Giao Trinh Ky Thuat Xung 239

LI GII THIU
K thut xung l mn hc c s ca nghnh in in t v c v tr kh quan trng

trong ton b chng trnh hc ca sinh vin v hc sinh, nhm cung cp cc kin
thc lin quan n cc phng php c bn to tn hiu xung v bin i dng tn
hiu xung.

Gio trnh K thut xung gm 4 chng, c bin son cho h cao ng nhm gip
sinh vin c cc kin thc c bn v tn hiu xung v hiu c cc nguyn l c bn
ca cc mch to xung, bin i dng xung vi nhiu linh kin khc nhau. gip
sinh vin nm vng l thuyt, c cc v d, bi tp ng dng v bi tp thit k mch
ng vi tng phn. Sau khi hon tt mn hc sinh vin c th t thit k mt mch to
xung vi cc thng s yu cu cho nhng mch ng dng c th.

D c nhiu c gng, gio trnh cng khng th trnh khi thiu st, rt mong s ng
gp kin t cc ng nghip v cc sinh vin.

Tp, H Ch Minh nm 2006

o Th Thu Thy
MN HC: K THUT XUNG
1. M mn hc:
2. S n v hc trnh: 2
3. Trnh thuc khi kin thc: Khi chuyn ngnh.
4. Phn b thi gian: L thuyt 80% - bi tp 20%
5. iu kin tin quyt: Khng
6. M t vn tt ni dung mn hc:
Mn hc bao gm cc phng php to xung v bin i dng xung: mch RLC,
mch xn, mch kp, mch so snh, dao ng a hi.
7. Nhim v ca sinh vin: Tham d hc v tho lun y . Thi v kim tra gia hc k
theo qui ch 04/1999/Q-BGD&T.
8. Ti liu hc tp:
9. Ti liu tham kho:
[1]. Jacob Millman, PULSE DIGITAL AND SWITCHING WAREFORMS ,
[2]. Nguyn Vit Hng, K THUT XUNG V S
[3]. Nguyn Tn Phc, K THUT XUNG
10. Tiu chun nh gi sinh vin:
- Nm c c bn ni dung mn hc.
- C tnh ch ng v thi nghim tc trong hc tp.
- Kim tra gia mn hc c d thi.
- Thi vi hnh thc trc nghim, vit v bi tp
11. Thang im thi: 10/10
12. Mc tiu ca mn hc: Sau khi hon tt mn hc sinh vin cn nm vng cc phng
php to xung v bin i dng xung.
13. Ni dung chi tit ca chng trnh:
Ni dung S tit L
thuyt
Bi
tp
Kim
tra
Chng 1: Tn hiu xung v mch
RLC
6 4 2
Chng 2: Mch bin i dng xung 6 4 2 1
Chng 3: Mch dao ng a hi
dng BJT
12 10 2
Chng 4:Cc mch to xung khc 4 4
n tp 2 2

Chng 1: TN HIU XUNG V MCH R L C
1.1. Khi nim v cc dng xung
1.2. Cc thng s ca tn hiu xung
1.3. Mch lc
1.3.1. Mch lc RC
1.3.2. Mch lc RL
1.3.3. Mch lc LC
1.4. Mch tch phn
1.5. Mch vi phn
Bi tp

Chng 2: MCH GIAO HON DIODE, OP-AMP, BJT
2.1. Mch xn
2.3.1. Mch xn dng
2.3.1. Mch xn m
2.3.2. Mch xn 2 mc
2.2. Mch ghim
2.4.1. Mch ghim nh trn
2.4.2. Mch ghim nh di
2.3. Mch so snh dng Op-amp
Bi tp

Chng 3: MCH DAO NG A HI
3.1. Khi nim chung
3.2. Hai trng thi ca Transistor
3.3. Mch lng n
3.4. Mch n n
Bi tp
3.5. Mch phi n
Bi tp

Chng 4: CC MCH TO XUNG KHC
4.1. Mch dao ng a hi dng Op_amp
4.2. Mch dao ng a hi dng vi mch nh thi IC555
4.3. Mch Schmitt Trigger

MC LC

Chng 1:Tn hiu xung v mch giao hon RLC.

1.1. Khi nim. 1
1.2. Cc thng s c bn ca tn hiu xung. 2
1.3. Cc dng hm c bn. 3
1.4. Mch RC. 4
1.5. Mch RL. 16

Chng 2: Mch bin i dng xung

2.1. Mch xn. 20
2.2 Mch ghim (Mch kp). 26
2.3. Mch so snh. 28

Chng 3: Mch dao ng a hi dng BJT

1.1 Khi nim chung. 31
1.2 Trng thi ngt dn ca Transistor. 31
3.3. Mch dao ng a hi lng n dng BJT. 33
3.4. Mch dao ng a hi n n. 37
3.5. Mch dao ng a hi phi n. 43

Chng 4:Cc mch dao ng khc

4.1. Mch dao ng a hi dng Op_amp. 52
4.2. Mch dao ng a hi dng vi mch nh th IC555. 55

Gio Trnh K Thut Xung Bin Son: o Th Thu Thy
Trang 1
CHNG 1
TN HIU XUNG V MCH GIAO HON RLC.

1.1. KHI NIM
Cc tn hiu in c bin thay i theo thi gian c chia lm hai loi
c bn l tn hiu lin tc v tn hiu ri rc.
Tn hiu lin tc (cn c gi l tn hiu tuyn tnh hay tng t) l tn
hiu c bin bin thin lin tc theo thi gian.
Tn hiu ri rc (cn c gi l tn hiu xung hay s) l tn hiu c
bin bin thin khng lin tc theo thi gian.
Tn hiu xung: l tn hiu ri rc theo thi gian.
c im chung: l thi gian tn ti xung rt ngn hay s bin thin bin
t thp ln cao hay t cao xung thp xy ra rt nhanh.
Bn cht vt l: dng in, in p, nh sng.
Hnh dng: vung, tam gic, rng ca, nh?n, hnh thang

T
t
a. Xung vung n cc
T
t
b. Xung vung lng cc
T
t
e. Xung nhn lng cc
T
t
d. Xung tam gic
T
t
c. Xung rng ca
t
T
f. Xung nc thang
Hnh 1.1 Cc dng tn hiu xung
Trang 2

1.2. CC THNG S C BN CA TN HIU XUNG
1.2.1. Xung n
Khi nim: xung n l ch c mt xung ring bit.

Trong :
Vm : Bin xung.
V : st p nh xung.
tr : rng sn trc.
tP : rng nh xung.
tf : rng sn sau.
ton : rng xung thc t.

rng sn trc, rng sn sau l thi gian bin xung tng hay gim
trong khong 0,1Vm n 0,9Vm.
rng nh xung l thi gian xung c bin nm trong khong t 0,9 Vm
n Vm ng vi on nh.
rng xung thc t l:
ton = tr + tp +tf

st p nh xung V l gim bin phn nh xung.

1.2.2. Dy xung
Khi nim: dy xung l tn hiu gm nhiu xung n.
Dy xung c th tun hon hoc khng tun hon.

Trong :
Vm : Bin xung.
ton : rng xung.
toff : Thi gian khng c xung.
T : Chu k

rng ca xung l thi gian ng vi in p cao gi l ton (hay tx).
Thi gian khng c xung ng vi in p thp gi l toff (hay thi gian ngh
tng).
Chu k xung l: T = ton + toff

(s)
Xung vung i xng: ton = toff

t
V
v(t)
ton
tr

tp

tf

Vm
0.9Vm

0.2 Vm
Hnh 1.2 Xung vung n
t
Vm
v(t)
ton
T

toff

Hnh 1.3 Dy xung vung tun hon

Trang 3
Tn s l s xung xut hin trong mt n v thi gian, c tnh theo cng
thc:

T
1
f = (Hz)
rng ca xung l t s gia chu k T v rng xung ton:

on
t
T
Q =
Nghch o ca rng Q c gi l h s y xung:

T
t
on
=
phn tch tn hiu xung cn a v cc dng hm c bn: hm t bin, hm
tuyn tnh, hm m gim, hm m tng.

1.3. CC DNG HM C BN
1.3.1. Hm t bin: v(t) = a.1(t - t
0
).
t bin xy ra ti thi im t = t
0
vi bin l a.
1(t t
0
) : Hm t bin n v.
Khi t < t
0
: v = 0
Khi t t
0
: v = a

1.3.2. Hm tuyn tnh: v(t) = k(t - t
0
).
k : dc ca hm.

t
0
t

a
v
v(t)
Hnh 1.4 Hm t bin
t
0
t

v
Hnh 1.5 Hm tuyn tnh.
v(t)
Trang 4
1.3.3. Hm m gim:

=
/ ) t t (
e . a ) t ( v
0

1.3.4. Hm m tng: )
/ ) t t (
e 1 ( . a ) t ( v
0

=

phn tch 1 tn hiu xung, phi a v dng tng cc hm c bn.
V d:

Suy ra: v(t) = v
1
(t) + v
2
(t) = a.1(t) a.1(t t
0
)

1.4. MCH RC

1.4.1. Phn ng vi hm t bin in p: vi = a.1(t)

t < 0 : vi = 0 , i =
0
vR = 0 , vC = 0
t
0
t

v
Hnh 1.6 Hm m tng.

a

)
/ ) t t (
e 1 ( . a ) t ( v
0

=
t

t
0
a
v
v(t)
t
0
a
v
t

- a
v
1
(t)
v
2
(t)

0
t
a vi

v

t

a

to
Hnh 1.6 Hm m gim

=
/ ) t t (
e . a ) t ( v
0

Trang 5
t = 0 : vi

= a
Mt khc: v
i
= vC + vR
M vC = 0 (in p trn t khng t bin).
Do : vR = a
R
a
R
v
i
R
= =
t > 0 : T C np bng dng in
R
v v
i
C i

=
vC tng dn, i gim dn, vR gim dn.
t = : Mch xc lp.
T C np y vi vC = vi = a , vR = 0 , i = 0

=
/ t
R
e . a v
) e 1 ( . a v
/ t
C

=

= RC : c gi l thi hng.

c trng cho tc din
ra qu trnh qu . cng ln, qu trnh qu cng ko di, mch lu xc lp.
1.4.2. Phn ng vi xung vung:

Phn tch vi thnh tng cc hm c bn, ta c:
vi = v
1
+ v
2

Vi :
v
1
= a.1(t)
v
2
= - a.1(t - tp)

=
/ )
p
t t (
/ t
R
e . a e . a v

) e 1 ( . a ) e 1 ( . a v
/ )
p
t t (
/ t
C

=

Qu trnh vt l trong mch:
t < 0 : vi

= 0 , i = 0 , vC = 0 , vR = 0
0
t
a
vi

tp

0
t
a v
1
tp

v
2
- a
vC(t)
vR(t
)
a
t
v
Trang 6
0 t < tp : vi = a ; t C np in bng dng
R
v v
i
C i

= .
vC

tng dn, i gim dn, vR gim.
tp t : vi = 0, t C phng in qua R, vi dng
R
v
i
C
= .
ip p vR gim dn n 0.
t
vR(t
a
a
vc(t)
a
t
tp

Trang 7

1.4.3. Phn ng vi hm tuyn tnh:

vi = kt

Bng cch l lun tng t, ta c:

) e 1 ( . k v
/ t
R

=
) e 1 ( . k kt v v v
/ t
R i C

= =

Mch RC ly tn hiu ra trn ti C th c gi l mch thng thp(h thng ).
Nu mch h thng c thi hng rt ln th c gi l mch tch phn (Mch
lc thng thp).
Mch RC ly tn hiu ra trn ti R th c gi l mch thng cao(thng thng
). Nu mch thng thng c thi hng rt nh th c gi l mch vi phn
(Mch lc thng cao).
1.4.4. Mch thng thp RC

t

vi

k
vi = kt
t

vi

k

v
R
vC

v
C
R
i
v
R
+

Vo

-

v
C

Vi
Hnh 1.8a Mch thng thp RC
fc
Vo
Hnh 1.8b p ng tn s
f
Vi
2
V
i

0
BW
Trang 8
Tn hiu ra ly trn C.
Mch thng thp cho cc tn hiu c tn s nh hn tn s ct qua hon ton,
tn hiu c tn s cao b suy gim bin . Tn hiu ra tr pha so vi tn hiu
vo.
Tn s ct
RC
f
C
2
1
=
Ti tn ct in p ra c bin
2
0
Vi
V =

a. Mch tch phn RC :

N: Mch tch phn l mch m in p ra V
0
(t) t l vi tch phn theo thi gian ca
in p vo Vi(t) :

= dt t Vi K t V ) ( ) (
0

Trong K l h s t l.

Mch tch phn RC chnh l mch lc thng thp RC khi tn hiu vo c tn s fi rt
ln so vi tn s ct fc ca mch.

Thit lp cng thc:
T hnh 1.8a ta c: Vi (t)= VR(t) + VC (t) (1)
T iu kin tn s fi rt ln so vi tn s ct fc ta c:
fi >>
RC
f
C
=
2
1

R >>
C f
X
i
C
=
2
1

VR(t) >> Vc(t) (2) (v dng i(t) qua R v C bng nhau)
T (1) v (2) ta c:Vi (t) VR(t) = R. i(t)

R
t Vi
t i
) (
) ( = (3)
in p ra V
0
(t):
V
0
(t) =

= dt t i
C
t V
C
) (
1
) (
V
0
(t) =
dt
R
t Vi
C
) ( 1

V
0
(t) =

dt t Vi
RC
) (
1

Nh vy, in p ra V
0
(t) t l vi tch phn theo thi gian ca in p vo Vi(t) vi
h s t l K l
RC
K
1
= khi tn s fi rt ln so vi fC .
iu kin mch tch phn:

fi >> fC fi >>
RC 2
1

Trang 9
RC >>
i
f 2
1
>>
i
f 2
1
=
2
i
T

Trong : = R.C l hng s thi gian.
Ti l chu k ca tn hiu vo.

VD: Trng hp in p voVi(t) l tn hiu hnh sin qua mch tch phn:
Vi(t) = Vm.sin(t)
in p ra: V
0
(t)=

= t
RC
V
tdt Sin V
RC
m
m
cos
1

V
0
(t) = ) 90 sin(
0
t
RC
V
m

Nh vy, nu tha mn iu kin ca mch tch phn nh trn th in p ra b tr
pha 90
0
v bin b gim xung vi h s t l l
RC
1
.

b. in p vo l tn hiu xung vung :

Khi in p vo l tn hiu xung vung c chu k Ti th c th xt t l hng s thi
gian =RC so vi Ti gii thch cc dng sng ra theo hin tng np x ca t.
Gi s in p ng vo l tn hiu xung vung i xng c chu k Ti

(hnh 1.9a).
Nu mch tch phn c hng s thi gian =RC rt nh so vi Ti th t np v
x rt nhanh nn in p ng ra V
0
(t) c dng ging nh dng in p vo Vi(t)
(hnh 1.9b).
Nu mch tch phn c hng s thi gian =
5
i
T
th t np v x in p theo
dng hm s m, bin nh ca in p ra nh hn Vp

( hnh 1.9c)
Nu mch tch phn c hng s thi gian rt ln so vi Ti th t C np rt
chm nn in p ra c bin rt thp (hnh 1.9d) nhng ng tng gim
in p gn nh ng thng.
Nh vy, mch tch phn chn trs RC thch hp th c th sa dng xung vung
ng vo thnh dng sng tam gic ng ra. Nu xung vung i xng th xung tam
gic ra l tam gic cn.
Trang 10

Trng hp ng vo l mt chui xung
vung khng i xng vi ton> toff qua
mch tch phn.
Trong thi gian ton

ng vo c in p cao
nn t C np in.
Trong thi gian toff ng vo c in p 0
V

nn t x in nhng do thi gian toff

nh
hn ton nn t cha x in ht th li np
in tip lm cho in p ca t tng dn
(hnh 1.10).
Nh vy, tn hiu ra c dng xung nc thang
Ti

Vi(t)
t

a) Dng sng ng vo.
V
Vo(t)
t

b) Dng sng ng ra khi <<Ti
V
Vo(t)
t

c) Dng sng ng ra khi =
5
i
T

V
Vo(t)
t

d) Dng sng ng ra khi >>Ti
V
Hnh 1.9: Dng sng vo v ra
Vi(t)
t
VM

to
to
Hnh 1.10 : Chui xung vung vo
Vo(t)
t
VM

Trang 11
1.4.5. Mch thng cao RC

Tn hiu ra ly trn R.
Mch thng cao cho cc tn hiu c tn s cao hn tn s ct qua hon ton, tn
hiu c tn s thp b suy gim bin . Tn hiu ra sm pha so vi tn hiu
vo.
Tn s ct
RC
f
C
2
1
=
Ti tn ct in p ra c bin
2
0
Vi
V =
a. Mch vi phn RC :

N: Mch vi phn l mch c in p ng raV
0
(t) t l vi o hm theo thi gian ca
in vo Vi(t).
Ta c: V
0
(t) = ) (t Vi
dt
d
K
Trong K l h s t l.
Mch vi phn RC chnh l mch lc thng cao RC khi tn hiu vo c tn s fi rt
thp so vi tn s ct fc ca mch.
Trong k thut xung, mch vi phn c tc dng thu hp rng xung to ra cc xung
nhn kch cc linh kin iu khin hay linh kin cng sut khc nh SCR, Triac

Thit lp cng thc:
T hnh 1.11a ta c: Vi (t)= VR(t) + VC (t) (1)
T iu kin tn s fi rt thp so vi tn s ct fc ta c:
fi <<
RC
f
C
=
2
1

R <<
C f
X
i
C
=
2
1

VR(t) << Vc(t) (2) (v dng i(t) qua R v C bng nhau)
T (1) v (2) ta c:Vi (t) VC(t)
i vi t C, in p trn t cn c tnh theo cng thc:

C
t q
t V
C
) (
) ( =

Trong q(t) lin tch np vo t.
T ta c :
fc
Vo
Hnh 1.11b p ng tn s
f
Vi
2
V
i

0
BW
R
C
i
vC

+

Vo

-

v
R

Vi
Hnh 1.11a Mch thng cao RC
Trang 12
) (
1 ) ( 1 ) ( ) (
t i
C dt
t dq
C dt
t dV
dt
t dV
C i
= = =
Hay l:i(t) =
dt
t dV
C
i
) (
(3)
in p ra V
0
(t):
V
0
(t) = VR(t) = R.i(t)
V
0
(t) = R
dt
t dV
C
i
) (

Nh vy, in p ra V
0
(t) t l vi vi phn ( o hm) theo thi gian ca in p vo
vi h s t l K l K = RC khi tn s fi rt thp so vi fC.

iu kin mch vi phn:
fi << fC fi <<
RC 2
1

RC <<
i
f 2
1
<<
i
f 2
1
=
2
i
T

Trong : = R.C l hng s thi gian.
Ti l chu k ca tn hiu vo.

VD: Trng hp in p voVi(t) l tn hiu hnh sin qua mch vi phn:
Vi(t) = Vm.sin(t)
in p ra l: V
0
(t) =
dt
d
C R. ( Vm.sint )
= R.C.Vmcost
= R.C.Vm.sin(t + 90
0
)
Nh vy, nu tha mn iu kin ca mch vi phn nh trn th in p ra b sm pha
90
0
v bin nhn vi h s t l lRC.

b. in p vo l tn hiu xung vung:
Khi in p vo l tn hiu xung vung c chu k Ti th c th xt t l hng s thi
gian =RC so vi Ti gii thch cc dng sng ra theo hin tng np xca t. Gi
s in p ng vo l tn hiu xung vung i xng c chu k Ti(hnh1.12a).
Nu mch vi phn c hng s thi gian =
5
i
T
th t np v x in to dng
i(t) qua in tr R to ra in p gim theo hm s m. Khi in p ng vo
bng 0
V
th u dng ca t ni mass v t s x in p m trn in tr R.
ng ra s c hai xung ngc nhau c bin gim dn (1.12b)
Nu mch vi phn c hng s thi gian rt nh so vi Ti th t s np x in
rt nhanh nn cho ra hai xung ngc du nhng c rng xung rt hp c
gi l xung nhn.
Nh vy, nu tha iu kin ca mch vi phn th mch RC s i tn hiu t xung
vung n cc ra 2 xung nhn lng cc.
Trang 13

V d 1: Cho mch nh hnh v:

vi = 5.1(t)
R = 1K
C = 470 pF

Hy xc nh v v th vC(t), vR(t) cho cc trng hp sau:
a. E = 0, R1 =
b. E = 1V, R1 =
c. E = 1V, R1 = 2K
Bi gii
C
R1 R
vi

E

+
-
Vi(t)
t
Ti

Vo(t)
t
Vo(t)
t
a) Dng sng ng vo.
b) Dng sng ng ra khi =
5
i
T
.
c) Dng sng ng ra khi << Ti.
Hnh 1.12: Dng sng vo v ra ca mch vi
phn nhn xung vung.
Vm
Vm
Vm
Vm
-Vm
Trang 14
a. E = 0, R1 =
Mch tng ng:

vi = 5.1(t)
vR = 5.
/ t
e
vC = 5. ) e 1 (
/ t

Vi = RC = 470.10
-12
.1.10
3
= 470.10
-9
= 0,47 (s)

= 1V, R1 = b. E
Mch tng ng:

Xt tc dng ca ngun E:
iE = 0
0 R . i v
E
E
R
= =
0 R . i v
E
R
= =

Xt tc dng ca ngun vi:
0 R . i v
E
R
= =

) e 1 .( 5 v
/ t i
C

=
= RC = 0.47 s
Cng tc dng ca 2 ngun, suy ra:

=
/ t
R
e . 5 v
1 ) e 1 .( 5 v
/ t
C
=

t

v

) t ( v
R
5

) t ( v
i

) t ( v
C
C
R
vi

C
R
vi

E

+
-
Trang 15

= 2K c. E = 1V, R1
Mch tng ng:

Xt tc dng ca
ngun E:

Ta c:
1 R R
E
i
+
=
) V (
3
1
1 R R
R
E R . i v
E
R
=
+
= =
) V (
3
2
R . i v v
1
E
1 R
E
C
= = =
Xt tc dng ca ngun vi :

) K ( ) R // R ( R
t
= =
3
2
1

= =
/ t
Rt
i
R
e . v v 5
) e .( v
/ t i
C

= 1 5
= Rt.C = 0,313 s
Cng tc dng ca 2 ngun:
t

v
) t ( v
R
5
4

) t ( v
i ) t ( v
C
-1

C
R1 R
vi

E

+
-
C
R1 R
E

+
-
i
Trang 16

3
1
e . 5 v
/ t
R
=

3
2
) e 1 .( 5 v
/ t
C
=

1.5. Mch RL:

1.5.1. Phn ng vi hm t bin in p: vi = a.1(t)
t < 0 : vi = 0
Suy ra: vR = 0, vL = 0
t = 0 : vi = a
Suy ra: i = 0 ( dng qua cun dy khng t bin ).
vR = 0
vL = vi vR = a
t > 0 : Dng qua cun dy tng dn, vR tng, vL gim.
t = : Mch xc lp.
vL = 0
vR = a

) e ( . a v
/ t
R

= 1

=
/ t
L
e . a v

Vi = L/R c gi l thi hng.

t

v

) t ( v
R
5-1/3

5 = ) t ( v
i ) t ( v
C
5-2/3

-1/3

-2/3

L
R
vi

vR(t)
vL(t
)
a
t
v
Trang 17
1.5.2. Phn ng vi hm tuyn tnh: vi = kt
Tng t ta c c:
) e ( . k v
/ t
L

= 1
) e ( . k kt v
/ t
R

= 1
Vi = L/R.

Mch RL ly tn
hiu ra trn ti R th c gi l mch h thng (thng thp).
Mch RL ly tn hiu ra trn ti L th c gi l mch thng thng (thng
cao).

Nhn xt:
Phn ng ca mch RL thng cao ging phn ng ca mch RC thng cao.
Phn ng ca mch RL thng thp ging phn ng ca mch RC thng thp.
t

vi

k

v
L
vR

v
Trang 18
BI TP CHNG I

Bi 1: Cho mch nh hnh v:

R = 1K
C = 470 pF
Hy xc nh v v th vi (t), vC(t), vR(t) cho cc trng hp sau:
a. vi(t) = 5.1(t) 5.1(t t
0
) ; t
0
= 10 s ; R1 = ; E = 0
b. vi(t) = 5.1(t) 5.1(t t
0
) ; t
0
= 10 s ; R1 = 5,6K ; E = 2V
c. vi(t) = 5.1(t) 7.1(t t
0
) ; t
0
= 10 s ; R1 = 5,6K ; E = 2V

Bi 2: Cho vi nh hnh v:

a. Phn tch vi(t) thnh dng tng cc hm c bn.
b. Khi t vi ng vo ca mch RC thng thng, hy xc nh v v vOUT
khi
10
RC
T = .

Bi 3: Xc nh v v vR , vC ca mch RC khi vi l chui xung vung c tn s l
T = 2t
0
trong cc trng hp:
a. >> t
0
.
b. << t
0
.

C
R1 R
vi

E

+
-
vi

t

a

-a

T

T

a
t
vi

to

Trang 19
Bi 4:
a. Tn hiu vi nh hnh v c a vo mch h thng RC. Hy xc nh v
v dng tn hiu ng ra.
b. Cho T
1
= T
2
= RC, Hy xc nh gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca tn
hiu ng ra; V dng tn hiu ny.

Bi 5: Cho mch nh hnh v:

Khi t < 0 : K v tr s 2.
t = 0 : K sang v tr s 1.
t = 30 s : K tr li v tr s 2.
Hy xc nh v v iL , vL trong cc trng hp sau:
a. E = 10 V R1 = 1K R2 = 1K L = 1mH
b. E = 10 V R1 = 10K R2 = 10K L = 10mH

R1
1
K
L R2
2
E

+
-
T
1
T
2

V
Trang 20
CHNG 2
MCH BIN I DNG XUNG
2.1. MCH XN
Chc nng: Gii hn bin tn hiu.
Phn loi theo chc nng c 3 loi:
- Mch xn trn (xn dng).
- Mch xn di (xn m).
- Mch xn hai mc(xn dng v xn m)
Phn loi theo cu trc c 2 loi:
- Mch xn ni tip: phn t xn mc ni tip vi ti
- Mch xn song song: phn t xn mc song song vi ti
2.1.1. Mch xn dng Diode
n: l mt dng mch sa dng sng rt ph bin trong thc t.
Gi s cc diode l tng:
V
= 0 : in p bt u dn
Is = 0 : dng r khi phn cc nghch
rf = 0 : in tr thun
rs = : in tr nghch
a. Mch xn trn :
Xn phn tn hiu ln hn gi tr VN.
D
Vi
-
R
-
+ +
Vo
-
R
Vi
D
-
Vn
Vo
+ +
Vn

Vi > VN : D dn
V
0
= VN
Vi VN : D tt
V
0
= Vi

Vi VN : D tt
V
0
= VN
Vi < VN : D dn
V
0
= Vi

c tuyn hm truyn t: Biu din s ph thuc gia tn hiu ng vo
v tn hiu ng ra.

Hnh 2.1a. Mch xn song
song
Hnh 2.1b. Mch xn ni tip
VN

vi

vo

VN

Trang 21
Dng tn hiu ra khi tn hiu vo l tn hiu sin:

b. Mch xn di :
Xn phn tn hiu nh hn gi tr VN.
+
-
+
Vn
-
Vn
Vo Vi
+
D
D
Vi
R
Vo
R
-
+
-

Hnh 2.2a. Xn di song song Hnh 2.2 b.Xn di ni tip

Vi VN : D tt
V
0
= Vi
Vi < VN : D dn
V
0
= VN

Vi > VN : D dn
V
0
= Vi
Vi VN : D tt
V
0
= VN

c tuyn hm truyn t: Biu din s ph thuc gia tn hiu ng vo
v tn hiu ng ra.

VN

t

v

vo

vi

VN

vi

vo

VN

Trang 22
Dng tn hiu ra khi tn hiu vo l tn hiu sin:

c. Mch xn 2 mc:
Kt hp mch xn trn v xn di.
Xn 2 mc ni tip.
Xn 2 mc song song.
Xn 2 mc ni tip v song song.

Vi < VN
1
<

VN
2
: D
1
dn, D
2
tt V
0
= VN
1

VN
1
< Vi < VN
2
: D
1
tt, D
2
tt V
0
= Vi
Vi >VN
2
>VN
1
: D
1
tt, D
2
dn V
0
= VN
2

c tuyn hm truyn t:

t

v

VN

vi

vo
vo

vi

VN
1
D1

R
D2
VN
2
VN
1
< VN
2

Hnh 2.3. Mch song song
VN
1
vi

vo

VN
1
VN
2
VN
2
Trang 23
Dng tn hiu ng ra khi tn hiu ng vo c dng hnh sin:

V d: Cho mch xn nh hnh v.

R
1
= 100K V
1
= 25V
R
2
= 200K V
2
= 100V

Cc diode D
1
v D
2
l diode l tng.
in p ng vo vi bin thin t 0V n 150V.
Hy xc nh v v hm truyn t.

Gii:
vi = 0 : D
1

off
, D
2

on

Suy ra: vo = VA

1 2
1 2
R R
V V
i
+
=
VA = V
1
+ VR
1

= V
1
+ i.R
1

= V
1
+
1
1 2
1 2
R .
R R
V V
+

= 25 + 100 .
200 100
25 100
+

= 50 (V).

V
2
> vi > VA

: D
1 on
, D
2 on

vo = VA = v
i

vi V
2
: D
1

on

Suy ra VA = vi , do D
2

off

v

VN
2
t
VN
1
Vi

Vo
D1

D2

R1 R2
vi
vo

V
1
V
2
A

Trang 24
Dng iR
2
= 0 vo = V
2
=100 (V).

c tuyn hm truyn t:

2.1.2. Mch xn 2 mc dng diode zenner:
gii hn bin xung ngi ta cn dng diode zener thay cho diode D v ngun
chun VR. in p VZ do hiu ng zener s l in p gii hn bin xung.
Gi s cc diode zenner l tng:
V
= 0 : in p bt u dn
Is = 0 : dng r khi phn cc nghch
rf = 0 : in tr thun
Vz : in p n nh c Z khi phn cc nghch

a. Gii hn xung dng

Vi < 0

: Z phn cc thun, Z dn ging Diode V
0
= 0
Vi 0

: Z phn cc nghch
+ Vi < VZ : Z tt V
0
= Vi
+ Vi > VZ : Z dn n p V
0
= VZ
b. Gii hn xung m

50

vi

vo

50

100

100

D
1 off

D
2 on
D
1 on

D
2 on
D
1 on

D
2 off
Z
R
Vo Vi
Hnh 2.4. Mch gii hn xung dng
+
VZ

-

Hnh 2.5. Mch gii hn xung m
Z
R
Vo Vi
-
VZ

+

Trang 25

Vi < 0

: Z phn cc nghch
+ Vi > - VZ : Z tt V
0
= Vi
+ Vi <- VZ : Z dn n p V
0
= - VZ
Vi > 0

: Z phn cc thun, Z dn ging Diode V
0
= 0

c. Gii hn xung m dng

Vi <-VZ
1
< 0

: Z
1
phn cc nghch, Z
1
dn n p
Z
2
phn cc thun, Z
2
dn bnh thng
V
0
= - VZ
1

-VZ
1
< Vi < 0

: Z
1
phn cc nghch, Z
1
tt
V
0
= Vi

VZ
2
> Vi >0

: Z
1
phn cc thun, Z
1
dn bnh thng
Z
2
phn cc nghch, Z
2
tt
V
0
= Vi
Vi >VZ
2
>0

: Z
1
phn cc thun, Z
1
dn bnh thng
Z
2
phn cc nghch, Z
2
dn n p
V
0
= VZ
2

c tuyn hm truyn t:

Hnh 2.5. Mch gii hn xung m dng
Z1
R
Z2
Vo Vi
VZ
1

+
VZ
2
+
-

VZ
2
VZ
2
-VZ
1
-VZ
1
vo

vi

Trang 26
2.2 MCH GHIM (MCH KP)
N: Mch ghim l mch c nh nh trn hay nh di ca tn hiu mt gi tr
in p nht nh.
Mach ghim khng lm thay i bin nh nh ca tn hiu .
C hai loi mch ghim nh trn v mch ghim nh di.
2.2.1.Mch ghim nh trn 0 V

VD:

t = (01): Vi

=Vm , D dn Vo = 0
ng thi t C np nhanh Vc = Vm
t = (12): Vi

=-Vm , D tt t C khng x c Vc = Vm = const in
p ra: Vo = Vi

- VC

= -Vm Vm =- 2Vm
t = (23): Vi tng bin , Vi

=1,5Vm , D dn Vo = 0 (Mch vn cn
kh nng ghim p khi Vi tng)
ng thi t C np tip Vc = 1,5Vm
Vi
t

Vm

1,5Vm

Vm

-Vm

-1,5Vm

0

1

2

3

4

5

Vo
t

Vm

-2,5Vm

-0,5Vm

-2Vm

-3Vm

0

1

2

3

4

5

C
Vi
R >>
-
+
D
Vo
+
-
Hnh 2.6. Mch ghim nh trn 0V
Trang 27
t = (34): Vi

=-1,5 Vm , D tt t C khng x c Vc = 1,5Vm = const
in p ra: Vo = Vi

- VC

= -1,5Vm 1,5Vm =- 3Vm
t = (45): Vi gim bin , Vi

=Vm , D tt t C khng x c Vc =
1,5Vm = const
in p ra: Vo = Vi

- VC

= Vm 1,5Vm =-0,5Vm
(Mch mt kh nng ghim p khi Vi gim) .

* Nh vy mch s mt kh nng ghim nh trn mc 0V khi bin in p
gim. khc phc tnh trng ny ta mc in tr R rt ln song song vi Diode,
t C s x bt in tch qua R sau mt vi chu k mch s hi phc li kh nng
ghim
* Ch : Khi phn tch mch ghim ta bt u ti bn k m t C np in.
2.2.2. Mch ghim nh trn VN

Vn
-
C
Vo
R >>
+
D
-
Vi
+

Hnh 2.5. Mch ghim nh trn Vn

2.2.3. Mch ghim nh di VN

+
R >>
Vi
-
D
Vo
+
-
C
Vn

Hnh 2.5. Mch ghim nh di Vn
Trang 28
2.3. MCH SO SNH:

Nguyn l:

vi

< VN

: vo = -Vcc.
vi

> VN

: vo = Vcc.

Mch so snh dng khuych i thut ton (op_amp):
Khuych i thut ton ch xung tn ti ch yu trng thi bo ha.

V
+
> V
-
: Vo = +Vc
c
: bo ha dng.
V
+
<

V
-
: Vo = -Vc
c
: bo ha m.

2.3.1. Mch so snh khng o
in p Vi vo ng khng o V
+

VR vo ng o V
-

vi

So
snh
VN

+
vo

-
-Vcc
VO
V
-

V
+
+
+Vcc
-Vcc
o V V i
VN

+
+Vcc
Trang 29
c tuyn hm truyn t:

Vi < VN (hayV
+
<

V
-
) th V
0
= -VCC
Vi > VN

(hayV
+
> V
-
) th V
0
= +VCC.

2.3.2. Mch so snh khng o
in p Vi vo ng o V
-

VR vo ng khng o V
+

c tuyn hm truyn t:

VI

< VN

(hayV
+
> V
-
) th V
0
= +VCC
Vi > VN (hayV
+
<

V
-
) th V
0
= -VCC

* Ch : Nu op-amp c cung cp ngun n th khi bo ho m Vo = 0
-Vcc
o V V i
VN

+
+Vcc
+VC
C
-
VCC
Vi
VN

V
0
+V
CC
-V
CC
V
i
V
N
V
0
Trang 30
V d:

v
+
= vi
v
-
= 0
Khi vi > 0 V
+
> V
-
vo = +Vcc.
Khi vi < 0 V
+
<

V
-
vo = -Vcc.

t

-Vcc

+Vcc

vo

vi

v

-Vcc
o V V i
+
+Vcc
Trang 31
CHNG 3
MCH DAO NG A HI DNG BJT

1.1 KHI NIM CHUNG
Cc mch to xung c bn nht l cc mch to xung vung c gi chung l mch
dao ng a hi. C ba loi mch dao ng a hi l:
- Dao ng a hi lng n (bistable multivibrator) ( cn gi l mchFlip-Flop,
mch lt hay bp bnh): mch c hai trng thi v hai trng thi u n nh.
- Dao ng a hi n n ( Monostable Multivibraor) (cn gi l mch nh th):
mch c hai trng thi, trong mt trng thi n nh v mt trng thi khng
n nh gi l trng thi to xung
- Dao ng a hi phi n (astable Multivibrator): mch c hai trng thi v c hai
trng thi u khng n nh cn gi l mch t dao ng.
Mch dao ng a hi dng BJT da vo s np in v s x in ca t in kt
hp vi c tnh chuyn mch ca Transistor.
Ngoi ra mch dao ng a hi c to ra t cc linh kin nh op-amp, IC555, cc
cng logic, .

1.2 TRNG THI NGT (TT) DN CA
TRANSISTOR.
Transistor c 3 trng thi:
- Trng thi ngt (tt)
- Trng thi dn khuch i
- Trng thi dn bo ha
Trong k thut xung transistor dng to xung
vung nn ch hot ng hai trng thi tt v bo
ho. Lc ny transistor lm vic nh mt kha in t
ng v ngt mch in.
Trng thi ng hay ngt ca mch transistor ty
thuc vo mc in p phn cc cho cc B ca n

1.2.1. Trng thi ngt (tt)
Trong hnh 3.1 transistor c in p
Vi = 0
V
VB =0
V
,
transistor khng c phn cc nn ngng dn.
IB = 0 v IC =0.
in p ng ra cc C ca transistor l:
V
0
= VC =VCC IC.RC
V
0
= VCC
Nh vy ng vo Vi c mc thp, ng ra V
0
c mc
cao.

1.2.2. Trng thi dn bo ha
transistor chuyn t trng thi ngt nh hnh 3.1
sang trng thi bo ha th ng vo phi c cp mt
+VCC
VO
Vi =0v
RC
RB

Hnh 3.1: Transistor ngt
IC

IB

IE

+VCC
V

Vi
RC

RB

Hnh 3.2: Transistor bo ha
IC

IB

IE

VO

RC

RB

IC

IB

IE

Trang 32
in p Vi ln sao cho VB

ln hn mt mc ngng transistor c phn cc
bo ha. in p ny c gi l VBEsat c tr s ty thuc cht bn dn ch to
transistor.

Ta c VBEsat = 0,7 V 0,8 V (Transistor cht silicium)
VBEsat = 0,3 V (Transistor cht Germanium)
Trong mch in hnh 3.2, in tr RC c coi l in tr ti xc nh dng in
IC qua transistor. Khi transistor chy trng thi bo ha th in cc C c in p ra:
V
0
= VC = VCEsat 0,1
V
0,2
V
Nh vy ng vo Vi c mc thp, ng ra V
0
c mc cao.
Dng in IC

c tnh theo cng thc:

C
CEsat CC
C
R
V V
I

=

Khi c dng in ti IC phi tnh dng in cn thit cung cp cho cc B chn tr
s in tr RB thch hp. Thng thng ta c:

C
I
B
I = ( : khuch i dng in)
Trng hp cn cho transistor chy bo ha vng (bo ha su) th chn

C
I
B
I (iu kin bo ha)
hay
C
I
k.
B
I = vi k l h s bo ha su (k 2 5)
in tr RB dc chn theo cng thc:
B
I
BEsat
V
i
V
B
R

=

V d: Mch in hnh 3.2 c cc thng s sau : + VCC =12
V
, RC

=1,2kO , transistor
cht Si v c =100, in p vo Vi =1.5
V
. Tm RB transistor hot ng trng
thi bo ha.

Trc ht phi tnh dng in ti:

C
CEsat CC
C
R
V V
I

= = mA 10
2 , 1
2 , 0 12
K
V V

Chn h s bo ha su K=3 ta c:

=
C
B
I
I = mA 3 , 0
100
mA 10
. 3 =
in tr RB

c chn c gi tr

B
BEsat i
B
I
V V
R

= =
K
V V
33 , 2
mA 3 , 0
8 , 0 5 , 1
=

Chn in tr theo tiu chun lRB = 2,4
K

Trang 33
3.3. MCH DAO NG A HI LNG N DNG BJT.
3.3.1 Mch o.
Mt Transistor c th lm chc nng ca mch o nh hnh 5.1.
- Khi Vi mc in p cao th Transistor chy bo ha v dng Ic qua Rc to st p
Vo 0,2
v
(VCESat) ng vi mc in p thp .
- Khi Vi

mc in p thp th Transistor b phn cc ngc ng vo nn ngng
dn, dng Ic =0 nn khng gim p qua RC
V
0
VCC

ng vi mc in p cao ra.
Nh vy, in p ra Vo v in p vo Vi ngc
pha nhau

3.3.2. Mch lng n (flip-flop) c bn.
Mch dao ng a hi lng n c to ra bng
cch ghp hai mch o sao cho in p ra ca
mch o ny l ng vo ca mch o kia.

a. S
Mch lng n c Trong s dng 2 ngun
+VCC cp dng IB v IC cho Transistor dn
bo ha v ngun -VBB phn cc ngc cho
cc B ca Transistor ngng dn.

b. Nguyn l hot ng.
Mch c 2 trng thi, trong mi trng thi mt trasistor tt v mt transistor bo ho.
Gi thit c mch Flip-Flop i xng (T
1
v T
2
cng tn, cc in tr phn cc cho hai
Transistor cng tr s) nhng hai transistor khng th cn bng mt cch tuyt i nn
s c mt Transistor dn mnh hn v mt Transistor dn yu hn.
Gi thit Transistor T
1
dn mnh hn T
2
nn dng in IC
1
ln hn qua RC
1
lm
in p VC
1
gim. in p VC
1
qua in tr R
2
phn cc cho T
2
s lm VB
2
gim v
iu ny lm cho T
2
chy yu hn. Khi T
2
chy yu th dng in IC
2
nh hn qua
TC
2
lm in p VC
2
tng ln . in p VC
2
qua in tr R
1
phn cc cho T
1
s lm
VB
1
tng lm T
1
chy mnh mnh hn na v cui cng T
1
s tin n trng thi bo
ha T
2
tin n ngng dn . Nu khng c mt tc ng no khc th mch in s
trng thi ny. y l mt trng thi ca mch Flip-Flop.
Ngc li , nu gi tit Transistor T
2
dn nhanh hn T
1
v l lun tng t th cui
cng s c T
2
tin n trng thi bo ha v T
1
tin n ngng dn v mch in cng
mi trng thi ny nu khng c mt tc ng no khc. y l trng thi th hai
ca Flip Flop.
Mch Flip-Flop s mt trong hai trng thi trn nn c gi l mch lng n.
Tuy nhin, phi chn cc in tr v ngun in thch hp mi t c nguyn l
trn.

c. Phn tch mch:
thy r hn nguyn l ca mch Flip-Flop ta c th phn tch dng in v in p
trong mch Flip-Flop tiu biu nh trong mch in hnh 3.5 vi cc tr s in tr v
ngun c th.
Theo gi thit , khi T1 bo ha ta c:
VC
1
=VCCSat 0,2
v

-12V
+12V
2,2K
2,2K
4K
NPN
Vi
Vo
+ -
Hnh 3.3: Transstor lm mch o
Trang 34
VB1=VBEsat 0,8
V

Suy ra dng in IC
1
v IB
1
theo cng thc:
ICI

=
CI
CEsat CC
R
V V

ICI

=
K
V V
8 , 1
2 , 0 12

6,5mA
mA
R
V V
R R
V V
I
K
V V
K K
V V
B
BB BEsat
C
BEsat CC
B
41 , 0
47
6 8 , 0
18 8 , 1
8 , 0 12
1 1 2
1
=
+
=
+
=

trng thi bo ha Transistor thng c nh, chn = 50. Ta c th nghim li
iu kin bo ha ca T
1
nh sau:
Thng thng IB=
C
I
=
mA
mA
13 , 0
50
5 , 6
=

Mch in c :IB
1
= 0,41
mA
(IB
1
>IB)
Nh vy: T
1
iu kin bo ha v IB
1
>
CI
I

Xt T
2
lc trng thi ngng ta c:
VC
2
= VCC

IC
2
.RC
2
= VCC

(IB
1
+IR)RC
2

VC
2
= VCC

-
2
1 2
) (
C
C
BEsat CC
R
R R
V V
+

=12
V
(
V K
K K
V V
11 8 , 1 )
18 8 , 1
8 , 0 12

VB
2
= (VC
1
+VBB)
BB
B
B
V
R R
R
+
2 2
2

= (0,2
V
+6
V
)
V V
K K
K
5 , 1 6
47 18
47

+

T
2
l loi transistor NPN c VB
2
= -1,5
V
(VB
2
< 0
V
) nn T
2
phi ngng dn .
Nu trng thi ngc li th hai transistor s c dng in v in p cc chn cc
ngc li vi phn tch trn.
in p ngun m (VBB) c tc dng phn cc cho T
2
T
2
n nh trng thi
ngng trnh tc ng ca nhiu c th lm cho T
2
i trng thi. Trng hp khng
cn thit chng nhiu th c th khng dng ngun VBB, lc hai in tr RB
1

RB
2
c ni mass hay c th khng cn dng cng c .

3.3.3. Cc phng php kch i trng thi ca flip-flop .
Trng hp T
1
ang bo ha, T
2
ang ngng dn nh mch hnh 3.6, mun i trng
thi ca Flip-Flop th ta c th cho mt xung m vo cc B
1
(hoc l cho mt xung
dng vo cc B
2
). Mun i tr li trng thi c th phi cho mt xung dng vo
cc B
1
( hoc l cho mt xung m vo cc B2). gin n ngi ta thng dng
mt loi xung.
Trang 35
a. Mch kch mt bn

S hnh 3.6 l mch Flip- Flop vi mch kch mt bn. Xung kch iu khin l
xung vung qua mch vi phn RC i t xung vung ra hai xung nhn (xung nhn
dng ng vi cnh ln v xung nhn m ng vi cnh xung). Diod D c tc dng
loi b xung nhn dng v ch a xung nhn m vo cc B
1
i trng thi T
1
t
bo ha sang ngng dn.
Gi thit mch c trng thi nh hnh 3.6 l T
1
ang bo ha v T
2
ang ngng dn

.

Khi ng vo nhn xung vung (Vin) qua mch vi phn RC to in p VI trn in tr
R l hai xung nhn. Khi c xung nhn dng th diode D b phn cc ngc nn
ngng dn v mch Flip Flop vn gi nguyn trng thi ang c. Khi c xung nhn
m th diod D c phn cc thun coi nh ni tt lm in p VB
1
gim xung di
0V. Lc T
1
ngng dn nn Ib
1
= 0, Ic
1
= 0 nn Vc
1
tng cao s to phn cc mnh
6V
+12V
1 8K 1 8K
47K
1
2
47K
R
18K
0,2V
0,8V
D
C
+
Hnh 3.5. Mch kch mt bn.
Vin
T
2
T
1
bo ha
ngng
+

t
t
Vi

VD

t
VB
1
t
_
+

0,8v

-1,5v

+11v

0,2v

VC
1
Hnh 3.6. Dng sng cc chn.

Trang 36
cho cc B
2
vT
2
chy bo ha. Khi T
2
bo ha th Vc
2
0,2

V nn T
1
khng c
phn cc s tip tc ngng dn mc du ht xung m.
Nh vy, mch Fl ip-Flop chuyn t trng thi T
1
bo ha,T
2
ngng sang trng thi
T
1
ngng
_
T
2
bo ha. Khi mch n nh trng thi ny th mch s khng b tc
ng i trng thi bi xung kch vo cc B
1
na. By gi mun i trng thi ca
mch tr li trng thi c th phi cho xung vung tip theo qua mch vi phn v diod
D vo cc B
2
(v T
2
ang trng thi bo ha)

b. Mch kch m:
i vi mch kch mt bn th mch Flip-Flop
phi c kch ln lt, lun phin vo cc B
1
v
B
2
thng qua hai mch vi phn v hai Diod. i
trng thi mch Flip- Flop bng mt th xung kch
vo mt ng chng ta c th dng mch kch m.
Mch in hnh 3.8 l s mch Flip-Flop c
ng kch m nhn xung kch l xung vung.
Theo s ny, mch ang trng thi T
1
bo
ha, T
2
ngng dn. Hai in tr 10k thm vo
mch ra hai im A vB v hai im ny c in
p gn ging nh in p ca hai cc C
1
v C
2
.
Ta c: VA VC
1
= 0,2

V
( T
1
ang bo ha)
VB VC
2
=11V
( T
2
ang ngng dn)
Khi c xung vung ng vo ( Vin ) th qua hai t C
1
C
2
s c hai xung nhn
dng ng vi cnh ln xung ca vung v c 2 xung nhn m ng vi cnh xung
ca xung vung ti im A v B. Thi im c xung nhn dng c hai diode D
1
D
2

u b phn cc ngc nn khng c tc dng vi mch Flip-Flop. Khi c xung nhn
m ti hai im A v B th ti hai im ny s c hai mc bin i khc nhau.
Do VA 0,2
V
nn khi c xung nhn m th xung m s lm gim in p VA v diod
V1 c phn cc thun. iu ny s lm i trng thi T1 t bo ha sang ngng
dn v i trng thi T
2
t ngng dn sang bo ha. Lc do VB =11V rt cao so vi
xung m nn khi c xung nhn m th in p VBvn mc dng cao nn D
2
vn b
phn cc ngc v xung m khng c tc dng vi T
2
.
Khi c xung vung th hai n ng vo th ln ny xung nhn m ch c tc dng i
vi T2 l transistor ang bo ha nn mch Flip-Flop li tr v trng thi c.

3.3.4. Cc im cn lu trong thit k .
a. Mch vi phn ng vo c chn tr s cao cho tha cc yu cu sau:
- Xung m phi c bin cao v rng ln kck i trng thi ca
transistor ang bo ha sang ngng .
- Nu hng s thi gian =RC s lm gii hn tn s xung kck ( theo iu kin
ca mch vi phn trong chng.
- Nu hng s thi gian =RC nh hn s lm gim rng xung v c th khng
i trng thi ca transistor
b. Khi mch FlipFlop lm vic vi cc tn hiu xung kck tn s cao nn chn loi
transistor c kt cu Epiplanar c p ng nhanh.
+12V
-6v
10K
10K
1,8K
18K
47K
1,8K
47K
0,2V
0,8V
18K
D
C
Vin
C
Hnh 3.8:Mch F-F c ng kch m.
Trang 37
c. mch chuyn trng thi tt, tc lm vic nhanh nn chn mc in p ngun
thp iu ny cn ph thuc vo yu cu ca ti nu ti l Rc.
d. Trong cc mch n gin ngi ta c th khng cn dng m VBB. Tuy nhin, khi
khng c ngun m th tnh ngng dn ca transistor khng tt vkh nng chng
nhiu ca mch km

3.4. DAO NG A HI N N.
3.4.1. Gii thiu.
Mch dao ng a hi n n cng c hai trng thi ( T
1
bo ha T
2
ngng hay T
1
ngng T
2
bo ha) nhng trong hai trng thi c mt trng thi n nh v mt
trng thi khng n nh gi l trng thi to xung.
Bnh thng khi khi mch n n c cp ngun s
trng thi n nh v mi trng thi ny nu khng c
tc ng t bn ngoi vo. Khi ng vo nhn c mt
xung kch th mch n n s i trng thi to xung
ng ra v rng xung ra s ty thuc cc thng s RC
thi t k trong mch. Sau thi gian c xung ra mch
n n s tr v trng thi nh ban u .
Mch dao ng a hi n n cn c gi l mch
nh th v thi gian c xung ra c th nh trc nh cc
thng s trong mch. Mch n n rt thng dng trong
lnh vc iu khin t ng trong cc thit b in t v
in t cng ngip.
Mch n n c th thc hin bng nhiu cch: dng
transistor, op-amp vi mch nh th hay cc cng logic.
Phn ny ch gii thiu v phn tch mch n n dng
transistor, cc mch dng khc c gii thiu trong
chng sau.

3.4.2. Mch n n c bn.
a. S hai trng thi .

b. Nguyn l.
* Trng thi n nh ca mch n n.(hnh 3.10).
Khi m in, t C tc thi np in qua in tr R
C2
to dng in ln cp cho
cc B
1
nn T
1
s chy trng thi bo ha. Lc , dng IC
1
qua RC
1
ln to
-VBB
Vi = 0
+VCC
RC2
RB2
RC1
RB
RB1
C
C
Hnh 3.10. Mch a hi n n
-VBB
VI =
+VCC
RC2
RB2
RC1
RB
RB1
C
C
Hnh 3.11. Mch a hi n n
T1 T2
T1
T2
t
Vi

0,8v

t
VB
1
+

+
-

-Vcc

Cx
t
VC
+
0,2v

Vcc
t
VC
-
0,2v

Vcc
a).
a).
b).
c).
d).
Hnh 3.12. Dng sng vo v ra
ca mch n n .
Trang 38
st p v VC
1
= VCesat 0,2V. Cu phn p RB
2
v RB s to ra in p phn cc
cho T
2
ngng dn v VB
2
< 0V. sau khi t np y s c nh hnh v 5.9. in p np
trn t c gi tr khong : VC = VCC VBesat VCC.
Khi t np y th dng np bn t bng 0 nhng t T
1
vn chy trng thi bo ha
v vn cn dng IB
1
qua RB
1
cp phn cc cho cc B
1
.
Hai Transistor s chy n nh trng thi ny nu khng c tc ng g t bn
ngoi.
* Trng thi to xung ca mch n n (hnh 3.11).
Khi ng vo Vi nhn xung kch m qua t C
1
s lm in p VB
1
gim v T
1
ang
chy bo ha chuyn sang trng thi ngng dn. Lc IC
1
= 0 in p vo VC
1
tng
cao qua cu phn p RB
2
RB s phn cc cho T
2
chy bo ha. Khi T
2
chy bo ha
VC
2
=VBEsat 0,2V iu ny lm cho t C c chn mang in p dng coi nh ni
mass v chn kia c in p m so v mass nn in p m ny s phn cc ngc cho
cc B
1
lm T
1
tip tc ngng mc du ht xung kch. Lc t C x in qua in
tr RB
1
v transistor T
2
t C xung E. Trong thi gian ny T
1
ngng dn T
2
bo ha
nn in p cc chn C v B ca transistor i ngc li chnh l xung in ng ra.
Sau khi t x xong lm mt in p m t vo cc B
1
vT
1
s ht trng thi ngng
dn v chuyn sang trng thi bo ha nh lc ban u. Khi T
1
tr li trng thi bo
ha th VC
1
=VCEsat 0,2 V

nn T
2
mt phn cc s ngng dn nh lc ban u.
Thi gian to xung ca mch n n chnh l thi gian x in ca t C qua RB
1
Sau
thi gian ny mch t tr li trng thi ban u l trng thi n nh.
c. Dng sng cc chn.
Hnh 3.12 cho thy dng sng cc chn ca mch n n Trong hnh 3.12 a l
p ng vo Vi, trc thi im c xung kch l trng thi n nh. Khi c xung nhn
m th mch n n bt u chuyn sang trng tha to xung.
Hnh 3.12 b l dng in p VB
1
, khi c xung kch l T
1
ngng, t C x in p m
nn VB1 c in p m -VCC v t C x in qua RB
1
ln in p m gim dn theo
hm s m. Thi gian x ca t C chnh l thi gian to xung ng ra.
trng thi n nh VC
1
=0,2V (bo ha), trng thi to xung VC
1
= VCC (ngng
dn) nn T
1
c xung vung dng ra. Ngc li T
2
c xung vung m ra, rng
xung l Tx.

d. iu kin v thng s k thut ca mch n n.
cho mch n n hot ng ng theo nguyn l phi tha mn iu kin l T
1

bo ha vi :

1 1
1
C
CC
C
CEsat CC
C
R
V
R
V V
I
= (1) (vi VCEsat o,2V)

1 1
1
B
CC
B
BEsat CC
B
R
V
R
V V
I
= (2) (vi VBEsat o,2V)

Mun cho T
1
bo Haphi c:

sat
C
B
I
I
>
1
1
(3) (sat saturation : bo ha)
Thng chn:
sat
C
B
I
K I
=
1
1
.
Trong : K l h s bo ha su v K = 2 5
Trang 39
*. Cch tnh rng xung:
Trong thi gian n nh t C np in qua RC
1
vi hng s thi gian np l

np
= RC
1
. C
in p np trn t tng theo
hm s m bi cng thc :
VC(t) = VCC

(1 )
t
e
= VCC

- VCC.
t
e
in p trn tng t 0V ln VCC. Khi c xung m vo cc B
1
th t C x inqua
RB
1
vi hng s thi gian x l:

x
= RB
1
. C
in p trn t khi x gim theo hm s m bi cng thc:
VC(t) = VCC.
t
e
Do chn dng ca t C coi nh ni mass qua chn C
2
khi T
2
bo ha nn t x in
m (VCC) v in p trn t tng t VCC ln 0V ri sau np tip tc t 0V ln
+VCC. Nh vy ng x in v np in ca t s bin thin nh hnh 3.13 c
gii hn t -VCC ln +VCC. ng biu din in p trn ts c tnh theo cng
thc:
VC(t) = VCC

- 2VCC.
t
e
Khi VC(t) = 0
V
l ht thi gian x ca t v mch tr li trng thi n nh thi gian
ny chnh l thi gian to xung ng ra v cn gi
l rng xung tx.
Ta c : VCC = 2VCC.
X
t
e .

X
t
e
2
1
= hay
X
t
e = 2.
Suy ra
x
t
= Ln2 tx = .Ln2.
Thay = RB
1
.C v Ln2 = 0,69 .
Suy ra: tx = 0,69 RB
1
.C
Mun thay i rng xung tx ta c th thay i
RB
1
hay tr s ca t C trong RB
1
b gii hn
bi iu kin nn thng ngi ta ch thay i t
C.
* Bin xung ra:
trng thi n nh T
1
bo ha T
2
ngng :
VC
1
= VCEsat 0,2
V
,VC
2
VCC

trng hi to xung T
1
ngng T
2
bo ha.
VC
1
VCC.
2 1
2
B C
B
R R
R
+
=Vx (do mch phn
p)
VC
2
= VCEsat 0,2
V
Nh vy bin xung vung dng cho T
1
to ra l:
V
01
=Vx 0,2V Vx
Bin xung vung m do T
2
to ra l:
-Vcc
+Vcc
0V
tx
Np in
X in
t
Hnh 3.13: ng x v np
in trn t C

VC
t
VC
t
tx

tx

Hnh 3.14: Thi gian hi phc
Trang 40
V
02
=Vx 0,2V VCC

* Thi gian hi phc :
Theo s mch n n c bn: trng thi n nh l trng thi T
1
bo ha, ngng
dn, trng thi to xung l trng thi T
1
ngng, T
2
bo ha. Sau khi song thi gian to
xung tx th T
2
s tr li trng thi ngng dn. Trong thc t mch cha tr li trng
thi n nh ngay v lc t C li np in qua RC
2
lm VC
2
tng ln theo hm s
m ch khng tng tc thi nh hnh vung. Thi gian ny c gi l thi gian hi
phc th

Hng s thi gian np ca t l:

np
= RC
2
. C
T np y trong thi gian 5 nhng thng ch tnh :
Th 4
np
= 4RC
2
.C
* Thi gian phn cch:
Do c thi gian hi phc th mch n n tr li trng thi n nh nn nu tn hiu
xung kch ng vo l nhng tn hiu lin tip nhau c tn s xung kch fi chu k
xung kch Ti th chu k Ti phi tha iu kin l:
Ti > tx + th
iu kin ny c ngha l khong cch ngn nht gia hai xung kch phi ln hn
rng v thi gian hi phc th thi gian tx = th gi l thi gian phn cch tf.
Ta c: Ti >tf vi tf = tx + th

3.4.3. Cc mch n n ci tin .
a. Mch n n dng 1 ngun.
Trong cc mch n gin ngi ta c th khng dng ngun VBB v in tr RB
c ni mass lc RB c chn li vi tr s khc. Trng hp ny mch c kh
nng chng nhiu km
S mch n n hnh 3.15, ng vo l mch vi phn Ri-Ci i xung vung ra hai
xung nhn v diod D ch nhn xung nhn m a vo cc B
1
.

b. Mch n n c xung kch vo cc C
2
.
trng thi n nh T
1
bo ha T
2
ngng, t np in c in p nh hnh v (hnh
3.16). Khi c xung nhn m lm diod D c phn cc thun th t C c chn np
+VCC
Vi
RC2
RB
RB1
RB2
Ri
RC1
C
Ci
T
2
T
1
Hnh 3.15: Mch n n
dng 1 ngun
+VCC
Vi
RC2 RB1
RB2
RC1
RB
Ri
C
C
Hnh 3.16. Mch n n c
xung kch vo cc C
2
.
Trang 41
in p dng ni mass nn chn np in p m s lm phn cc ngc cc B
1
v T
1

ngng dn. Lc , VC
1
tng cao lm T
2
tng c phn cc bo ha v VC
2
0,2
V

nn t C tip tc x in qua RB
1
v mch s duy tr trng thi T
1
ngng, T
2
bo ha
cho n khi t x xong. Sau thi gian to xung tx t mch li tr v trng thi n nh.

c. Mch n n dng t gia tc .
chuyn nhanh trng thi ca T
2
t ngng dn sang bo ha khi c xung kch m
vo cc B
1
. Ta c th dng t tc Cj ghp song song RB
2
. Khi c xung kch m vo
cc B
1
, transistor T
1
ang bo ha chuyn sang ngng lm VC
1
tng trng thi
chuyn tip t Cj coi nh ni tt nn in p VC
1
phn cc nhanh cho cc B
2
lm T
2

bo ha nhanh. iu ny c tc dng lm xung vung ra cc C
2
c cnh xung c
thng ng, sa li dc trc xung ra (hnh 3.17).

d. Dng diode cch ly sa dc sau.
Trong phn cc thng s ca mch n n c xt n thi gian hi phc th ca xung ra
trn cc C
2
l do t c np in qua in tr R
2
lm in p VC
2
tng chm, dc sau
ca xung di ra.
m bo thi gian hi phc ng ra, lm dc sau c thng ng ngi ta
dng thm diode D v in tr RD (hnh 3.18). Khi T
2
ngng, in p VC
2
lm phn
cc ngc diode D v t C ch np in qua RD nn in p VC
2
tng nhanh. iu cn
lu trong mch ny l khi T
2
bo ha, VC
2
gim nn diod D c phn cc thun,
in tr cc C
2
l RC
2
song song RD
Thng chn : RC
2
= RD = 2.RC
1
.

e. Dng diod cch ly bo v mi ni BE
1
.
Khi mch vi phn cho ra xung nhn m lm phn cc diod Di a n T
1
ngng dn,
T
2
bo ha. Lc t C s x in v in p ang np trn t a vo cc B
1
vi tr
s khong VCC, in p ny c th lm h mi ni BE
1
v in p nh thng mi ni
BE ( BVEBO ) thng c tr s khng cao ( khong vi volt)
trnh hin tng trn ngi ta t thn 1 diod gia t C v cc B
1
nh hnh v.
Khi t x in th diode D s chu in p ngc thay cho mi ni BE m in p
ngc ca diod thng cao nn diod khng b h (hnh 3.19).
+VCC
Vi
RC2 RC1
1
2
Ri
RB1
C
C
Hnh 3.17 Dng t gia tc Cj

.
+VCC
Vi
RB1 RC2 RC1
RB2
Ri
1
C
C
D
R
Hnh 3.18. Dng diode cch ly D
Trang 42

3.4.4. Bi tp p dng .
Thit k mch a hi n n theo cc yu cu v thng s k thut sau:
-Ngun VCC = 12V, transistor c = 100, dng ti IC =10mA rng xung tx

= 2
giy

* Tnh in tr ti RC
1
= RC
2
:
Khi transistor dn bo ha ta c: VCEsat 0,2
V

Suy ra: RC
1
= RC
2
=
C
CEsat CC
I
V V
=
mA
V V
10
2 , 0 12
1,2
K
* Tnh in tr phn cc RB
1
= RB
2
:
transistor dn bo ha thng chn h s bo ha su l K = 3.
Ta c : IB =
C
I
K = mA
mA
3 , 0
100
10
. 3 =
in tr RB dc tnh vi mc in p phn cc bo ha l VBEsat = 0,8V .
RB
1
= RB
2
=
B
Esat CC
I
V V
B
= 37
3 , 0
8 , 0 12
=
mA
V V
K
Chn tr s tiu chun l: RB = 39K.

* Tnh tr s t C :
Theo yu cu rng xung l tx =2 giy
Ta c : tx = 0,69.RB.C
Suy ra : C = F
R
t
B
x
= 75
10 . 39 . 69 , 0
2
. 69 , 0
3

Trong mch ny khng yu cu thit k mch vi phn. Mun tnh tr s R v C ca
mch vi phn phi bit tn s hay rng ca xung vung fi. iu kin ca mch vi
phn l
R.C <<
i
f 2
1
.
(Xem li chng 1)

+VCC
Vi
Ri
RB2
RB1 RC1
RC2
C
C
Hnh 3.19. Diode bo v mi ni BE
1
D
+12
39K
39K
12K
12K
75
Hnh 3.20. Mch thit k.
Trang 43
3.5. MCH DAO NG A HI PHI N.
3.5.1 Gii thiu .
Mch a hi lng n c hai trng thi n nh, mun i trng thi ca mch t trng
thi n nh ny sang trng thi n nh khc th phi c xung kch t bn ngoi.
Mch a hi n n c mt trng thi n nh v mt trng thi khng n nh trng
thi khng n nh chnh l trng thi to xung. Bnh thng, mch n n s trng
thi n nh, mun to xung th phi c xung kch t bn ngoi.
Mch a hi phi n khc vi hai mch trn, mch n n s to ra sng vung lin tc
m khng cn xung kch bn ngoi. Mch a hi phi n hot ng theo ng nguyn
l ca mch dao ng l loi mch t pht sinh tn hiu m khng cn tn hiu iu
khin ng vo.

3.5.2. Mch a hi phi n c bn.
a.S
Thng thng, mch a hi phi n l mch i xng nn hai Transistor c cng tn
v cc linh kin in tr, t in c cng tr s.

b.Nguyn l hot ng :
Tuy l hai Transistor cng tn, cc linh kin cng tr s nhng khng th ging nhau
mt cch tuyt i. iu ny s lm cho hai Transistor mch dn in khng bng
nhau, khi m in s c mt Transisitor dn in mnh hn v mt Transisitor dn
in yu hn. Nh tc dng ca mch hi tip dng t cc C
2
v cc B
1
v t cc C
1

v cc B
2
s lm cho Transistor dn mnh hn tin dn n bo ha, Transistor dn
in yu hn tin dn n ngng dn.
Gi thit T
1
dn in mnh hn, t C
1
np in qua RC
2
lm cho dng IB
1
tng cao
nn T
1
tin n bo ha. Khi T
1
bo ha, dng IC
1
tng cao v VC
1
VCE
sat

0,2V,t C
2
x in qua RB
2
v qua T
1
. Khi t C
2
x in, in p m trn t C
2
a
vo cc B
2
lm T
2
ngng ( hnh 3.21)
Thi gian ngng dn ca T
2
chnh l thi gian t C
2
x in qua RB
2
. Sau khi t C
2
x
song, cc B
2
li c phn cc nh RB
2
nn T
2
dn bo ha lm VC
2
=VCE
sat
o,2V.
iu iu ny lm t C
1
x in qua RB
1
v in p m trn t C
1
a vo cc B
1
lm
cho T
1
ngng. Lc t C
2
li np in qua RC
1
lm cho dng IB
2
tng cao v T
2
bo
ha nhanh.
Thi gian ngng dn ca T
1
chnh l thi gian t CC
1
x in qua RB
1
. Sau khi t C
1

x in xong, cc B
1
li c phn cc nh RB
1
nn T
1
tr li trng thi dn bo ha
nh trng thi ga thit ban u. Hin tng ny c lp li tun hon .
c. Dng sng cc chn:
Xt cc B
1
khi T
1
bo ha VB 0,8V. Khi T
1
ngng cho t C
1
x in lm cc B
1
c
in p m ( khong- VCC

) v in p m ny gim dn theo hm s m.
Xt cc C
1
: khi T
1
bo ha VC
1
0,2V, khi T
1
ngng VC
1
+VCC . Dng sng ra
cc C l dng sng vung. Hnh 3.23.
Tng t khi xt cc B
2
v cc C
2
.Dng sng hai cc ny cng dng vi dng sng
cc B
1
v C, nhng o pha nhau.
Chu k ca tn hiu hnh vung l:
Trang 44
T=

t
1
+t
2
.
Trong :
t
1
l thigian t C
1
x in qua RB
1
t in p VCC ln ngun +VCC nn in p
tc thi ca t ( ly mc VCC lm gc ) l:
VC
1
(t) = 2VCC.
1 1
1
.C R
t
B
e

Thi gian t C
1
x qua RB
1
t VCC ln 0
V
cho bi cng thc:
VCC = 2VCC.
1 1
1
.C R
t
B
e

Suy ra:
1 1
1
.C R
t
B
e
= 2
2
1
1
Ln
R
t
B
=
t
1
= RB
1
.C
1
Ln2 0,69RB
1
.C
1
Tng t, thi gian t
2
t C
2
x in qua RB
2
t VCC

ln 0V l:
t
2
0,69RB
2
.C
2

Chu k dao ng l:
T=

t
1
+t
2
= 0,69 ( RB
1
.C
1
+ RB
2
.C
2
)
Trong mch a hi phi n i xng ta c :
RB
1
= RB
2
= RB
C
1
= C
2
= C
Chu k dao ng l:
T = 2 x 0,69RB.C = 1,4 RB.C
Tn s ca xung vung l:

) . . ( 69 , 0
1 1
2 2 1 1
C R C R T
f
B B
+
= =
Nu l mch a hi phi n i xng ta c :

C R T
f
B
. 4 , 1
1 1
= =
d. Thit k mch :
Thit k mch a hi phi n theo cc thng s k
thut sau VCC = 12V, dng in ti qua cc l IL =
10mA transistor c =100 tn s dao ng l f =
1000 Hz.
Bi gii
Mch a hi phi n l loi i xng c s nh
mch a hi c bn ( hnh 3.21 v hnh 3.22)
-Tnh in tr RC

:
Khi transistor chy bo ha s c:
VC =VCEsat 0,2
V

IC = IL = 10mA
in tr RC c tnh theo cng thc:
RC

=
C
CEsat CC
I
V V
=

K
V V
mA
2 , 1
10
2 , 0 12

-Tnh in tr RB

transistor chy bo ha su thng chn h s bo ha su l K = 3.
0,8v
VB
1
t
VC
1
-Vcc
+Vcc
t
t
1
C
1
x
VB
2
t
VC
2
-Vcc
+Vcc
t
C
1
x
t
2
Hnh 3. 23. Dng sng cc chn.
0,8v
Trang 45
Ta c : IB =
C
I
K = mA
mA
3 , 0
100
10
. 3 = .
in p phn cc cho transistor chy bo ha l VB = VBEsat = 0,8V.
RB
1
= RB
2
=
B
Esat CC
I
V V
B
= 37
3 , 0
8 , 0 12
=
mA
V V
K.
Chn tr s tiu chun l: RB = 39K.

-Tnh tr s t C:
T cng tnh thc tn s ca mch a hi phi n i xng l:

C R
f
B
. 4 , 1
1
=
Suy ra: F
f R
C
B
= = = 018 , 0
10 . 10 . 39 . 4 , 1
1
. 4 , 1
1
3 3

3.5.3. Mch phi n thay i tn s :
a. S mch
T cng thc tnh tn s ca mch a hi phi n nh cho thy tn s dao ng c th
thay i bng cch thay i tr s in tr RB hay thay gi tr t in C.
Thng thng ngi ta dng bin tr VR thay tr s RB nh hnh 3.23.
b. Nguyn l hot ng:
Bin tr VR l phn in tr phn cc chung cho hai cc B ca hai transistor. iu
kin ca mch l khi iu chnh bin tr VR s khng lm thay i nguyn l hot
ng ca mch , khi dn in transistor vn phi trng thi bo ha.
Khi iu chnh bin tr VR s lm thay i tr s in tr RB
1
v RB
2
trong khong :
RB
1max
=R
1
+ VR hay RB
2min
= R
2
+ VR
RB
1min
= R
1
hay RB
2min
= R
2

Gii hn trn s cho ra khong tn s m mch dao ng c th cho ra c.
c. Thit k mch :
Gi thit mch a hi phi n c thit k trong phn trn c tn s iu chnh c t
fmin = 500Hz n fmax = 1500Hz th phn tnh ton c gii theo trnh t sau:
*. u tin ta gi thit mch dao ng a hi phi n c tn s dao ng khng i l
tn s trung bnh ca fmin v fmax :
Hz
Hz Hz f f
f 1000
2
1500 500
2
max min
=
+
=
+
=
*. Vi tn s khng i l f = 1000Hz bi ton tr v dng thit k mch a hi phi
n c bn nh trn v ta c c kt qu:
RC = RC
1
= RC
2
= 1,2K
RB = RB
1
= RB
2
= 39K
C = C
1
= C
2
=0,018F
*. Sau khi c kt qu trn ta gi tr s t C khng i v thay tr s in tr RB
thay i tn s f.
Ta c:
C R
f
B
. 4 , 1
1
=
Suy ra:
C f
R
B
. 4 , 1
1
=
Tr s RB t l nghch vi tn s f nn ta c hai trng hp :
-
Tn s lfmin khi RBmax
.
-
Tn s lfmax khi RBmin
.
Trang 46
* Tnh tr s in tr RB
.
= = =

K
C f
R
B
80
10 . 018 , 0 . 500 . 4 , 1
1
4 , 1
1
6
min
max
.

= = =

K
C f
R
B
80
10 . 018 , 0 . 500 . 4 , 1
1
4 , 1
1
6
min
max
= = =

K
C f
R
B
27
10 . 018 , 0 . 1500 . 4 , 1
1
4 , 1
1
6
max
min
.
Trong phn nguyn l ta c:
RBmin = R
1
= R
2
= 27k
RBmax = R
1
+ VR = R
2
+ VR = 80K
VR = RBmax - RBmin = 80K - 27k = 53K
Chn bin tr VR = 50K theo tiu chun.
S mch hnh 5.24 l mch a hi phi n thay i tn s c thit k.
* Kim tra iu kin bo ha. iu kin ca mch a hi phi n la khi dn in phi
trng thi bo ha. Khi thay i bin tr VR s lm thay i RB vdng in IB nn
cn kim tra li trng thi dn ca transistor khi c RBmax
.

Ta c : mA
K R
V V
I
V V
B
BEsat CC
B
14 , 0
80
8 , 0 12
max
max
=
=
Do dng in IC = 10 vi =100 th trng thi khuch i ta c:
mA
mA I
I
C
B
1 , 0
100
10
= =
=
Dng in IBmin

= 0,14mA vn ln hn IB =0,1mA nn vn m bo transistor
dn in bo ha. Trng hp khng t iu kin ny th phi chn transistor c ln
hn hay dng transistor rp kiu Darlington.

3.5.4. Mch thay i chu trnh lm vic.
Trong chng 1 khi nim c bn v k thut xung, phn cc thng s ca tn hiu
xung c khi nim v chu k T ca tn hiu xung l:
T = ton + tof
Trong ton

l thi gian tn hiu xung c in p cao tof

l thi gian xung c in p
thp.
T khi nim trn ngi ta a ra hai khi nim khc l rng Q v h s y ca
xung.
rng ca xung c tnh theo cng thc:

on
t
T
Q =
Nghch o ca rng xung l h s y c tnh theo cng thc:
T
t
on

H s y cn c gi tn bng mt khi nim k thut khc l chu trnh lm vic D
(Duty Cycle)
Nh vy : D =
T
t
on
100%
Trang 47
Trong mch dao ng a hi phi n i xng ta c thi gian x ca t C
1
bng thi gian
x ca t C
2
nn:
t
1
= t
2
ton = toff = T
2
1

Chu trnh lm vic ca mch a hi i xng l:
D =
T
t
on
100% = 50%
thay i chu trnh lm vic D ngi ta phi thay i ton hoc toff nhng phi gi
nguyn chu k T.

a. S mch thay i chu trnh lm vic :
Mch in hnh 5.25 c bin tr VR dng thay i chu trnh lm vic D.
VR =R
1
+ R
2
.
in tr R l phn in tr RB dng chung cho c hai transistor.
Ta c : RB
1
= R + R
1.

RB
2
= R + R
2
.
Khi iu nchnh bin tr theo hng tng tr s R
1
s lm gim tr s R
2
v ngc li.
iu ny c ngha l khi RB
1
tng th gim tr s RB
2
v ngc li.
Ta vn c thi gian x ca hai t C
1
v C
2
tnh theo cng thc sau:
t
1
= 0,69RB
1
.C
1
= 0,69 (R+ R
1
) C
1

t
2
= 0,69RB
2
.C
2
= 0,69 (R+ R
2
) C
2

Gi thit C1=C2=C ta c chu k T ca tn hiu xung vung l:
T = t
1
+ t
2
= 0,69 (R+ R
1
) C
1
+ 0,69 (R+ R
2
) C
2

T = 0,69 [(R+ R
1
) + (R+ R
2
)] C
T = 0,69 [(R+ R
1
) + (R+ R
2
)] C
T = 0,69 (2R+ R
1
+ R
2
) C
T = 0,69 (2R+ VR) C
Nh vy, khi iu chnh bin tr VR s lm khng thay i chu k T tc l gi nguyn
tn s f m ch lm thay i thi gian t
1
, t
2
tc l thi gian ton, toff s lm thay i chu
trnh lm vic D.

b. Nguyn l thit k:
Bin tr VR l phn in tr phn cc chung cho
hai cc B ca hai transisto. Khi iu chnh bin tr
ng v tr gia in tr phn cc cho hai transistor
bng nhau l:

2 1 B B
R R = = R + R
1
= R +R
2
= R + VR
2
1

Khi thay i v tr ca bin tr VR sang phi hay sang
tri lm tng in tr phn cc RB1, gim in tr
phn cc RB
2
v ngc li. Khi RB
1
cc tiu th RB
2

cc i v ngc li
Ta c : RB
1min
= RB
2min
= R
RB
1max
= RB
2max
= R +VR
Gi thit mch a hi phi n c thit k trong phn trn c tn s dao ng l
1000Hz nhng chu trnh lm vic thay i c t 40% n 60% th phn tnh ton
c gii theo trnh t sau:
+VCC
RC
C2
C1 RC1
VR
R
T
1
T
2
Hnh 3.25: Mch thay i chu trnh
Trang 48
* u tin ta gi thit mch dao ng a hi phi n c tn s l f = 1000Hz v chu
trnh lm vic khng i l 50% ( mch phi n i xng).
* Vi gi thit bi ton tr v dng thit k mch c bn nh trn v c kt qu:
RC = RC
1
= RC
2
= 1,2K

B
R = RB
1
= RB
2
= 39K
( Tr s RB trung bnh ng vi bin tr VR v tr gia)
C = C
1
= C
2
=0,018F
* Sau khi c kt qu trn ta gi tr s t C khng i v thay i tr s in tr RB
1
,
RB
2
thay i t
1
, t
2
tc l thay i chu trnh lm vic.
Ta ch cn tnh cho t
1
s suy ra tng t cho t
2

T tn s f = 1000Hz suy ra chu k T l:
ms
f
T 1
1000
1 1
= = =
Khi chu trnh lm vic l D = 40% th thi gian t
1
l:
t
1
= ms T 4 , 0
100
40
=
v t
1
= 0,69RB
1min
.C = 0,4 ms
Suy ra: RB
1min
= =
K
ms
2 , 32
10 . 018 , 0 . 69 , 0
4 , 0
6

R = RBmin

= 32,2 K (chn R = 33K)
Khi chu trnh lm vic l D = 60% th thi gian t
1
l:
t
1
= ms T 6 , 0
100
60
=
v t
1
= 0,69RB
1max
.C = 0,6 ms
Suy ra: RB
1max
= =
K
ms
3 , 48
10 . 018 , 0 . 69 , 0
6 , 0
6
.
RB
1max
= R + VR.
Nh vy: VR = RB
1max
R = 48,3
K
33
K
= 15,3 K.
Chn bin tr VR = 15 K.

3.5.5. Mch a hi phi n cc dng khc.
a. Mch a hi phi n dng diode sa dng sng:
Khi transistor trong mch phi n i trng thi t bo ha (VC = VCEsat 0,2V) sang
ngng dn (VC VCC

) th in p ra khng tng ln tc thi theo dng sng vung
c v lc t C np qua RC lm in p ra tng ln theo hm s m. Thi gian
in p ra tng ln theo hm s m gi l thi gian hi phc th. Thi gian ny t thuc
hng s thi gian np ca t C v in tr RC, th c tnh theo cng thc:
th = 3
np
= 3RC . C
sa cha dng sng ra ngi ta dng hai diod D
1
-D
2
cch ly cc t C
1
-C
2
vi
hai cc C
1
-C
2
Khi T
2
ngng dn t C
1
s khng np in qua RC
2
v D
2
b phn cc
ngc, do n t C= s np in qua RD
2
. Nh vy in p VC
2
s tng nhanh cho ra
dng sng vung. Suy lun tng t cho t C
2
v in p VC
1
khi T
1
ngng dn.
Trang 49

b. Mch a hi phi n hi tip v cc E :
Mch in hnh 5.28 c t hi tip C ni gia hai cc E, trong khi t CB loi t ha c
tr s ln s c tc dng lc b thnh phn xoay chiu xung mass. Transistor T
1
c
rp nh kiu cc B chung nn tn hiu cc E v ra cc C
1
.

VCC
C
+
Rc1
Rc2
T2
Rb
T1
Re
Rb2
Rb1

Mch in 3.28 chy theo nguyn l sau.
Khi mi m in, t CB np nn VB
1
= 0V lm T
1
ngng v VC
1
tng cao lm cho
T
2
bo ha, dng IC
2
tng ca.
Dng IE
2
s qua R
2
lm VE
2
tng, t C np in qua RC
2
v RE
1
. Dng np vo t
C lm V
1
tng nn transistor T
1
cng d ngng dn.
Khi t C np y th IE
1
0 lm VE
2
gim trong khi t CB np y nn VB
1

cao lm lm T
1
bo ha. Khi T
1
bo ha c dng IC
1
qua RC
1
nn VC
1
gim lm VB
2

gim v T
2
ngng.
Khi T
1
bo ha, T
2
ngng th in p trn t C s ni tip vi in p ngun v t C s
x qua RC
1
v RE
2
. Khi t C x in qua RE
2
s lm VE
2
gim dn n mc nh
th T
2
li dn in to dng in np vo t C nn VE
1
li tng cao lm T
1
ngng dn.
Mch tr li trng thi ban u. Hin tng trn li tip tc v tun hon.
V
O
t
Hnh 3. 26. Dng sng vung do
thi gian hi phc.

th
th

Hnh 3.28. Mch phi n hi tip v cc E. Hnh 3.29. Mch phi n dng chung Re.
Hnh 3.27. Dng Diode sa dng sng.
T2
Rb2 Rc2 Rd2 Rb1
Vcc
Rc1
D1
Rd1
T1
D2 C1 C2
T2
Re1
Cb
+
Vcc
Rc2 Rc1
C
+
Re2
Rb
T1
Trang 50
Mch in hnh 3.29 c t C ghp gia cc C
1
v cc B
2
, mch hi tip c thc
hin nh hai transistor c chung in tr RE . Khi m in t C np nhanh qua RC
1
-
T
2
-RE lm T
2
dn v cho ra IE
2
qua RE nn VE
1
= VE
2
tng cao v lm T
1
ngng.
Khi t C np y lm mt dng IB
2
nn T
2
ngng dn. IE
2
= 0 lm cho T
1
dn bo ha
nh c cu phn p RB
1
v RB
2
. Lc in p trn t C ni tip vi in p ngun s
x qua RB v T
1
-RE. Sau khi t x xong lm mt in p m t vo cc B
2
nn T
2

dn in tr li nh trng thi ban u.
Trong mch in hnh 3.28 t C np in qua RC
2
- RE
1
v x in qua RC
1
- RC
2.

Ta c :
np
= ( RC
2
+ R
1
).C v
x
= ( RC
1
+ R
2
) C.
Nu mch c thit k c RC
1
= RC
2
v RE
1
= RE
2
th xung vung ng ra l tn
hiu vung i xng.
Trong mch in hnh 3.29 t C np qua RC
1
-RE,x in qua RB- RE.
Ta c :
np
= (RC
1
+ RE

) .C v
x
= ( RB + RE

).C
Do in tr RB thng rt ln so vi RC
1
nn xung ra l mt tn hiu vung khng i
xng .

c. Mch a hi phi n dng hai Transistor khc loi:
Trong mch in hnh 4.30 dng hai Transisitor khc loi to mch a hi phi n
gm T
1
loi NPN v T
2
loi PNP . Mch c nguyn l lm vic nh sau :
Khi m in T
1
dn do c phn cc cu phn th RB
1
- RB
2
.Lc dng IC
1
lm
gim in p VC
1
nn cng lm gim VB
2
.
Hin tng ny s lm cho T
2
cng c phn cc nn dn in ( v T
2
l loi PNP)
Khi T
2
dn c dng IC
2
qua RC
2
lm VC
2
tng v t C np in qua RE
2
T
2
v RB
2

xung mass. Dng np ny qua RB
2
lm VB
1
tng v T
1
chy bo ha ko T
2
bo ha
theo.
Khi t C np y lm mt dng in qua RB
2
nn VB
2
gim lm T
1
chy yu dn theo
T
2
chy yu. Lc VC
2
gim nh do T
2
dn yu lm in p trn t C ghp ni tip
vi in p ngun v t C s x in qua RB
1
v RC
2
. Lc in p m trn t C s
lm VB
1
m, nn T
1
ngng ko theo T
2
ngng theo.
Khi t C x in xong th mch tr li trng thi ban u v hin tng trn c tip
din lin tc tun hon.
Thi gian np ca t qua RE
2
va RB
2
c tr s nh nn ngn hn so vi thi gian x
ca t RB
1
v RC
2
. Do o, tn hiu xung ra c dng xung vung khng i xng.

d. Mch a hi phi n cho ra tn s thp:
Mch a hi phi n c bn c cng thc tnh tn s dao ng l:

C R
f
B
. 4 , 1
1
=
Trong cng nghip c nhng trng hp cn to ra tn hiu xung b c tn s f rt
thp (f<<1Hz) th d: f = 0,01Hz Ni cch khc, xung vung c chu k T rt di
(T>>1gy).
Theo cng thc trn, c f rt thp th tr s RB

v t C phi rt ln. Trong thc t
tr s t C loi t ha cng c mc gii hn khng th qu ln, in tr RB

nu qu
ln s khng tha iu kin bo ha su v lc dng IB

s nh theo cng thc:
IB =
C
I
K.
Trang 51
gii quyt cho trng hp trn ta c th dng hai transistor rp kiu Darlington
c khuch i dng ln. Trong mch in hnh 4.31, hai transistor T
1A
-T
1B
rp
kiu Darlington, T
2A
-T
2B
rp kiu Darlington to ra mch a hi i xng vi cch
rp kiu Darlington th khuch i dng chung cho hai transistor l:
chung
=
A
-
B
( vi ngn vi chc ngn)
iu kin bo ha su by gi s l:
B A
C
B
I
K I

=
Vi chung rt ln th dng in IB s c tr s rt nh v iu ny gip cho vic
chn tr s RB c th ln theo cng thc:

B
BE CC
B
R
V V
R
2
=

Hnh 3.28. Mch phi n c tn s thp
C2
+
Vcc
T1 T3
Rb2 Rc1
C1
Rb1
+
Rc2
T2 T4
Trang 52
CHNG 4
CC MCH DAO NG KHC

4.1. MCH DAO NG A HI DNG OP-AMP
Trong phn trc chng ta kho st cc mch to xung dng transistor ri, trong
phn ny chng ta s kho st cc ng dng ca OP-AMP trong k thut xung.
4.1.1. Mch lng n (FLIP FLOP) dng OP-AMP:
Mch F/F dng OP-AMP nh s hnh 4.1 c hai
OP-AMP lm vic nh hai mch khuch i so snh.
Hai OP-AMP s trng thi bo ha dng nu c:

+
i
V >
i
V V
0
= +VCC
hay trng thi bo ha m nu c:

i
V >
+
i
V V
0
= + 0
V

Gi thuyt mch c trng thi nh hnh v vi V
01
=
+VCC v V
02
= 0
V

OP-AMP (1) c hi tip t V
02
= 0
V
v ng In
-

qua in tr 10K nn vn c :

+
i
V >
i
V v V
01
= +VCC n nh
OP-AMP (2) c hi tip t V
01
= +VCC v ng In
-

qua in tr 10K (10K << 100K) nn vn c:
i
V >
+
i
V
v V
01
= 0
V
n nh y l trng thi n nh th nht
ca mch F/F, OP-AMP(1) trng thi bo ha dng
v OP-AMP(2) trng thi bo ha m. i trng
thi ca F/F, cho cng tc S ni vo ng In
-
ca OP-AMP(2) ang bo ha m. Lc

i
V = 0V v
+
i
V >
i
V nn OP-AMP(2) chuyn sang bo ha dng, V
02
= + VCC
qua in tr hi tp 10K s lm i trng thi c OP-AMP(1) t bo dng sang bo
ha m v lc OP-AMP(1) c

i
V >
+
i
V .
Lu : in tr hi tip phi c tr s kh nh so vi in tr ni ng In+ ln
ngun
+VCC

Cng tc S c im chung ni masse
xem nh xung m kch iu khin F/F.
Cng tc iu khin ln ngun +VCC

qua in tr kch i trng thi ca
F/F nh xung dng kch iu khin F/F.
Trng hp ny xung dng phi c a vo
OP-AMP (1) ang bo ha dng.
S hnh l hnh 4.3 mch F/F di trng thi
bng xung dng.
Nh vy, i trng thi bng xung dng.
- Cho xung m( hay mc in th thp) vo ng
In
-
ca OP-AMP ang bo ha m.
- Cho xung dng (hay mc in th cao ) vo
ng In
-
ca OP-AMP ang bo ha dng.
4.1.2. Mch flip-flop hi tip bng diode:
Mch Flip-Flop hnh 4.3 dng hai diode
+VCC
+VCC
Vo1=+VC
C
Vo2=0v
+
-
3
2
6
-
+

1
2
3
10
K
100K
100K
1
2
10
K
1
Hnh.4.1: Mch F/F dng OP-AMP
kch i trng thi bng xung m
+VCC
Vo1=+VCC
Vo2=0v
+VCC

1

100K
-
+

2
3
+
-
3
2
6
100K
10K
10K
Vo1
Vo2
+
Hnh 4.3: Mch F/F hi tip bng D
Trang 53
D
1
-D
2
nhn xung kch ng vo v hai diod D
3
-D
4
ly in p hi tip.
Gi s mch ang c trng thi n
nh nh hnh v, OP-AMP(1) ang boha dng, V
01
=+VCC; OP-AMP (2) ang
bo ho m, V
01
=OV.
Trng hp ny nu cho xung m vo ng V
12
ca OP-AMP ang bo ha m th
diode D
2
b phn cc ngc nn xung m khng tc ng c vo mchF/F phi cho
xung dng vo ngVi
1
ca OP-Amp ang bo ha dng. Lc , diode D
1
c
phn cc thun s cho xung dng vo mch F/F v lm cho mch i trng thi.
Nh vy, khi s dng diode nh hnh 4.3 th 2 mch F/F ch cn mt cch kch i
trng thi l cho xung dng (hay mc in th cao) vo ng In
-
ca OP-AMP (1)
ang bo ha dng.
4.1.3. Mch dao ng tch thot:
a. Nguyn l:
Mch in hnh 4.4 l s mch dao ng
tch thot dng OP-AMP cho ra tn hiu vung.
S c hai mch hi tip t ng ra v hai ng
vo. C u phn p RC hi tip v ng In
-
,cu phn
p R
1
R
2
hi tip v ng In
+
.

gii thch nguyn l mch ta gi s t C cha np in v OP-AMP ang trng
thi bo ha dng. Lc ny cu phn p R
1
R
2
a in p dng v ng In
+
vi
mc in p l : V
0
= +VCC
=
+
+ =
+
2 1
2
.
R R
R
V V
CC in
VA (
+
in
V > 0V)
Trong khi , ng In
-
c in p tng dn ln t 0V, in p tng do t C np qua R
theo quy lut hm s m vi hng s thi gian l =R.C
Khi t C np c
in
V <
+
in
V th OP-AMP vn trng thi bo ha dng. Khi t C np
n mc in p
in
V >
+
in
V th OP-AMP i thnh trng thi bo ha m, ng ra c V
0

= -VCC. Lc ny cu phn p R
1
R
2
a in p m v ng In
+
vi mc in p l:
=
+
=
+
2 1
2
.
R R
R
V V
CC in
VB (
+
in
V < 0V )
Trong khi ng In
-
vn cn ang mc in p dng vi tr s:

2 1
2
.
R R
R
V V
CC in
+
+ =

do t C ang cn nap in. Nh vy OP-Amp s chuyn sang trng thi bo ha m
nhanh cho cnh vng thng ng. T C by gi s x in p dng ang np trn t
qua R
1
v ti ng ra xung mass. Khi t C x in p dng ang c th
+
in
V vn
mc in p m nn OP-AMP vn trng thi bo ha m. Khi t C x ht in p
dng s np in qua R c in p m ang c do ng ra ang trng thi bo ha
m chiu np by gi ngc vi chiu dng in np trn hnh v.
Khi t C np in p m n mc
in
V <
+
in
V (ng In
-
nh hn ng In
+
) th OP-AMP
li i thnh trng thi bo ha dng v ng ra c V
0
= +VCC
.
+VCC
-VCC
-
+
1
2
3
R2
R
R1
C
H6- 4
Hnh 4.4. Mch phi n hi tip v cc E.
Trang 54
Mch tr li trng thi gi thit ban u v hin tng trn c tip din lin tc
tun hon .
b. Dng sng cc chn:
Mc gii hn in p ng ra l: V
0max
+VCC
V
0min
-VCC
Mc gii hn in p hai ng
vo l: VA

2 1
2
.
R R
R
V
CC
+
+ =
VB

2 1
2
.
R R
R
V
CC
+
=
Dng in ng vo In
-
l dng tan gic. Thi gian
in p ng vo In
-
tng t VB ln VA l OP-ANP
trng thi bo ha dng, Thi gian in p ng vo
In
-
gim t VA xung VB l OP-ANP trng thi bo
ha dng. Dng in p ng In
+
v ng ra l trng
thi xung vung i xng. Chu k ca tn hiu c tnh
theo cng thc

1
2 1
2
. 2
R
R R
CLn R T
+
=
Suy ra tn s ca tn hiu xung c tnh theo
cng thc

T
f
1
=
Trng hp c bit :
R
1
= 2R
2
T = 2.R.CLn2 (LN2 = 0,69)
=2.R.C.0,69
f =
C R C R . . 4 , 1
1
. . 69 , 0 . 2
1

R
1
= R
2
T = 2.R.CLn3 (LN3 = 1,1)
=2.R.C.1,1

C R
f
. . 2 , 2
1
=
c. Mch i tn s:
Theo cng thc tnh chu k v tn s dao ng nh trn ta c th i tn s dao ng
bng cc phng php sau:
Thay i t s ca cu phn th trong mch hi tip chng ( R
1
v R
2
)
Thay i tr s in tr R hay t C trong mch hi tip m.
Tn s ca mch dao ng tnh thot hnh 6-6 c tnh theo cng thc:
T= 2 (R+ VT
1
) .CLn
1
2 2 1
) ( 2
R
VR R R + +

d. Mch i chu trnh lm vic:
Trong s mch dao ng tch thot c bn dng OP-AMP, t C np in v x in
u qua in tr R nn hng s thi gian np v x bng nhau. iu ny c ngha l
thi gian xung vung c in p cao v thi gian xung vung c in p thp di bng
nhau. Xung vung ra l xung khng i xng c chu trnh lm vic l D = 50%.
VA
Vin-
VB
Vin
+
VA
VB
Vcc
-Vcc
V0
t
t
t
Hnh 4.5. Dng sng cc chn.
Trang 55
thay chu trnh lm vic, mch dao ng tch thot c s nh hnh 4.47, bin
tr VR s lm thay i thi gian np v thi gian x ca t theo hai hng ngc
nhau,nn tng thi gian np s lm gim thi gian xv ngc li
Khi t C np in p dng t ng ra s np qua in tr R, bin tr VR ( phn di )
v qua diode D
2
. Khi t C x in p dng v sau np in p m s x qua R<
bin tr VR ( phn trn ) v qua diode D
1
.
Khi iu chnh bin tr VR ch lm thay i chu trnh lm vic m vn gi nguyn
tn s dao ng.
4.1.4 Mch to xung vung v tam gic:
Mch dao ng tch thot c bn to xung i xng ng ra. Nu kt hp mch tch
phn tch cc dng OP-AMP th mch c th cho ra xung tam gic.

Hnh 4.8: Mch to xung vung v tam gic
OP-AMP (1) l mch dao ng tch thot to xunh vung theo nguyn l trn.
Xung vung c ly trn bin tr VR
1
thay i bin ng ra
OP-AMP (2) l mch tch phn tch cc nhn xung vung t ng ra ca OP-AMP(1)
i thnh dng xung tam gic.Xung tam gic c ly trn bin tr VR
2
thay i
bin ng ra.
4.2. MCH DAO NG A HI DNG VI MCH 555.
Vi mch nh th 555 l mch tch hp Analog Digital nn c nhiu tc gi xp vo
mt chng trong gio trnh Mch tng t, c nhiu tc gi li xp vo mt chng
trong gio trnh Mch s
Vi mch nh th 555 v h ca n c ng dng rt ng ri trong thc t ,c bit
trong lnh vc iu khin v nu kt hp vi cc linh kin RC th n c th thc hin
nhiu chc nng nh nh th,to xung chun ,to tn hiu kch hay iu khin cc linh
kin bn dn cng sut nh Transistor,SCr,Triac Do chng ti xp Vi mch nh
th 555 l mt chng trnh K thut xung.
4.2.1. S chn v cu trc:
Vi mch 555 c ch to thng dng nht l dng v Plastic nh hnh v 4.9

Chn1: GND (ni t)
Chn2: Trigger Input (ng vo xung ny)
Chn3: Output ( ng ra)
Chn4: Reset (hi phc)
Chn5: Control Voltage ( in p iu khin)
Chn6: Threshold (Thm ngng)
Chn7: Dirchage ( x in)
NE555
1
2 3 4
4
8 5
H4.9
Vo1 Vo1
+VCC
-VCC
+VCC
-VCC
R
R1
R2
-
+
1
2
3
-
+
1
2
3
C1
VR1
1
3
2
VR2
1
3
2
R3
R5
R4
C2
Trang 56
Chn8: +VCC ( ngun dng)
Bn trong vi mch 555 c hn 20 Transistor v nhiu in tr thc hin chc nng
nh trong hnh 4.10 gm c:

1)-Cu phn p gm 3 in tr 5K ni t ngun =UCC xung mass cho ra 2
p th chun l 1/3 UCC v 2/3 UCC .
2)-OP-AMP (1) l mch khuch i so snh c ng I
-
n
nhn in p chun 2/3
UCC cn ng I
+
n
th ni ra ngoi chn 6. Ty thuc in p ca chn 6 so vi in p
chun 2/3 UCC m OP-AMP (1) c in p mc cao hay thp lm tn hiu R
(Reset) iu khin Flip-Flop(F/F).
3)-OP-AMP(2) l mch khuch i so snh c ng I
+
n
nhn in p chun 1/3
UCC cn ng I
-
n
th ni ra ngoi chn 2. Ty thuc in p chn 2 so vi in p
chun 1/3 UCC m OP-AMP (2) c p th ra mc cao hay thp lm tn hiu S
(Set) iu khin Flip Flop (F/F).
4)-Mch Flip-Flop (F/F) l loi mch lng n kch mt bn. Khi chn Set
(S) c in p cao th in p ny kch i trng thi ca F/f l ng Q ln mc cao v
ng
Q ca xung mc thp. Khi ng Set ang mc cao xung thp th mch F/F khng
i trng thi. Khi chn Reset c in p cao th in p ny kch i trng thi. Khi
chnReset (R ) c in p cao th in p ny kch i trng thi ca F/f lm ng Q
ln mc cao v ngQ xung mc thp. Khi ng Reset ang mc cao xung thp th
mch F/F khng i trng thi.
5)-Mch OUTPUT l mch khuch i ng ra tng khuch i dng cp
cho ti. y l mch khuch i o c ng vo l chn Q ca F/F nn khi Q
mc cao th ng ra chn 3 ca IC s c in p thp (0v) v ngc ti khi Q
mc thp th ng ra chn 3 ca IC s c in pcao (UCC ) .
6)- Transistor T
1
c chn e ni vo 1 in p chun khong 1,4 V v loi
Transistor. PNP nn khi cc b ni ra ngoi bi chn 4 c in p cao hn 1,4V th T
1

ngng dn nn T
1
khng nh hng n hot ng ca mch khi chn 4 c in tr tr
s nh thch hp ni mass th T
1
dn bo ha ng thi lm mch OUTPUT cng dn
bo ha v ng ra xung thp. Chn 4 c gi l chn Reset c ngha l n Reset IC
Hnh 4.10 Cu trc ca IC 555.
V r =1,4V
T2
+
-
3
2
6
+
-
3
2
6
5K
5K
5K
T1 3
2
1
F/F
OUT PUT
NOT
R
S
1/3
VCC
2/3 VCC
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Trang 57
555 bt chp tnh trng cc ng vo khc, do chn Reset dng kt thc xung ra
sm khi cn. Nu khng dng chc nng Reset th ni chn4 l UCC trnh mch b
Reset do nhiu.
7)- Transistor T
2
l Transistor c cc C h ni ra chn7 (Discharge =x ).
Do cc Bc phn cc bi mc in p ra Q ca F/F nn khi Q mc cao th T
2

bo ha v cc C ca T
2
coi nh ni mass, lc ng ra chn 3 cng mc thp. Khi
Q
mc thp th T
2
ngng dn cc Cca T
2
b h, lc ng ra chn 3 c in p
cao. Theo nguyn l trn cc C ca T
2
ra chn 7c th lm ng ra ph c mc in
p ging mc in p ca ng ra chn 4. Hnh 4.10 l s cu trc bn trong ca IC
555 v theo kiu s chc nng.

4.2.2. Cc mch dao ng.
a. Mch phi n c bn.
S mch hnh 4.11 l ng dng ca IC 555 l
mch a hi phi n to xung vung.
Trong mch chn ngng ( Threshoide ) s 6 c
ni vi chn ny (Trigger) s 2 nn hai chn ny c
chung in p l in p trn t C so vi in p
chun 2|3 VCC

v 1|3 VCC

bi OP- AMP (1) v
OP- AMP (2). Chn 5 c t nh, 01 ni mass lc
nhiu tn s cao c th lm nh hng in p
chun 2/3 VCC
.

Chn 4 ni ngun + VCC nn khng dng chc
nng Reset, chn 7 x in c ni vo gia 2 in
tr RA

v RB

to ng x in cho t. Ng ra chn
3 c in tr gii hn dng 1,2 K v Led biu th
mc in p ra ch c th dng trong trng hp
tn s dao ng c tr s thp t 20HZ

tr xung th tn s cao hn 40HZ

trng thi
sang + tt ca Led kh c th nhn bit bng mt thng.
phn tch nguyn l ca mch cn phi hp mch ng dng hnh 4.51 v s cu
trc hnh 4.52
Khi mi ng in t C bt u np t OV

ln nn:
-OP-AMP (1) c VI
+
< VI
-
nn ng ra c V
01
= mc thp, ng R= 0 (mc thp)
- OP-AMP (2) c VI
+
> VI
-
nn ng ra c V
02
= mc cao , ng S=1(mc cao )
Mch F|F c ng S=1 nn Q=1 v Q = 0 . Lc ng ra chn 3 c V
0
VCC

(Do
qua mch o ) lm Led sng .
Transistor T
2
c VB
2
= 0 do Q=0 nn T
2
ngng dn t C c np in
T C np in qua RA

v RB vi hng s thi gian khi np l:
) (
B A nap
R R + =
Khi in p trnt tng n mc 1/3 VCC

th OP-AMP (2) i trng thi, ng ra c
V
02
= mc thp, ng S = 0 ( mc thp ). Khi S xumg mc thp th F|F khng i
trng thi nn in p ng ra vn mc cao, Led vn sng .
Khi in p trn t tng n mc 2|3 VCC

th OP-AMP (1) di trng thi, ng ra
c V
01
= mc cao, ng R = 1.
Mch F|F c ng R= 1 nn Q= 1.Lc ra chn 3 c V
0
0
V
lm Led tt. Khi ng
Q=1.s lm T
2
dn bo ha v chn 7 ni mass,lm t C khng np tip in p c
Hnh 4.11: M ch a hi phi n
+VCC=12V
.01
C
R96
Ra
R=1,2K
Rb
555
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Trang 58
m phi x in qua RB

v Transistor T
2
xung mass. T C x in qua RB

vi hng
s thi gian l:

x
=RB

. C
Khi in p trn t tc l in p chn 2 v chn 6- gim xung di 2/3 VCC

th OP-AMP(1) i tr li trng thi c l V
01
= mc thp, ng R = 0. Khi R xung
mc thp th F|F khng i trng thi nn in p ng ra vn mc thp, Led vn tt.
Khi in p trn t gim xung n mc 1/3 VCC

th OP-AMP(2) li c VI
+
> VI
-
nn
ng ra c V
02
= mc cao, ng S
1
= 1.Mch F|F c ng S=1 v 0 = Q , ng ra chn 3 qua
mch o c V
0
+ VCC

lm Led li sng, ng thi lc T
2
mt phn cc do
0 = Q nn ngng dn v chm dt giai on x in ca t. Nh vy mch tr lai
trng thi ban u v t li np in t mc 1/3 VCC

nn n 2/3 VCC

, hin tng
ny s tip din lin tc v tun hon.
Lu : Khi mi m in t C s np in t 0
V
ln 2|3 VCC ri sau t x in
l 2/3 VCC xung 1/2 VCC ch khng x xung 0
v
. Nhng chu k sau t s np t
1/3VCC

ln 2/3 ch khng np t 0
v
na.
Thi gian t np l thi gian V
0
+ VCC , Led sng. Thi gian t x l thi gian
V
0
0
v
, Led tt.
Thi gian np v x t c tnh theo cng thc:
Thi gian np : tnp

=0,69.
np

: tnp

= 0,69 .( RA + RB

) C
Thi gian x : tx

= 0,69.
x

.tx

= 0,69 . RB . C
in p ng ra chn 3 c dng hnh vung vi chu k l:
T = tnp

+tx

T = 0,69 ( RA

+ 2RB

) C
Do thi gian np v thi gian x khng bng nhau ( tnp

> tx

) nn tn hiu hnh
vung ra khng i xng. Tn s ca tn hiu hnh vung l:

C R R T
f
B A
) 2 ( 69 , 0
1 1
+
= =
b. Mch phi n i xng :
Trong mch phi n c bn , do thi gian np v thi gian x ca t khng bng nhau
nn dng in p ng ra khng i xng.
Ta c : tnp

=0,69 ( RA

+ RB

) .C
.tx

= 0,69 RB .C
cho dng sng vung ng ra i xng ngi ta c th thc hin bng nhiu cch
Cch th 1: Chn in tr RA c tr s rt nh so vi RB th lc sai s gia
tnp

v tx

coi nh khng ng k. iu ny kh thc hin nu lm vic tn s cao.
in tr RA

c tr s ti thiu khong vi K th RB

phi c tr s rt ln khong vi
trm K. Vi cc tr s in tr ny th tn s dao ng khng th cao c.
Cch th 2 : Dng Diode D ghp song song RB theo chiu hng xung nh
hnh v 4.12 khi c Diode D, thi gian t C np lm Diode D c phn cc thun c
in tr rt nh nn coi nh ni tt RB. Thi gian np in ca t c tnh theo cng
thc :
tnp

0,69 RA

. C
Khi t C x in thi Diode c phn cc ngc nn t vn x in qua RB. Thi gian
x in ca t c tnh theo cong thc : tx

= 0,69 RB

.C
Nu chn tr s RA

bng RB th mch s to ra tn hiu hnh vung i xng .
Trang 59
Hnh 4.12a Hnh 4.12b.
Tht ra trong mch in hnh 4.12a khi t np dng in phi qua RA

v n tr
thun ca Diode nn thi gian np vn ln hn thi gian x mt t. cho tn hiu tht
i xng th ghp thm Diode ni tip vi in tr RB

nh hnh 4.12b, nh vy c hai
trng hp np v x u c Diode. iu kin ca hai mch trn l RB

phi c tr s
kh ln so vi in tr thun ca Diode.
c. Mch phi n iu chnh tn s v chu trnh lm vic:
Hai yu cu thng c trong thit k ca mch a hi phi n l:
Thay i tn s f m vn gi nguyn chu trnh lm vic ( i xng )
Thay i chu trnh lm vic m vn gi nguyn tn s f.
c th thay i tn s ca tn hiu hnh vung ra m vn c tn hiu i xng th
hai in tr RA v RB

phi c iu chnh sao cho cng tng hay gim tr s. Lc
rong mch in c thm hai bin tr VRA v VRB ghp ni tip nh trong s hnh
4.46a.
thay i chu trnh lm vic tc l thay i t l thi gian tn hiu c in p cao
v thi gian tn hiu c in p thp hay l thi gian np v thi gian x ca t
nhng vn gi nguyn tn s nghi l chu k T bng hng s, hai in tr RA v RB
gim cng mt gi tr thay i. Lc trong mch c thm hai bin tr VRA

v VRB
ghp ni tip nh s hnh 4.13b nhng hai bin tr c iu chnh ngc hng

Hnh 4.13a Hnh 4.13b
+VCC
V
o
RB
.01
RA
VR1
1
3
2
VRB
1
3
2
4 8
555
3
1 5
2
6
7
C
S
+VCC
Vo
RA
.01
RB
VRB
1
3
2
VR1
1
3
2
4 8
555
3
1 5
2
6
7
C
S
+VCC
+VCC
C
.01
RB
RA
R
C
.01
RB
RA
R 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
555
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
555
Trang 60

2. Mch a hi n n dng 555:
a. Mch a hi n n c bn:

c th phn tch nguyn l ca mch n n mt
cch r rng, d hiu chng ta s dng s hnh
4.14 . S hnh v mch p dng IC 555 lm
mch n n , s hnh 4.48 kt hp vi s
cu trc bn trong IC.

Trong mch ny chn ngng s 6 v chn x s 7
c ni vo im chung ca mch nh th RTC.
Chn nhn xung kch s 2 c ni ln ngun + VCC
qua in tr 10K sao cho chn ny c in p ln hn
1/3VCC.
H
Hnh 4.14

c im ca mch n n l khi c xung m hp tc ng tc thi ng vo
Trigger chn hai mch s i trng thi v ti ng ra chn 3 s c xung dng ra.
rng xung ng ra c thi gian di hay ngn ty thuc mch nh th RTC , sau
mch s tr li trng thi ban u .
Nguyn l mch n n c gii thch nh sau :
Khi m in t C ni chn 6 v 7 xung masse lm OP- AMP (1) c ng In
+
nh
hn ng In
-
nn ng ra V
01
= 0
v
, ng R mc thp . Lc OP-AMP (2) c ng In
+

cng nh hn ng In
-
nn ng ra V
02
= 0
v
, ng s cng thp. Mch F|F c hai ng R v
S u mc thp v nh cu trc ca mch chi tit n F\F c ng ra Q mc cao ,
qua mch o ng ra chn 3 s c mc thp gn 0
v
. khi Q mc cao o phn cc bo
ha cho T
2
lm T
2
dn ni chn 7 xung mass, chn 6 cng b ni mass nn t C
khng np in c, mch s n nh trng thi ny nu khng c tc ng khc
bn ngoi .
Khi ng kha K s c xung m kch vo chn Trigger s 2 lm OP-AMP (2) i
trng thi ng S ln mc cao . Mc cao ca ng S iu khin lm F|F i trng thi ,
lm ng Qxung mc thp, ng ra qua mch o s tng ln mc cao v xung dng
ra. Lc Q mc thp nn T
2
ngng dn t C np in qua RT . Trong thi gian
t C np in mch vn gi trng thi ny nn ng ra tip tc ng cao .
in p np trn t c tr s tng theo hm s m v khi in p t ga tr 2|3 VCC

th OP-AMP (1) i trng thi,ng R tng ln mc cao . Ng Rc mc cao s iu
khin F|F tr li trng thi c , ng Qln mc cao lm ng ra qua mch o s xung
mc thp chm dt xung dng ra . ng thi lc T
2
c phn cc bo ha nn
chn 7 ni mass lm t C x in , mch s n nh trng thi ny cho n kyi no
c xung m khc tc ding vo chn Trigger ( s 2 )
Thi gia xung dng ra tc l thi gian np in t 0
v
ln 2|3 VCC c tnh theo
nh sau :
+Vcc
01
K
C
K
Rt
555
1 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Vo
10 K
K
+Vcc
Trang 61
in p np trn t tng theo hm s m l:
VC = VCC ( 1-
x
t
e )
Trong = RT

. C
Thi gian t np c in th t 0V ln 2|3 VCC

l tx c tnh bi :
VC = VCC ( 1 -
x
t
e ) = 2|3VCC
Suy ra : ( 1-
x
t
e ) =
3
2
hay l 1 -
3
2
=
x
t
e

3
1
=
x
t
e =
x
t
e
1

x
t
e = 3
Cui cng ta c hm s ngc ca hm s m l Ln.
Nh vy : tx = . Ln3 ( Ln3 = 1,1 )
tx

= 1,1 RT . C
Bnh thng chn 2 phi c in p ln hn 1|3 VCC, khi c xung m th bin
xung phi lm in pchn 2nh hn 1|3 VCC .
Khi va c xung m chn 2 th ng ra bt u c xung dng v t C bt u
np in
Thi gian xung dng ra tx

khng ty thuc xung m ng vo m ch ty
thuc hng s thi gian ca mch nh th . Nu dng bin tr thay VR thay cho RT

ta c th thay i rng xung ra , cch khc l thay i t C bng cc in dung c
tr s khc nhau .
b. Mch tr hon dng kiu n n .
Mch n n c ng dng rt rng ri trong lnh
vc t ng iu khin v c bit l mch tr hon.
Trong thc t ngi ta khng cn to xung iu khin
cho vo chn s 2 ( Trigger ) m mch t to xung khi
m in ng ra cng bt u c xung ra. Mch in
hnh 4.49 l s mch t to xung khi m in.
Trong s chn s 2 ( Trigger ) c ni n chn
s 6 ( Threshold = thm ) nn s c chung in p
gia mch np RT.C so vi hai in p chun trong
IC l 1|3 VCC

v 2|3 VCC
.

Khi m in t C bt u np t 0v ln nn OP- AMP (2) c ng In
+
Ln hn ng
In
-
nn ng ra V
02
mc cao, ng S cng mc cao , mch F|F c ng Q mc thp
v ng ra ca IC c V
0
VCC c ngha l tc thi c xung ra. Lc OP- AMP (1)
c ng In
+
nh hn In
-
nn ng ra V
01
mc thp, ng R cng mc thp.
Khi t np ir65n p n mc 1|3 VCC th OP-AMP(2) i trng thi , ng S
xung mc thp nhng mch F/F cng i trng thi, ng Qtng ln mc cao lm ng
ra ca IC gim xung mc thp Vo = 0v v chm dt xung ng ra
Thi gian c xung ra hay rng xung chnh l thi gian t C np t 0v n 2|3
VCC v cng c tnh theo cng thc:
tx = 1,1 RT.C
Trong mch ny chn 7 ( Discharge = x in ) trng khng ni vo mch np
RT.
R

D

RT
c
0.1

6
4 8
2
1
5
3
555
Hnh 4.15 Mch tr hon kiu n n
Trang 62
C nn t s khng x in v mch s gi mi trng thi ny. Mun c xung ra tip
th phi tt in ri m li.
Tr s in tr RT v t C c gii hn trong khong :
RT

= 10 K 14 M
C = 100pF 1000 MF
Vi cc tr s trn Rt v C, mch n n c th cho ra xung c rng ngn nht vi
s n vi gi.
Nh vy, khi m in r-le RY khng c in do V
0
VCC , sau khi chm dt
xung tc l sau thi gian tx th r-le RY c in v V
0
0v . khi r-le c in s ng
hay m cc tip im iu khin mch khc thng l mch cng sut .
Tht ra IC555 v h IC nh th ca n c ng dng rt a dng , trong chng ny
ch gii thiu hai ng dng c bn nht ca n l mch da hi phi n v da hi n n
c. IC555 giao tip vi cc loi ti:
IC555 c th giao tip vi nhiu loi ti khc nhau v ty trng hp mi loi ti u
c th mc theo 2 cch
- Ti c cp in khi ng ra c in p thp . Lc IC s cp dng in
Cho ti theo chiu t ngun qua IC ri ra ti. Dng in ti trng hp ny c gi
l I nhn
- Ti c cp in khi ng ra c in p cao. Lc IC s cp dng in
cho ti theo chiu t ngun qua IC ri ra ti. Dng in ti trng hp ny c gi l
I ngun.

Vcc
T1
TAI
3
8
555
T2
1

Hnh 4-16a : in p ra mc thp Hnh 4-17b: in p ra mc cao

Kh nng cung cp dng in v in p ca IC555 nh sau:

* in p mc thp :
Vi VCC = 15V . in p V
0
chnh l
2
CE
U khi T
2
bo ha
IL = 10mA U
0
= 0,1v
Vcc
T1
TAI
3
8
555
Vcc
T2
1
Trang 63
IL = 50mA U
0
= 0,4v
IL = 100mA U
0
= 2v
IL

= 200mA U
0
= 2,5

* in p ra mc cao:
Vi UCC = 15v .in p U
0
chnh l UCC -
2
CE
U . Khi T
1
bo ha
IL = 100mA U
0
= 13,3v
2
CE
U = 1,7v
IL = 200mA U
0
= 12,5v
2
CE
U = 2,5v

* Ti l Led
Nu ti l Led th phi dng in tr ghp ni tip vi Led gii hn dng qua
Led
Ty theo cch mc ti m dng in qua Led c cng thc tnh khc nhau

+Vcc
T1
R
3
8
555
T2
+Vcc
1
Vcc
T1
R3
R
3
8
555
T2
1

Hnh 4-17a: in p ra mc thp Hnh 4-17b: in p ra mc cao

Trang 64
* Ti l R-le :
IC 555 c th giao tip vi cc loi R-le iu khin . Cc loi R-le ny c dng
thng nh di 100mA v in p cng thng mc thp nh 6v 12v-24v .
RY
+Vcc
T1
3
8
555
T2
1
RY
+Vcc
T1
3
8
555
T2
1

Giao Trinh Ky Thuat Xung 239

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Giao Trinh Ky Thuat Xung 239

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

LI GII THIU

K thut xung l mn hc c s ca nghnh in in t v c v tr kh quan trng

= (1) (vi VCEsat o,2V)

= (2) (vi VBEsat o,2V)

You might also like