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CC VNG QUC N U TIN

TRN T VIT V VNG NG NAM


T THI C N GIA TH K TH T
George Coedes
Ng Bc dch


Li ngi dch: Di y l bn dch Chng 3 ca tc phm nhan The Indianized States
of Southeast Asia ca G. Coeds, mt tc phm c xem nh "kinh in" bt buc phi hc ti
cc i hc ngoi quc, cho vic hc hi v nghin cu v lch s ban s ca vng ng Nam .
Chng ny trnh by v s thnh lp ca cc quc gia thi c trn t Vit nh Ph Nam,
Lm p tc Chm hay Chim Thnh sau ny nhng cha cp n Chn Lp tc Cm Bt sau
ny. Cc vng quc u tin trn t Vit ny u chu nh hng ca vn minh n nn cc
da danh v nhn danh bng ting Phn (Sanskrit) hay ting Pali ca n u uc phin m
v k t sang Hn ng trong cc vn bn tham chiu ca Trung Hoa. V trong nguyn bn khng c
mt ch ca Hn T tra cu v i chiu m ch c phn k m nn tr rt t trng hp gp t
ng thng dng v khng c g phi nghi ng, ngI dch gi nguyn cc a danh hay nhn danh
nh k m trong nguyn bn.

CC VNG QUC N U TIN
T Khi Thy Cho n Gia Th K Th
T
Cc yu t khc nhau c phn tch
chng trc dn n s to lp cc quc
gia n nh c cai tr bi cc lnh t mang
tn bng ting Phn (Sanskrit) (*a). Cc quc gia
ny bt u xut hin vo lc khi u ca th
k th ba sau Dng Lch, do xc nhn cc
d liu trong cc danh biu a d ca Ptolemy
(1) (*b).
Cc quc gia ny ch li mt t vt tch
kho c hc hay vn bia t thi k trc th k
th nm. Chng ta bit rt t v phn ln cc
vng quc trc nht k nu trn ngoi tr
cc quc hiu c cp ti bI Ptolemy, bi
Ngha Thch Kinh Niddesa (*c), v, quan trng
hn ht, bi cc s k bin nin ca cc triu i
Trung Hoa, c ghi chp mt cch k lng cc
s on ngoi giao n t vng bin Nam Hi.
V tr ca phn ln cc quc gia ny khng chc
chn hay ch c phng chng.
Vng quc nh nht ca cc x s ny
thng s lt vo qu o ca cc vng quc
hng mnh nht -- nhng vng quc nht thit
c mt tng lai ti sng, m lch s ca chng c th c phc ha li t cc vn bn v vn bia
ca Trung Hoa.

1. KHI THY CA PH NAM (TH K TH NHT SAU DNG LCH):
Vng quc quan trng nht trong nhng vng quc ny hin nhin l quc gia m Trung Hoa
gi l Ph Nam (Funan). Danh xng ny l s pht m theo Quan Thoi hin nay ca hai t tng
c c l biu-nm (2), vn l k t ca ch Khmer c bnam, c cch vit hin i l phnom, ni i.
Cc v vua ca x s ny bao gm trong vng hiu ca h thnh ng vua ni (king of the mountain)
trong Phn ng (Sanskrit) l parvatabhupala haysailaraja, trong ting Khmer l kurung bnam (3). Ngi
Trung Hoa i n vic ch danh x s bng vng hiu ny.
Trung tm ca x s ta lac ti vng h lu v ng bng sng Cu Long, nhng lnh a ca n
vo thi cc thnh bao gm c min nam Vit Nam, min trung sng Cu Long, v phn ln Thung Lng
sng Menam cng bn o M Lai. Th ca n trong mt thi k l Vyadhapura, thnh ph ca
nhng ngi sn bn (the city of hunters) (4) trong Hn ng l Te mu, c th l k t ca mt t ng
trong ting Khmer (dmk, dalmk) c cng mt ngha (5). Thnh ph ta lc vng ln cn ngn i
Ba Phnom v lng Banam, hai a im trong tnh Prei Veng ca Cm Bt m, trong danh xng ca
chng, c lu truyn mi n thi i chng ta ghi nh a danh c xa ny. Theo S K nh
Lng (History of the Liang) (6) th ny nm cch b bin 500 l (dm) (200 km). Khong cch ny
gn tng ng vi khong cch t Ba Phnom vi a im c Eo (7), ni c ta lc, nu khng phi
chnh l mt hi cng, th t nht cng l mt th trng c cc thng nhn ngoi quc n c ng.
Nhng tin tc u tin v Ph Nam n t mt bn tng trnh bi phi b ca cc s gi Trung
Hoa Kang Tai v Chu Ying l nhng k n thm ving x s ny vo gia th k th ba (8). Bn
gc ca s tng thut ca h tht lc, nhng vn cn li cc on trch dn nm ri rc trong cc
bin nin s v trong nhiu b ton th. Nhng ti liu ny, cng vi mt bn vn bia bng ting Phn
hi th k th ba, to thnh t liu cn bn ca chng ta v hai th k u tin trong lch s ca vng
quc ny.
Theo Kang Tai, nh vua u tin ca Ph Nam l mt k no tn l Hun-tien, tc l Kaundinya,
n hoc t India hay t Bn o M Lai hay cc hn o phng nam (9). V vua ny, nm m thy
v thn bn mng trao mt n thn cho ng ta v ch th ng leo ln mt thng thuyn ln, ra i trong
bui sng tin n mt ngi n, ni m ng ta tm thy mt ci n di gc cy ca v thn. Ri th
ng ta bc ln mt chic thuyn, m v thn cho cp bn vo Ph Nam. V hong hu ca x
ny, Liu-ye, Willow Leaf: Liu Dip (?), mun cp ot chic thuyn v cm gi n, v th Hun-tien
bn mt mi tn t n thn ca mnh xuyn qua chic thuyn ca Liu-ye. Qa s hi, hong hu bn u
hng, v Hun-tien ly b ta lm v. Nhng, khng hi lng khi thy b ta trn trung, ng dng
mt mnh vi gp li lm thnh qun o m ng bt b y mc chui qua u. Sau ng cai tr t
nc v truyn ngi li cho cc hu du ca mnh.
y l dch bn ca Trung Hoa v cc nguyn y vng triu x Ph Nam. Bn dch ny r rt l
mt bn dch sai lch t mt chuyn thn thoi ca n , c k li mt cch trung thc hn bi mt
vn bia bng Phn Ng ca x Chm (10). Theo bn dch ny, v tng l Kaundinya, nhn c mt cy
do (lao) di t v tng l Asvatthaman, con ca Drona, phng lao i nh du a im ca kinh
tng lai ca mnh, sau ci mt cng cha con ca vi vua Nagas [vua Rn trong truyn thuyt
ca n ?, ch ca ngi dch] tn l Soma, ngi sn sinh ra mt ging di hong tc (11) . S
phi hn huyn b ny -- vn vn cn c truy nim ti triu nh Angkor vo cui th k th mi ba
trong mt nghi l c nhc ti bi v s gi Trung Hoa tn Chou Ta-kuan (Chu t Quan) (12), v cc
bin nin s hin i ca Cm Bt vn cn lu gi truyn c ny (13) -- th ging ht vi cu chuyn m
cc v vua Pallava ca vng Kanchi, min Nam n , xc nhn mnh l hu du (14). Tuy nhin, c
nhng kin khc nhau v ngun gc m h ca ch thn thai ny (15).
Trong bt k trng hp no, cc bin c lch s b buc phi ph hp vi b cc ny khng
th no xy ra sau th k th nht theo Dng Lch, bi ngay t lc khi u ca th k th nh k
chng ta tm thy cc nhn vt lch s Ph Nam vi s xut hin c ghi nhn bi vn bia v cc s
gia Trung Hoa.
Theo S K nh Lng (History of the Liang), mt trong nhng hu du ca Hun-tien, tn l Hun-
pan-huang trong Hn ng, hn chn mi tui vo lc t trn. ng ny c k v bi con trai th
nh ca mnh tn Pan-pan, l k giao thc vic trng coi s cai tr ca mnh cho v tng qun ti gii
l Fan Man, (16) vn c tn y l Fan Shi-man, theo S K ca nh Chi phng Nam (History of
the Southern Chi). (17) Sau ba nm tr v, Pan-pan bng h. Ton th thn dn ca vng quc
tuyn chn [Fan Man] lm vua. ng ta l mt ngi can m v c kh nng. Mt ln na, vi i qun
hng mnh ca mnh, ng ta tn cng v khut phc cc vng quc lng ging; v tt c cc vng
quc ny u tr thnh nc thn phc ng ta. ng t t vng hiu ca mnh l i Quc Vng ca
Ph Nam. Sau ng ra lnh ng chic thuyn ln, v li thuyn trn khp vng bin mnh mng ng
tn cng hn mi vng quc, trong bao gm c Chu-tu-kun, Chiu-chihm v Tien-sun. ng
m rng lnh th ca mnh n nm hay su nghn l ( li: dm) (18)

2. CC VNG QUC N TI BN O M LAI TRONG TH K TH NHT K
NGUYN THIN CHA
Rolf Stein tin rng trong vn bn trn Chu-tu-kun phi c c l Chu-tu, Tu-kun, vn vn, v
rng Chu-tu phi c xc nh l Chu-tu-chien (hay kan), l x m ng tin l tng ng vi x
Kattigara ca Ptolemy (19). X s ny, c to lp bi cc di dn t vng Chu-wu (bc Qung Tr, gia
Ca Tng v Ca Vit), phi c truy tm ti vng Cochin-china, ni m nhng cuc nghin cu gn
nht cng c khuynh hng xc nh a im ca Kattigara (20). Nhng c l phi tch ri Chu-tu-kun
vi Chu-tu-chien.(21)
Tien-sun chc chn l ng nht vi Tun-sun, x m mt bn vn thi th k th nm- n th k
th su m t nh l mt x l thuc ca Ph Nam (22). Chng ta c th chm nh x ny vi mt vi
xc xut trn vng Bn o M Lai, v mt cch kh chnh xc hn trn hai b bin ca eo t Kra (23);
cc d liu ri rc c c v cc x s khc cng ch hng v cng chiu hng ny (24). Cc cuc
chinh phc ca Fan Shih-man khi mt phn s phi xy ra trn vng bn o, ni m mt s vn bn
khc ca Trung Hoa tit l s hin hu ca nhiu tiu vng quc n ha mt thi k rt sm.
Mt trong nhng nc c xa nht ny c v l nc Lang-ya-hsiu, m s thnh lp c S
K nh Lng (502-556) ghi nhn vo khong hn 400 nm trc . (25) Vng quc ny, s ti xut
hin vo cui th k th by di cc tn Lang-chia-shu, Lang-ya-ssu-chia, vn vn, chnh l vng
quc Langkasuka trong cc bin nin k ca M Lai v o Java (26); danh xng ca n tn ti trong a
d hin i di tn ca mt chi lu chy vo nhnh thng ngun ca ging sng Perak River (27). X
ny phi nm dc theo hai bn sn ca bn o v c s tip cn cng mt lc vi Vnh Thi Lan ni
min Pattani (28) v vi Vnh Bengal, pha bc Kedah, nh th kim sot c mt trong nhng con
ng chuyn vn trn t lin nh tho lun trong chng trc y.
Tambralinga, nm bn b bin pha ng ca Bn o M Lai gia Chaiya hng bc v Pattani
hng nam, c trung tm ti vng Ligor (29), ni c mt vn bia bng ting Phn c nht k t th k
th su hay sau (30). S cp n n trong kinh Pht Gio bng ting Pali (*d) (Niddesa; Ngha
Thch Kinh) bng danh t Tambalingam (31) chng t rng vng quc ny sn hin hu vo
khong th k th nh.
Trng hp tng t cng xy ra vi Takkola (32), c trch dn trong mt vn bn Pht Gio
khc, vi tn Milindapanha; c mt s ng chung rng th trn ny ta lc ti Takuapa nm bn b
bin pha ty ca eo t Kra hay c th xa hn v pha nam (33). V hi cng m a danh c k t
sang Hn ng l Tou-chu-li v i khi c ng nht ha vi Takkola, Paul Wheatley (34) vch cho
thy rng danh t ny trong thc t l Chu-li v rng n tng ng vi a danh Koli ca Ptolemy, c
l vng ca sng Kuantan. Chnh t a im ny m s on c Ph Nam phi i sang n hi
th k th ba bc xung tu.
Nu chng ta khng k n cc ngi m bng tng khng l ti Perak v Pahang v nhng s
khm ph cc ngc trai n v La M ti Kota Tingi vng Johore (35), vn thuc vo lnh vc lch s
nguyn thy (proto-history), chnh l t vng Kedah v vng Perak m cc di tch kho c v vn bia c
xa nht ca Bn o M Lai c pht hin.
Nhng s khm ph ti Kedah thuc v nhiu thi k khc nhau. Chng chng thc tnh c xa
ca a im ny, m chng ta s li oc nghe thy sau ny di tn trong Phn ng l Kataha v
trong tn bng Hn ng l Chieh-cha. Nhng, nh cc vn bia v cc khm ph kho c khc (36),
chng cng khng c nht k li xa nh ca Ptolemy, ca Ngha Thch Kinh Niddesa, hay cc vn bn
ca Trung Hoa, tc, li xa mi n tn thi k c cc cuc chinh phc ca Ph Nam trn vng bn o.
(37)

3. PH NAM (TH K TH NH N TH K TH BA):
Tht kh xc nh chnh xc phm vi ca cc cuc chinh phc ca Fan-Shih-man. C l do tt
xem tn gi ca ng ta nh l ting phin dch t tn ca nh vua Sri Mara vn c cp n trong
bia khc ch Phn y c knh ti V Cnh (trong vng Nha Trang) (38). Vn bia ny t lu c
ngh l ca ngi Chm (39), nhng vo nm 1727 Louis Finot gn n cho mt vng quc ch hu
ca Ph Nam (40). Nu l lch ca Sri Mara (41) ng nht vi Fan Shih-man l chnh xc, bia k -- vn
pht sinh t mt hu du ca Sri Mara l ngi tr v, theo phn an t bn bia k, trong th k th
ba -- phi c xem l mt trong nhng ngun t liu v lch s ca Ph Nam. iu hin nhin t bia k
ny l vo thi im tm bia uc khc v ti vng m bia c dng (tc vng Khnh Ha ngy nay),
Phn ng l ngn ng chnh thc ca vng triu.
Cc vn bn Trung Hoa dn cho chng ta bit rng nh chinh phc v i Fan Shih-man cht
trn ng vin chinh chng li x Chin-lin, hay Bin Cng Vng (Frontier of Gold), l a danh, m
chng ta c l do tin tng, tng ng hoc vi Suvannabhumi, x t Vng (the Land of Gold)
trong cc vn bn ting Pali (Ba L), hay vi t Suvarnakudya, Bc Tng Vng (the Wall of Gold) trong
cc vn bn ting Phn (vng H Min (Lower Burma) hay Bn o M Lai) (42). Mt ngi chu trai
ca Fan Shih-man, tn Fan Chan, h st ngi k ngi chnh thng, Chin-cheng, v chim ot quyn
hnh. Nhng khong hai mi nm sau, Fan Chan b m st bi mt ngi con trai ca Fan Shih-man
tn l Chang. S tr th ny khng phi l khng c hu qu, bi n lt Chang b h st bi mt
vin tng tn l Fan Hsun, k t xng ln ngi vua.
Nhng bin c ny xy ra vo khong gia nm 225 v nm 250 (43), v trong thi khong gia
hai nm ny, di thi tr v ca Fan Chan, Ph Nam tin ti s quan h vi triu i n ti
Murundas v gi s on u tin n Trung Hoa. Ti c nhn mnh u (44) rng tm quan
trng ca bin c ny, vn c lin h n cc s quan tm v thng mi nhiu hn v cc tham vng
chnh tr, mang li mt tm quan trng no cho thi tr v ca v vua ny. Trong thi ny, tc thi Tam
Quc, min nam nc Trung Hoa (nc Ng) nhn thy rng n khng th x dng ng b b kim
sat bi nc Ngy giao thng vi phng Ty, tm cch th c bng ng bin cc xa x
phm m n mong mun (45). By gi Ph Nam chim ng mt v tr u vit trn l trnh hi thng v
tt yu tr thnh mt trm gia ng cho cc thy th i qua Eo Bin Malacca cng nh cho cc thy
th, nhiu hn gp bi, i ngang qua cc eo t ca Bn o M Lai. C th Ph Nam cn l trm cht
cho cho hi trnh t pha ng a Trung Hi, nu qu thc Kattigara ca Ptolemy nm b bin pha
ty ca Cochin China.
Thi tr v ca Fan Chan th quan trng, nh Paul Pelliot vit (46); chnh k tim ngi ny l
ngi u tin thit lp cc quan h chnh thc v trc tip vi cc ng hang ca n . Mt vn bn
ca th k th nm cho bit rng mt nhn vt no tn Chia-hsiang-li, bn dn ca x mang tn Tan-
yang, c v ta lc ti min ty n , n n , v t [n ?, ch ca ngi dch] sang Ph
Nam. Chnh nhn vt ny truyn dy cho nh vua Fan Chan nhng iu k diu m quc gia ny c
th ph din cho du khch, nhng cuc du hnh qu lu; va i v v c th ko di ba nm v c th
n bn nm. C phi l nh vua Fan Chan b quyn r bi s tng thut ca Chia-hsiang-li hay
khng? t nht chng ta bit c t mt ngn t liu ng tin rng nh vua c gi mt trong nhng thn
nhn ca ng tn l Su-wu i trong mt s an sang n . Nhn vt ny ln tu t Tou-chu-li, c l l
Takkola (47), cho thy rng nh hng ca Ph Nam vn xa ti tn vng n Dng vo lc .
S an n ca sng Ganges v ngc dng ln n th ca mt ng hang khng cn g ng
vc, nh Sylvain Lvi nhn ra, thuc mt triu i Murunda. Nh vua n dn cc khch ngai
quc i mt vng thm x s ca mnh; sau nh vua chia tay vi an khch, gi cho h bn con
nga ca x Indo-Scythian nh mt qu tng ln v vua ca an khch v cho mt ngi n tn
Chen-sung i thp tng. Vo lc m Su-wu tr li Ph Nam, bn nm tri qua k t ngy khi hnh.
Cng chnh Fan Chan, theo S K Thi Tam Quc (History of the Three Kingdoms), l ngi vo
nm 243 gi mt s an (n Trung Hoa) trao tng vt gm cc nhc s v cc sn vt ca x
s. (48)
Liu cng chnh ng l tc gi ca bia k bng ting Phn trch dn trn, v l ngi m
vn bn ny ch danh nh l mt thnh vin ca gia nh Sri Mara hay khng? iu ny khng phi l
khng th xy ra, bi Fan Chan, con trai ca ngi em (hay ch) gi ca Sri Mara, rt c th tuyn
nhn l c quan h vi v vua tin nhim.
K tim ngi Fan Hsun, ngi k ngi Fan Chan sau khi h st mt ngi con trai ca Fan Shih-
man, tip kin thi im no trong khang gia nm 245 n nm 250 phi b Trung Hoa gm
Kang Tai v Chu Ying, l nhng ngi gp mt s ga ca Murundas ti triu nh ca vua Fan
Hsun. (49)
Phi b Trung Hoa ny thit lp quan h vi Ph Nam a n s sai phi t vua Fan Hsun mt
lat cc s an sang Trung Hoa trong thi khang t nm 268 n nm 287. Nhng s an ny
c cp n trong S K nh Tn (History of the Chin) (50) Ba s an sau cng, t nm 285 n
nm 287, c l l kt qu ca s phc sinh thng mi hng hi sau khi c s thng nht Trung Hoa bi
nh Tn vo nm 280, mt s thng nht kch thch mt c mun gia tng v pha triu nh i vi
nhng sn phm v xa x phm nhp cng t nhng x s phng nam.
R rt l nh Kang Tai m chng ta c c cc thng tin u tin v x s ny: C nhng
ngi lng c tng bao quanh, cc dinh th, v cc nh . n ng u xu x v en i, tc qun; h
gn nh trn trung v i chn khng. Bn cht ca h th n gin v h han tan khng c khuynh
hng n trm g c. H dn nng lc vo vic canh nng . H gieo ht ging mt nm v gt hi cho ba
nm [? nguyn vn khng r ngha, ch ca ngi dch] Ngai ra, h thch chm tr trang tr v c
o. Nhiu vt dng n ung ca h lm bng bc. Thu kha c np bng vng, bc, ngc trai, du
thm (nc hoa). C sch v v cc kho k thc vn kh v cc vt dng khc. Ch vit ca h ging
nh th ch ca ngi dn H (Hu) [mt sc dn Trung Chu x dng ch vit c ngun gc n
]. (51)
4. CC BC KHI U CA VNG QUC CHM (CHAMPA): LM P (LIN-YI) (T CUI
TH K TH NH N GIA TH K TH T}
S K nh Tn c bao gp mt bo co vo trong tiu s ca Tao Huang, thi th Trung Hoa ti
ng Kinh [tc bc Vit Nam ngy nay, ch ca ngi dch] trong ng ta c phn nn, vo khang
nm 280, v cc cuc t kch ca Lm p. Vng quc ny, ng cho bit, pha nam tip gip vi Ph
Nam. H c nhiu b lc, cc nhm thn hu tng tr ln nhau; li dng a hnh trc tr trong vng
ca mnh, h khng thn phc [Trung Hoa]. (52)
Lm p l trung tm u tin ca x Chm, tin vo lch s vo cui th k th nh. Thc s,
cc vn bn Trung Hoa xc nh s thnh lp ca x ny vo khang nm 192. (53). Mt quan chc bn
x, tn Chu-lien (Khu Lin ?, ch ca ngi dch], li dng s suy km quyn lc ca nh hu Hn,
ct mt lnh a ring cho mnh khi ch huy s ca Trung Hoa ti qun Jih-nam (Nht Nam) (nm gia
Hanh Sn v o Hi Vn, v t xng lm vua ti tiu trn cc nam, tc x mang tn Hsiang-lin, tng
ng khang t pha nam tnh Tha Thin ngy nay ca Vit Nam. That u tn Lm p (Lin-yi) th
x Lm c ngh l tn gi tt ca ch Hsiang-lin-yi, tc th ca x Hsiang-Lin (54) nhng mt
hc ga c nu kin hi gn y rng l mt danh hiu c tnh cch chng tc (55). S to lp
vng quc Lm p nm 192 din ra na th k trc , vo nm 137, bi mt mu toan u tin
mun xm lng vng Hsiang-lin ca mt nhm khang gn mt ngn dn mi r bn ngai cc bin
cng ca qun Nht Nam (56); tn ca sc dn ny l Chu-lien, mc d c vit vi mt ch khc,
kh c th tch bit ra khi tn ca k to lp ra x Lm p. (57)
Trong bt k trng hp no, gn nh chc chn rng nhng k mi r ny bn ngai cc bin
gii ca qun Nht Nam l, nu khng han tan l ngi Chm, t ra cng l nhng ngi Nam
Dng (Indonesians) l nhng k, nu h cha b nh hng ca n , th chng bao lu sau cng s
tr thnh nh th.
Chng ta s thy, trn dng lch s, rng x Chm b chia ct thnh mt s cc a phng t
nhin tng ng vi cc ng bng ven bin. Tnh Qung Nam ngy nay, vi cc a im kho c ti
Tr Kiu, M Sn, ng Dng, trong mt ngha no l thnh a ca nc Chm (58). Pho tng
c Pht bng ng p tm thy ng Dng l bng chng cho tnh cht c xa ca s xm
nhp ca n trong vng mang tn -- liu c phi han tan tnh c hay khng (?) Amaravati. Pha
nam ca Amaravati, cc trung tm chnh yu c cp trong vn bia l Vijaya (Pht Th?) ti tnh
Bnh nh ngy nay, Kauthara ti ng bng Nha Trang, v Panduranga trong vng Phan Rang. Nhng
bia k cho thy rng trong th k th tm ting Chm c ni ti cc tnh pha nam. Nhng nguyn thy
cc tnh pha nam ny l mt phn ca vng quc Ph Nam. iu ny c chng minh bi s hin
din, trong vng Nha Trang, vn bia thuc th k th ba pht sinh t mt v vua ca Ph Nam -- mt hu
du ca Sri Mara (tc Fan Shih-man) c l khng ai khc hn Fan Chan.
Chng ta khng c bng chng c xa, tng t nh cc bng chng v Ph Nam, v s n
ha ca ngi Chm v truyn thng xy dng triu i ca cc v vua ca h; cc vn bn Trung Hoa
khng ni g v hai im ny, v im ting cho mi n khi c mt vn bia thuc th k th chn mi thy
xut hin ln u tin tn ca Maharshi Bhrigu, nhn vt ca dng tc Mahabharata, danh tnh t tin
ca triu i Bhargavas, triu i m cc vua Chm tuyn nhn mnh l cc hu du. V chnh danh
xng Champa, t rt ra danh t Chm, mc d khng xut hin trong vn bia cho mi n lc khi
u th k th by, c th n c t rt lu.
Nhng hu du ca Chu-lien li dng s tan r ca Trung Hoa vo lc c s sp ca nh Hn
bnh trng v phng bc. T nm 220 n nm 230, mt nh vua trong h gi mt s an
sang gp Lu Tai, tng c Qung ng v Chiao-chih [Giao Ch ?, ch ca ngi dch] (ng Kinh) [tc
bc Vit Nam, ch ca ngi dch], vi danh ngha thuc x Lm p, cng vi s an ca Ph Nam,
xut hin ln u tin trong mt vn bn Trung Hoa. Lu Tai, theo S K Thi Tam Quc (History of
the Three Kingdoms), gi nhng s gi truyn b vn minh Trung Hoa vt qa cc bin gii pha
nam. Cc vua x Ph Nam, Lm p, v Tang-ming (?) mi vua u gi mt s an dng tin
cng. (59). Vic ny ch han tan c tnh cch hnh thc bi trong nm 248 cc an qun ca Lm p
ni ln cp bc cc lng x v chim gi lun sau cuc t kch, tip theo sau mt cuc giao chin ln
ti vng vnh pha nam mi Rn, lnh th ca Chu-su, tc vng Ba n [(?), ch ca ngi dch] trn
sng Gianh (60) . Sau ht nh vua Fan Hsiung, chu trai ca Chu-lien bn pha h ngai (61), ti din
cc cuc tn cng ny vo khang nm 270, c ni c c tr gip bi vua nc Ph Nam, Fan
Hsun. Thi th ti ng Kinh [bc Vit Nam ngy nay, ch ca ngi dch], tn Tao Huang, mt mi
nm y lui dn Lm p tr v li bn trong bin cng ca h. T lc khi u, cc n lc ca h
bnh trng v pha bc ng vi lc y xung ca ngi Vit Nam nam tin. Cc trn
chin nh nhau bi hai sc dn i biu cho hai nn vn minh cnh tranh nhau -- gia ngi Chm chu
nh hng n v ngi Vit chu nh hng Trung Hoa -- c pht ng ti vng t Hanh Sn
n o Hi Vn; a n s trit thai chung cuc ca ngi Chm trong th k th mi bn.
Trong nm 284, Fan Yi phi mt s an chnh thc u tin sang Trung Hoa -- nu chng ta
khng k n mt s an c gi n thi th Giao Ch gia khang t nm 220 n nm 230.
Trong hu bn ca thi khong tr v ko di hn 50 nm, Fan Yi c tuyn dng mt nhn vt tn Wen
no lm c vn. Nhn vt Wen c xc nh trong nhiu vn bn l mt ngi Trung Hoa, qu qun
ti Yang-chou, Chiang-su [Dng Chu, tnh Giang T (?), ch ca ngi dch], n nh c ti Lm
p, nhng ng ta c th l mt ngi dn bn x Hn ha (62) . ng ta i sang Trung Hoa trong
cc nm 313 v 316, v hc hi ti nhiu k thut khc nhau; kin thc v nn vn minh vt cht ca
Trung Hoa ca ng ta c mt ga tr v i i vi quc vong ch nhn ng. Nh dnh c s tin
cy ca v vua gi, ng vn ng c b nhim l vin i tng t lnh v sau gt b cc
ngi tha k ngai vng sang mt bn. Khi c s t trn ca Fan Yi, xy ra mt cch bt ng trong nm
336, ng ta ln ngi k v Fan Yi.
Fan Wen, t th ti vng thuc Hu, bnh nh cc b lc man r v trong nm 340 gi
mt s an sang yt kin vua Tn thnh cu rng bin cng pha bc ca vng quc ng ta c
n nh ti ni Hanh Sn. Khi hang [nh Tn, ch ca ngi dch] ngn ngi t b nhng phn t
ph nhiu ca Nht Nam cho ng ta, Fan Wen chim gi cc phn t ny vo nm 347, bi th
em li cho vng quc ca mnh bin cng m ng ta mong mun. Fan Wen mt nm 349 trong
mt cuc vin chinh khc hng v pha bc ngai bin cng mi ca ng ta./-

Ch ca ngi dch:
(*a) Sanskrit : Phn: ngn ng vn chng ca n t thi c. Phn ln cc kinh tng Pht Gio
c Trung Hoa dch sang Hn ng u c nguyn bn vit bng ting Phn.
(*b): Ptolemy (vo khang 85 165 sau dng lch): Nh thin vn hc v a l hc gc Hy Lp v
cht ti Alexandria, Ai Cp, t th k th nh, ch trung rng tri t ng yn mt ch v l trung tm
ca v tr, trong khi mt tri v cc v sao chy quanh tri t. Danh biu a d ca Ptolemy cho
vng xuyn sng Ganges ca n ghi y nhng a danh m cc danh xng tng ng bng ting
Phn (Sanskrit) c trch dn v tho lun trong cng trnh nghin cu ny ca tc gi G. Coeds.
Trong bi dch ny, c cp n gi thuyt rng Sign ngy nay tng ng vi a danh Kattigara m
Ptolemy ghi trong danh biu a d ca ng ta. Nu ng nh vy th y c th l vn bn c xa
nht ca ty phng cp n phn lnh th ca Vit Nam ngy nay.
(*c): Niddesa: Ngha thch kinh, gm 2 tp: i Ngha Thch v Tiu Ngha Thch, dng lun gii
kinh tng Pht Gio, c vit bng ting Pali, mun lm l vo th k u tin ca k nguyn Thin
Cha. B Ngha Thch Kinh ny c lit k mt s a danh m cc nh nghin cu nu nhn xt l c
th dng xc minh oc nhiu v tr ca cc min xa hn n . C th ni cho n nay, cha c
nhng ti liu kho c hay vn bia no lu i hn tp Ngha Thch Kinh ny.
(*d) Pli: Ba l, mt th ng ca n c xa, nay khng cn c ni na m ch c dng
vit kinh tng Pht Gio, chnh yu l cc kinh tng ca Pht Gio Tiu Tha ( Theravada (Hinayana)
Buddhist Canon).
----------------------------------

Ch Thch ca Tc Gi G. Coeds:

1.
Xem bn trn, trang 16. Bi tc phm ny khng phi l mt tp chuyn kho v a d m
li l mt n lc tng hp lch s, ti s ch cp trong chng ny v nhng chng k tip
nhng danh xng c mt s ngha quan trng trong lch s cc bin c hay triu i. Mt s tho
lun nhiu kin khc nhau cp n v tr ca cc a danh ca Ptolemy c th tm thy trong bi
vit ca Roland Braddell nhan Study of Ancient Times in the Malay Peninsula, JRASMB (Journal
of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society), XIII (1935).
2.
y l li pht m thi nh ng (Tang), theo Bernhard Karlgren, Analytic Dictionary of
Chinese and Sino-Japanese (n.p., n.d. [khng ghi ni v nht k xut bn ?, ch ca ngi dch] ),
cc s 41 v 650.
3.
Xem Louis Finot, Sur quelques traditions indochinoises, Mlanges dindianisme offerts par
ses lves M. Sylvain Lvi (Paris, 1911), trang 203, v Sance du 14 Janvier 1927, JA (Journal
Asiatique) (January-March, 1927), trang 186. Coeds, On the Origin of the Sailendras of Indonesia,
JGIS (Journal of the Greater India Society), I (1934), trang 67. Ngn ni ny hin nhin l mt trong
cc ngn ni m trn , nh ni trc y (cc trang 26-27), ngi sng lp mt vng quc
theo kiu n thit nh s th phng mt v thn dn tc, thng l mt dng vt (linga)
hay mt biu hiu no khc ca thn Siva.
4.
Xem Coeds, Les traditions gnalogiques des premiers rois dAngkor, BEFEO (Bulletin
de lcole Francaise dExtrme-Orient), s XXVIII (1956), trang 127.
5.
Xem Coeds, Inscriptions du Cambodge (Paris, 1937-), II, trang 110, n. 5. C l t
Vyadhapura c ngha thnh ph ca ngI i sn (nh vua). O.W. Wolters, trong thc t, t t
thng tin (th ngy 6 thng MI Mt, 1960) cho ti hay rng Tai-ping Yu-lan, trch dn bn tng
trnh ca Kang Tai (xem di), c cp n mt v vua ca Ph Nam tn l Pan-huang-chao
(cng chnh l ? Hun Pan-huang, xem di, trang 38) bt c cc con voi ln trong rng v
thun ha c chng, a n s thn phc ca nhiu x s trong ng hng ny.
6.
Xem Paul Pelliot, Le Fou-nan, BEFEO, III, trang 263.
7.
Xem ch thch trn, trang 17. Xem Pierre Courou, Civilisations et gographie humaine en
Asia des moussons, BEFEO, XLIV (1954), trang 469, sau khi trnh by rng cc a im khai sinh
ca cc nn vn minh thng ng c v nh tng ng vi cc giao l ca s lu thng, c b
tc: Ht nhn ca nn vn minh ca Ph Nam, t tan th lch s Khmer c pht trin, bt
ngun t b bin pha ty ca ng Dng (Indochina), ti a im b ca cc nh hng vn
ha n .
8.
Xem Pelliot, Le Fou-nan, trang 303; Quelques textes chinois concernant dIndochine
hindouise, Et . Asiat, EFEO (tudes asiatiques. Publications de lcole Francaise dExtrme-Orient
(Paris, 1925), 2 vols.), II, trang 243.
9.
Xem Pelliot, Quelques textes, cc trang 246-49. V vai tr u thng ca dng tc
Kaundinya ti min nam n , xem Bijan R. Chatterjee, Recent Advances in Kambuja Studies,
JGIS, VI (1939), trang 139, v ch thch dn trn, trang 30.
10.
Xem Louis Finot, Les inscriptions de Mi-sn (No. III), BEFEO, IV, trang 923. Xem Coeds,
Linscription de Baksei Chamkrong, JA (May-June, 1909), cc trang 476-78, v Inscriptions du
Cambodge, IV, trang 88.
11.
Xem Eveline Pore-Maspero, Nouvelles tude sur la Nagi Soma, JA, CCXXXVIII (1950),
cc trang 237-67.
12.
Xem Paul Pelliot, dch v bin tp, Mmoires sur les coutumes du Cambodge, BEFEO, II,
trang 145.
13.
Xem Finot, Sur quelques traditions indochinoises, trang 205.
14.
Xem Coeds, La lgende de la Nagi, BEFEO, XI, trang 391.
15.
Xem Victor Goloubew (Les lgendes de la Nagi et de lApsaras, BEFEO, XXIV, cc trang
501-10) cho rng n n t phng ty, trong khi Jean Przyluski (La princesse lodeur de poisson
et la Nagi dans les tradition de lAsie orientale, Et . Asiat . EFEO, II, cc trang 265-84) ngh rng n
c pht sinh t cc khu vc hng hi ca ng Nam . V mt phin bn M Lai ca thn
thai ny, xem R. Winstedt, Indra and Saktimuna, JRASMB, XXIII (1950), trang 151.
16.
Xem Pelliot, Le Fou-nan, trang 265. Theo R. Stein, Le Lin-yi, Han-hiue, II (1947), cc
trang 251 tr i, t Fan l tip u ng (prefix) ng trc danh tnh ca phn ln cc v vua ca
Ph Nam cng nh ca Champa khng tng ng vi tp v ng varman i theo sau to thnh
mt h, nh c tin tng bi Georges Maspero, Le Royaume de Champa (Paris, 1928), trang
53, n. 7 [ch thch 7 ?], v Gabriel Ferrand, Ye-tiao, Sseu-tiao et Java, JA (Novermber-December,
1916), cc trang 524-30. Stein tin rng l h ca mt th tc, c ngun gc chng tc, ch phn
t chnh gc ca hang gia. Nhn vt mang danh tnh Fan, nh ti x Chm, ngc li vi cc
thnh phn n v c v c lu gi nm quyn hnh bi qun chng. Nhng Paul Demeville
(im sch Lin-yi ca Stein, TP (Toung Pao), XL (1951), trang 344) by t cc s nghi ng i
vi s vng chc ca cc nn tng ca gi thuyt ny.
17.
Xem Pelliot, Le Fou-nan,, trang 257.
18.
Cng sch dn trn, cc trang 265-66. Mt li (l) tng ng vi khang 576 mt. V vic
c l Chu-tu, Tu-kun thay v c Chu-tu-kun (Pelliot), xem Stein, Le Lin-yi,
19.
Le Lin-yi, trang 119. Nhng Demeville im sch Lin-yi, ca Stein, trang 341, phn bc
s xc minh ny.
20.
Ngay t nm 1938, Kattigara c chm nh nm trong vng Sign bi Albert
Herrmann, Der Magnus Sinus und Cattigarab nach Ptolemaus, Compte-rendu du Congrs
international de gographie (Amsterdam), cc trang 123-28. Cuc nghin cu gn y nht l ca
Louis Malleret, l ngi, tip theo sau cc s khm ph ca ng ti c Eo (xem trn, trang 17),
c dn dt i tm a im ca Kattigara trong vng ny. Quan im ca ng c trnh by
chi tit trong tc phm LArchologie du delta du Mkong (Paris, 1959-63), III, cc trang 421-54.
21.
V vn c kh nhiu lin h ny, v v v tr ca Chiu-chih hay Chu-li, xem Paul
Wheatley, The Golden Khersonese, cc trang 21-25.
22.
Xem Pelliot, Le Fou-nan, trang 279.
23.
Sch dn trn, trang 263, n. 1, Wheatley, The Golden Khersonese, cc trang 15-21.
24.
Xem Pelliot, Le Fou-nan, trang 266, n. 2 and 3. Gordon H. Luce, Countries Neighbouring
Burma, JBRS (Journal of the Burma Research Society), XIV (1924), cc trang 147-151.
25.
Xem Paul Pelliot, Deux itinraires de Chine en Inde, la fin du VIIIe sicle, BEFEO, IV,
trang 320, n. 7. Gabriel Ferrand, Malaka, le Malayu et Malayur, App . [Ph Lc?, ch ca ngI
dch] III, JA (July-August, 1918), trang 139. Luce, Countries Neighbouring Burma, cc trang 161-69.
26.
Xem Ferrand, Malakas, trang 143. Xem Sylvain Lvi, Pr-aryen et pr-dravidien dans
lInde, JA (July-September, 1923), trang 37.
27.
Xem R. Winstedt, A History of Malaya, JRASMB, XIII (1935), trang 21.
28.
Xem Wheatley, The Golden Khersonese, cc trang 252-67, tho lun chi tit v v tr ca
Langkasuka.
29.
Xem Coeds, Le Royaume de Crivijaya, BEFEO, XVIII, 6, trang 17. Lvi, Pr-aryen,
trang 45.
30.
Xem Coeds, Receuil des inscriptions du Siam (Bangkok, 1924-29), II, trang 51, n XXVII.
Nht k t th k th by n th k th chn nh c pht biu bi Barth l qu sm. Bia k
tng t nh th l nhng vn bia cui cng ca Ph Nam. Xem K. A . Nilakanta nSastri, Agastya,
TBG (Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Voikenkunde uitgegeven door het Bataviaasch
Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen), LXXXVI (1936), cc trang 508-09. V Tambralinga,
xem O . W. Wolters, Tambralinga, BSOAS (Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies)
(1958), cc trang 587-607.
31.
Xem Sylvain Lvi, Ptolme, le Niddesa et la Brihatkatha, Et . Asiat . EFEO, II, trang 26.
32.
Cng sch dn trn, t trang 3 tr i.
33.
Xem Roland Braddell, Ancient Times in the Malay Peninsula, JRASMB, XVII (1939), I, cc
trang 204-206, v XXII (1949), trang 1. Wheatley, The Golden Khersonese, cc trang 268-72, c
cung cp cc lun c vng chc v vic xc nh v tr ca Takkola trong vng Trang [c l l (?) Nha
Trang, ch ca ngi dch].
34.
Transactions and Papers of the Institute of British Geographers, 21 (1955), trang 69. V
im ny xin xem Wang Gungwu, TheNanhai Trade: A Study of the Early History of Chinese Trade
in the South China Sea, JRASMB, XXXI, 2 (1958), trang 41, n. 53.
35.
V cc a im ny, xem Braddell, Ancient Times, ri rc trong tc phm. H.G. Quaritch
Wales, Archaeological Researches on Ancient Indian Colonization in Malaya, JRASMB, XVIII
(1940), I, cc trang 56-73; Further Work on Indian Sites in Malaya, JRASMB, XX (1947), cc trang
1-11, R.O . Winstedt, Slab-Graves and Iron Implements, JRASMB, XIX, (2941) I, cc trang 93-98.
36.
Th d, cc tng ng theo kiu Gupta c m t trong quc gia Perak v trn dng
sng Bujiang ti Kedah (H.G. Quaritch Wales, Recent Malayan Excavations and Some Wider
Implications, JRAS (1946), trang 142). Cc khm ph kho c hc ny c phn tch bi
Wheatley, The Golden Khersonese, cc trang t trang 273 tr i.
37.
V cc ngun vn bn n khc, xem Vasudeva S. Agrawala, Some References to
Katahadvipa in Ancient Indian Literature, JGIS, XI (1944), trang 96, v K.A . Nilakanta Sastri, History
of Srivijaya (Madras, 1949), cc trang 25-26.
38.
V thi im ca vn bia ny, xem D.C. Sircar, Date of the Earliest Sanskrit Inscription of
Campsa, JGIS, VI (1939) cc trang 53-55. Coeds, La date de linscription sanskrite de Vo-canh,
IHQ (Indian History Quarterly), XVII (1941), cc trang 107-10. Emile Gaspardone, La plus ancienne
inscription dIndochine, JA, CCXLI (1953), cc trang 477-85. K. Kumar Sarkar, The Earliest
Inscription of Indochina, Sino-Indian Studies, V, 2 (1956), cc trang 77-78. Kamalesvar
Bhattacharya, Prcisions sur la palographie de linscription dite de Vo-canh, AA (Artibus Asiae)
XXIV (1961), cc trang 219-24. Gaspardone, Linscription de Vo-canh et les dbuts du sanskrit en
Indochine, Sinologica, VIII, No. 3 (1965), cc trang 129-36.
39.
Auguste Barth and Abel Bergaigne, ISC, No. XX, p. 191. Louis Finot, Les inscriptions du
muse de Hanoi, BEFEO, XV, 2, trang 3.
40.
Sance du 14 Janvier 1927. JA (January-March, 1927), trang 186. Xem Louis Finot, im
sch Le Royaume de Champa ca Maspero, BEFEO, XXVIII, cc trang 286-87.
41.
Jean Filliozat n cn thng tin ti hay rng Maran l danh hiu thng dng ch vua
Pandya, c h tr bi mt trong nhng bn vn bng ting Tamil c xa nht ti vng Sangam,
c nht k vo khang khi u k nguyn Thin Cha.
42.
Lvi, Ptolme, cc trang t trang 29 tr i. Luce, Countries Neighbouring Burma, cc
trang 151-58.
43.
Pelliot, Le Fou-nan, trang 303.
44.
Les Peuples de la pninsule indochinoise (Paris, 1962), trang 62.
45.
Wang Gungwu, The Nan-hai Trade, cc trang 31-45.
46.
Le Fou-nan, trang 292.
47.
Xem trn, trang 39.
48.
Pelliot, Le Fou-nan, trang 303.
49.
Sch dn trn, trang 40. Xem Robert von Heine-Geldern, The Drum Named Makalamau,
India Antiqua (Leyden, 1947), trang 176.
50.
Pelliot, Le Fou-nan, trang 252.
51.
Cng sch dn trn, trang 254.
52.
Cng sch dn trn, trang 255.
53.
Cho tan th an ny, ngai nhng ngun t liu c ch dn ni khc, xem
Maspero, Le Royaume de Champa, cc trang 43-59 (im sch bi L. Aurousseau, BEFEO, XIV, 9,
cc trang 8-43, v Louis Finot, BEFEO, XXVIII, cc trang 285-92). Stein, Le Lin-yi, cc trang 1-123.
54.
Aurousseau, im sch Le Royaume de Champa ca Maspero, trang 27.
55.
Stein, Le Lin-yi, cc trang 209-41. Nhng Demeville, im sch Lin-yi ca Stein, c v
nghing v cch gii thch th nht.
56.
Cho n nay chng ta lun lun hiu rng h n t phng nam, c ngha, t tnh Qung
Nam ngy nay. Nhng Stein (Le Lin-yi) c vch ra rng h cng c th n t pha ty, v ngay c
t nhng vng thuc Siang-lin, cch xa khi s h ca Trung Hoa. S kt t nhng dn man r
ti mt vng quc Lm p xy ra bn trong gii hn ca qun Nht Nam.
57.
V sc dn Chu, xem Stein, Le Lin-yi, Appendix VI, t trang 209 tr i.
58.
Henri Parmentier, Inventaire descriptif des monuments cams de lAnnam (Paris, 1909-18),
I, cc trang 241-5-5. Jean Y. Claeys, Introduction ltude de lAnnam et du Champa, Bulletin des
Amis du Vieux Hue, 21, (1934), cc trang 46-48.
59.
Pelliot, Le Fou-nan, trang 252.
60.
Stein, Le Lin-yi, cc trang 1-54.
61.
C l xuyn qua nhng ngi v sinh ra l ngi Ph Nam m theo Stein, Le Lin-yi, s
gii thch h ca th tc ng y l Fan, v im ny, xem sch dn trn, trang 276, n. 16. Eveline
Pore-Maspero ghi nhn rng cc v vua h Fan xut hin ti x Chm vo lc khi m h bin
mt khi Ph Nam sau thi tr v ca Fan Hsun. V cc s kin lch s song hnh gia Cm Bt v
Chm m b y xc nh t thi k ny, xem tudes sur les rites agraires des Cambodgiens
(Paris, 1962), t trang 144 tr i.
62.
Stein, Le Lin-yi, trang 243.
Ngun: G. Coeds, The Indianized States of Southeast Asia, An East-West Center Book, The
University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, 1968
www.gio-o.com

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