cch chng minh khc nhau cho

bt ng thc quen thuc

1
Chng minh rng ta lun c : cosA+cosB +cosC
3
2
trong A, B, C l ba gc ca mt tam gic bt k .
(Chng minh theo th t chng trnh hc Ph thng)
Cch 1: Dng t s Din Tch
K cc ng cao AD, BE, CF
t SAEF = S
1
, SBFD = S
2
, SCED = S
3
, SABC = S
cosA =

S
1
S
; cosB =

S
2
S
; cosC =

S
3
S

S
1
S
=

AF.AE
AB.AC

1
2
(
AF
AB
+
AE
AC
)(1)
Tng t

S
2
S
=
1
2
(
FB
AB
+
BD
BC
)(2)

S
3
S
=
1
2
(
CD
BC
+
CE
AC
)(3)
Cng (1), (2), (3) ta c
cosA+cosB +cosC
1
2
(
AF
AB
+
AE
AC
) +
1
2
(
FB
AB
+
BD
BC
) +
1
2
(
CD
BC
+
CE
AC
) =
3
2
(pcm)
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi tam gic ABC u.
Cch 2: Vn dng bt ng thc :Erdos-Mordell
Cho tam gic ABC. M l mt im bt k nm trong tam gic .
t x
1
= MA, x
2
= MB, x
3
= MC, v p
1
, p
2
, p
3
ln lt l khong cch t M n BC, CA, AB
tng ng. Khi ta c bt ng thc x
1
+x
2
+x
3
2(p
1
+p
2
+p
3
)
Vn dng gii bi trn:
Gi O , R l tm v bn knh ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC.
Gi M, N, P ln lt l trung im ca cnh AB, BC, CA..
Ta d dng nhn thy

A =

MOB.
Do :cosA = cos(

MOB) =
OM
OB
=
OM
R
Tng t cosB =
ON
R
; cosC =
OP
R
Do cosA+cosB+cosC =
OM +ON +OP
R

1
2
(
OA+OB +OC
R
) =
3
2
( pcm).(Erdos-
Mordell)
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi tam gic ABC u.
Cch 3: S dng BT Trbsep.
Gi a, b, c l ba cnh tam gic, s dng cng thc hnh chiu ta c:
a = c.cosB +b.cosC, b = a.cosC +c.cosB, c = a.cosB +b.cosA,
Cng ba biu thc trn ta c: a +b +c = (c +b)cosA+ (a +c)cosB + (a +b)cosC
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s: a b c, ta c:

cosA cosB cosC

(c +b) (a +c) (a +b)
Do :a +b +c = (c +b)cosA+ (a +c)cosB + (a +b)cosC

1
3
(cosA+cosB +cosC)(c +b +a +c +a +b) ( Trbsep)
1
laisac
1
cosA+cosB +cosC
3
2
(pcm)
ng thc xy ra khi tam gic ABC u.
Cch 4: Phuong php vect.
Gi I v r ln lt l tm v bn knh ng trn ni tip tam gic ABC, v M, N, P
ln lt l tip im ca ng trn vi cc cnh AB, AC, BC ,ta c
0 (

IM +

IN +

IP)
2
0 3r
2
+ 2(

IM.

IN +

IM.

IP +

IP.

IN) (*)
Ta nhn thy

IM.

IN = 2r
2
cos

MIN = 2r
2
cosA ( V

MIN v gc A b nhau)
Tng t :

IM.

IP = 2r
2
cosB,

IP.

IN = 2r
2
cosC
Vy t (*) suy ra cosA+cosB +cosC
3
2
(dpcm)
Cch 5: Phuong php vect.
Ly A, B, C ln lt l ba gc ca ba vct n v sau

e
1
=

AB
AB
,

e
2
=

BC
BC
,

e
3
=

CA
CA
.
Ta c :0 (

e
1
+

e
2
+

e
3
)
2
0 3 + 2(

e
1
e
2
+

e
2
e
3
+

e
3
e
1
) 0 3 2(cosA+cosB +cosC)
cosA +cosB +cosC
3
2
Cch 6: Quan h bt ng thc Schur.
cosA+cosB +cosC
3
2

b
2
+c
2
a
2
2bc
+
a
2
+c
2
b
2
2ac
+
a
2
+b
2
c
2
2ab

3
2
b
2
a +c
2
a +c
2
b +a
2
b +a
2
c +b
2
c 3abc
a(a b)(a c) +b(b c)(b a) +c(c a)(c b) 0( Schur)
2
Cch 7: S dng tam thc bc hai.
Xt cosA+cosB +cosC
3
2
= 2cos(
A+B
2
)cos(
AB
2
) + 1 2sin
2
C
2

3
2
= 2sin(
C
2
)cos(
AB
2
) 2sin
2
(
C
2
)
1
2
t x = sin(
C
2
). Xt tam thc f(x) = 2x
2
+ 2cos(
A B
2
).x
1
2
C ()

= cos
2
(
AB
2
) 1 0, v h s a = 2 < 0,Nn f(x) 0 vi mi x
Hay cosA+cosB +cosC
3
2
Cch 8: S dng hm s.
Ta c cosA+cosB +cosC = 2cos(
A+B
2
)cos(
AB
2
) + 1 2sin
2
C
2
.
t x = sin(
C
2
), iu kin 0 < x < 1.Xt hm s f(x) = 2x
2
+ 2cos(
A B
2
).x + 1
Lp bng xt du ta c f(x) f
Max
(x) = 1 +
1
2
cos(
AB
2
)
3
2
Cch 9: Tng bnh phng.
Xt cosA+cosB +cosC
3
2
= 2cos(
A+B
2
)cos(
AB
2
) 2sin
2
C
2

1
2
= 2[sin(
C
2
)
1
2
cos(
AB
2
)]
2

1
2
sin
2
(
AB
2
) 0 (ng)
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi A=B=C
Cch 10: BT lng gic c bn
Ta c : cosA+cosB +cosC = 2cos(
A +B
2
)cos(
AB
2
) +cosC
2cos(
A +B
2
) +cosC ( ng thc xy ra khi A=B)
= 2sin(
C
2
) 2sin
2
(
C
2
) + 1 = 2[sin(
C
2
)
1
2
]
2
+
3
2

3
2
( ng thc xy ra khi

C = 60
0
)
2
laisac
2
Vy :cosA+cosB +cosC
3
2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi tam gic ABC u.
Cch 11: nh Gi BT
-Tam gic ABC khng nhn, Gi s gc A 90
0
Ta c :cosA +cosB = 2cos(
A +B
2
).cos(
AB
2
) 2cos(
A +B
2
) (1)
cosC +cos60
0
= 2cos(
C + 60
0
2
).cos(
C 60
0
2
) 2cos(
C + 60
0
2
) (2)
Cng (1) v (2) v theo v ta c:
cosA+cosB +cosC +cos60
0
2[cos(
A+B
2
) +cos(
C + 60
0
2
)]
= 4cos(
A +B +C + 60
0
4
) = 4cos60
0
(3)
Suy ra cosA+cosB +cosC 3cos60
0
=
3
2
Nu A nhn, th (1), (2), (3) u tha mn.
Cch 12: Hm li
Nu tam gic khng nhn, lun ng ! :
Xt hm s f(x) = cosx trong (0;

2
) Ta c f(x) = -sinx , f(x)=-cosx <0 vi x (0;

2
)
Do hm f(x) = cosx li trn (0;

2
)
Do f(A) +f(B) +f(C) 3f(
A+B +C
3
)
cosA+cosB +cosC 3cos(

3
) =
3
2
ng thc xy ra khi tam gic ABC u
ht
3