r

Mn CNCB Rau Qu Sy thng hoa

1 I p a g e


Trng i Hc K Thut Cng Ngh TP.HCM Khoa
Cng Ngh Thc Phm

Bi tp mn CNCB Rau Tri

Nhm SVTH : 1/ Nguyn L Hong
2/ Hong Ngc Duy Quang
3/ Nguyn Th Kim Vn 4/
L Nguyn Nhn Lun
GVHD : ThS Tn N Minh Nguyt
TP. H Ch Minh 12/2010


Mn CNCB Rau Qu sy thng hoa
2 I p a g e


Mc Lc
M u ................................................................................................ 3
1. Gii thiu ......................................................................................... 4
1.1 inh ngha ................................................................................. 4
1.2 u nhc im ca sy Thng Hoa ............................................ 4
2- Qu trnh sy thng hoa ................................................................... 6
2.1 Cc giai oan sy thng hoa ...................................................... 6
2.2 Tc truyn nhit trong qu trnh sy thng hoa ..................... 8
2.3 Tc truyn khi trong qu trnh sy thng hoa...................... 8
3. Bin i nguyn liu ........................................................................ 9
4. Thit bi sy thng hoa.................................................................... 11
4.1 Yu cu c bn ca thit bi sy thng hoa ............................... 11
4.2 H thng Sy thng hoa ........................................................... 11
5. ng dung ca Sy thng hoa .......................................................... 15
5.1 Dc phm v cng ngh sinh hoc .......................................... 15
5.2 Cng Ngh Thc Phm............................................................ 15
Phu luc ............................................................................................... 18
Mn CNCB Rau Qu sy thng hoa
3 I p a g e


Ti Liu Tham Kho ......................................................................... 19
M u
Sy l qu trnh tch nc ra khi vt liu nhm gip vt liu trnh c nhng h hng trong
qu trnh bo qun. Di thi i cng nghip, sy c xem l mt qu trnh cng ngh c ng
dng rt rng ri trong nhiu ngnh cng, nng nghip.
Vic tch nc v hi nc ra khi vt liu khng ch n thun l sy thng thng m l c
mt qu trnh cng ngh c tnh ton mt cch t m nhm em li sn phm cht lng cao sau khi
sy. ng thi phi l mt qu trnh t tiu tn nng lng v chi ph vn hnh thp.
Ty tng kiu vt liu m ta c nhng cch sy khc nhau, chnh v th ny sinh nhiu k thut
sy ra i nh: h thng sy phun, h thng sy tip xc, h thng sy tng si...
Bn cnh cc k thut trn, k thut sy thng hoa l mt bc tin mi trong nn cng nghip
sy ca nhn loi, n gip con ngi c nhng cch bo qun sn phm c tnh u vit hn trong chi
ph v thi gian bo qun vt liu c lu, bo tn c nguyn vn cu trc, mu sc v hnh dng
sn phm.
Mt yu t quan trong bc nht ca k thut sy thng hoa l khng lm tn thng n cc
dng cht d b h hng nh vitamin, protein, hot tnh ca enzyme, sc t... Bo tn c trng thi
sng ca t bo vi sinh vt.
1. Gii thiu
1.1. nh nghaJ
- Sy : l qu trnh tch m ra khi vt liu nhm trnh h hng trong qu trnh bo qun,
r
Mn CNCB Rau Qu Sy thng hoa
4 I p a g e


tng bn cho sn phm, gim trng lng, gim chi ph chuyn ch v ng thi n cng lm
tng gi tr cm quan cho sn phm.
- Sy thng hoa : sy thng hoa l qu trnh tch m ra khi vt liu bng s thng hoa ca
nc. Qu trnh thng hoa l qu trnh chuyn trc tip t th rn sang th hi. iu kin bnh
thng, m trong thc phm dng lng, nn thng hoa chng cn c chuyn sang th rn
bng phng php lnh ng. Chnh v vy nn cn gi l phng php Sy lnh ng (Freeze
Drying hay Lyophillisation).
Phng php sy thng hoa do k s G.I.Lappa Stajenhexki pht minh 1921, c ng
dng ln u tin Nga.
1.2. u nhc im ca phng php sy Thng Hoa :
1.2.1 So vi cc phng php bo qun khc
Trong k thut sy Nhit l nguyn nhn gy tn tht v hng thm v cht lng dinh
dng. Tuy nhin sy thng hoa lm gim hot ca nc m khng dng nhit tc ng ln thc
phm, kt qu l vn gi c hng thm v cht lng sn phm tt hn.
Trong sy thng hoa chi ph cho h thng to p sut chn khng v lm lnh rt ln. Vn
ny cng vi vn u t ban u lm cho chi ph sy thng hoa v c c thc phm tng cao.
Nn cn xem xt li chi ph lin quan trong qu trnh sy thng hoa v t l lm kh. Tuy nhin
ngi tiu dng vn s chp nhn nhng sn phm c gi thnh cao m cht lng tt hn vn gi
c hng v v cu trc ca sn phm ti (v d: nh c ph, nm c m, tho mc v gia v,
nc tri cy, tht, hi sn, rau v khu phn n dinh dng trong qun i hoc tiu dng hng
ngy)
Ngoi ra, canh trng vi sinh dng trong ch bin thc phm c sy thng hoa ko
di thi gian lu tr lu hn.
1.2.2 u nhc im ca phorg php sy thng hoa vi cc phong php say khc
u im : sy thng hoa c u im rt ln so vi cc phng php sy khc l : sn
phm c cht lng cao (gi nguyn mu sc, cu trc, hng v, tnh thy ha), gi gn hot tnh
sinh hc, khng lm mt cc vitamin. Tiu hao nng lng bay hi hm m thp.
Nhc im : gi thnh thit b cao, vn hnh cn c trnh k thut k thut cao; tiu th
in nng ln
r
Mn CNCB Rau Qu Sy thng hoa
5 I p a g e



2. Qu trnh sy thng hoa:
2.1 Cc giai on sy thng hoa
Qu trnh sy thng hoa tri qua 3 giai on chnh : giai on lm lnh, giai on thng hoa v
giai on bc hi m cn li.
Bng 1.1 : So snh sy thng hoa v sy kh truyn thng
Sy kh truyn thng Sy thng hoa
-Thc phm sy kh d dng( rau, ng cc).
-Tht ni chung khng cho hiu qu
-Khong nhit t 39- 93oc
-p sut kh quyn
-Bc hi nc t b mt thc phm
-Lm tn tht cht ha tan, c khi lm
cng sn phm
-ng sut tc ng trn thc phm rn l
nguyn nhn nh hng n cu trc v lm
co sn phm.
-S kh nc chm v khng hon ton.
-Nhng phn sy kh l rn hay l xp
thng c mt cao hn nguyn liu. -Tn
tht hng v.
-Sn phm thng sm mu.
-Gi tr dinh dng gim.
-Gi sn phm thp.
-Sy c hu ht cc loi thc phm m cc
phng php khc khng thc hin c
-Rt tt cho ch bin tht chn v sng -Nhit
di im ng lnh -p sut thp (27-
133Pa)
-Thng hoa nc t mt nc -S tn tht
l ti thiu.
-t gy thay i cu trc v lm co sn phm.
-Kh nc rt nhanh.
-Nhng phn c sy kh v xp c mt
thp hn nguyn liu.
-Hng v c gi li bnh thng.
-Mu bnh thng.
-Gi c dinh dng.
-Gi sn phm ni chung cao, c th gp 4 ln
sy kh thng thng.
r
Mn CNCB Rau Qu Sy thng hoa
6 I p a g e



Neu m trong vt liu sy c trng thi ng bng c gia nhit ng p n nhit nht nh
th nc th rn s thc hin qu trnh thng hoa. T th cho thy p sut cng thp th nhit
thng hoa ca nc cng gim do khi cp nhit cho vt liu sy p sut cng thp th chnh
lch nhit gia ngun nhit v vt liu sy cng tng.
2.1.1 Giai on lm lnh (giai on lnh ng)
Trong giai on ny vt liu sy c lm lnh t nhit mi trng khong 20c xung
nhit (-10 ; -15C). giai on ny khng gian ca bnh thng hoa c ht chn khng v p
xut trong bnh gim. Do p sut gim nn phn p sut hi nc trong khng gian bnh thng hoa
cng gim so vi phn p sut trong lng vt liu sy iu ny dn ti hin tng thot m t vt liu
sy cho nn nhit vt liu sy nh hn im 3 th. C 2 cch lm lnh ng vt liu sy: Cch th
nht s dng thit b lm lnh ng thng thng hoc nit lng lm lnh ng sn phm bn
ngoi bung sy thng hoa. Cch th hai l vt sy t lnh ng ngay trong bung sy thng hoa khi
bung sy c ht chn khng. Trong giai on ny c khong 10 - 15% trn ton b m thot ra
khi vt liu sy.
Trong giai on ny sn phm cn c lm lnh ng rt nhanh hnh thnh cc tinh th
bng nh t gy h hi n cu trc t bo ca sn phm. i vi sn phm dng lng, phng php
lm lnh ng chm c s dng bng to thnh tng lp, cc lp ny to nn cc knh gip cho
hi nc dch chuyn d dng.

Hnh 2.1 : th biu hin trng thi thng hoa im ba th
r
Mn CNCB Rau Qu Sy thng hoa
7 I p a g e



t
D r
-^ B
w
Hnh 2.2 Tig cong sy
2.1.2 Giai on thng hoa
Giai on ny l giai on tch m chnh ca phng php sy thng hoa. y p sut hi
nc c gi di 4,58 mmHg (610,5 Pa) v nc dng bng, khi sn phm c cung cp nhit,
th bng rn s thng hoa trc tip thnh hi m khng b tan chy. Hi nc tip tc c tch ra
khi sn phm bng cch gi cho p sut trong bung sy thng hoa thp hn p sut hi nc trn b
mt ca bng, ng thi tch hi nc bng my bm chn khng v ngng t n bng cc ng xon
rut g lnh, cc bn dt lnh hoc bng ho cht. Khi qu trnh sy tip din, b mt thng hoa di
chuyn vo bn trong sn phm ng lnh, lm sn phm c sy kh. Nhit lng cn thit dch
chuyn b mt thng hoa (n nhit thng hoa) c truyn n sn phm do s dn nhit hoc do vi
sng cung cp. Hi nc di chuyn ra khi sn phm qua cc knh v n bnh ngng, sau thnh
bng bm trn b mt ng. Trong giai on ny nhit vt khng i.
Nh vy, nu khng tnh qu trnh mt m trong phng php vt m t lnh ng trong
bung sy khi ht chn khng th sn phm c sy trong hai giai on :
Trc tin do qu trnh thng hoa xung khong 15% m v sau do bay hi ca phn
nc khng ng bng n 2% m bng qu trnh nh m ng nhit. Qu trnh nh m ng nhit
(desorption) t c bng cch nng nhit my sy ln gn nhit mi trng xung quanh trong
khi vn gi p sut thp ging nh qu trnh sy cc thit b sy chn khng thng thng.
ng cong sy
Khi ht chn khng, p sut
t
* trong bung sy gim xung, m t do bay hi mnh lm
gim nhanh nhit ca n xung n nhit ng
bng tB ca m ( ng A-B ). Qu trnh ng bng ca m c to nhit nn nhit ca vt sy tng
ln mt cht( B - C). Qu trnh thng hoa m din ra khc
vi qu trnh sy th nht (tc khng i) trong sy i
lun l nhit tng ln mt t theo thi gian sy ( on C-
D dc ln). iu c gii thch l lp su bn trong
vt sy cn c m ang ng bng.
2.1.3 Giai on bc hi m cn li:
L giai on lm bay hi m lin kt, nhit ca
vt liu sy tng nhanh. Trong mt s sn phm (v d
nc p tri cy, dch chit c ph c c), s hnh thnh nn trng thi thu tinh trong qu trnh ng
bng gy ra nhiu kh khn cho vic di chuyn hi nc. V vy, cht lng cn c ng bng
dng bt (phng php sy thng hoa bt : vacuum puff freeze drying), hoc l nc p tri cy
sy cng vi phn tht (ci). C hai phng php u to nn cc knh nh hi nc c th thot i
c. phng php th ba,
r
Mn CNCB Rau Qu Sy thng hoa
8 I p a g e


nc tri cy sau khi ng bng c nghin thnh cc, nh sy nhanh hn v cho php kim sot
kch c ca ht bt tt hn. Tc sy ph thuc phn ln vo tnh cn tr nhit ca sn phm v
mc thp hn vo cn tr dng hi (dch chuyn khi) ra khi b mt thng hoa.
Sau giai on thng hoa do trng thi ca nc trong vt liu nm trn im 3 th nn m trn
vt liu tr v dng lng. V khi p sut trong bnh thng hoa vn c duy tr b hn p sut kh
tri nh bm chn khng v vt liu sy vn tip tc c gia nhit nn m vn khng ngng bin t
dng lng sang dng hi v i vo khng gian bnh thng hoa. Nh vy giai on bc hi m cn li
chnh l qu trnh sy chn khng bnh thng.
Qu trnh dch chuyn m trong sy thng hoa khc vi qu trnh dch chuyn m trong h
thng sy khc lm vic p sut kh quyn. Khi thng hoa cc phn t nc khng va chm nhau
nh m sy thng hoa c mt u im ln l bo ton c cht lng sinh hc ca sn phm sy
2.2 Tc truyn nhit trong qu trnh sy thng hoa :
C ba phng php truyn nhit n b mt thng hoa.
Nhit truyn xuyn qua cc lp ng bng.
Tc truyn nhit ph thuc vo dy v dn nhit ca lp bng. Khi qu trnh sy xy
ra, chiu dy ca lp bng gim xung v tc truyn nhit tng ln.Nhit b mt ca thit b cp
nhit c gii hn trnh lm tan bng.
Nhit truyn qua lp kh.
Tc truyn nhit n b mt thng hoa ph thuc vo chiu dy v din tch b mt ca sn
phm, dn nhit ca lp kh v chnh lch nhit gia b mt ca sn phm v b mt bng. Khi
p sut bung sy khng i, nhit ca b mt bng duy tr khng i. Lp kh ca sn phm c
dn nhit rt thp (tng t nh vt liu cch nhit) v v th gy ra s cn tr ln vi dng nhit.
Khi qu trnh sy tip din, lp ny tr nn dy hn v s cn tr nhit tng ln. Lm gim kch thc
nguyn liu v tng chnh lch nhit s lm tng tc truyn nhit. Tuy nhin, sy thng hoa,
nhit b mt b gii hn n 40-65C trnh s bin tnh protein v cc thay i ho hc khc, c
th lm gim cht lng ca sn phm.
Truyn nhit bng vi sng.
Nhit c to ra trn b mt bng v tc truyn nhit khng b nh hng bi dn
nhit ca bng v cht kh hay dy ca lp kh. Tuy nhin, nhit vi sng kh kim sot v c nguy
c b tnh trng qa nng cc b dn n s tan chy bng.
2.3 Tc truyn khi trong qu trnh sy thng hoa:
Khi nhit truyn ti b mt thng hoa, nhit v p sut hi nc ca bng c tng ln.
Hi nc di chuyn xuyn qua cht kh n vng c p sut hi thp trong bung sy. p sut 67
Pa, lg bng hnh thnh 2m
3
hi v do , my sy thng hoa cn phi ly i hng trm mt khi hi
trong 1 giy qua cc l hng ca cht kh. Cc yu t kim sot chnh lch p sut hi nc l :
- p sut trong bung sy
- Nhit ca thit b ngng t hi, c hai cn thp n mc chi ph cho php.
- Nhit ca bng b mt thng hoa, cn cng cao cng tt nhng khng tan chy.
Trong thc t m bo tnh kinh t, p sut bung sy thp nht vo khong 13 Pa v nhit
thit b ngng t thp nht l khong -35c
v l thuyt, nhit ca bng cn nng ln mc ch va di im ng bng. Tuy nhin,
r
Mn CNCB Rau Qu Sy thng hoa
9 I p a g e


trn mt nhit ti hn nht nh, gi l nhit sp (collapse temperature), cu trc sn phm
s b ph hy ngay lp tc. Trong thc t, v th tn ti nhit bng ti a, nhit ngng t ti
thiu v p sut bung sy ti thiu v nhng thng s ny kim sot tc chuyn khi.
Trong qu trnh sy, m h xung t mc ban u rt cao trong vng lnh ng n mc
thp hn lp kh, ph thuc vo p sut hi nc trong bung sy. Khi nhit chuyn qua lp kh,
quan h gia p sut trong bung sy v p sut trn b mt bng l :
kd
Pi
=
Ps + (ts - ti)
bX
Trong , Pi (Pa) l p sut ring phn ca hi nc b mt thng hoa, Ps (Pa) p sut ring
phn ca hi nc b mt, kd (Wm^K'
1
) : dn nhit ca lp kh, b(kg.s
1
.m*
1
) thm ca ca
lp kh, Xs (J.kg
1
) : n nhit thng hoa, t
s
(C) : nhit bmt v ti (C) nhit ti b mt thng
hoa. Thrvi inn Qv r h irnr trh bng cng thc sau :
X
2
p(Mi - M
2
)
2

Td= ----------------- ----------------
Trong : td (giy) l thi gian sy, X (m) : chiu dy ca sn phm, ( (kg.m'
3
) : t trng ca
cht kh, Mi : m ban u v M2 : m cui cng. Ch rng : thi gian sy t l vi bnh
phng dy ca sn phm : do gp i chiu dy sn phm s ko di thi gian sy gp 4 ln.
- A 1 A
3. Bin i nguyn liu :
Sn phm sy thng hoa c thi hn s dng rt lu trong iu kin bao gi ph hp v c th
c bo qun nhit phng. Bi v hot nc trong sn phm thng rt thp (di 0,3)- Vi
hot ca nc thp nh vy, cc enzyme v vi sinh vt gn nh b c ch hon ton. Thi gian bo
qun ca mt s sn phm sy thng hoa c cng b trn th trng c th ln n vi chc nm.
C bit c sn phm c bo co c thi hn s dng ln n 50 nm (nh tht heo sy thng hoa
M, c s dng trong qun i). Cc sn phm cui cng gi li 98% cht dinh dng v cn nng
t hn nhiu so vi trc khi sy.
Thc phm sy thng hoa gn nh gi li c cc c tnh ca nguyn liu ban u ng
thi s tn tht v mt cht lng thng mc thp nht. Sn phm chang nhng gi li ti a cc
c tnh v cht lng (mu sc, mi v, trng thi) m cc hp cht c hot tnh sinh hc (vitamin,
enzyme, omage-3 axt) cng c bo v mt cch tt nht (tt nhin khng phi 100%).
Nghin cu trn sn phm c hi sy thng hoa ch ra rng sn phm c t l co rt th tch
di 10% (chp nhn c), mu sc c gim sau sy thng hoa nhng sau khi ht
nc c s phc hi li mu sc ng k, sn phm c tc ht nc cc nhanh ch trong khong
5-10 giy t c t l ht nc ti a nhit 80c (iu ny rt thun li khi s dng nh
l mt thnh phn thc phm dng soup). C cu trc xp, dn ph hp vi sn pham snack n
lin.
nhng sn phm phi c kh cao v cn ha tan tt nh sa bt th vi phng
php sy thng hoa, m sn phm cn li 4 - 6%, v hnh dng ban u vn c gi nguyn,
khng c s thay i v kch thc r rt
Sn phm sy thng hoa lu li rt tt cc c tnh cm quan v cht lng dinh dng.
Cc cht d bay hi khng b cun vo hi nc sinh ra trong qu trnh thng hoa m b mc li
r
Mn CNCB Rau Qu Sy thng hoa
10 I p a g e


trong khung sn phm. Ket qu l 80-90 % mi c gi li.
Ket cu ca sn phm tt: t b co ngt v khng b hin tng cng v. cu trc xp cho
php qu trnh lm t tr li nhanh chng v hon ton, nhng n d v v cn bo v trnh b h
hi c hc. Ch c nhng thay i nh v cht lng protein, tinh bt v cc hydrocacbon khc.
Tuy nhin cu trc xp ca sn phm c th cho oxy xm nhp v gy oxy ho lipit. V vy, sn
phm cn c bao gi trong kh tr. Nhng thay i ca thiamin v axit ascorbic trong qu trnh
sy thng hoa mc va phi v s tht thot ca cc vitamin khc khng ng k (xem bng).
Tuy nhin, s tht thot cc cht dinh dng do cc qu trnh chun b trc khi sy, c bit l
chn hp rau c th nh hng ng k n cht lng dinh dng ca sn phm sy thng hoa.

4. Thit b sy thng hoa :
4.1 Yu cu c bn ca thit b sy thng hoa
Trong bung sy phi c dn cp nhit v dn lnh lm lnh ng vt sy.
Cu to ph hp vi nng sut yu cu.
bn v kn cao
Np v tho sn phm d dng.
Vt liu sy phi l thp khng g
4.2 H thng sy thng hoa:
4.2.1. Cu to h thong say thng hoa:
Trong h thng sy thng hoa tun hon c s dng trong cng nghip thc phm. Vt liu sy
c lm lnh n mt nhit thch hp trong cc kho lnh su ri c a vo bnh thng hoa. Bnh
thng hoa c ni vi bm chn khng qua bnh ngng ng bng. Bnh ngng ng bng c lm
lnh bi mt my lnh amoniac gm my nn, gin ngng, bnh tch long v bnh cha amoniac. Nh
bnh ngng ng bng m m thot ra t vt liu sy c tch ra di dng bng my ht chn khng
lm vic vi khng kh kh. iu ny lm cho bm chn khng lm vic nh nhng v gim chi ph in
nng cho c h thng.
Cc thit b chnh ca h thng sy thng hoa gm bnh thng hoa, bnh ngng ng bng, bm
chn khng v my lnh vi cc thit b: bnh tch lng, gin ngng, bnh cha tc nhn lnh v my nn.
Cc my sy thng hoa bao gm mt bung chn khng c cha cc khay ng sn phm v thit
b un nng cp nhit cho qu trnh thng hoa. Cc ng xon rut g lnh hoc cc bn dt lnh c
s dng ngng t hi nc trc tip thnh bng. Chng c gn vi thit b t ng lm tan bng
gi cho b mt ca cc dy xon rut g c trng ti a cho vic ngng t hi nc. iu ny l cn
Bng 3.1 : Tn tht vitamin trong qu trnh sy Thng Hoa
Thc Phm Tht thot %
Vitamin
c
Vitamin
A
Thiamin Riboflavin Axit
folic
Niacin
Axit Panto
thnic
u Xanh 26-60 0-24
-
0
-
10
-
u H Lan 8- 30 5 0
- -
0 10
Nc Cam 3 3-5
- - - - -
Tht b
- -
2 0 + 0 13
Tht heo
- -
<10 0
-
0
56
r
Mn CNCB Rau Qu Sy thng hoa

thit bi v phn ln nng lng u vo c dng lm lnh ng cc thit b ngng t v v th tnh
kinh t ca sy thng hoa c xc nh bi hiu sut ca thit b ngng t :
Nhit thng hoa
Hiu sut = ------------------------------------------------------
Nhit tc nhn lm lnh thit b ngng t

Hnh 4.1 S cu to hm sy thng hoa
4.4.2. Cu to ca hai tht b chnh trong h thng sy thng hoa:
Bnh thng hoa: Bnh l mt hnh tr trn nm ngang. Mt y c hn lin vi hnh tr cn
y kia l mt chm cu c gn kt vi than hnh tr bng bulng a VLS vo ra. nh bnh thng
hoa c mt mt bch ni vi bm chn khng qua bnh ngng-ng bng. Pha trong bnh thng hoa
ngi ta b tr cc hp kim l ai xen k nhau. Trn cc hp l cc khay cha VLS. Trong cc hp l
nc nng chuyn ng. Do nhit trong bnh thng hoa rt thp v c mt chn khng rt ln nn
truyn nhit gia cc thnh hp cha nc nng vi VLS ch yu xy ra nh bc x nhit.
Bm chn khng tch i cc thnh phn hi khng ngng t

r
Mn CNCB Rau Qu Sy thng hoa


Hnh 4.3 : Cu to bnh ngng ng
bng

Bnh ngng - ng bng: cu to bnh ngng-ng bng l mt thit b trao i nhit dng ng.
N l mt hnh tr ng, trong b tr cc ng c ng knh 51/57 mm c gn kt vi nhau v vi
hnh tr nh hai mt sng. Hn hp hi nc v khng kh c bm chn khng ht t bnh thng hoa
qua mt li phn phi pha di i vo trong cc ng.Amnic a vo trn mt sn v cha y khng
gian gia cc ng . y hn hp hi nc - khng kh c lm
lnh v hi nc trong hn hp ngng t li bm vo cc thnh
trong ca ng, cn khng kh kh qua bm chn khng thi
vo kh quyn. Ngc li, amnic lng nhn nhit ca hn hp
hi nc- khng kh bay hi v qua bnh tch lng v my nn
ca my lnh.

Hnh 4.2 : Cu to ca bnh thng hoa
Mn CNCB Rau Qu sy thng hoa
13 I p a g e



Nguyn t cu to v hoi ng ca bung sy thng hoa in tc.
1- bung sy; 2- bung nap 1iu; 3' thit b cp nhit bng bc x; 4-
bng ti; 5- thit b ngng t; 6- thit b tho sn phm.
7TZm77TZT7Wtm
Hnh 4.4 : Thit bi h thng sy thng hoa
1 - Bnh thng hoa; 2 - Van; 3 - Xyphng; 4- Be cha nc nng; 5 - Bnh ngimg nc nng 6 - Bnh tch
lng; 7 - Gin ngimg amoniac; 9 - My nn; 10 - Bm chn khng
11, 12, 13 - ng c in; 14 - Bm nc; 15 - Phn t lc; 16 Tm gia nhit 17 -
Chn khng k; 18- Van iu chnh; 19 - Khay cha vt liu 20 Tm gia nhit di; 21
- B iu chnh nhit
Vt liu c lm lnh ti (10 - 15C) c cho vo bnh thng hoa (1). Bnh thng hoa ni vi
bom chn khng (10) qua bnh ngng - ng bng 5, v c lm lnh bng my lnh ammoniac. My
lnh gm ny nn 9, gin ngng 7, bnh tch lng 6 v bnh cha ammoniac 8. Nh bnh ngng - ng
bng, m thot t vt liu di dng bng, my ht chn khng 10 lm vic vi khng kh kh. Ngoi ra
bnh thng hoa ni vi h thng cung cp nc nng t bnh cha 4 lm ngun gia nhit cho vt liu.
r
Mn CNCB Rau Qu Sy thng hoa

5. ng dng ca sy thng hoa:
Hin nay, sy thng hoa c ng dng rng ri trong cng ngh thc phm, cng nghip
dc, cng nghip ha hc v mt s ngnh khc...
Sy thng hoa, nht l phng php sy nhanh (AFD : accelerated freeze drying) c p
dng rng ri M sy cc loi nguyn liu t tin nh tht gia sc, gia cm...Ngoi ra n cn
c s dng sy cc sn phm khc nh : c ph, gia v, trong dc phm v.v...
5.1 Dc phm v cng ngh sinh hc :
Cc cng ty dc phm thng s dng sy thng hoa tng thi gian bo qun v cht
lng ca sn phm nh vacxin v cc loi thuc khc :
5.1.1 Cc loi vacxin :
Do gi c cc tnh cht ti sng, cc hot tnh sinh hc, c hiu vv.. . nn k thut sy
thng hoa c s dng sn xut cc loi vc xin ng kh cho ngi v gia sc. Hin nay
nc ta ngi ta s dng rt ph bin k thut ny nh Vin v sinh v dch t HNi, Vin
Pasteur thnh ph H Ch Minh, Vin sn xut sinh vt phm Lt - Nha Trang...
5.1.2 Huyt tng :
Huyt tng sy thng hoa l sn phm c sn xut t mu ti, l mt trong nhng vt
phm rt qu bu, dng iu tr cp cn. Trong qu trnh sn xut huyt tng kh ngi ta lm
lnh v sy thng hoa t c huyt tng c m 1 %.
5.2 Cng Ngh Thc Phm :
5,2.1 Mt ong
Nh chng ta bit, thc cht ca ng kh (sy thng hoa) l ng lnh cng thm giai on
sy kh p sut chn khng (P < 10-1 mm Hg) thng hoa nc t sn phm ng lnh. Do vy
m chi ph nng lng v gi thnh ban u (gi thnh xut
xng) ca sn phm ng kh cao hn nhiu so vi thc
phm ng lnh.
Tuy nhin, qu trnh bo qun, vn chuyn tip theo ca thc
phm ng kh n gin, t chi ph do khng cn h thng
khp kn lin tc trong mi trng lnh ng (-18 n -25C)
nh i vi thc phm ng lnh, cho nn nu ta bo qun
thc phm qu 6 thng cng thm chi ph vn chuyn (xa qu
300 Km) th tng gi thnh ca thc phm ng lnh s cao
hn tng gi thnh ca thc phm ng kh t 5 n 16%.
Mt ong sau khi thu hoch phi t tiu chun ti thiu 1,3
kg/lt. Neu mt c trng lng ring thp hn gi tr trn mt
s rt long, trong iu kin kh hu
nng m, loi mt ny d b cc vi sinh vt ln men lm ,
gim phm cht. Hn na, nu mt qu long, chi ph Hnh 5.1 Mt ong Say Thang Hoa
r
Mn CNCB Rau Qu Sy thng hoa

Sy s cao hn mt c c cng trng lng. Nu mt c trng lng ring = 1,3 kg/lt, chi ph cho
ch bin s gim ng k.
Giai on cp ng :
u tin, mt ong mi khai thc c cho vo bung chn khng ca my sy thng hoa. Mt
ong phi c tri u trn cc khay to mt din tch tip xc ln nht c th c vi khng gian
trong bung chn khng, ta c th tri mt lp mt c dy khong 1 ( 1,5 cm cch y khun. Sau
khi kho cc van ca, ta cho my hot ng ch cp ng a sn phm xung nhit to = -
35c v duy tr nhit ny trong thi gian 2 gi.
Cc tinh th nc trong mt sau khi ng c kch thc rt nh, chng bm vi nhau to thnh
cc si. Trong khi nu ta ng lnh chm, s lng tinh th t hn v chng c dng hnh sao.
Mt m cp ng c xem l t khi tho cc iu kin sau:
- Nhit to = -35 c
- Vn tc i lu khng kh trong b bc hi phi t 0,5 m/s
- Nhict o CUci 3.nh cua Scn phciTi -6c
Giai on thng hoa:
Sau khi sn phm t n nhit cn thit (-5C). Ta dng my cp ng v vn hnh
my rt chn khng duy tr p sut chn khng trong bung, cc tinh th trong mt ong thng
hoa p sut thp. Sau thi gian khong 15 gi cho myrt chn khnghot
ng, chng ta thu c bt mt ong.
y l sn phm cui cng m ta thu c, mt c dng bt, c mu t trng ng n vng
nht, ht mn v rt ho nc.
Khi ta cho bt ny vo nc ct (theo ng t l nh sn: 1 kg bt cho 0,3 lt nc ct) v
khuy u ln, n s tan trong nc v cho ta mt dung dch st c cht lng nh mt ong nguyn
cht, y l tnh cht quan trng nht ca sn phm ny.
Chu trnh trn l mt chu trnh khp kn, trong b bc hi ca my cp ng cng chnh l
bung sy ca my sy thng hoa.
Trong thc t sn xut, khng nht thit ta phi kt hp c 2 my ny lm mt. Ta c th b tr
cp ng sn phm trong my cp ng bng chuyn thng IQF (Individual Quick Frozen) hoc my
cp ng Block.
Trong mt s nh my ng lnh rau qu hay thy sn xut khu, cng sut ca nh my ch
c s dng ti a trong vi thng ca nm (vo cc ma thu hoch) cn cc thng khc, nh my ch
hot ng mt na cng sut. Do ,vic s dng cc loi my cp ng trong quy trnh sn xut l
nhm tn dng ht cng sut cng nh gp phn gim chi ph tn hao c s vt cht v a dng ha
cc sn phm cho nh my.
Do giai on cp ng ring nn ta ch vic thit k my sy thng hoa n gin ch
l mt my rt chn khng v b phn cp nhit cho thng hoa.
5.2.2 Tri cy
Thc t bt k loi tri cy no cng c th sy thng hoa nh du, l, mm si, qu vit qut,
cam, chanh, to, nho, kiwi, i, u , chui v nho. Tri cy nhp ngoi v t c bit vng nhit
i c th ch bin dng sn, cung cp ngun nguyn liu cho a phng. Tri cy sy thng hoa
c th ch bin thnh cc hnh dng khc nhau nh: lt mng, ht lu v dng bt.
Du cng c s dng sn xut. Sn phm ny c th c ch bin thnh dng siro. C
ngha l b sung thm hm m thch hp kch thch khu gic, nhng vn duy tr hot ca nc
r
Mn CNCB Rau Qu Sy thng hoa

thp. Bng cch ny c th ng dng lm yogurt tri cy.
Sn phm cam qut t hng cao hn. Nc chanh hoc nc cam c th sy thng hoa
sn xut ra mt loi hng thm. Nc tri cy gm c v c th sy thng hoa v nghin thnh bt
sn xut ra hng cam qut khc. Chnh v ca chng c th sy thng hoa v tinh ch thnh dng
bt to mi hng. Nguyn liu sn c mi trn v ni tp trung hu ht cc ti tinh du. Tinh du
ny ca v cam v chanh rt thng dng v mi thm ring bit, v c ct st c th ch bin thnh
nhiu hnh dng hoc nghin thnh bt.
5.2.3 ng dng ca tri cy sy thng hoa trong cng ngh sn xut mt
Trong sy thng hoa, m c thng hoa trc tip t trng thi rn sang hi, v vy sn xut ra
mt sn phm vi m c th kim sot c, khng cn qua ch bin hoc lm lnh, m vn gi
c hng v, mu sc.
Sy thng hoa l cng on kh c bit trong ngnh thc phm. C nhiu ngi bit bn cht
t nhin ca sy thng hoa v mt s ngi quen vi vic la chn thc phm sy thng hoa. Tuy
nhin, hu ht mi ngi khng quen vi phng php sy thng hoa ny.
m trong thc phm trng thi lng, v khi sy chuyn sang trng thi hi. Neu ly ,
trng thi rn ca nc, t ni c p sut chn khng cc k thp v tng nhit nh kch thch
qu trnh, lng m t trng thi rn s thng hoa trc tip thnh trng thi hi v b qua giai on
chuyn thnh lng. Thut ng cho qu trnh trn gi l qu trnh sy thng hoa. Khi nc thng hoa t
thc phm ra ngoi, cu trc t bo khng b co li, vn gi c l xp. V th thc phm c hi
phc li nhanh chng, khi thm nc.
Khng c mt hng thc phm n l hay thnh phn ca chng l cu tr li cho tt c mi
vn do chuyn gia bnh ko a ra nhm pht trin mt hng mi. Nhng tri cy sy thng hoa l
mt gii php. Loi tri cy ny c nhiu u im v cn tm thy nhng ng dng chuyn bit cho
chng. Ni chung v chi ph v bn cht t nhin trong thnh phn, tri cy sy thng hoa ang c
s dng ph bin trong trung tm sn sut kem, ko mm, ko hn hp socola. Chng ph hp vi li
qung co tuyt vi, v chng khng lm tng m v vn gi c hng v v mu sc t nhin.
Cc chuyn gia phi tm ra cng thc ring cho chnh h nhng im khi u s s dng bt tri cy
sy thng hoa trong khong 3-5%.
Khi mt ngi s dng sn phm sy thng hoa th hng v cha th biu hin n khi chng
c nhai trong ming v c nc bt chuyn ha. m l yu t cn thit kch thch v gic
cho php chng ta nhn bit c hng v. Tng t b sung tri cy sy thng hoa vo ko c cha
hm m cc k thp c th khng c li. V du: ko cng ni chung c gi thp. Ch c th s dng
bt tri cy sy thng hoa kt hp vi cht to o to thnh h ng nht v mu v mi v. Tuy nhin
m khng ng k trong hn hp cht to o v cng cn thit c trong thnh phn to hng
khi nhai. Yogurt v tri cy l s kt hp t nhin, ch c vn thi gian n khi mi ngi chp
nhn s dng hng ny trong sn phm ko. Yogurt sy thng hoa cng sn c dng.
Mn CNCB Rau Qu sy thng hoa

PH LC
DANH MC BNG
Bng 1.1 So snh Sy thng hoa v sy kh truyn thng ..................... 5
Bng 3.1 Tn tht vitamin trong qu trnh sy Thng Hoa .................. 10
DANH MC HNH
Hnh 2.1 thi biu hin trang thi thng hoa im ba th ............. 6
Hnh 2.2 ng cong sy ....................................................................... 7
Hnh 4.1 S cu tao hm sy thng hoa .......................................... 12
Hnh 4.2 Cu tao ca bnh thng hoa ................................................... 13
Hnh 4.3 Cu tao bnh ngng ng bng .............................................. 13
Hnh 4.4 Thit bi h thng sy thng hoa ............................................. 14
Hnh 5.1 Mt ong Sy Thng Hoa ........................................................ 15
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Hong Vn Chc, K thut sy, NXB Khoa Hc - K Thut - 1999
2. Nguyn Vn May, Gio trnh K thut sy nng sn thc phm,
NXB Khoa hc - Ky thut - 2007
3. Nguyn Vn La, Quy trnh v thit b Cng Ngh Ha hc v thc
phm. Tp 7 : K thut sy, NXB H Quc gia TP.HCM - 2006
4. L Vn Vit Mn, Cng Ngh Ch Bin Thc Phm, NXB H Quc
Gia TP.HCM - 2009
5. L Bch Tuyt, Cc qu trnh cng ngh c bn trong sn xut Thc
Phm, NXB Khoa hc - K Thut, 1994
6. Trn Vn Ph, Tnh ton v thit k h thng sy, NXB Gio dc -
2002
r
Mn CNCB Rau Qu Sy thng hoa

7. Christopher Baker, Industrial drying of foods, Blackie Academic &
Professional - 1997
8. http://www.ioumalofdairyscience.org/
9. http://WWW.wikipedia.org/
10. http://www.freezedrying.com/