F
cb
H d
E E
I
X X
=
+

n gin, gi thit ln E =E =E v cn c theo th vecto: n gin, gi thit ln E
F
=E
H
=E v cn c theo th vecto:
2
2
sin
H F
cb
H d H d H d
E E
E
E
I
X X X X X X

= = =
+ + +

H
E
F
E
E
E
E
2
ln dng in I
cb
ph thuc vo gc lch gia
hai vecto in p ( )
2
sin

Dng cn bng nh nht:
Vy thi im thun li nht ng my ct ha ng b l khi gc lch:
80
0 0 0
2
0 0 0 360 720
2 2
min
min sin sin ; ; ...
cb
H d
E
I
X X

= = = =
`
+
)
0 0 0
0 360 720 ; ; ... =
Dng cn bng ln nht: Dng cn bng ln nht:
Thng h thng c cng sut v cng ln so vi my pht: c th coi X
H
=0; khi
Vy thi im bt li nht: khi gc lch gia vecto in p hai pha l 180
0
v dng I
cbmax
c th gp 2 ln dng ngn mch 3 pha u cc my pht
0
2 2 1 180
2 2
max
max sin sin
cb
H d H d
E E
I
X X X X

= = = =
`
+ +
)
3 0
2 2 180
( )
max cb NdaucucMF
d
E
I I
X
= = =
Vai tr ca in p phch U
S
(in p trt) trong qu trnh ha
Vi gi thit E
H
=E
F
=E
81
( ) ( ) ( ) sin( ) sin( )
S H F H H F F
u t u t u t E t E t = =
2 2
2 2 2 2
( ) cos sin cos sin
S H F H F H F
S
u t E t t E t t
+ +
( ( (
= =
( ( (

Vi: nh ngha l tc trt
S H F
=
in p phch bin thin vi hai tn s khc nhau:
u
S
(t)
(t)
2
cos
H F
t
+ (
(

2
sin
S
t

Gi tr in p phch quan st c l ng bao bin
82
u
S
(t)
(t)
2 2
2 2
sin sin
S
S
U E t E

= =
Us=0: Thi im thun
Us=0: Thi im thun
Us=0: Thi im
V l tc trt nn i lng chnh l gc lch tng i
gia hai vecto in p theo thi gian.
Chu k ca in p phch thay i do trong qu trnh ha lun c nhng
thao tc iu chnh sao cho tc gc ca my pht gn nht vi pha h
thng
Thi im thun li ha: khi U
s
=0
S
( )
S
t

Us=0: Thi im thun
li ( )
0
360 =
Us=0: Thi im thun
li ( )
0
720 =
Us=0: Thi im
thun li ( )
0
0 =
83
u
S
(t)
(t)
Thun li Gi xung ng
t
ng MC
Thun li Gi xung ng
t
ng MC
Thun li Gi xung ng
t
ng MC
Do vic ng my ct cn mt khong thi gian tng MC: xung ng phi
gi trc thi im thun li mt khong thi gian vt trc
t
vt trc
= t
ng MC
Thi gian vt trc c th qui i tnh theo gc vt trc () nu tc
trt cho php khi ha ng b bit:
vt scp vt scp dong MC
t t = =
Gc
vt
trc
Tc
trt cho
php
Thi gian vt trc (chnh l
thi gian ng MC)
Trong thc t gim thi gian iu chnh cc thng s khi ha ng b: c
th cho php c sai s gia cc i lng ha.
S nguyn l my ha ng b chnh xc
84
c im
C th p dng cho mi loi my pht
Thi gian ha ng b c th b ko di do qu trnh iu chnh cc tham s
khi ha.
85
M hnh iu khin qu trnh ha trong thc t
86
87
S t ha ng b
88
Phng php t ha ng b
Trnh t thao tc
1. My pht khng c c kch t - cun kch t ni tt hoc ni qua in
tr dit t R
TDT
(tip im lin ng 1 ng & 2 m)
2. Quay my pht n gn tc ng b
Khi h s trt ng my ct u cc vo h thng.
3. Ngay sau khi ng my pht vo h thng: ng kch t cho my pht
4. Do cc m men sinh ra s t a my pht vo lm vic ng b
100 2 3 ( %)
db F
db
s

= =
Cc m men xut hin trong qu trnh t ha ng b
Phng trnh chuyn ng ca roto my pht
vi J: momen qun tnh ca cc phn t quay ca my pht; M
C
: momen cn
Momen khng ng b M
kdb
:
Khi ng my ct u cc: my pht hot ng nh mt ng c khng ng b roto
dy qun. M xut hin do tc ng tng h gia t trng quay ca stato v dng
89
Phng php t ha ng b
T c kdb pk db
d
J M M M M M
dt
= + + +
dy qun. M
kdb
xut hin do tc ng tng h gia t trng quay ca stato v dng
in cm ng trong cun roto (ang b ni tt).
Momen ny c tc dng a roto quay gn ti tc ng b
Momem ny khng phi l tc nhn chnh a my pht vo ng b v khi tc roto
bng tc ng b (s=0) th M
kdb
=0
Momen phn khng M
pk
:
Xut hin do tc ng tng h ga t trng quay ca stato v thn roto cc li bng
vt liu st t. Vi roto cc n th momen ny khng xut hin
Du ca momen phn khng thay i theo gc gia roto v t trng quay. Nu xt
tng trong nhiu chu k th tc dng ca momen ny bng khng
90
Phng php t ha ng b
Roto cc li
Roto cc n
My pht ti nh my thy in Sn La
91
Rotor cc li
92
Rotor cc n v cc li
Roto cc li
(thy in)
Roto cc n
(nhit in)
93
Rotor lng sc
ng c khng ng b
Momen ng b M
db:
Xut hin do tc ng tng h ga t trng quay ca stato v dng in kch t
trong cun roto
M
db
l tc nhn chnh a my pht vo lm vic ng b do ln ca momen ny
vn duy tr ti tc ng b.
94
Phng php t ha ng b
Phm vi ng dng phng php t ha ng b
Dng in cn bng qu xut hin khi ng my ct:
95
Phng php t ha ng b
''
max cb
i
H
X
''
d
X
H
E
0
F
E =
S thay th
H
cb
H d
E
i
X X
=

+
Thng thng cng sut h thng l v cng ln so vi my pht:
Khi (trong h n v tng i)
Nh ch to cho php s dng phng php t ha ng b nu:
H d
X X

+
0
'
H
X =
1 05
max
.
H H
cb
H d d d
E E
i
X X X X

= = =

+
3 5
max
.
cb cbcp
i i
=
T ng sa thi ph ti theo tn s
Chng 04
96
Load Shedding
Rle tn s (81)
ch lm vic n inh, bnh thng: P
F
= P
T
S mt cn bng cng sut: c th xy ra do:
Mt hoc vi t my b ct ra: thiu cng sut
Mt s ng dy hoc ph ti b ct ra: tha cng sut
S mt cn bng cng sut: nh hng ti tc ca tt c cc my
pht (v ng c) trong h thng in.
97
Mc ch ca vic sa thi ph ti theo tn s (TCT)
F T
P P P =
pht (v ng c) trong h thng in.
Khi xy ra mt cn bng cng sut- tc t my gim i:
Cc b iu tc ca tuabin v iu tn s hot ng
Huy ng cng sut d tr quay ca cc my pht
Nu cng sut huy ng khng : tc quay ca cc t my, ng
c s b gim i
Khi tc ca cc my quay gim i: c tc dng gip nhanh lp li
cn bng cng sut
Khi tc gim: cng sut tiu th ca cc dy chuyn cng gim i
V d: cng sut tiu th ca cc qut gi t l vi bnh phng (f
2
) ca tn s;
cng sut tiu th ca bm nc t l vi bc 3 ca tn s (f
3
)...
Qu trnh gim ca tn s s tip tc n khi no : tn s gim
ti gi tr cui cng f
98
Mc ch ca vic sa thi ph ti theo tn s
0 P =
ti gi tr cui cng f
cui
Gi thit khng c cng sut d tr quay: suy gim tn s s l:
Quan h gia cng sut thiu ht v suy gim tn s c th biu
din theo:
vi
bandau cuoi
f f f =
(%) (%) P K f =
100 (%)
F T
T
P P
P
P
= 100 (%)
bandau cuoi
cuoi
f f
f
f
=
Khi tc ca cc my quay gim i: c tc dng gip nhanh lp li
cn bng cng sut
Khi tc gim: cng sut tiu th ca cc dy chuyn cng gim i
V d: cng sut tiu th ca cc qut gi t l vi bnh phng (f
2
) ca tn s;
cng sut tiu th ca bm nc t l vi bc 3 ca tn s (f
3
)...
Qu trnh gim ca tn s s tip tc n khi no : tn s gim
ti gi tr cui cng f
99
0 P =
ti gi tr cui cng f
cui
Gi thit khng c cng sut d tr quay: suy gim tn s s l:
Quan h gia cng sut thiu ht v suy gim tn s c th biu
din theo:
vi
H s K: h s t iu chnh ca ph ti theo tn s
bandau cuoi
f f f =
(%) (%) P K f =
100 (%)
F T
T
P P
P
P
= 100 (%)
bandau cuoi
cuoi
f f
f
f
=
H s t iu chnh ca ph ti theo tn s K: th hin s thay i
cng sut tiu th ca ph ti (k c thay i tn tht cng sut trong
h thng) khi tn s bin i.
H s K ph thuc:
c tnh ca ti
Mc suy gim in p khi c suy gim tn s
Thay i theo thi gian, theo ngy, theo ma..
100
Thay i theo thi gian, theo ngy, theo ma..
Gi tr ca K=1-3.5 (gi tr trung bnh khong 2-2.5)
Vi gi tr ca K xc ing, suy gim tn s (tnh theo Hz):
Gi thit f ban dau = 50Hz
K=2
0 5 0 25
(%)
( ) . . (%)
P
f Hz P
K
= =
Tn s suy gim trong h thng: bin i t t (khng suy gim t
ngt) ty theo momen qun tnh ca cc phn t quay v c tnh t
iu chnh ca ph ti.
Mt cch gn ng c th coi tn s bin i theo hm m khi thay
i t f
1
n f
2
:
101
2 1
1 ( )
f
t
T
f f f e
=
Hng s thi gian Tf c th tnh gn ng theo:
Hng s qun tnh ca h thng T
quan tinh cua he thong
= 10-16 (giy)
(10 giy: vi cc h thng c cng sut t my trong khong 200-300MW)
quantinhcuahethong
f
T
T
K

H thng vn hnh vi tn s thp hn nh mc s nh hng n
cht lng in nng v khng cho php v cc l do sau:
Khi tn s gim xung di 49.5HZ: mt s tuabin c th xy ra hin tng
rung mnh d gy hng hc nguy him v c kh
Khi tn s gim ti 49Hz: cc b iu chnh m ht cc van nng lng, t
my y ti. Nu tn s tip tc gim s gy gim hiu sut ca h thng t
dng, c bit l h thng bm cp. Khi cng sut t dng gim lm gim
102
dng, c bit l h thng bm cp. Khi cng sut t dng gim lm gim
cng sut t my lm trm trng mc mt cn bng Kt qu c th
dn ti hin tng sp tn s (thc tn s) v cc t my s b ct ra khi
h thng.
Khi tc quay ca t my chnh gim cc my pht kch t cng gim tc
gim in p kch t gim in p u cc my pht: lm mc d
tr n nh, h thng d b chia tch.
Khi tn s suy gim: mc tiu th cng sut phn khng ca cc ph ti
tng ln in p trong h thng gim thp n mt mc no c
th gy ln hin tn in p suy gim t ngt (thc in p) v cc ph ti
s b tch ra, h thng b chia tch thnh nhiu phn nh.
H thng t ng sa thi ph ti s lm nhim v t ng ct bt mt
s ti (khng quan trng) m bo h thng khng vn hnh trong
cc trng thi tn s thp nguy him
H thng t ng sa thi ph ti phi m bo
Tn s khng c gim thp qa 45Hz
Tn s gim thp di 47Hz: khng qu 20 giy
Ti 48.5Hz: khng qu 50 giy
103
Ti 48.5Hz: khng qu 50 giy
Khng sa thi trn lan, gy mt in khng cn thit
Mc sa thi m bo tn s khng vt qu tn s nh mc (50Hz)
Thng thng, sau khi sa thi tn s nm trong khong 4949.5Hz v s
c a tr v gi tr nh mc bng cc thao tc iu chnh ca iu .
Gi thit trong qa trnh tn s din bin t f
ban dau
f
cuoi
: c mt t sa
thi (MW) ti tn s f
a
Mc mt cn bng cng sut sau sa thi:
Gi tr tn s cui cng mi ng vi :
104
Din bin ca tn s khi c sa thi ph ti
1
P
1 1
P P P =
1
P
1 1 cuoi cuoi cuoi
f f f =
vi
1
1
0 5 . [Hz]
cuoi
P
f
K
=
Ti thi im a: tn s s bin bin i theo ng 2 thay v ng 1
Xu th din bin hon ton tng t khi tn s bt u tng ln (t im b)
f
cuoi
f
1 cuoi
H thng t sa thi ph ti phi m bo nguyn tc:
Phi m bo loi tr c tt c cc trng hp mt cn bng cng sut ln
nht c th xy ra.
Lng cng sut sa thi phi gn nht vi lng cng sut thiu ht (thit b
TCT phi c kh nng t iu chnh theo lng cng sut thiu ht)
H thng t sa thi ph ti c chia thnh 3 nhm:
105
Nguyn l thc hin sa thi ph ti theo tn s
106
Ci t cc nhm sa thi ph ti theo tn s
H thng sa thi ph ti
Nhm I
Ngn chn suy
gim tn s
Tn s t khc nhau
Nhm II
a tn s v
gn nh mc
Tn s t ging nhau
Nhm III
Sa thi b sung
Khi cng sut thiu
ht ln (>45%)
H thng b chia tch
Trnh tn s tn ti lu
ngng thp
1 05
( )
.
I
P P =
TCT max
0 4 0 5
( ) ( )
( . . )
II I
P P
TCT TCT
Tn s t khc nhau
Thi gian t ging nhau
1 2 3
( ) ( ) ( )
...
I I I
t t t = =
Tn s t ging nhau
Thi gian t khc nhau
1 2 3
( ) ( ) ( )
...
II II II
t t t
46.5Hz 48.5Hz
(bc 0.1Hz )
0.10.15 giy
48.5Hz
540 giy (max 90 giy)
cch nhau 35 giy
1 2 3
( ) ( ) ( )
...
I I I
f f f
1 2 3
( ) ( ) ( )
...
II II II
f f f = =
c im:
Khi tnh ton lng mt cn bng cng sut ln nht khng tnh d phng
quay ca h thng (tng thm mc an ton trong tnh ton lng cng
sut cn ct).
H s 1.05: tnh n cc bin ng ngu nhin khi s c (5%)
Lng cng sut cn sa thi ca mi nhm: thng c chia u cho cc
t sa thi. Ti quan trng hn s sa thi sau cng v ng li u tin.
107
t sa thi. Ti quan trng hn s sa thi sau cng v ng li u tin.
cc li in hoc h thng in khu vc c kh nng xy ra thiu ht
cng sut ln v suy gim tn s trm trng (<45Hz): thit b sa thi ph ti
b sung (nhm III)
Sa thi b sung thng x l cc thiu ht trm trng a phng
Ct ti b sung l cn thit khi: suy gim tn s km theo sp gim mnh
in p.
Khi ng sa thi b sung:
Da vo cc yu t ch bo thiu ht cng sut cc b, khu vc:
Ct ng dy hay my bin p ln
Thay i chiu lung cng sut qua ng dy, my bin p
Da theo tc bin thin tn s
Da theo s sp gim in p
108
Gii php sa thi b sung khc: tch mt vi t my lm nhim v cp in
cho h thng t dng ca ton nh my v tch nh my ch cp cho mt s
lng ph ti vi cng sut thit k.
109
50.0
t 2-Nhm I
48.5
48.4
48.3
48.2
2
S c
Hz
t (giy)
t 1-Nhm I
Nhm II khi
ng t 1-Nhm II
48.2
t 2-Nhm II
Rle cc nhm sa thi tr v
1
Din bin tn s khi c sa thi ph ti
Rle tc ng theo lch tuyt i tn s :
Rle tc ng bt c khi no tn s thp hn gi tr chnh nh
Ci t chnh nh d dng
Khng tnh n tc suy gim ca tn s
Rle tc ng theo tc bin thin tn s hoc tc bin thin
trung bnh :
110
Cc phng tin sa thi ph ti
f
df
dt
f
t
Tc bin thin tn s phn nh mc mt cn bng cng sut

Rle c kh nng phn ng nhanh hn vi s c
Thc t: s dng kt hp c hai chc nng ( & )
t
f
df
dt
(Tc ng theo tc bin thin trung bnh gim kh
nng tc ng nhm khi c dao ng tn s ngn hn)
Suy gim tn s ngn hn
Khi thanh gp b ct in, tc cc ng c gim dn v cc ng c ny c
kh nng duy tr in p trn thanh gp mt thi gian na (tn s in p
ny gim theo tc ng c): rle c th tc ng nhm kha thit b t
ng li Ph ti s khng c cp in khi thanh gp c in tr li.
Gii php: cc ph ti ny s c ni ti rle tn s nhm II, c thi gian lm vic tr
S dng cc rle cng sut hoc dng in cc tiu pht hin s c mt in
111
Cc trng hp gy tc ng nhm rle tn s
S dng cc rle cng sut hoc dng in cc tiu pht hin s c mt in
kha tm thi thit b sa thi ph ti
Vi cc h thng in nh: s c ba pha c th gy tn tht cng sut tc
dng rt ln v lm cho tn s c th b suy gim
S dng cc thit b bo v rle c thi gian tc ng nhanh, loi tr s c trc khi
tn s b sp gim n ngng khi ng ca rle sa thi.
Do cc b iu tc c thi gian phn ng chm:
S dng cc rle tn s nhm II
S dng rle dng in cc tiu ngn nga s tc ng nhm ca rle tn s
khi ph ti l cc ng c ln:
112
Cc trng hp gy tc ng nhm rle tn s
S dng kt hp rle in p thp & rle dng cc tiu
113
Cc phng tin sa thi ph ti
Rle tn s c th tc ng nhm do nhiu l do Do h thng t
ng li c coi l bt buc i vi vic sa thi ph ti
Thit b t ng li nn ni ti:
Cc rle tn s thuc nhm sa thi sau cng (l cc ti quan trng hn)
Ni ti cc nhm sa thi u tin (nhm I): y l nhm sa thi d b tc ng
nhm.
Tn s t cho thit b TL: 49.250Hz
114
T ng tr li cc ph ti sau sa thi
Tn s t cho thit b TL: 49.250Hz
Thi gian tr: 1020 giy
trnh vic ng li nhiu ln trong trng hp h thng khng th
hi phc: ch tc ng mt ln
Cc ph ti nn c ng li dn theo nhm nh (nh hn bc sa
thi): trnh hin tng khi ng ng thi v nu c st gim tn s
nh th cc b iu tc mi kh nng iu chnh.
115
V d
Din bin tn s khi c sa thi v t ng li (h thng 60Hz).
iu chnh in p & Cng sut
phn khng
Chng 05
116
phn khng
in p l mt ch tiu nh gi cht lng in nng
Thng thng in p ti u cc ph ti khng nn vt qu
gi tr nh mc.
in p gim thp:
Gim nng sut cc dy chuyn, gim mc chiu sng
Tng h s trt trong cc ng c, tng s tiu th cng sut phn khng
117
Gii thiu chung
5%
Tng h s trt trong cc ng c, tng s tiu th cng sut phn khng
in p gim thp ti cc nt trong h thng in: gim kh nng ti ca
ng dy, nh hng ti tnh n nh ca cc my pht.
in p trong h thng in thng c iu chnh duy tr ti mt
s im nt (v d: thanh gp 220kV Ha Bnh)
Vic iu chnh in p & cng sut phn khng mang tnh cc b a
phng (khc vi vic iu tn).
gim thiu vic truyn ti CSPK trn li in: c gng duy tr cn
bng CSPK cho tng cp truyn ti
118
Cc phng tin iu chnh U & Q trong HT
119
Cc b t b
in tr x
120
Cc b t b
Khng ni tip
T b
Khng ni tip
o Hn ch dng in khi ng b t
o Hn ch sng hi chy vo b t
(Detuned Reactor)
o Hn ch cng hng
121
Cc khng b ngang
122
Cc khng b ngang
123
Phn bit vi khng ca b PLC (ti ba Power line communication
or power line carrier )
Khng b ngang
Khng ti
ba (1 hoc
2 pha)
124
Cc b t b dc
Trm 500kV Ha Bnh
125
Phn pha ng dy
Phn pha ng dy
Cc yu t nh hng n in p trong h thng in:
in p u cc cc my pht
Tng tr ca cc ng dy truyn ti
Lng cng sut truyn ti qua li
T s my bin p
126
127
Cc mch vng iu khin c bn ca MF
Thi gian p ng ca
mch kch t ngn hn rt
nhiu so vi mch iu
khin tua bin, do hai
phn iu khin c th coi
l hai mch vng c lp.
LFC Controller: Thit b iu tn
Frequency Sensor: cm bin o tn s
AVR: b t ng iu chnh in p my pht
Excitation system: Phn kch t ca my pht
Turbine: Tua bin; Shaft: trc ni
Steam: hi vo tua bin
Valve control mechanism: C cu iu chnh m
van nng lng vo tua bin
128
iu chnh kch t v in p my pht in
S chi tit ca mch vng iu khin kch t
Step-up transformer: bin p tng p u cc MF
Step-down Transformer: bin p gim p cp cho h
thng t dng v kch t
Exciter: cun kch t
Auxilliary services: H thng t dng
AVR: b iu khin kch t (iu chnh in p)
H thng kch t c th chia ra 3 loi:
H thng kch t mt chiu (DC)
H thng kch t xoay chiu (AC) Khng vnh trt.
H thng kch t dng chnh lu trc tip
129
Cc loi h thng kch t
1. H thng kch t mt chiu (DC):
130
Cc loi h thng kch t
H thng kch t mt chiu: hin ti vn cn tn ti, thng dng cho cc my pht
c cng sut <100MVA.
H thng gm 02 my pht mt chiu quay cng trc vi my pht chnh:
My pht kch t chnh (ME): cp in p kch t cho my pht chnh
My pht kch t ph (AE): cp kch t cho my pht kch t chnh ME
My kch t ph c kch t bng dng in qua b iu khin kch t AVR
1. H thng kch t mt chiu (DC):
131
Cc loi h thng kch t
Cng sut ca ngun cp cho kch t my pht ph v thit b chnh lu c iu khin
rt nh (h thng hai my pht mt chiu c th cung cp kh nng khuych i cng
sut ti t s 600/1)
Nhc im:
Thi gian p ng chm
Do vn dng chi than-vnh gp nn thng xuyn phi thay th.
Vn s dng h thng vnh trt a cng sut kch t vo my pht chnh.
H thng ny ang dn dn b thay th bi cc h thng kch t th h sau
Vnh gp
132
Cc loi h thng kch t
Vnh trt (slip ring)
2. H thng kch t xoay chiu (AC) Khng vnh trt:
133
Cc loi h thng kch t
Cc diot chnh lu c gn ln roto ca my pht kch t xoay chiu
Cun kch t cho my pht kch t xoay chiu nm trn stato (khng quay)
in p sau chnh lu ni trc tip ti cun kch t my pht chnh (nm cng trc).
Cng sut ca ngun iu khin kch t khong 1/20 (30) cng sut cun kch t my
pht chnh (do ch c mt tng khuych i)
2. H thng kch t xoay chiu (AC) Khng vnh trt:
134
Cc loi h thng kch t
Khng cn h thng vnh trt, vnh gp
Thi gian p ng ca qu trnh iu chnh nhanh hn
Cng sut ca h thng ngun kch t nh (1/20 (30))
H thng vn c s dng trong cng nghip v khng yu cu mt ngun kch t
ring bit qu ln
3. H thng kch t dng chnh lu trc tip:
135
Cc loi h thng kch t
Ngun cp cho h thng kch t c th ly t u cc my pht hoc t h thng t
dng
Cn c bin kch t bin i in p cho ph hp
Mt gii php khc: ly cng sut cp cho kch t t h thng bin dng in v bin
in p Vi gii php ny: in p cp cho kch t t b nh hng bi ngn mch
gn hoc st gim in p u cc.
3. H thng kch t dng chnh lu trc tip:
136
Cc loi h thng kch t
gim tn tht trong b h thng kch t: dng hai b chnh lu c iu khin
Mt b dng trong ch bnh thng (ch xc lp)
Mt b dng trong ch cn cung cp kch t cng bc (cng hnh kch thch)
Thi gian p ng iu khin nhanh.
Trong ch dit t: b chnh lu c th iu khin tr thnh b nghch lu tiu th
nng lng th trong cun roto.
S khi ca thit b t ng iu chnh in p my pht
137
Thit b t ng iu chnh in p MF (AVR)
Load compensation: B phn b ti
Limiter: B gii hn dng kch t
Comparator: B so snh
Amplifier: B khuych i
Feedback: Tn hiu phn hi
PSS: b n nh cng sut
Measuring element (transducer): Phn t o lng
Generator: my pht chnh
Step-up transformer: Bin p tng p u cc
Network: pha h thng
S khi chi tit khc
138
Follow up Unit: m bo s chuyn i mm gia ch t ng/chnh tay
Vi cc h thng kch t kp (hai nhnh kch t ring): mt nhnh c iu chnh
ch ng, nhnh cn li iu chnh ph thuc theo (follow up)
H thng kch t kp (dual channel)
139
B phn b ti: c s dng khi cn iu khin gi khng i in
140
B phn b ti: c s dng khi cn iu khin gi khng i in
p ti nt ph ti pha xa.
in p ri trn tng tr t my pht n ti:
Vi: Vc: in p cn b
Vg: in p u cc my pht
Rc & Xc: tng tr t my pht n ti
Khi khng cn b ti: t Rc=0; Xc=0 khi s gi in p ti u
cc my pht
B gii hn dng kch t: gii hn dng kch t cc i v cc tiu
141
Cun kch t b gii hn v mt pht nng do phi gii hn dng kch t
cc i
Vi cc h thng hin i: s dng h thng gii hn dng kch t cc i
nhiu bc: dng kch t ln nht cho php ty thuc vo khong thi gian tn
ti.
H thng gii hn dng kch t l cn thit ngn nga qu ti khi my pht
lm vic vi h thng: trnh trng hp thiu cng sut phn khng ln v
my pht s c iu chnh b li s thiu ht ny.
Gii hn dng kch t cc tiu: cn thit phi gi mt ngng ti thiu ca
dng kch t trnh trng hp my pht d b mt ng b
B n nh cng sut (PSS): c tc dng iu khin tt nhanh cc
dao ng in trong h thng
Tn hiu u vo ca b PSS c th l tc roto, tn s dng in pht ra v
cng sut tc dng thc pht.
142
cng sut tc dng thc pht.
B PSS a thm tn hiu iu khin vo mch iu chnh in p.
S khi ca cc thit b AVR khc
143
iu chnh dng bin tr
144
145
iu kin vn hnh song song cc my pht in: xt hai my pht
in G1 & G2 cng ni chung vo mt thanh gp. Mi my pht c
trang b mt b t ng iu chnh kch t (AVR)
146
Vn hnh song song cc my pht in
AVR AVR
c tnh iu chnh ca my pht U
F
=f(I
Q
) c th l c tnh c lp
hoc ph thuc
U
k
h
n
g

t
i
a. c lp
b. Ph thuc
I
Q
I
Q
U
k
h
n
g

t
i
U
k
h
n
g

t
i
Gi thit hai my u trang b c tnh iu chnh c lp
Khi in p trn thanh gp chung b gim: my pht c b iu chnh vi vng cht
nh s tc ng trc nhn thm cng sut Q.
My pht cn li c th khng tc ng nhn thm Q hoc ch tc ng nhn thm Q
khi my th nht ht cng sut cng sut phn khng phn b gia cc my ty
: c my b y ti, c my non ti.
147
AVR AVR
I
Q
Nu hai my c trang b c tnh ph thuc
Cng sut phn khng s phn b tun theo dc ca c tnh iu chnh
My pht c cng sut ln hn nn c trang b c tnh c dc t hn v ngc
li
dc ca c tnh iu chnh c nh ngha:
148
tan s =
thay i dc ca c tnh iu chnh, m bo s phn b n nh
cng sut Q gia cc my pht lm vic song song: dng mch n nh dng
in
AVR AVR
I
Q
I
Q2
I
Q1
U
thanh gp
Mch n nh dng in
149
AVR khongtai Q
U U I R = +
in p a vo mch so snh c tng
hp thm tn hiu dng in (I
Q
)
in p a vo mch so snh (b qua t
s bin BU & BI):
Khi my pht nhn thm cng sut phn
khng I tng ln thnh phn (I xR)
AVR
AVR
khng I
Q
tng ln thnh phn (I
Q
xR)
tng in p U
AVR
tng ln.
Khi b iu khin thy in p u vo
b so snh U
AVR
ca n tng lns iu
chnh gim in p u cc.
Quan h iu chnh: I
Q
tng & U
F
gim
l c tnh iu chnh ph thuc
Mc ph thuc (phn chia ti) c th
thay i bng thay i gi tr in tr R
Chi tit mch n nh dng in
150
Thay i dc c tnh iu chnh:
Thay i gi tr in tr R
Dch chuyn dc c tnh iu chnh:
S dng my bin p c iu chnh t s
phn p
Khi thay i t s bin p in p t
vo b AVR thay i
Gim t s: in p o c gim i b
AVR tng kch t gi in p u cc
c tnh tnh tin ln
Tng t s: c tnh tnh tin xung
AVR
Chi tit mch n nh dng in
151
AVR
in p tham chiu c ly t hai pha bt k
Dng in a mch n nh dng in: ly t pha cn li
Mch n nh dng in Cc ch hot ng
152
MF vn hnh vi h s cng sut bng 1
Cc my pht ch pht P, khng pht Q khng cn chia s Q
in p b thm bi mch n nh: rt nh khng gy thay i
lng cng sut Q ca cc my
153
MF vn hnh vi h s cng sut bng 0.8
in p b thm bi mch n nh: gy thay i in p ln hn
trng hp cos phi = 1
154
MF vn hnh vi h s cng sut bng 0
My pht ch pht cng sut phn khng Q
in p t mch n nh: cng trc tip vo in p o c ca AVR
S dng chung Mch n nh dng in & B phn b ph ti
155
AVR
AVR
AVR khongtai Q
U U I R = +
Mch n nh dng in v B phn b ph ti: c s
u ni cc tnh dng in khc nhau (mch n nh
dng ly thnh phn dng in phn khng)
Trong a phn cc trng hp: khi ch cn b in p
cho ph ti theo thnh phn I
Q
*X Hai s c th
dng chung
Vic iu chnh in p c th thc hin thng qua vic thay i
u phn p cc my bin p
Vic thay i u phn p c th thc hin khi MBA ang mang
ti hoc ct in ty theo cu trc b chuyn mch
Chuyn u phn p phi ct ti: thng p dng cho cc my bin p
trung p hoc h p. Phm vi iu chnh thng trong khong
156
Thit b t ng chuyn i u phn p MBA
5%
Chuyn u phn p khi ang mang ti: thit b iu p di ti (OLTC) .
Phm vi iu chnh thng trong khong 20%
Nguyn l lm vic ca thit b iu p di ti
157
Vi in khng (a) Vi in tr (b) Loi t hp
Tip im D&S ring bit
M phng nguyn l lm vic ca thit b iu p di ti
158
S cn thit phi c thit b i ni trung gian
159
Khng c thit b i ni
S cn thit phi c khu hn ch dng in
160
Khng c thit b hn ch dng in
Hn ch dng in bng in tr
161
Hn ch dng in bng in tr
162
Chuyn u phn p qua tip im trung gian ph
163
Hn ch dng in bng in khng
Khng tn hao
C th nm trong mch chuyn mch Khng cn loi tr sau khi
chuyn mch
164
Chuyn mch bng my ct chn khng
Cc phng php chuyn mch: xut hin h quang du nhanh b
km cht lng
S dng thm chuyn mch bng my ct chn khng
165
166
167
Phng php trch u phn p vi MBA t ngu
168
a. S vng ca cun cao p
(H) l c nh t s
vng/volt s c nh nu
in p cao p c nh
Thch hp nu in p cao
p t thay i
b. Thch hp nu in p cao
p thay i nhiu
Cng tc o chiu:
o Ch vn hnh khi u phn
p ti v tr N (neutral)
o o chiu cc tnh in p
iu chnh tng/gim
Trch u phn p gn im trung tnh cun dy
169
Cc phng php trc ly u phn p ln cn v tr X
Phng php ly u phn p gn im trung tnh: gim
c cch in ca thit b OLTC
Tuy nhin:
S vng cun cao p thay i theo v tr u phn p S vng cun cao p thay i theo v tr u phn p
Khng thch hp s dng v in p pha cao p thng tng
i n nh
S khi ca qu trnh iu khin thay i u phn p
170
B iu
khin
B chuyn
mch
Nc
phn p
My bin p
Bin ng (nhiu)
Tn hiu iu khin khc
(vd: t b iu khin ch o)
Bin ng (nhiu): v d s thay i ca ti, thay i cu trc li dn
n thay i in p
Tn hiu iu khin khc: khi my bin p lm vic song song th cc b
iu khin c th nhn tn hiu iu khin t mt b iu khin ch o
(master)
S u ni ca b iu khin
171
Cc gi tr chnh nh
Mc in p ci t
Gi tr ci t thng cao hn 5%
b cho in p ri trn ng dy
Vng khng nhy
Phi m bo sao cho khi iu chnh
mt nc phn p th mc thay i
172
Vng
khng
nhy
105V
kn
U
mt nc phn p th mc thay i
in p khng c vt qu
ngng khng nhy
Thi gian tr
U
1 1 1 2 ( . . )
kn
U U =
Thi gian tr:
trnh thit b lm vic lin tc khi c dao ng in p ngn hn (vd: do ng
c khi ng) t 30-60 giy
Gi in p ti im nt ph ti:
Tng t nh trong thit b iu khin kch t
L do lm vic song song ca cc MBA:
Tng kh nng ti
Tng cng mc d phng
D dng khi cn bo dng mt MBA
Cc vn cn quan tm
Khc t s/ in p
173
Phi hp s lm vic song song cc MBA
Khc t s/ in p
Khc tng tr
B iu khin khng tng thch vi nhau
Tng dng ngn mch...
Hu qu khi phi hp sai:
Ti phn b khng u
Dng cn bng chy qun ln
Qu ti, tng tn tht
B OLTC hot ng nhiu: hao mn, tng gim p lin tc...
L do cn phi hp cc b iu p di ti
Sai lch thi gian: mt b iu p hot ng nhanh hn cc b khc
Mt MBA s thay i u phn p trc, MBA cn li khng thay i hai
MBA s vn hnh song song vi cc nc phn p khc nhau sinh ra dng cn
bng chy qun gia hai my pht nng, qu ti, tng tn hao.
Sai lch cm bin in p: tc hi tng t
174
Sai lch cm bin in p: tc hi tng t
MBA 15MVA; X
k
%=8.7;
U
th cp
=12.7kV
Lch mt nc phn p I
cb
=25A
Yu cu i vi vic phi hp
Cc MBA song song: m bo iu p nh ci t vi mt my
Nc phn p: c t ng la chn sao cho dng cn bng chy qun
nh nht
Cc MBA c th khng cn thit hot ng ti cng v tr u phn p
Cc chc nng phi t ng c m bo: khi thay i cu hnh h thng
175
Cc phng php phi hp b iu khin
Theo phng php b iu khin ch o/ ph thuc
(Master/Flolower)
Phng php dng cn bng nh nht
176
Nguyn l iu khin ch o/ph thuc
Da theo gi thit: gi cng nc phn p dng cn bng nh nht
177
Ch o/ph thuc gi cng nc phn p
Ch p dng vi cc MBA ging nhau hon ton
T s BI c th khc nhau
Yu cu c phn hi t thit b c iu khin (thng dng cc rle
trung gian)
178
Khi c 01 b iu khin Khi c 02 b iu khin
Nguyn l dng cn bng nh nht
S dng thm thit b ph tr (Parallel Balancing Module)
Thit b ph tr phn tch dng in chy qua MBA:
Dng ti thng thng cc dng ti qua cc MBA cng pha vi nhau
Dng cn bng chy qun lch pha 180
0
gia cc MBA
179
S u ni theo phng php dng cn bng nh nht
Nguyn l ca khi cn bng dng
V d
My bin p cng sut 12 MVA 13,8kV; Un=9%
Phm vi iu chnh ca mt nc phn p: 0,625%
180
Mi my mang ti 10MVA
V d phng php nguyn l dng cn bng nh nht
181
Cun th cp ni tip
dng in cun s cp
K1&K2 phi bng nhau
Cc tnh dng in a
vo rle 90 (iu chnh
u phn p) khc nhau
cc MBA chu tc ng
iu chnh ngc nhau
Cun khng: iu chnh
nhy bng cch iu chnh
t l dng vo rle 90
iu chnh tn s & Cng sut
tc dng
Chng 06
182
tc dng
Tn s ca h thng in bt buc phi c duy tr:
Vn hnh vi tn s dao ng trong khong c th cho php
trong khong thi gian ngn (vi iu kin lch gia ng h in
& ng h thin vn khng qu 2 pht trong 24 gi).
Vic iu chnh tn s mang tnh h thng, phng tin iu chnh
tn s l cc my pht in
183
Gii thiu chung
50 0 1 . Hz
0 2 . Hz
Ti cc t my c trang b cc b iu tc
B iu tn s tc ng thay i tham s t ca cc b iu tc ny
trong qu trnh iu khin tn s.
Qu trnh iu chnh tn s:
iu chnh s cp: do cc b iu tc m nhn.
B iu tc c thit k iu khin duy tr tc tua bin thng qua iu chnh
ngun nng lng s cp (nc, hi...) vo tuabin.
Qu trnh iu tc s cp c nhim v nhanh chng ngn chn s mt cn bng cng
sut.
Cui qu trnh iu tc s cp vn tn ti mt lch tn s nht nh.
Lm thay i trao lu cng sut trn cc ng truyn ti
184
Gii thiu chung
Lm thay i trao lu cng sut trn cc ng truyn ti
iu chnh th cp:
a tn s tr v nh mc
iu chnh li lung cng sut trao i gia cc khu vc theo mt k hoch xc nh
trc.
Phn b li lng cng sut iu chnh gia cc t my nhm cc tiu ha chi phi vn
hnh.
Thi gian ca cc qu trnh iu chnh
185
Gii thiu chung
iu chnh in p
iu khin tuabin
iu tn & dng
cng sut
Bo v rle
H thng iu tc ca cc tuabin hi
186
S khi
Hot ng
Speed Governor: l b o tc , tn hiu u ra l v tr ca thanh iu khin t l
vi tc thc ca tuabin
V tr ca thanh ny c so snh (bng c kh) vi v tr chun mc sai lch v tr
t l vi lch tc
Tuy nhin lch ny nh: cn khuych i v c lc v khong lch dng cc b
khuych i Speed Relay v Servo Motor
My iu tc tuabin c nhiu loi: do cn thao tc iu khin vi lc ln nn
cc c cu tha hnh phn ln c tr gip bng thy lc. Cc b iu tc
khc nhau c cu o tc
Loi c kh: n gin nht dng c cu tay quay & qu vng o tc
Loi thy lc: s dng mt bm du ly tm quay bi tuabin. Bm ny s bm
du vo mt xi lanh c piston. Piston c cn bng bi lc l xo. p lc du t l
vi bnh phng tc quay v tr ca piston t l vi tc .
Loi dng tn hiu in: tuabin quay mt my pht in dng nam chm vnh cu.
187
My iu tc tuabin
Loi dng tn hiu in: tuabin quay mt my pht in dng nam chm vnh cu.
Tn hiu in pht ra b lc vi tn s cng hng bng tn s nh mc. u
ra ca b lc c chnh lu cho ra in p mt chiu t l vi lch tc .
Gii php khc: s dng my pht xung vung quay bi tuabin. Tn hiu xung
vung ny c so snh vi tn hiu t mt b dao ng thch anh chun . Tn
hiu u ra ca b so snh cng c chnh lu tn hiu iu khin.
C cu o tc kiu c kh: tay quay-qu vng
188
My iu tc tuabin
Tay quay
Qu vng
L xo
Trc
quay
C cu o tc kiu c kh: cc bin th
189
My iu tc tuabin
C cu o tc kiu thy lc
190
My iu tc tuabin
C cu o tc s dng tn hiu in & quang in
191
My iu tc tuabin
Loi c kh (tay quay qu vng)
192
S khi my iu tc tuabin
Centrifugal Governor: b o tc kiu ly tm (tay quay-qu vng)
193
S khi my iu tc tuabin
Loi in thy lc
CCD: c cu t
194
My iu tc tuabin
Du p lc vo
Du x
Khi thiu cng sut Tc tuabin gim i
195
My iu tc tuabin
Du p lc vo
Du x
196
My iu tc tuabin
Du p lc vo
Du x
197
My iu tc tuabin
Du p lc vo
Du x
Vai tr ca c cu t (CCD)
198
My iu tc tuabin
thay im t qua thay i cng sut pht ca t my
Du p lc vo
Du x
199
My iu tc tuabin
Khi a v tr t ln cao hn
Du p lc vo
Du x
200
My iu tc tuabin
Du p lc vo
Du x
201
My iu tc tuabin
tng cng sut pht ca t my
Du p lc vo
Du x
Hon ton tng t vi phn iu khin kch t cc my pht in: cc
my pht c th lm vic song song n nh c tnh iu chnh ca my
pht phi l loi ph thuc
202
Phi hp s lm vic song song cc MF
f
f
m
f
f
1
f
2
Cc t my c dc t hn s nhn nhiu cng sut ln hn v ngc li. -
c dc c tnh iu chnh ty theo cng sut my pht.
Thng dc c t trong khong 2-8%
P P
P
1
P
2
f
2
P
1
P
2
1
P
2
P
c tnh c lp
c tnh ph thuc
203
S h thng iu tn trong HT
SCADA
Chng 7
204
T ng ha trm bip p &
T ng ha li in phn phi
(SCADA, Substation Automation & Automation for
Power Distribution )
Tham kho cc slide gi km
205
Gii thiu chung
Thit b FACTS trong h thng in
(FACTS devices Introduction & Applications)
Chng 8
206
SVC (Brazil) - 500 kV, +/-250 MVAr
H thng truyn ti in xoay chiu linh hot
Hoc Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System hay
FACTS
nh ngha ca IEEE l: h thng s dng cc thit b in t
cng sut v cc thit b tnh khc iu khin mt hoc nhiu
thng s ca h thng ng dy ti in xoay chiu, qua ,
207
nh ngha
thng s ca h thng ng dy ti in xoay chiu, qua ,
nng cao kh nng iu khin v kh nng truyn ti cng sut.
Mc ch s dng thit b FACTS:
Truyn ti dng in xoay chiu
Nng cao kh nng iu khin h thng in
Tng kh nng truyn ti cng sut
Gii quyt cc vn cht lng in nng
Phn t c bn ca thit b FACTS:
Cc b nghch lu c iu khin cng sut ln (Power Electronic
Switching Inverter)
B iu khin (Controller)
B ngun (c th c hoc khng)
208
Gii thiu chung
209
Tin b ca cng ngh in t cng sut
Assembly of Chips in
IGBT
Pellet of GTO / IGCT Pellet of LTT Thyristor
LTT = Light triggered Thyristor
GTO = Gate turn-off Thyristor
IGCT = Insulated Gate commutated Thyristor
IGBT = Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor
S dng LTT Thyristor
210
Modun cho h thng HVDC
Thay th cc chnh lu thy ngn
211
Trm chnh lu 3,100 MW Celilo (M) - HVDC
212
H thng thyristor ca hng NARI
Khi iu khin thyristor
Thyristor
B tn nhit
Phn loi s b thit b FACTS:
213
Phn loi
Kt ni song song Kt ni ni tip Kt ni hn hp
Static VAR Compensator (SVC)
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
Thyristor Controlled Phase shifting Transformer
Static Synchronous Compensator (SSC)
Static synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)
214
Cc thit b FACTS ph bin
Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC)
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
Interline Power Flow controller (IPFC)

Static Var Compensator (SVC)
215
SVC (Brazil) - 500 kV, +/-250 MVAr
Chc nng ca thit b b tnh SVC
Giai on mi xut hin:
B v duy tr h s cng sut cho cc ti cc nh my luyn thp, l h
quang
Cn bng ti
SVC c s dng cho li truyn ti (cui thp k 70)
Tng kh nng truyn ti cho ng dy di
216
Tng kh nng truyn ti cho ng dy di
Ci thin tnh n nh nh kh nng iu chnh nhanh in p
Dp tt cc dao ng tn s thp (dao ng in)
Khng ch qu in p
Hot ng:
iu chnh in p: thay i lng CSPK pht/tiu th vo h thng
iu chnh lin tc trong phm vi Q + Q
Khng gm cc phn quay qun tnh iu chnh rt nh
Cu to
Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR) Khng c iu khin
Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC) T ng/ct bng thyristor
217
B t ng/ct: iu chnh th, nhy cp
Khng c iu khin: iu chnh trn
u ni vi h thng
Cc b SVC thng c ni ln ng dy qua my bin p (coupling
transformer)
Cc my bin p gim in p xung cp thch hp ( v d t
220kV23kV)
Gim chi ph v cch in cho SVC
218
V d
219
S khi ca phn iu khin
220
Thut ton iu khin n gin
Khi o lng
o in p lc ra thnh
phn in p th t thun
Khi iu chnh in p:
Da trn sai khc in p
221
Da trn sai khc in p
tnh ton tng dn B cn c
ca SVC b sai khc ny
Khi la chn:
Xc nh xem bao nhiu khi
TSC s cn ng vo
Xc nh gc m ca thyristor
trong mch TCR
Khi ng b & pht xung
iu khin thyristor:
ng b in p s dng
mch PLL (Phase-Locked
Loop)
To xung iu khin
ng/m
Mch PLL (Phase-Locked
Loop)
C nhim v pht ra tn hiu
c ng b v gc pha vi
tn hiu u vo (reference
signal)
222
Va
Vb
Vc
Va
Vb
Vc
Phase-
Locked
Loop
theta
theta
Main : Graphs

0.060 0.080 0.100 0.120 0.140 0.160 0.180 0.200
...
...
...
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
y
Va Theta
Kt qu m phng mch PLL
SVC c hai ch vn hnh
Ch iu chnh in p (voltage regulation)
Ch iu chnh cng sut (VAR control): gi tng dn khng i
223
c tnh lm vic V-I ca SVC (ch xc lp)
dc c tnh 15%
c tnh lm vic ch iu chnh in p
Gii hn theo dung lng t
Biu din quan h gia in p trn SVC v dng in (cng sut phn khng ca SVC)
Gii hn theo dung
lng khng in
dc c tnh 15%
dc ca c tnh
m bo s hot ng song song gia cc b
SVC & vi cc thit b b khc
Ngn nga vic SVC lm vic ht cng sut
thng xuyn
Xc nh im lm vic ca SVC
224
c tnh lm vic V-I ca SVC (ch xc lp)
Xc nh im lm vic ca SVC
225
Thut ton iu khin nng cao
Vi thut ton iu khin n gin
SVC phn ng vi tn hiu lch in p iu chnh lng CSPK
pht ra
Vi s c ln, SVC s dng hu ht kh nng pht CSPK
Khi s c tip theo: SVC khng cn kh nng phn ng
Cn c thut ton iu khin: a gi tr pht ca SVC v gi tr mc
nh (rt nh) ch ln lm vic k tip
Cn c thut ton iu khin:
a gi tr pht ca SVC v gi tr mc nh (rt nh) ch ln lm vic k
tip
Thi gian tc ng ca khu iu khin ny:
Rt chm (hng chc giy hoc hng pht)
Khng nh hng ti tnh nng iu chnh nhanh in p ca SVC
226
Khng nh hng ti tnh nng iu chnh nhanh in p ca SVC
Khi SVC pht tr v gi tr mc nh ban u
Cc thit b pht CSPK khc ln cn s m nhn phn SCPK thiu ht (cc b
t b)
Khu iu chnh in p
tng t nh thut ton
iu khin n gin
Khu iu chnh cng sut
VAR (gi tng dn khng
i):
So snh gi tr tng dn thc
227
So snh gi tr tng dn thc
t vi gi tr t (B
set
)
Gi tr B
set
thng tng
ng vi lng CSPK do b
lc sng hi trong SVC pht ra
Sai s c a qua khu tch
phn tn hiu in p hiu
chnh ti b so snh
Khu iu chnh ny hot
ng vi hng s thi gian ln
(hng chc giy hoc vi pht)
Khu iu chnh cng sut
VAR (gi tng dn khng
i):
Chc nng ny c th tm b
kha khi c bin ng in p
ln tn dng ton b cng
sut ca SVC
228
iu khin cc thit b b
ngoi vi
Khi SVC c iu khin tr
v gi tr tng dn mc nh
cc thit b b khc phi
gnh phn CSPK
Trang b thm khu iu khin
lin ng ti thit b b ngoi
229
lin ng ti thit b b ngoi
vi
1. im hot ng bnh thng: giao ct
gia c tnh ti ca h thng v c
tnh ca SVC
2. Xy ra bin ng in p gim mt
lng V
T
SVC nhanh chng di
chuyn im lm vic ti 2 di tc
dng ca khu iu chnh in p
3. Nu bin ng in p vn duy tr trong
230
Phn tch hot ng
3. Nu bin ng in p vn duy tr trong
thi gian ln tn hiu ca khu
tch phn ln s tc ng iu
chnh a im lm vic v 3
4. Do :
1. in p b gim di ngng mong mun
2. SVC vn cn kh nng d tr hot ng
5. Cc thit b b ln cn c th c a
vo ph tr thm.
231
Logic kha khi thp p
L do kha SVC khi xy ra thp p trm trng
Khi xy ra s c in p st trm trng SVC vn hnh ch thun dung
khng khi s c c loi tr c th gy qu p
Cn kha SVC khi in p st qua thp
Logic thc hin
Khi in p 3 pha gim qu UV
min
(thng t 60%):
Chc nng iu chnh in p b kha (bng cch gn B
ref
=0)
Kha van thyristor thao tc ng/ct cc b t (TSC)
Chc nng iu chnh VAR cng b kha
Khi in p hi phc trn ngng UV
max
(thng t 69%) lu (30ms):
B tn hiu kha {chc nng iu chnh in p & ng/ct b t}
Sau (170ms): m kha chc nng iu chnh chm VAR
232
M hnh ha SVC
Mc phc tp ca m hnh SVC ty theo mc ch nghin cu
Cc mc ch nghin cu:
Tnh ton tro lu cng sut (Power Flow)
M hnh tnh ton khi c cc bin ng ln & nh
Nghin cu hin tng qu in t (EMTP)
Nghin cu vn sng hi v cht lng in nng
233
M hnh ha SVC
M hnh s dng khi tnh ch li (ch xc lp)
Trong phm vi iu chnh
B qua dc c tnh iu khin
SVC c m phng nh mt nt PV vi P=0 & V=V
ref
Nu dc c tnh cn tnh ti: S dng m hnh nh trn
Chn thm mt thanh gp gi tng vo s
Thanh gp gi tng ni ti thanh gp SVC bng mt in khng tng ng vi dc c Thanh gp gi tng ni ti thanh gp SVC bng mt in khng tng ng vi dc c
tnh iu khin
M hnh m phng c xt dc c tnh iu chnh
234
M hnh ha SVC
M hnh s dng khi tnh ch li (ch xc lp)
Ngoi phm vi iu chnh
Nu I
SVC
> I
max
(v pha in khng)
Nu V < Vmin (v pha in dung)
235
M hnh ha SVC
M hnh s dng khi xt n cc kch ng ln & nh
Nu xem xt vn n nh do cc dao ng in c
B qua m phng cc qu trnh qu in t trong m hnh ca SVC
Thay th SVC bng mt tng dn thay i
Dng in qua SVC theo quan h vi tng dn
Ma trn tng dn phi cp nht sau mi ln tnh
Thay th SVC bng mt ngun dng bin thin
Dng in qua SVC theo quan h vi tng dn
Ma trn tng dn khng cn cp nht nu SVC c m phng nh
ngun dng (bip thin)
236
Kt qu m phng hot ng ca SVC
237
T b dc c iu khin
238
M hnh l thuyt
n gin
MOV
My ct: a TCSC vo hot ng/ct ra khi li khi c yu cu hoc s c.
in khng hn ch dng in (L)
Bo v cho b t: gm nhiu cp
MOV (metal-oxide varistor): in tr phi tuyn u song songbo v chng qu p
Ngn mch duy tr dng in ln c th lm hng MOVkhe mi phng in K s hot
ng Dng ngn mch s chy qua K v my bin dng nu ti ngng tc ng a
tn hiu ng my ct MC ni tt cc phn t
Khi dao cch ly c th ng li ni tt lu di TCSC
T b dc c iu khin
239
M hnh l thuyt
n gin
M hnh thc t:
bao gm c cc
thit b bo v
Thit b TCSC u tin hot ng nm 1996
TCSC gia tng tnh iu khin ca HT
Tng kh nng ti ca ng dy
Ci thin s vn hnh n nh ca HT
Dp dao ng (damping) tn s thp
Ngn nga sp in p (iu khin in p)
iu khin dng cng sut
240
ng dng ca TCSC
iu khin dng cng sut
Tng cng n nh ca HT
241
ng dng ca TCSC
Cng sut truyn ti trn ng dy:
ng B: c tnh cng sut ca my pht trong CXL ng B: c tnh cng sut ca my pht trong CXL
ng A & C: c tnh cng sut ng vi X
cmax
& X
cmin
Ti thi im ct ngn mch TCSC c iu khin ti
gi tr X
cmax
nng c tnh cng sut ln ng A
din tch hm tc tng m bo n nh h thng vi
gc lch cho php ti
max
(nu khng iu khin gc
lch c th tng ti
k
hoc mt n nh nu B thp hn)
Ti thi im gc lch bt u gim cn iu chnh
TCSC th hin Xcmin gim din tch gia tc (theo chiu
m) dao dng gc lch ch gim ti
min
Sau 4 ln TCSC tc ng th h thng v n nh quang
gi tr cn bng
TCSC gia tng tnh iu khin ca HT
iu khin dng cng sut, gim tn tht
242
ng dng ca TCSC
Cc ch hot ng
Nguyn l hot ng: tng tr ca h thng b dc
243
Nguyn l hot ng: tng tr ca h thng b dc
Thay i gi tr in khng thng qua gc m ca thyristor
Cc ch hot ng
Ch thyristor c m hon ton
Dng in l hnh sin
Tng tr ca TCSC c tnh cm khng do in dn B ca khng thng chn ln hn ca b t
Dng in hu ht i qua cun khng v ch mt phn nh chy qua b t c tc dng bo
v b t chng qu p khi c qa dng in.
244
Cc ch hot ng
Ch thyristor kha hon ton
Van thyristor khng hot ng
TCSC th hin tnh dung khng: ca t b c nh
245
TSCS khng th hin vai tr trong ch hot ng ny
Ch ny thng t dng (waiting mode)
Cc ch hot ng
Ch thyristor c iu khin
Van thyristor thay i gc ng m trn di rng
TCSC th hin tnh dung khng hoc cm khng: ty theo gc m ca van thyristor
246
iu khin theo tng tr
Thng s dng ch iu khin khng phn hi (open loop
control)
L ch ph bin nht iu khin dng cng sut trn ng dy
247
Thut ton iu khin TSCS
Gi tr mong mun ca mc b
Hoc dng cng sut mong mun
iu khin gi tng tr khng i
Khu tr do
phn ng
ca TCSC
(~15ms)
in khng tham chiu X
ref
iu khin theo dng in khng i (constant current)
Thng s dng ch iu khin c phn hi (closed-loop control)
Gi tr dng in cn duy tr i lng tham chiu
248
I
a,b,c
chnh lu I
a,b,c
chnh lu
Qua b lc
Dng in
tham chiu
Khu iu
khin PI
Khu hn ch
in dn
Khu chuyn i
sang tn hiu
ng/m thyristor
iu khin theo dng in khng i (constant current)
Thng s dng ch iu khin c phn hi (closed-loop control)
Gi tr dng in cn duy tr i lng tham chiu
249
Khu la chn ch vn hnh:
Dng bo v TCSC
Khi c ngn mch: thyristor m hon ton (bypass mode) hn ch qu p
Trong qu trnh loi tr s c, TCSC ch ch (waiting mode)
iu khin theo gc truyn ti khng i (constant angle)
Thch hp s dng khi ng dy c TCSC vn hnh song song vi
ng dy khc
Mc tiu iu khin: trong cc tnh hung s c ca h thng
Gi cng sut trn ng dy song song khng i
Cho php cng sut trn ng dy c TCSC thay i
gi khng i dng cng sut phi duy tr gc truyn ti (gc
250
gi khng i dng cng sut phi duy tr gc truyn ti (gc
lch )
iu khin tch hp thm chc nng dp tt dao ng
Mc tiu iu khin:
Dp tt nhanh chng cc dao ng tn s thp
Tn hiu dng in qua khu vi phn a thm vo mch iu
khin
251
iu khin theo dng cng sut khng i (constant power
flow)
Mc tiu iu khin: gi dng cng sut khng i trn ng dy
252
Tnh cng sut
Qui i v h v
tng i
Khu tr
Gi tr cng sut
tham chiu
STATCOM (hoc SSC)
(Static Synchronous Compensator)
253
100MVA STATCOM Installed at 345kV Substation, Korea

Bai Giang Tu Dong Hoa Trong He Thong Dien 21-11-2011

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Bai Giang Tu Dong Hoa Trong He Thong Dien 21-11-2011

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TNG HA

Nguyn Xun Tng B mn H thng in HBK HN

Nguyn Xun Tng B mn H thng in HBK HN

Nguyn Xun Tng B mn H thng in HBK HN

Tc bin thin tn s phn nh mc mt cn bng cng sut

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