British Forum for Ethnomusicology

The Engendered lyra: Music, Poetry and Manhood in Crete

Author(s): Kevin Dawe
Source: British Journal of Ethnomusicology, Vol. 5 (1996), pp. 93-112
Published by: British Forum for Ethnomusicology
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3060868
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BRITISH JOURNAL OF ETHNOMUSICOLOGY
Th e
e nge nde re d
l y ra :
m u s i c ,
p o e t ry
a nd
m a nh o o d i n Cre t e
Ke vi n Da we
Th e
l y ra -l a o u t o
e ns e m bl e i s t h e m o s t
p o p u l a r
a nd
e ndu ri ng
m u s i c a l t ra di t i o n i n Cre t e . It i s
a n a l m o s t
e xc l u s i ve l y
m a l e
p ro fe s s i o n
a nd
p a s t i m e
a nd a s s u c h e m bo di e s a
c o m p l e x
s y nt h e s i s
o f
e nge nde re d
va l u e s .
As p e c t s
o f m u s i c a l
p e rfo rm a nc e
c o nt ra di c t t h e
s e e m i ngl y
m o no l i t h i c m a nh o o d i de a l s t h a t i nfo rm i t , re ve a l i ng
i t s ro l e a s a s i t e o f i nt e ns e
bo u nda ry
ne go t i a t i o n.
T HE FIRST MAJOR PUBLICATION t o a ddre s s t h e
s u bje c t
o f m u s i c a nd
ge nde r
wi t h i n a
va ri e t y
o f c u l t u re s fro m a n
e t h no m u s i c o l o gi c a l
p e rs p e c t i ve
wa s
Wo m e n a nd m u s i c i n c ro s s -c u l t u ra l
p e rs p e c t i ve (Ko s ko ff 1987).
Th a t e di t e d
vo l u m e a ddre s s e s t wo
qu e s t i o ns : 1)
To wh a t
de gre e
do e s a
s o c i e t y 's ge nde r
i de o l o gy ,
a nd
re s u l t i ng
ge nde r-re l a t e d
be h a vi o u rs , a ffe c t i t s m u s i c a l
t h o u gh t
a nd
p ra c t i c e ? 2)
Ho w do e s m u s i c fu nc t i o n i n
s o c i e t y
t o re fl e c t o r a ffe c t
i nt e r-ge nde r
re l a t i o ns ?
Th e Int e rna t i o na l Co u nc i l fo r Tra di t i o na l Mu s i c s e t
u p
i t s o wn
s t u dy gro u p
t o
e xp l o re
s u c h
qu e s t i o ns .
In t h e i r e di t o ri a l
p re fa c e
t o t h e 1990
p u bl i c a t i o n Mu s i c ,
ge nde r,
a nd c u l t u re , He m do n a nd
Zi e gl e r
wro t e :
In re c e nt
y e a rs
a n u nde rs t a nda bl e i nt e re s t h a s a ri s e n i n
p ro m o t i ng gre a t e r i ns i gh t
a nd be t t e r
u nde rs t a ndi ng
o f
ge nde r
a s a c ri t i c a l fa c t o r i n
c o nt ri bu t i ng
ne w a nd
m e a ni ngfu l
t h e o re t i c a l di m e ns i o ns t o
e t h no m u s i c o l o gi c a l
re s e a rc h . Th e s e i nc l u de
no t
o nl y
t h e
ge nde r
i s s u e s
i nt i m a t e l y
c o nne c t e d t o m u s i c a l
p e rfo rm a nc e ,
bu t a l s o
i s s u e s c re a t e d
by
t h e
ge nde r
o f t h e
i nve s t i ga t o r....
Ge nde r i s a
c u l t u re -s p e c i fi c ,
i nc o ns i s t e nt a nd va ri a bl e
c o nc e p t
t h a t h a s m o re t o do wi t h s o c i a l ro l e s ,
a ge
a nd
s t a t u s t h a n wi t h
bi o l o gy . [1990: 7]
Wi t h t h e
a p p e a ra nc e
o f t h e a bo ve t wo vo l u m e s h a s c o m e a m o ve t o wa rds t h e
p u bl i c a t i o n
o f m o re
i n-de p t h
s t u di e s o f t h e
i nt e r-re l a t i o ns h i p
o f
m u s i c ,
da nc e a nd
ge nde r by
e t h no m u s i c o l o gi s t s .1
Ja ne Co wa n's bo o k, Da nc e a nd t h e
bo dy p o l i t i c
1
Se e ge r
1987 a nd Ri c e 1994 a re
e xe m p l a ry
i n t h e i r
i n-de p t h a na l y s i s
o f bo t h m a l e a nd fe m a l e
m u s i c a l
p ra c t i c e s .
Se e a l s o
Su ga rm a n's
wo rk o n t h e
we ddi ng s o ngs
o f Mu s l i m Al ba ni a n wo m e n
(1989) a nd m e n
(1987),
a nd a l s o Se re m e t a ki s 's
s t u dy
o f t h e
m i ro l 6y i a
o f Gre e k-Ma ni o t wo m e n
(1991).
I no t e a
'c a t c h i ng u p ' p ro c e s s
i n Me n's St u di e s wi t h i n t h e
a nt h ro p o l o gi c a l l i t e ra t u re ; s e e ,
fo r
e xa m p l e ,
He rzfe l d 1985, Gi l m o re 1990 a nd Co rnwa l l a nd Li ndi s fa m e 1994.
93
VOL 5
1996
94 Bri t i s h Jo u rna l
f Et h no m u s i c o l o gy ,
vo l . 5 (1996)
i n no rt h e rn Gre e c e (1990)
i s o ne o f t h e fi rs t
l e ngt h y
vo l u m e s de vo t e d t o
u nde rs t a ndi ng ge nde r
i s s u e s i n
re l a t i o ns h i p
t o da nc e a nd m u s i c a l
p e rfo rm a nc e ,
a nd t o m a l e a nd fe m a l e be h a vi o u r i n
ge ne ra l .
Co wa n's u s e o f t h e
m e t a p h o r "bo dy
p o l i t i c "
re l a t e s t o h e r di s c u s s i o n o f t h e c u l t u ra l
e m p h a s i s t h ro u gh o u t
Gre e c e o n
bo di l y p re s e nt a t i o n,
a nd o n a s s o c i a t i o ns o f t h i s
e m p h a s i s
wi t h i s s u e s o f
p re s t i ge ,
re p u t a t i o n
a nd
s e xu a l i t y .
Sh e
i nve s t i ga t e s
t h e
wa y s
i n wh i c h Gre e k m e n a nd
wo m e n
p re s e nt
t h e m s e l ve s a nd e va l u a t e e a c h o t h e r's a c t i o ns i n t h e c o nt e xt o f
da nc e . He r t e xt ,
i n t u rn, dra ws
h e a vi l y
o n Bo u rdi e u
(1977),
wi t h h i s
e m p h a s i s
o n
t h e fa c t t h a t s o c i a l
"t h o u gh t "
i s no t a bs t ra c t , c e re bra l a nd "di s e m bo di e d" i n t h e
Ca rt e s i a n s e ns e ,
bu t ro o t e d i n t h e
wa y
we u s e o u r bo di e s . I h a ve fo u nd t h a t t h e s e
e xt re m e l y s i gni fi c a nt
o bs e rva t i o ns o n t h e e m bo di m e nt o f
m e a ni ng
u s e fu l i n
m y
o wn wo rk. Po s t u re s , ge s t u re s , c l o t h e s , h a i rs t y l e s ,
t h e
wa y
i n wh i c h m u s i c i a ns
p l a y
i ns t ru m e nt s , a re m o de s o f
u s i ng
o ne 's
bo dy
t h a t s e e m t o
e xp re s s
a
wa y
o f
be i ng
a
"m a n" a nd a
wa y
o f
be i ng
a "m u s i c i a n"
(s e e fi gs . 1-3).2
In t h i s a rt i c l e , I
h o p e
t o u nde rl i ne t h e
i m p o rt a nc e
o f t h e
"ge nde r
l i nk" i n a
c o ns i de ra t i o n o f t h e
l y ra -l a o u t o
e ns e m bl e .3 Th e
l y ra [l i ra ] (p l u ra l
=
l y re s [l i re s ])
i s a
t h re e -s t ri nge d, u p ri gh t ,
bo we d l u t e ;
t h e l a o u t o
[l a u i t o ] (p l u ra l
=
l a o u t a
[l a u i t a ])
i s a fo u r-c o u rs e , p l u c ke d, l o ng-ne c ke d
l u t e
(s e e p h o t o gra p h s ).
Th e e ns e m bl e no w
c o ns i s t s o f e i t h e r
p ro fe s s i o na l
m u s i c i a ns o r a m i xt u re o f
p ro fe s s i o na l s
a nd s e m i -
p ro fe s s i o na l s .
Pe rfo rm a nc e s t a ke
p l a c e
fo r
da nc i ng
a nd t h e re c i t a t i o n o f
p o e t ry
a t
we ddi ngs , ba p t i s m s ,
c a l e nde r e ve nt s a nd fe s t i va l s .
In t h e ne xt s e c t i o n I m o ve fro m a di s c u s s i o n o f s o m e o f t h e ba s i c
qu e s t i o ns
t h a t
c o nc e rne d m e i n t h e
e a rl y s t a ge s
o f
m y
fi e l dwo rk t o a re vi e w o f t h e
e t h no gra p h i c
l i t e ra t u re o n m a nh o o d i n Cre t e a nd t h e Me di t e rra ne a n a re a .
Ap p ro a c h i ng
"t h e
p o e t i c s o f
m a nh o o d"
t h ro u gh
m u s i c
Ma ny
At h e ni a ns t a l k a bo u t Cre t a n m u s i c i n a
wa y
s i m i l a r t o h o w
t h e y
t a l k a bo u t
re m be t i ka , m u s i c a s s o c i a t e d wi t h t h e bo u zo u ki [bu zu ki ], a nd i t s s e m i -e vo l u t i o n i n
t h e Pi ra e u s u nde rwo rl d o f t h e 1920s a nd 1930s .
Du ri ng m y
fi rs t
p e ri o d
o f
fi e l dwo rk,
i n At h e ns (1990),
I
be ga n
t o fo rm a n
i m a ge
o f e l u s i ve ba nds o f m u s i c a l
re be l s
t o u ri ng
t h e wi l d m o u nt a i ns o f Cre t e
p e rfo rm i ng
a t
vi l l a ge we ddi ngs
t h a t
we re
t ru l y Di o ny s i a n
i n c h a ra c t e r a nd
o ri gi n,
wh e re t h e l a w wa s fl o u t e d
by l y ra
p l a y e rs
wh o we re
ju s t
a s s ki l l e d a t
p l a y i ng
m a c h i ne
gu ns .
Th e s e
i m p re s s i o ns
we re
fu e l l e d
by
a
re a di ng
o f Mi c h a e l He rzfe l d's Po e t i c s
o f
m a nh o o d
(1985), t h o u gh
t e m p e re d by
t h e a u t h o r's
gro u ndi ng
o f s u c h
i m a ge ry (t h e
c o ve r fe a t u re s
gu n-
2
Sy nno t t
a nd Ho we s (1992: 163-4) no t e t h a t "Th e
c o rp o re a l i t y
o f t h e s e l f i s no w
be i ng e xp l o re d
i n
m a ny
a re a s o f
a nt h ro p o l o gy .
Th e ne w di s c o u rs e re fl e c t s no t
o nl y
a dva nc e s i n s c i e nt i fi c
m e t h o do l o gy
a nd c h a nge d va l u e s , bu t a l s o a fre s h
p a ra di gm
o f t h e
bo dy
a s s o c i a l , a s we l l a s
p h y s i c a l ,
a s
s y m bo l i c ,
a nd a l s o a s
h i gh l y p o l i t i c a l ,
a nd
ve ry
s e ns i t i ve ." Se e a l s o Fe a t h e rs t o ne
1991.
3
Exc e p t i ng
a fe w wo rds wh i c h h a ve
a l re a dy ga i ne d
s o m e
c u rre nc y
i n
Engl i s h ,
a l l t ra ns l i t e ra t i o n
fro m Gre e k fo l l o ws t h e
s y s t e m a do p t e d by
t h e Mo de m Gre e k St u di e s As s o c i a t i o n (USA) a nd
p u bl i s h e d
i n t h e
s t y l e s h e e t
o f t h e Jo u rna l
o f
Mo de rn Gre e k St u di e s 4.1
(1986), p p .
64-6. Wh e re
e xc e p t i o ns
a re m a de
(e .g. l y ra ,
l a o u t o , m a nt i na da ), t h e MGSA ro m a ni s a t i o n i s s h o wn i n
s qu a re
bra c ke t s o n fi rs t o c c u rre nc e .
Da we : Th e
e nge nde re d l y ra
95
t o t i ng
Cre t a n
s h e p h e rds )-t h a t
i s , a s u s e d
rh e t o ri c a l l y by
re a l
p e o p l e
i n re a l
s i t u a t i o ns ,
"i n
p e rfo rm a nc e ".
Th e i de a o f
i nve s t i ga t i ng
a c o nne c t i o n be t we e n t h e
m a nl y p e rfo rm a nc e s
di s c u s s e d t h e re i n
(i .e .
a l l t h e di ffe re nt
p e rfo rm a t i ve
m o de s ,
ve rba l a nd
no n-ve rba l )
a nd m u s i c a l
p e rfo rm a nc e
s e e m e d
p l a u s i bl e
bu t l i m i t e d a t
t h e t i m e . Th e i ndi vi du a l s wh o m a ke
u p
t h e m u s i c a l
c o m m u ni t y
s e e m e d t o t ra ve l
c o ns t a nt l y ,
i n l i m bo be t we e n
vi l l a ge ,
t o wn a nd
c i t y ,
o u t o f re a c h a nd di ffi c u l t t o
c o nt a c t -a s i t u a t i o n
qu i t e
di ffe re nt fro m t h a t o f He rzfe l d's
vi l l a ge -ba s e d s t u dy .
Ne ve rt h e l e s s ,
I wa s
e ve nt u a l l y
a bl e t o s e e t h e c o nt e nt s o f He rzfe l d's
p a t h fi ndi ng
s t u dy be c o m i ng i m p o rt a nt
t o
m y
o wn
u nde rs t a ndi ng
o f m u s i c a l
p e rfo rm a nc e
i n
Cre t e . Gi ve n t h e fa c t t h a t t h e
l y ra
m u s i c t ra di t i o n i s
vi rt u a l l y
100
p e r
c e nt m a l e ,
a nd i n vi e w o f t h e
i m p o rt a nc e p l a c e d u p o n
Gre e k no t i o ns o f "m a l e ne s s " i n t h e
e t h no gra p h i c
l i t e ra t u re , m y
ba s i c
qu e s t i o n
wa s : Ho w do e s t h i s
ge nde r
bi a s
s h a p e
m u s i c -m a ki ng
a nd t h e be h a vi o u r o f m u s i c i a ns ? Wh a t do e s i t m e a n t o be a
"m u s i c i a n" a nd a "m a n" i n Cre t e ?
In h i s s e m i na l
s t u dy
o f a Cre t a n m o u nt a i n
vi l l a ge ,
He rzfe l d s h o ws h o w s o c i a l
a c t i o ns m u s t be do ne i n a c e rt a i n
wa y
t o s u s t a i n
m a nl y
i de a l s i n t h i s
c o m m u ni t y .4
So c i a l ro l e s a re c re a t e d t h e re fo re a t
e ve ry o p p o rt u ni t y ,
a nd t h e re i s a n
e m p h a s i s
o n
fo re gro u ndi ng
o ne 's m a nl i ne s s
t h ro u gh
o ne 's a c t i o ns : wh a t Gi l m o re
(1990:
36)
de s c ri be s a s t h e
"a ge nt i a l m o da l i t y "
o f
be i ng
"a m a n" i n c e rt a i n s o c i e t i e s ,
wh e re t h e i ndi vi du a l i s
e xp e c t e d
t o de m o ns t ra t e a
"gre ga ri o u s e nga ge m e nt "
i n t h e
p u bl i c
a re na o f a c t s a nd de e ds a nd
vi s i bl e ,
c o nc re t e
a c c o m p l i s h m e nt s .
He s u m s
u p
m a nh o o d
p e rfo rm a nc e s
a s a "m a l e
p ra xi s , e ndl e s s l y
c o njo i ni ng
o n t h e
s t a ge
o f
c o m m u ni t y
l i fe "
(i bi d.).
Indi vi du a l s
e xp e ri e nc e
l i fe a s
e nge nde re d be i ngs . Th e y
e xp re s s
t h i s s t a t e o f
be i ng i m a gi na t i ve l y
a nd i n a
wa y
t h a t s h o ws a n a c u t e
a wa re ne s s o f l i fe
e xp e ri e nc e .
In He rzfe l d's
s t u dy , vi l l a ge rs '
e vo c a t i o ns o f t h e i r
e xp e ri e nc e s
a re s e e n a s
c o ns t i t u t i ng
a
p o e t i c s , a dh e ri ng
t o t h e
p ri nc i p l e s
o f
p o e t ry
(a n e xp re s s i ve
ve h i c l e wi t h wh i c h
p o e t s
s e e
m e a ni ng
i n a nd de ri ve
m e a ni ng
fro m
t h e i r
e nvi ro nm e nt ). Inde e d, a l l a c t i o ns a re s e e n t o c o nt a i n
"m e a ni ng"
o r s i m a s i a .
Me n a i m t o
c a rry
o u t t h e i r
da i l y
a c t i vi t i e s i n a re s o l u t e ,
u nh e s i t a t i ng
a nd
s p i ri t e d
m a nne r; t h e y
dra w a t t e nt i o n t o t h e i r a c t i o ns -t o a c t i o ns t h a t o ve rc o m e t h e
p ro bl e m s
o f e xi s t e nc e a nd s o c i a l i nt e rc o u rs e , a c t i o ns t h a t m e e t
c h a l l e nge s
h e a d-
o n, i nve s t i ng
t h e i r o ff-t h e -c u ff m a no e u vre s wi t h
i m p o rt a nc e
a nd t h u s
m e a ni ng.
Eve ry da y
wo rk i s c a rri e d o u t wi t h
fl a i r, e xp re s s i ve
o f
m a nl y
vi rt u e s a nd t h e s ki l l s
o f t h e i ndi vi du a l . He rzfe l d re m a rks , c o rre c t l y
t o
m y m i nd, t h a t Gl e ndi o t
vi l l a ge rs
i n
Cre t e ,
i n
m e e t i ng
t h e de m a nds o f
e ve ry da y l i fe , s e e m t o a dm i re wh a t Bo u rdi e u
(1977: 8)
h a s c a l l e d "t h e
ne c e s s a ry i m p ro vi s a t i o n
t h a t de fi ne s e xc e l l e nc e ".
Info rm i ng i m p ro vi s a t i o n,
i n t h i s dri ve t o wa rds e xc e l l e nc e
(e xc e l l e nc e
a t
be i ng
a m a n, t h a t
i s ),
i s a di s c o u rs e
(a n e xp o s i t i o n
o f
i de a s , a n
e xc h a nge
o f i de a s ,
a
p ro c e s s
o f
re a s o ni ng)
a nd a rh e t o ri c
(p e rs u a s i ve /e xa gge ra t e d
t a l k o r a c t i o ns ,
4
He rzfe l d i s
a m o ng
a nu m be r o f
a nt h ro p o l o gi s t s
wh o h a ve wo rke d i n Gre e k
vi l l a ge
c o m m u ni t i e s i n t h e wa ke o f Fri e dl
(1962), Ca m p be l l (1964) a nd du
Bo u l a y (1974). La t e r s t u di e s
h a ve fo c u s s e d o n
s p e c i fi c re l a t i o ns h i p s
be t we e n
p o we r a nd ge nde r,
fo r
e xa m p l e ,
He rzfe l d
(1985),
Gre ge r
(1985), Du bi s c h (1986), Co wa n (1990), Lo i zo s a nd
Pa p a t a xi a rc h i s (1991).
Fi g.
1: Gro o m 's
p ro c e s s i o n, Ano y i d vi l l a ge ,
Ju ne 1991
^
Da we : Th e
e nge nde re d l y ra
97
Fi g.
2
(l e ft ):
Mu s i c i a ns a nd
s i nge r
a t a
p ri va t e p a rt y
i n m o u nt a i n
vi l l a ge Ano y i d,
Cre t e ; fro m
t h e a l bu m c o ve r t o
"Ano y i a ni
Pa r6a "
("Ano y i d p a rt y "),
Ae rdki s
Re c o rds , 1990
Fi g.
3
(ri gh t ): Ni ki f6ro s
Ae rdki s c a s s e t t e c o ve r, Ae rdki s Re c o rds , 1989
N I K H O P
NIKHO6Pbd
PAKHE
:
ITIXOI- MHTZOZ TAYPAKAKHZI
':
API!TEIAH. XAIPETH.-MIXAAHZ ETAYPAKAKH.-
MYPfIN MAYPOYAH: - BAMIAHE .YAOYPH!_
.Z .
,
Q/ C
/o //, , ;
,
ge a re d
t o
i m p re s s )
t h a t c a n be
e na bl i ng
a nd
e m p o we ri ng
fo r m e n.5 Th i s i s t h e
p e rfo rm a nc e
o f
m a s c u l i ni t y -fe a t s
a nd de e ds do ne i n a m a nne r t h a t re i nfo rc e s
m a nl y
i de a l s . He rzfe l d
(1985)
no t e s h o w Cre t a n
s h e p h e rds
de m o ns t ra t e t h e i r
m a nl y
s e l fh o o d
by s t e a l i ng s h e e p , p ro c re a t i ng l a rge r
fa m i l i e s a nd
be s t i ng
o t h e r
m e n i n
ga m e s
o f c h a nc e a nd s ki l l . Th e s e de e ds a re t o l d o f i n
rh y m i ng c o u p l e t s
kno wn a s
m a nt i na de s ,
wh o s e re c i t a t i o n i s a n
i m p o rt a nt
fe a t u re o f
m a nl y p o e t i c
p e rfo rm a nc e .6
5
Two re c e nt wo rks
e xe m p l i fy
t h e t re nds a nd di vi s i o ns i n
t h i nki ng
a bo u t
ge nde r
i s s u e s i n Gre e k
e t h no gra p h y .
Th e no rm a t i ve s c h o o l s e e s t h e
i ndi ge no u s i de o l o gi e s
o f m a l e a nd fe m a l e
e xi s t i ng
i n a
c o m m u na l l y a c c e p t e d, no n-ne go t i a bl e wo rl d, a s a "t ra di t i o na l di vi s i o n o f l a bo u r i n t h e h o u s e
a nd
fa m i l y " (du
Bo u l a y
1991: 47). Th e n t h e re i s t h e m o de l o f
do m i na t i ng
m a l e s
c o ns t a nt l y
ne go t i a t i ng p o we r
o ve r fe m a l e s , a s do c u m e nt e d i n t h e wo rk o f Arde ne r 1989,
Cl a rk 1983,
Ro s a l do a nd
La m p h e re
1976, Ort ne r a nd Wh i t e h e a d 1981 a nd Ro s e n 1978. Pe rt i ne nt t o
m y
o wn
s t u dy ,
t h i s l a t t e r m o de l i s u s e d
by
Ja ne Co wa n
(1990),
wh o s e
a p p ro a c h
t re a t s
ge nde r
a s a n i s s u e
c o m bi ni ng
t h re e t h e m e s :
c o ns c i o u s ne s s , p o we r
a nd
p ra c t i c e s .
Th e s e t h re e
c o m p o ne nt s
e s s e nt i a l l y
de ri ve fro m t h e
wa y
i n wh i c h o ne
gro u p ga i ns p o we r
o ve r a no t h e r.
6
Si m i l a r
p h e no m e na
a re fo u nd e l s e wh e re i n t h e Me di t e rra ne a n a re a . Ma rc u s
(1987:
50), wri t i ng
o f e a s t e rn Mo ro c c o , re c o u nt s h o w
m a nl y
de e ds a re c o m m e m o ra t e d i n ve rs e s
s u ng
a t fe s t i va l s ,
98 Bri t i s h Jo u rna l
o f Et h no m u s i c o l o gy
vo l . 5 (1996)
A
m a n, a s re c o rde d i n t h e a fo re m e nt i o ne d s t u di e s , i s
e xp e c t e d
t o
m a rry
a nd
p ro c re a t e ,
t o
p ro vi s i o n
h i s
fa m i l y
a nd t o
p ro t e c t
t h e m . Bu t t h e s e a c t i vi t i e s
de p e nd
u p o n de e p l y
h e l d no t i o ns o f a
"m o bi l i t y
o f a c t i o n, a
p e rs o na l a u t o no m y " (Gi l m o re
1990: 49),
wh a t Cre t a ns c a l l
e go i s m o s
o r
"s e l f-re ga rd".
Th i s de s i re fo r fre e do m o f
m o ve m e nt , t h i s
s t ri vi ng
fo r
i nde p e nde nc e ,
a dds
u p
t o a de fe ns i ve
p o s t u re a ga i ns t
t h e
p o s s i bl e
l o s s o f
p e rs o na l a u t o no m y (a nd
t h e re fo re o f o ne 's
re p u t a t i o n)
t o a
wo m a n o r o f
be i ng
be s t e d
by
a no t h e r m a n. Th i s s h o ws
m a s c u l i ni t y
a s a n i de a l i s e d
fo rm o f "m a l e ne s s " u s e d
by
o ne
gro u p
o f
p e o p l e
t o
ga i n
do m i na nc e o ve r a no t h e r
gro u p
o f
p e o p l e .
Pe rfo rm a nc e s o f
m a s c u l i ni t y
a re no t
s u p p o s e d
t o be
p re m e di t a t e d,
bu t
p ro du c e d
o n t h e
s p u r
o f t h e m o m e nt , i m p ro m p t u ,
s o a s t o s u i t t h e s i t u a t i o n a t
h a nd-a ny
h i nt o f
p re p a ra t i o n
i s s a i d t o re du c e t h e e ffe c t . Th e s e
i m p ro vi s a t i o ns ,
i f
s u c c e s s fu l , e nl a rge
t h e
re p u t a t i o n
o f t h e
p e rfo rm e r. Th e y
a re
c a p i t a l (a
m a i n
fu nd o r s t o c k, c re di t s
e a rni ng i nt e re s t ) bu i l t
u p
o ve r t i m e wi t h a n i ndi vi du a l 's
re p e a t e d
s u c c e s s a t
p e rfo rm i ng
a
ge ne ra l l y a c c e p t e d ro l e , t h a t o f a "m a n" i n t h e
c o m m u ni t y . Al o ngs i de
t h i s
c o ns i s t e nc y
c o m e s a
re p u t a t i o n
fo r
re l i a bi l i t y
a nd
t h u s , de p e ndi ng
o n t h e i ndi vi du a l , c re di bi l i t y
i n bu s i ne s s . One 's e c o no m i c
c a p i t a l
c a n t h u s be
e nl a rge d a l o ng
wi t h o ne 's
s y m bo l i c
c a c h e t . Th e re i s ro o m fo r
e nt e rp ri s e , t a ki ng
a s i t u a t i o n a nd
t u rni ng
i t t o o ne 's
a dva nt a ge ;
a nd i n a l l
e nt e rp ri s e
s c h e m e s t h e re i s ri s k, no t h i ng
i s c e rt a i n, t h e re i s a c h a nc e o f
p ro fi t
a nd
l o s s . Me n m u s t i nve s t t h e i r re s o u rc e s
wi s e l y
a nd ba l a nc e
(o r
be s e e n t o
ba l a nc e )
t h e i r o wn i nt e re s t s
(t h e i r "s e l f-re ga rd"
o r
e go i s m o s )
a ga i ns t
t h o s e o f t h e
c o m m u ni t y .
To do t h i s
t h e y
e xh i bi t
p o ni ri d
o r
"c u nni ng" (He rzfe l d 1985: 25)
i n
bu s i ne s s
de a l i ngs ,
s i nc e
be s t i ng
o t h e rs i n fi na nc i a l
e xc h a nge
i s a no t h e r a t t ri bu t e
o f m a nh o o d.
Th e
fo l l o wi ng
s e c t i o ns
p ro vi de e xa m p l e s
o f h o w m u s i c a l
p e rfo rm a nc e
c o a l e s c e s wi t h t h e
m a nl y
i de a l s de s c ri be d a bo ve .
Us i ng
da t a c o l l e c t e d fro m a
va ri e t y
o f
s e t t i ngs (m o u nt a i n vi l l a ge , t o wn, t h e
m e di a ),
I s h o w h o w m a nh o o d
i de a l s a re
e xp re s s e d t h ro u gh ,
o r a s , m u s i c a l a nd ve rba l
p e rfo rm a nc e .
Le t u s t u rn
fi rs t t o t h e l o c a l c e l e bra t i o n, wh o s e m o s t i nt e ns e fo c u s i s
vi l l a ge we ddi ngs .
We ddi ngs
a re
o rga ni s e d
a ro u nd di s t i nc t
ge nde r i de o l o gi e s
a nd
p ra c t i c e s ,
a nd t h e
m u s i c i a n m a ke s a
l a rge
c o nt ri bu t i o n t o t h e
s h a p i ng
o f t h e s e e ve nt s .
Me n, m u s i c ,
a nd
we ddi ng
c e l e bra t i o ns
In
ge ne ra l , we ddi ngs
e ns u re t h e
bi o l o gi c a l
a nd s o c i a l
re p ro du c t i o n
o f t h e
gro u p ,
c o nt ri bu t i ng
t o t h e
e xp a ns i o n
o f t h e
s y m bo l i c c a p i t a l
o f a
fa m i l y , gro u p
o r
c o m m u ni t y . Th e y
a re
i m p o rt a nt
a nd de l i c a t e m a t t e rs , t h e ri t u a l i s e d u ni o n o f t h e
s a c re d a nd t h e c o s m i c wh i c h c a nno t
s t ra y
t o o fa r fro m
a c c e p t e d
no rm s . I
a gre e
wi t h Co wa n
(1990: 89)
wh e n s h e
s a y s
t h a t "As a
ke y
ri t e o f
p a s s a ge t h ro u gh
wh i c h a m a n a nd a
wo m a n, e a c h i n di ffe re nt
wa y s a c qu i re s
fu l l a du l t h o o d i n t h e
m a ki ng
m a nh o o d a ki nd o f c o m m u na l c e l e bra t i o n.
Abu -Lu gh o d
i n
Egy p t 's
We s t e rn De s e rt no t e s
h o w "re a l Be do u i n m e n" a re s a i d t o be a fra i d o f
no t h i ng,
a s s e rt t h e i r wi l l a t
a ny
c o s t a nd s t a nd
u p
t o
a ny c h a l l e nge ;
t h e i r m a i n a t t ri bu t e s a re "a s s e rt i ve ne s s a nd t h e
qu a l i t y
o f
p o t e nc y " (1986:
88-9).
Da we : Th e
e nge nde re d l y ra
99
c o m m u ni t y , m a rri a ge
i s
l a rge l y
a bo u t
ge nde r
a nd
s e xu a l i t y
a nd t h e
wa y s
t h e s e a re
o rga ni s e d
fo r t h e
re p ro du c t i o n
o f t h e
fa m i l y ,
t h e
c o m m u ni t y ,
a nd t h e s t a t e ."
7
Th e fo c u s h e re i s
u p o n
t h e a c t i vi t i e s o f m e n a t c e l e bra t i o ns , t h e
p ri nc i p a l
ro l e
o f l y ra m u s i c a t t h e m , a nd t h e
o rga ni s a t i o na l
a bi l i t i e s o f m u s i c i a ns . Wo m e n's
c e l e bra t i o ns a re
p a rt
o f t h e
we ddi ng,
o f c o u rs e , a l t h o u gh t h e y
t a ke
p l a c e
i n a
di ffe re nt
s e t t i ng
a nd i n l e s s
p u bl i c
fo ra . In t h e
p u bl i c
a re na
(t h e p ro c e s s i o ns
t h ro u gh
t h e
vi l l a ge ,
t h e
ga t h e ri ngs
o u t s i de t h e fa m i l i a l h o u s e s , t h e m e a l , t h e c a ke -
c u t t i ng,
t h e
da nc i ng)
m e n a re i n c o nt ro l : e ve n
t h o u gh
wo m e n t a ke
u p
t h e da nc e , i t
i s t o t h e t u ne o f a
l y ra -p l a y i ng
m a l e . Th e
l y ra p l a y e r
c o m e s t o
e p i t o m i s e
t h e
c o nt ro l m e n h a ve i n t h e s e c o nt e xt s .
Ine xt ri c a bl y
l i nke d t o t h e i ns t ru m e nt a l
i m p ro vi s a t i o ns
a re t h e ve rba l
i m p ro vi s a t i o ns
o f t h e
l y ra p l a y e r
a nd m a l e
gu e s t s .
In t h i s s e c t i o n I s h a l l
p ro vi de e xa m p l e s
o f t h e e s s e nt i a l
i nt e rp l a y
be t we e n t h e s e
e l e m e nt s i n t h e c re a t i o n o f a
c o m m u ni t y
o f m a c h i s m o a t t h e c e l e bra t i o n.
Th e
p ri m e
l o c u s fo r ve rba l
i m p ro vi s a t i o n
i s i n t h e
rh y m i ng c o u p l e t s
kno wn a s
m a nt i na de s
([m a ndi na de s ]; s i ngu l a r
m a nt i na da
[m a ndi na da ]). Fo rm a l l y ,
a
m a nt i na da i s de fi ne d a s a
c o u p l e t
o f t wo
rh y m i ng l i ne s , a l m o s t
a l wa y s
o f 15
s y l l a bl e s e a c h ; i n
p e rfo rm a nc e ,
e a c h m a nt i na da i s e l a bo ra t e d
be y o nd
i t s m e t ri c a l
"c o re "
by re p e t i t i o n
o f
p a rt s
o f t h e l i ne a nd
by
t h e a ddi t i o n o f no n-m e t ri c a l wo rds
a nd
i nt e rje c t i o ns
s u c h a s "a m a .n", wh i c h h a ve l i t t l e o r no
m e a ni ng
i n c o nt e xt
(Ro de ri c k Be a t o n, p e rs . c o m m .).
Th o s e
u s u a l l y s u ng
a t
we ddi ngs
a re c a l l e d
t ra gt i di a
t u
gdm u ("s o ngs
o f t h e
we ddi ng"), a l t h o u gh
t h e s e s a m e m a nt i na de s
m a y
be m e m o ri s e d a nd
s u ng
a t
p a ni y i ri a
o r "fe s t i ve
ga t h e ri ngs "
a nd "fe a s t s " a nd o n
na m e
da y s .
In i t s
ge ne ra l de s c ri p t i ve m e a ni ng
o f
"rh y m i ng c o u p l e t s ",
t h e t e rm
m a nt i na de s i s a l s o
a p p l i e d
t o t h ri ni (fro m
a nc i e nt t h re no s ; "l a m e nt s ", i nc l u di ng
wo m e n's
m i ro l 6y i a )
a nd t o di m o t i kd
t ra gu di a ("fo l ks o ngs ").
Ma nt i na da re l a t e s
m o re
s p e c i fi c a l l y
h o we ve r t o t h e
c o u p l e t s
i nt o ne d
by
m e n i n a
va ri e t y
o f
c o nt e xt s ,
wh e t h e r a t
we ddi ngs ,
o t h e r fe s t i ve o c c a s i o ns , o r i n t h e c o ffe e h o u s e .
Fi gs
4 t o 6 re l a t e t o a
p e rfo rm a nc e
o f a
s i ngl e
m a nt i na da
by
t h e
l y ra p l a y e r
Di m i t ri s
Pa s p a ri ki s
a t a
we ddi ng
i n t h e
vi l l a ge
o f
Ano y i a
i n Ju ne 1991,
a c c o m p a ni e d by Va nge l i s
Al e ks i ki s a nd Va s i l i s
Si gl e t o s
o n l a o u t a . Th i s
m a nt i na da (fi g. 4)
i s a s t a nda rd
l y ri c
s u i t a bl e fo r
we ddi ngs . Th o u gh s u ng by
t h e
l y ra
p l a y e r,
i t i s a de di c a t i o n fro m t h e h u s ba nd t o h i s wi fe wh i c h
be gi ns
t o
s p e l l
o u t t h e
o bl i ga t i o ns
t h a t s h e wi l l be
e xp e c t e d
t o
c a rry
o u t i n h e r m a rri a ge . Sh e i s
p u t
u nde r a n
o bl i ga t i o n
t o
e ngra ve
h e r na m e o n h e r h u s ba nd's c ro s s a ft e r h i s
de a t h . Wh e n h e di e s i t i s a s i f s h e wi l l di e wi t h h i m . Gi ve n t h e fa c t t h a t a l l t h e
m u s i c i a ns a re m e n, t h i s
l y ri c m a y
c o nt ri bu t e t o t h e c o nfi rm a t i o n o f a ki nd o f
7
De s p i t e t h e i m p o rt a nc e
o f
we ddi ngs
a nd t h e
p o s s i bi l i t y
o f
e xp l o ri ng
h o w
ge nde r
i de nt i t i e s a nd
re l a t i o ns a re
c o l l e c t i ve l y
e l a bo ra t e d a t t h e m , t h e
e t h no gra p h i c
l i t e ra t u re o n Gre e c e c o nt a i ns l i t t l e
i nfo rm a t i o n o n m u s i c a l
p e rfo rm a nc e
a t t h e s e e ve nt s . Fo r p a s s i ng
re fe re nc e s
o nl y s e e Fri e dl 62:
57,
Ca m p be l l
1964, Gre ge r 1985: 62-4, He rzfe l d 1985: 63-5 a nd
Ll e we l l y n-Sm i t h
1973: 6. Bu t
Co wa n (1990) h a s wri t t e n e xt e ns i ve l y
o n t h e ro l e o f t h e da nc e e ve nt i n a Ma c e do ni a n
c o m m u ni t y (m e nt i o ni ng t h e ro l e o f gy p s y m u s i c i a ns ), a nd Ca ra ve l i (1985) h a s wri t t e n a bo u t
c e l e bra t i o ns i n a
c o m m u ni t y
o n
Ka i p a t h o s . Se e Ka l o y a ni de s 1975 fo r a n e xt e ns i ve
m u s i c o l o gi c a l
a na l y s i s o f t h e m u s i c o f t h e Cre t a n da nc e s (a s m e t ri c a l fo rm s ).
100 Bri t i s h Jo u rna l
o fEt h no m u s i c o l o gy ,
vo l . 5
(1996)
p h a l l i c ,
m a s c u l i ne
a u t h o ri t y ,
t h a t wi l l
i de a l l y
be re fl e c t e d i n t h e
re l a t i o ns h i p
o f t h e
m a rri e d
c o u p l e
i n wh o s e h o no u r
t h e y
a re
l e a di ng
t h e c e l e bra t i o n.
Th i s m a nt i na da i s
u s u a l l y s u ng u p o n
Cre t e 's m o s t
p o p u l a r
da nc e fo rm , t h e
s y rt o s [s i rt 6s ],
wh i c h i s de s c ri be d
by Ka l o y a ni de s (1975: 98)
a s t h e
"s h u ffl i ng"
da nc e o f
Cre t e ,
i n a 2/4 p u l s e
wh i c h va ri e s i n
s p e e d
fro m m o de ra t e t o fa s t . A s h o rt
l y ra p re l u de
ba s e d
u p o n
ko ndi l i e s
(m e l o di c c o u p l e t s
o f l i m i t e d
ra nge ;
ri ffs o r
t h e m e s )
m a de
p o p u l a r by
Andr6a s Ro di no s (1912-34)
(fi g.
5) p ro vi de s
t h e ba s i c
m e l o di c m a t e ri a l fo r t h e
m a nt i na da , wh i c h i s
i nt e rs p e rs e d
wi t h s h o rt
l y ra
s o l o s i n
p e rfo rm a nc e
(fi g.
6).
Th e
l y ra p l a y e r
do e s no t
u s u a l l y s i ng
a nd
p l a y
s i m u l -
t a ne o u s l y
i n l i ve
p e rfo rm a nc e .
Fi g.
4: Tra ns l a t i o n
o f
t h e m a nt i na da
s u ng
o n t h e Ro di no s s y rt o s 8
Ai de s a n
a p o t h i no
a m rn
a p o t h a no ,
a m a n
a p o t h , no
6na ke ri n,
a m dn
a p o t h i no
e na ke ri
ki m i a l a ba da
a ndp s i s ,
a de s a m a n
ki m i a l a bi da
a na p s i s .
Ai de s ke t ' o no m a s u s t o s t a vr6
a de s t ' o no m a s u s t o s t a vr6 t u
t a fu m u na
gri p s i s ,
a i de s a m dn
t u t a fu m u na
gra i p s i s .
Wh e n I di e , I di e ,
I di e , a c a ndl e
wh e n I di e a c a ndl e
a nd a
bi g
c a ndl e
y o u
s h o u l d
l i gh t
a nd a
bi g
c a ndl e
y o u
s h o u l d
l i gh t .
And
y o u r
na m e o n
m y gra ve -c ro s s ,
y o u r
na m e o n t h e
gra ve -c ro s s
o f
m y gra ve y o u
s h o u l d wri t e ,
o f
m y gra ve y o u
s h o u l d wri t e .
Fi g.
5:
Op e ni ng
t h e m e o f t h e Ro di no s s y rt o s , p l a y e d
o n t h e
l y ra
. J =12s 5
L f
f, t frji
j
n
I J
8
I i nc l u de
p h o ne t i c a nd
Engl i s h
ve rs i o ns h e re . Th e
u nde rl y i ng m e t ri c a l , rh y m i ng c o u p l e t
i s
u nde rl i ne d. Ai de s , dde s a nd a m dn a re i nt e rje c t i o ns wi t h o u t
p re c i s e m e a ni ng, wh i c h I h a ve no t
a t t e m p t e d
t o t ra ns l a t e , a l t h o u gh a m a n
i m p l i e s gri e f.
In t h e Cre t a n di a l e c t ke ("a nd") i s
p ro no u nc e d "c h e " (a s i n "c h e s s ").
Da we : Th e
e nge nde re d l y ra
101
Fi g.
6: Ma nt i na da
s u ng
o n t h e Ro di no s
s y rt o s
e =125
I=~=~-?a 4I I "A f
l e -
, R
,
I
P. -.4 ~~i -
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i ~
Ai -de s - a _.._
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na
"
-p o -t VA-Do
a -
L~ r " l I I
JT'-I I.t
,
i dH
n
^
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II
l y ra
s o l o
i rn
()Po
-t h i - no e na ke - n
."'--, n--r
t a
I1
~.r
^
-'j
! : ~, l J, ..m -i
a -i n)(a )p o -t h A-ro
6 -
a - ke
-
ri ki
m i a (l a )b&'-da
J
j4J
j
Iy rv s o l o
(&)a )p _
-
3i s ,
_ IJ ~~~~~~~
Il y L
^
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l
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J"
!Ji > I
Jrjd]
Ij U6"
&
-
de s a
-
m a nki . m i a l a
-
ba
-
de
(a )np
-
s i s .
h L
I
j
Ii n
n
-
T
fl TJ
I^ -K-+
'7L
A
-
de s
At
t o 0 - no -DA 3 U
I 0 1 I 0I
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t 06-no -m i 3Su 3 3t A
-
VXo
ke I
-
no -r Su SID a -?rr6
A
t u i -fu m u na .
gri p -s i s
-
-
-
I
j
.-
I
4
I
--I
-
4
,
IJ
J
I
J
II
a &-de s a -m a n t u t -fu m u na
gra
-
p
-
s i 3.
s o l o
A fu rt h e r
e xc e rp t
fro m t h e s a m e
we ddi ng,
a nd
by
t h e s a m e
p e rfo rm e rs ,
i s s h o wn
i n
fi gu re s
7 t o 16. Unl i ke t h e
s t a nda rd,
re l a t i ve l y
fi xe d m a t i na da t e xt
a bo ve ,
t h e
c o u p l e t s
i n
fi g.
9 a re
i m p ro vi s e d.
He re ,
ve rba l
i m p ro vi s a t i o ns
t a ke
p l a c e u p o n
t h e
Ano y i a ne s
ko ndi l i e s
("m e l o di c c o u p l e t s
fro m
Ano y i a vi l l a ge ")
wi t h a n
e i gh t -be a t ,
fo u r-ba r
c y c l e ,
i n t h e s l o w
s i ga no s
da nc e i n
2/4.9
A t e ns e a nd
e xc i t i ng dy na m i c
i s
c re a t e d be t we e n t h e ve rba l c o nt e s t s o f
l y ra p l a y e r (D. Pa s p a ri dki s )
a nd
gu e s t s ,
gu e s t
a nd
gu e s t ,
a nd, h e re ,
t h e
s u p p o rt i ng
ro l e o f t h e
l y ra
a nd l a o u t a t h e m e s -
ke p t
a s
s i m p l e re p e t i t i o n
a nd fi l l -i ns be t we e n ve rba l
c o u p l e t s .
Th e m e 1 o f
Ano y i a ne s
ko ndi l i e s
be gi ns (fi g. 7).
Th e
l y ra p l a y e r
t h e n
s t o p s p l a y i ng
a nd i nt o ne s
9
Th e
s i ga n6s u s u a l l y
l e a ds i nt o t h e fa s t e r
p e nt o zdl i s
o r m a l e vi zi 6t i s da nc e s .
l y ra
s o l o
ke
s o l o
Z9
-
I
m g m g
ke
102 Bri t i s h Jo u rna l
o f Et h no m u s i c o l o gy ,
vo l . 5 (1996)
a m a nt i na da , p l a y i ng
s h o rt
l y ra
s o l o s be t we e n l i ne s
(fi gs . 8-10).
Th e n t h e
c o u p l e t s
i n
fi gu re s
11-12 a re i nt o ne d.
Fi g.
7: Th e m e 1
o f
Ano y i a ne s
ko ndi l i e s
J =80
_11 J L i -
^
Ir 6-
^
-*?
Fi g. 8: Ma nt i na de s
s u ng
o n
Ano y i a nds
ko ndi l i ds
(e xa m p l e )
D . _
w~~~~~~~~ w F | s r=
E fl J , ^ IrIf
J I
Fi g.
8: Ma nt i na de s
s u ng
o n
Ano y i a ne 's
ko ndi l i e 's
(e xa m p l e )
t i II- , -- - I J .18
-6-
_ _ _-W 1 1 x I
4-*
Zu - bu -l i m u p o -l i -h m o
-
i 6
Zu - bu -l i m u
p o -l i -h ro -m o
-
y a p e s m u
p 6s o
5
ki -n's
, " p u
vri s -ko -de
i o -m o r-fi e s
m l *, a ~a ra ~~ I_________I
I 1
(?
I
N
_ _ _
JJ J
J
I
J
.
I
Ike i m i -i o -di e s
p u vga -ni s ?
Fi g.
9: Tra ns l a t i o n
o f
t h e m a nt i na de s i n
fi g.
8
(e xt e nde d)
Zu bu l i m u
p o l i h ro m o
zu bu l i m u
p o h h ro m o
y a p e s
m u
p 6s
t o ka ni s .
My
m u l t i c o l o u re d fl o we r
(h y a c i nt h )
m y
m u l t i c o l o u re d
h y a c i nt h
c o m e , t e l l m e h o w y o u
do i t ,
l y ra
s o l o
Co m e ,
t e l l m e h o w
y o u
do i t
t )
Ya
p e s
m u
p 6s
t o ka 'm 's t o ,
Da we : Th e
e nge nde re d l y ra
103
p '1
vrfs ko de i o m o rfl e 's
ke i m i ro di s
p u vg'1ni s ?
wh e re c a n be fo u nd t h e be a u t i e s
a nd t h e s c e nt s
y o u
a re
p ro du c i ng?
l y ra
s o l o
Zu bi l l i m u
p o l i h ro m o
zu bi l l i m u
p o l i l h ro m o
t o
p i o
ka l 6 s u
a p '
o l a ':
My
m u l t i c o l o u re d h y a c i nt h
m y
m u l t i c o l o u re d h y a c i nt h
t h e be s t a bo u t
y o u
i s :
l y ra
s o l o
To
p i o ka l o 6 s u
a p '
o l a :
p i o s
t h a s e di ke de n t h a
p i .
"h a r6-t i ne t i n vi 6l a "?
l y ra
s o l o a nd l i nk t o t h e ne w t h e m e :
Fi g.
10: Ne w t h e m e
Pl a y e d
s i x t i m e s .
A i
79)
i
:
Th e be s t a bo u t
y o u
i s :
wh o wi l l s e e
y o u
a nd no t
s a y
".-Lwe l c o m e fl o we r"?
W 4.
Fi g.
11: Ma nt i na de s (a )'0
Ya s e rm m u , e 'ba s t o
p e ri v6l i
m u
ki 6t i t h 6l i s
k6p s e .
My ja s m i ne :
e nt e r
m y ga rde n
a nd
p i c k
wh a t e ve r
y o u wa nt , .
l y ra
s o l o
Ki 6't i t h dl i s k6p s e ,
6t i ki a n dh i o
ki p o s
m u
i ne di ka d s u
a p o 6p s e .
l y ra
s o l o
fr-t h a ne ki
i 'p a ne
m u na [...I
na t i n e vdl l o ki p u r6
s t e s vi 6l e s t u ba ks e ' m u .
And
p i c k
wh a t e ve r
y o u wa nt ,
wh a t e ve r
m y ga rde n
h a s
i s
y o u rs t o ni gh t .
Th e y
c a m e a nd t o l d m e [...]
t o
p u t
h e r
[u ns p e c i fi e d]
a s a
ga rde ne r
fo r t h e fl o we rs i n
m y ga rde n.
l y ra
s o l o
10
Ro de ri c k Be a t o n no t e s t h a t "Th s
e xa m p l e
c o ns i s t s o f t wo m a nt i na de s (c o u p l e t s )
o f wh i c h t h e
s e c o nd, c o nt a i ne d i n t h e l a s t t h re e l i ne s a s wri t t e n, i s
i m p e rfe c t l y fo rm e d, p ro ba bl y
a s a re s u l t o f
i m p ro vi s a t i o n."
He
go e s
o n t o
s a y t h a t , i n t h e l a s t t h re e l i ne s , "Th e i de a i s t h a t t h e ga rde ne r
p ro t e c t s
t h e fl o we rs
a ga i ns t be i ng p i c ke d." (Be a t o n, p e rs .
c o m m . 1997)
104 Bri t i s h Jo u rna l o f Et h no m u s i c o l o gy ,
vo l . S (1996)
Fi g.
12: Ma nt i na da
(b)'1
IGu e s t
One :
El a ,
Ebi ka ni 6s a s t o ba ks e '.
ke de n bo r6 na di a l &ks o .
91u e s t
Two :
Op a !
ke de n bo r6 na di a l 6ks o !
Gu e s t One :
Ke de n bo r6 na di a l 6ks o ,
t i vi 6l a t i ka l ft e ri .
nk6s e na
m a z6p s o .
c o m e !
I've e nt e re d
m y ga rde n
a nd I c a n't c h o o s e
Hu rra h ! And I c a n't c h o o s e !
And I c a n't c h o o s e
t h e be s t fl o we r
t o
p i c k
a nd c u t .
To
c h a nge
t o a no t h e r t h e m e , Pa s p a ri ki s
c l o s e s t h e s e c t i o n wi t h a s h o rt
l i nki ng
p h ra s e
o n t h e
l y ra (fi g. 13).
Th e l a c u t o c h o rds
(fi g. 13, l a s t
ba r)
no w
p ro vi de
t h e
ba c kgro u nd a ga i ns t
wh i c h
Pa s p a ri ki s
i nt ro du c e s ne w t h e m a t i c m a t e ri a l , ba s e d
u p o n
t h e m e 7 o f t h e
Ano y i a ne 's
ko ndi l i e 's
(fi g. 14).
Fi g.
13:
Cl o s i ng p h ra s e o f
s e c t i o n
A i .
Fi g.
14, -
Ano y i a rds
ko ndi l i i s t h e m e 7
A 1-
MH
w
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - -
-Z L . . . MR . . . I I I I I I I .
I I
n
I I
WWWW'
- -
.A I
-
I
-j -A , %: J-r
-
ki I I I Il i i
9)
- I
,
W.4"
w - w ww w
Two m a l e
gu e s t s
s t a rt
s i ngi ng a ga i n (fi g. 15). He re , t h e y je s t
wi t h t h e i de a o f
h e l p i ng
t h e
ne wl y -m a rri e d
m a n c o m m i t
a du l t e ry -"-~s h e
wi l l no t s e e
y o u ,
s h e wi l l
no t be
je a l o u s
o f
y o u ". Fi na l l y ,
t h e m a nt i na de s c l o s e wi t h t h e t h e m e i n
fi g.
16.
II
"Th i s i s o ne m a t i na da
(c o u p l e t )
o f wh i c h t h e s e c o nd h a l f o f t h e fi rs t l i ne
(kc e
de n bo r6
di a l dks o ) i s u rnm e t ri c a l " (R. Be a t o n, p e rs . c o m m ., 1997).
o ff I LF' 9% I - -
....
l l l [
rm n
I
-
t r
El
I
i d i d El
A7[jjt 7 IA'UZf.If
Da we : Th e
e nge nde re d l y ra
105
Fi g.
15: Ma nt i na da (c )12
Gu e s t Two :
El a s t i s h a r6s ki 61a t i s t a
p l u t i ,
Gu e s t One :
Ki 61a t i s t a
p l u t i
ki 61a t i s t a
p l u t i ,
Gu e s t Two :
Op a !
Ki 61a t i s t a
p l u t i ,
ki 61a t i s t a
p l u t i ,
Gu e s t One :
El a
p u i l i
m u i s t a , y i a l 6-
y i a l 6 m u ke a n de n s e di ,
ke de n s e
ka vga
ds i
Gu e s t Two :
Op a !
s e
ka ga di 's i ,
Gu e s t One :
Ke de n s e
ka vga dfs i ,
ke de n s e
ka vga di s i ,
ne f6ro
a p 6
t o n
p l i t a no
ne ro
na
s e p o t i s i .
"Co m e t o h e r
jo y s
a nd a l l o f h e r ri c h e s "13
And a l l o f h e r ri c h e s
And a l l o f h e r ri c h e s ,
Hu rra h ! And a l l o f h e r ri c h e s
a nd a l l o f h e r ri c h e s ,
Co m e
m y
bi rd l e a ve t h e m o n t h e s h o re
s h e wi l l no t s e e
y o u ,
a nd s h e wi l l no t be
je a l o u s
o f
y o u
Hu rra h ! Je a l o u s o f
y o u ,
And i f s h e do e s 'nt m a ke a
je a l o u s qu a rre l
wi t h
y o u ,
a nd i f s h e do e s 'nt m a ke a
je a l o u s qu a rre l
wi t h
y o u ,
I'l l
bri ng
wa t e r fro m t h e
p l a ne -t re e
t o wa t e r
y o u .
14
Fi g.
16:
Cl o s i ng p h ra s e
LYRA
ri t ....................
In t h e
p e rfo rm a nc e
de s c ri be d h e re , o ne no t i c e s
fi rs t l y
h o w t h e m a nt i na de s ,
wi t h c o nt ri bu t i o ns fro m t h e m a l e
gu e s t s ,
c o ns t ru c t a
"c o m m u ni t y
o f
m a s c u l i ni t y "
ba s e d o n m a c h o t h e m e s ,
a nd
s e c o ndl y
h o w t h e l y ra p l a y e r
c o nt ro l s t h e e ve nt -
m o vi ng p e o p l e
fro m t h e m e t o t h e m e .
12"Onl y
o ne m a nt i na da , p re c e de d by
fo rm nnu l a i c
p h ra s e s " (Be a t o n, p e rs .
c o m m . 1997).
13
A we l l kno wn Cre t a n e xp re s s i o n
a bo u t a wo m a n's
(a ny wo m a n's ) c h a ra c t e r.
14
Ac c o rdi ng
t o Ro de ri c k Be a t o n
(p e rs .
c o m m . 1997), t h e l a s t
e i gh t
l i ne s c a n be
p a ra p h ra s e d
t o :
"i f
y o u r
wi fe do e s n't c a t c h
y o u ru nni ng l o o s e , a nd s o do e s n't
gi ve
y o u
a h a rd t i m e , I'l l
bri ng
wa t e r fro m t h e l o c a l / vi l l a ge s p ri ng (t ra di t i o na l l y
u nde r t h e p l a ne -t re e )
t o m a ke
y o u
fe e l be t t e r."
He
go e s
o n t o
s u gge s t
a fu rt h e r i nt e rp re t a t i o n:
"i f
y o u
do n't
ge t
l a i d i n a l l t h e l e ngt h
o f t h e
s e a s h o re , m a y be
we c a n fi nd
y o u
a l i t t l e bi t ri gh t
h e re i n t h e vi l l a ge " (p l a y i ng
o n t h e t ra di t i o na l
s y m bo l i s m o f wa t e r a s t h e a nt i do t e t o t h e "fi re s " o f s e xu a l
p a s s i o n).
106 Bri t i s h Jo u rna l
o f Et h no m u s i c o l o gy ,
vo l . 5 (1996)
Mu s i c a l s ki l l s a re
p u s h e d
t o t h e l i m i t s wi t h
i nc re a s i ng i nt e ns i t y
a s t h e
s p e e d
a nd
rh y t h m s
o f t h e da nc e s a re a l t e rna t e d i n
ra p i d s u c c e s s i o n; t h e vi rt u o s o
i m p ro vi s a t i o ns
o f t h e
l y ra p l a y e r
fe e d o ff t h e a c ro ba t i c s o f t h e da nc e rs
(e s p e c i a l l y
t h e l e a d
da nc e r).
Th e re i s a m o ve m e nt
a wa y
fro m kno wn m e l o di c m a t e ri a l
a c c o m p a ni e d by
a n i nt e ns i fi c a t i o n o f m e l o di c a nd
rh y t h m i c
i nve nt i o n wh o s e
"h i gh s "
a re
p u nc t u a t e d
wi t h c ri e s o f
"Op a !"
(a c ry
o f
e nc o u ra ge m e nt ).
Th e s e
p ro c e s s e s
c o ns t i t u t e t h e m a i n m e a ns
by
wh i c h
ke fi ("h i gh s p i ri t s ")
i s
o rga ni s e d
a nd o rc h e s t ra t e d
by
t h e
l y ra p l a y e r.
Th e m u s i c a l
s t ra t e gi e s
o f m u s i c i a ns , t h e i r
m a ni p u l a t i o n
o f m u s i c a l t h e m e s , t e m p o s
a nd
i m p ro vi s a t i o ns -a s
e l s e wh e re -
o c c u r i n a
wa y
wh i c h t a ke s i nt o a c c o u nt a nd
m a na ge s
t h e m o o ds a nd s o u nds o f
t h e t o t a l e nvi ro nm e nt
(i nc l u di ng
t h e
p u nc t u a t i o ns
o f
gu nfi re
a t
vi l l a ge
c e l e bra t i o ns )
i n t h e i r
a t t e m p t s
t o o rc h e s t ra t e a s u c c e s s fu l
p e rfo rm a nc e -o ne
t h a t
i s c o nvi vi a l fo r
p a rt i c i p a nt s
a nd
p ro fi t a bl e
fo r m u s i c i a ns
(s e e
fi g.
17).
Fi g.
17:
Im p ro vi s a t i o n
o n t h e Pro t o s
s y rt o s
t h e m e s
(Ano y i a
vi l l a ge , 29.vi .91; D.
Pa s p a rAki s , l y ra ;
X =
s i ngl e
ro u nd o f
gu nfi re )
J=12s
Jj { | | Y t L: |
-
l zs
T e
gu nfi re :
X X X X X X
X X
e xp re s s i o no fjo y a dw
t h
I
o n o f m c i i e l (s e Ne
go
M
M
w
,
19 67: 61 4, *'^ 1r
HrJ 1 ) Th o e p n i t a t h g t 1 7 wr
^ T., 44
-x
, .
n .I, _
"Op a l Op a l "
.
/_a
Th e re a re t wo
p o i nt s
t o m a ke a bo u t t h e ro l e o f
gu nfi re
i n t h e fl o w o f m u s i c a l
e ve nt s . One i s t h a t i t i s a m o m e nt o f
h i gh -s p i ri t e d p e rfo rm a nc e by
o ne o r m o re o f
t h e m a l e
gu e s t s m a rki ng
a de c i s i ve c o nt ri bu t i o n t o a c o m m u na l m a c h i s m o . Th e
s o u nd o f
gu nfi re
h a s
m a ny
a s s o c i a t i o ns ,
a nd i n Cre t e i t i s a s s o c i a t e d wi t h t h e
e xp re s s i o n
o f
jo y
a nd wi t h t h e
p ro je c t i o n
o f m a s c u l i ne i de a l s
(s e e
Ne e dh a m
1967: 614,
He rzfe l d
1985: 68).
Th e o t h e r
p o i nt
i s t h a t t h e
gu ns h o t s
i n
fi g.
17 we re
de l i be ra t e l y
"a i m e d" t o c o i nc i de wi t h t h e re t u rn o f t h e m e 1. Th i s i s c o m m o n
p ra c t i c e .
Da we : Th e
e nge nde re d
l y ra 107
We s t e rn
m u s i c o l o gi c a l t e c h ni qu e s
o f
a na l y s i s
re ve a l m u s i c i a ns ' s ki l l a t
l i nki ng
t o ge t h e r h i gh l y
o rna m e nt e d t h e m e s .
Indi ge no u s t h e o ry
t o o
a c kno wl e dge s
t h e
s i gni fi c a nc e
o f t h i s
a s p e c t
o f
l y ra i m p ro vi s a t i o n.
Cre t a n m u s i c i a ns a nd a u di e nc e s
c o m m e nt e d o n h o w vi rt u o s o
p l a y e rs
m o ve fro m o ne t h e m e t o a no t h e r, no t i ng
t h e
"m a nl y "
s ki l l
(i .e . c o nt ro l , fl u e nc y )
wi t h wh i c h
t h e y
l i nk t h e m
t o ge t h e r.
An
e xa m p l e
i s s h o wn i n
fi g.
18.
Fi g.
18: Fu rt h e r t h e m e s a nd
l i nka ge
m a t e ri a l
fro m
t h e
Ano y i a ne s
ko ndi l i e s s u i t e
a s
p e rfo rm e d by
D.
Pa s p a rdki s (Ano y i d vi l l a ge , 29.vi .91)
J =100
Tm ^
gx 9 x
LINK xl
x
, , , -
L ~
X 0
I
"s -' j_
D'_j
_
'1
THEMEX , I-i -=_-
I _
Th i s s e c t i o n h a s l o o ke d
bri e fl y
a t h o w t h e m u s i c i a n c o nt ro l s t h e s o ni c t e xt u re
o f t h e
e ve nt ,
u t i l i s i ng
m u s i c a l a nd "no n-m u s i c a l " s o u nds , we a vi ng
t h e no n-ve rba l
a nd ve rba l
c o m p o ne nt s
o f
p e rfo rm a nc e
a s t h e m a t i c m a t e ri a l s . In t h e ne xt s e c t i o n
we l o o k a t h o w t h e
"m a nl y "
a nd
"no t -s o -m a nl y "
e l e m e nt s o f m u s i c a l
p e rfo rm a nc e
a re wo ve n
t o ge t h e r.
Ge nde r
ne go t i a t i o n
a nd m u s i c a l
p e rfo rm a nc e
Wh a t h a s be e n s a i d s o fa r s e e m s t o
s u p p o rt
t h e no t i o n o f a m a l e -do m i na t e d
s o c i e t y
wi t h no
c o m p u nc t i o n
a bo u t
ke e p i ng
wo m e n a nd o t h e r m e n u nde r c o nt ro l .
Th e be h a vi o u r,
i m a ge ry
a nd rh e t o ri c
s u rro u ndi ng
m u s i c a l
p e rfo rm a nc e
wo u l d
h a ve u s be l i e ve t h a t t h e re i s no ro o m fo r s u c h
t h i ngs
a s
s e ns i t i vi t y , s we e t ne s s ,
e m o t i o n a nd
p l a y .
Bu t t h e re a re
a p p a re nt l o o p h o l e s
i n t h e
m a nl y t ro p e (t h e
i de a l
t h a t m e n a re
a l wa y s
"i n
c o nt ro l ")
t h a t a l l o w m e n t o
s t e p
o ve r t h e l i ne a l i t t l e , t o
p u s h
a t t h e bo u nda ri e s o f m a nh o o d a nd
m a nl y be h a vi o u r, e ve n
t h o u gh
t h i s i s
u l t i m a t e l y
c o ve re d
u p
u nde r t h e bl a nke t o f a m a n's de m a nd t o be t a ke n
s e ri o u s l y -a nd
e ve n i n a dru nke n
s t u p o r
a m a n be c o m e s t h e fo c u s o f a t t e nt i o n a t
108 Bri t i s h Jo u rna l
o f Et h no m u s i c o l o gy ,
vo l . 5 (1996)
l e a s t fo r a s h o rt t i m e .15 Inde e d, "a c e l e bra t i o n o f
u nru l y
s e l fh o o d"
(e p i t o m i s e d by
a ni m a l
t h e ft )
i s c e nt ra l t o t h e
"p o e t i c s
o f m a nh o o d" de s c ri be d
by
He rzfe l d
(1985:
272).
At c e l e bra t i o ns o t h e r m e n
re l y
o n t h e vi rt u o s i c
i m p ro vi s a t i o ns
o f t h e
l y ra
p l a y e r
t o h o l d t h e
c o m m u ni t y
o f m a c h i s m o
t o ge t h e r,
wh i l s t
t h e y p l a y ,
fl o u t t h e
l a w a nd t a ke m i no r ri s ks i n
p u bl i c .
Th e
p e rfo rm a nc e
o f m a c h i s m o
by
m u s i c i a ns i nvo l ve s i nt e ns e
ne go t i a t i o n
a nd
de l i c a t e
h a ndl i ng.
Si nc e m u s i c a l
p e rfo rm a nc e
h a s t o
a p p e a r m a nl y
i n a c o nt e xt
wh e re c e rt a i n
m a nl y be a ri ngs
a re t a ke n fo r
gra nt e d,
t h e
p e rfo rm e r
h a s t o
o ve rs t a t e , a nd t o o ve rs t a t e wi t h c a re a nd
p re c i s i o n.
A c o nt ra di c t i o n
e m e rge s
wh e n
t h e
i de o l o gy
o f m a c h o
s p o nt a ne i t y , ro u gh ne s s
e t c . i s c o nfro nt e d
by
t h e
p ra c t i c a l
de m a nds o f
p e rfo rm a nc e , re qu i ri ng
c a re fu l
s t a ge -m a na ge m e nt
o f
i m p re s s i o ns
a nd
a p p e a ra nc e s .
I o bs e rve d h o w c o nc e rne d m u s i c i a ns we re a bo u t t h e i r
a p p e a ra nc e ,
s e e n fo r
e xa m p l e
i n t h e u s e o f
h a i rs p ra y (s o m e l y ra p l a y e rs
wo u l d s i t i n t h e c a r
a ft e r a
we ddi ng p ro c e s s i o n
a nd be fo re
p l a y i ng
a t t h e
we ddi ng p a rt y
a nd
s p ra y
a nd
c o m b t h e i r h a i r a nd
m o u s t a c h e )
a nd t h e
we a ri ng
o f
je we l l e ry
(o rna t e ne c kl a c e s ,
ri ngs
a nd
e xp e ns i ve de s i gne r wa t c h e s ). Ly ra p l a y e rs
a l s o h a ve t o t a ke
gre a t
c a re
o f t h e i r na i l s !
(Th e p l a y i ng t e c h ni qu e
o f t h e
l y ra
de m a nds
l o ng na i l s .)
Mo re t h a n
va ni t y , i m p l i c i t m e a ni ngs
a re i nvo l ve d t h a t c o u nt e r t h i s s l i de i nt o "t h e
e ffe m i na t e ".
Ta ki ng
c a re o f h i s
a p p e a ra nc e
s h o ws t h e
p e rfo rm e r
i s i n
c o nt ro l ,
no t
o nl y
o f h i s m u s i c bu t a l s o o f h i s
bo dy :
h e i s
s i gna l l i ng
t h a t h e wi l l be i n c o nt ro l o f
t h e c e l e bra t i o n t o o . A
p ro fe s s i o na l
jo b
wi l l be do ne . He i s wo rt h t h e
m o ne y ,
p e o p l e
h a ve i nve s t e d i n h i m be fo re
(a s
t h e
je we l l e ry
p ro ve s ).
Ma nt i na de s o ft e n
go
be y o nd
t h e
i m a ge ry
o f m a c h i s m o i nt o
da i l y e ve nt s ,
p o l i t i c s
a nd
h i s t o ry . Ac c o rdi ng
t o Ari s t i di s He ri t i s , a
p o e t
fro m
Ano y i a vi l l a ge ,
m a nt i na de s
di s p l a y
t h e
s e ns i t i vi t y
a nd
s t ro ng
h e a rt o f t h e
p e rfo rm e r/wri t e r.
A
gi ft e d
o bs e rve r o f
l i fe , t o rt u re d i ns i de , h e i s
s t ro ng e no u gh
t o be a bl e t o c o nt ro l
h i s e m o t i o ns a nd t o s h a re h i s re ve l a t i o ns -t o
c o p e
wi t h a l l l i fe c a n t h ro w a t h i m .
Ari s t i di s ' m a nt i na de s
go
be y o nd c o m p e t i t i ve m a nl y jo u s t s
a t c e l e bra t i o ns o r i n
t h e c o ffe e h o u s e s t o de s c ri be a t t a c h m e nt t o
p l a c e (vi l l a ge , t o wn, c i t y ,
a
re gi o n)
a nd t o a n e nvi ro nm e nt h e h a d t o l e a rn t o wo rk wi t h i n a s a
s h e p h e rd.
Ari s t i di s
s u m m a ri s e s t h e i r
s u bje c t
m a t t e r a s
"l o ve , p a s s i o n,
a nd t h e e nvi ro nm e nt ". Th e
re a s o n t o wri t e i s i i di a i zo i -"l i fe i t s e l f'. Th e
s u bje c t
i s l i fe . Th e
m o o n,
a
wo m a n's
e y e s ,
o bs e rva t i o ns o f na t u re , "t h i ngs
t h a t
p e o p l e m i s s ", a re
i m p o rt a nt
t o
Ari s t i di s .
Ma nt i na de s re ve a l
a ga i n
t h e l a t i t u de wh i c h e na bl e s s o m e m e n t o
e xp re s s
t h e i r
fe e l i ngs
i n bo t h h a rs h a nd s we e t e r t o ne s o f vo i c e . Ho we ve r,
i n t h e fa c e o f t h e
fo rc e fu l m a nh o o d i de a l s e ndo rs e d
by
t h e
c o m m u ni t y ,
t h i s "s e ns i t i ve m a nl i ne s s " i s
a ga i n c o nt a i ne d, e xp l a i ne d, ne go t i a t e d
a nd m o bi l i s e d i n rh e t o ri c a s e m bl e m a t i c o f
15
Co wa n
(1990: 227) re m a rks : "At t ri bu t e d t o
o ve r-dri nki ng, qu a rre l s
a nd o t h e r
di s ru p t i ve
a c t s
a re s e e n a s e vi de nc e o f a m a n's ...'l i ve l i ne s s ', h i s de m a nd t o be t a ke n
s e ri o u s l y
'a s a m a n'.
"
Th i s i s i n l i ne wi t h
m y
o wn
e xp e ri e nc e :
a t a l l bu t t wo o f t h e
gl e ndi (c e l e bra t i o ns )
I a t t e nde d,
s h e p h e rds
wo u l d be c a rri e d o ff, c u rs i ng,
wo rs e fo r t h e we a r o f dri nk; o t h e r m e n wo u l d
l a u gh
a nd
s h o u t "go o d
p e rs o n!" (ka l 6s dnt h ro p o s ).
In
a ny
c a s e a l l m e n a re i ndi vi du a l s wh o wi l l s o o ne r o r
l a t e r h a ve t o re t u rn t o
l i vi ng u p
t o t h e m o re h o no u ra bl e
wa y s
o f
be i ng
a m a n i n t h e
c o m m u ni t y ,
i .e .
di s p l a y i ng
"c o nt ro l " a nd c u nni ng
i n t h e i r a c t i o ns (s e e a l s o He rzfe l d 1985).
Da we : Th e
e nge nde re d l y ra 109
a m o re re s i l i e nt , "t o u gh e r" m a s c u l i ni t y -wh i c h
re m a i ns a t t h e c o re o f
p a s t o ra l i s t
i de o l o gy .
Al o ngs i de
t h e bro a de r
ra nge
o f
s u bje c t s
a nd t o ne o f vo i c e
t h ro u gh
wh i c h s o m e
p o e t s e xp re s s
t h e m s e l ve s i s t h e
ra nge
o f t i m bre s fo u nd o n t h e
l y ra .
So m e t i m e s t h e
l y ra
i t s e l f i s s a i d t o h a ve a "s we e t vo i c e "
(gl i ki fo ni O.
A c o m bi na t i o n o f
gl i ko s
("s we e t ")
a nd s kl i ro s
("h a rs h ")
t o ne s
(t e rm s p ro vi de d by m y
m a l e
i nfo rm a nt s )
do e s no t s e e m t o u nde rm i ne t h e "m a nl i ne s s " o f
p e rfo rm a nc e .
Th e "s we e t " t o ne i s
s a i d t o re fl e c t t h e
e fp dt h i a
("s e ns i t i vi t y ")
o f m e n
de m a ndi ng
t o be "t a ke n
s e ri o u s l y
a s m e n"
(Co wa n
1990:
227).
Th e no t i o n o f "s we e t ne s s " i n t h i s c o nt e xt
m i gh t
be
s u rp ri s i ng,
bu t i t i s m e nt i o ne d a s
s o m e t h i ng e xp e ri e nc e d by
a "vi ri l e "
m a n. I wa s t o l d t h a t h e a rt fe l t e m o t i o ns a re
e xp re s s e d
wi t h a
"s t ro ng
h e a rt " (di na t i
ka rdi d).16
I c a n be s t de s c ri be m e n's
t h o u gh t s
o n t h e m a l e
qu a l i t i e s
o f vo c a l a nd i ns t ru -
m e nt a l t o ne
p ro du c t i o n by di s c u s s i ng
t h e i r vi e ws o n t h e
o nl y s e m i -p ro fe s s i o na l
wo m a n
l y ra p l a y e r
o n t h e i s l a nd, As p a s i a Pa p a da ki s
fro m t h e
c i t y
o f Ha ni a . Me n
wo u l d
s a y
h o w m u c h
t h e y re s p e c t e d
h e r
p l a y i ng s ki l l , bu t wo u l d t h e n
go
o n t o
c o m m e nt a bo u t h e r s o u nd
by s a y i ng
"Bu t s h e i s no t a m a n, i s s h e ?" (Al l d
de n i ne
dndra s , e t s i de n
i ne ),
fo l l o we d
by
"Sh e i m i t a t e s m e n"
(Mi m i t a i
t u s
a ndre s ).
Th e
fe w Cre t a n m e n i nt e re s t e d
e no u gh
t o c o m m e nt o n h e r a bi l i t i e s de s c ri be d h e r
s i ngi ng
a s
gl i k6
o r "s we e t " a nd s a i d t h a t
t h e y e njo y e d i t , e ve n
t h o u gh t h e y
di d no t
l i s t e n t o h e r m u c h . Th e m e n's vo i c e s , Cre t a n m e n wo u l d
s a y ,
a re
p o l l
di na t e s
("ve ry s t ro ng", "l o u d")
o r s kl i re s ("h a rd
a nd
t o u gh ").
To
m y e a rs , t h i s wo m a n
l y ra p l a y e r
h a s a
l i gh t
s o u nd s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f t h e vi o l i n i n t h e
Cy c l a di c
Is l a nds .
Sh e s t i c ks t o t h e m e s wi t h o u t m u c h e l a bo ra t i o n o r
i m p ro vi s a t i o n.
Th e
l y ra p l a y s
s i m u l t a ne o u s l y
wi t h t h e vo i c e o n h e r re c o rds
(t h i s
i s no t
a l wa y s
t h e c a s e o n m e n's
re c o rds a nd
c e rt a i nl y
no t t h e c a s e a t
c e l e bra t i o ns ),
s o i t s s o no ri t i e s
h e l p
t o
c o u nt e rba l a nc e h e r s o ft e r vo i c e , a l t h o u gh
i t i s
p l a y e d
i n t h e
h i gh e r re gi s t e r
a s
m u c h a s t h e l o we r. He r vo c a l e xc l a m a t i o ns a re no t a s fo rc e fu l , i nc l u di ng
"Op a !"
a nd
"Am a (n)"
bu t
e xc l u di ng
"E!" wh i c h c o m e s be fo re a c u rs e .
Me n we re re l u c t a nt t o e l a bo ra t e a bo u t t h e wo rk o f
As p a s i a Pa p a di ki s ,
bu t
i m p l i c i t m e a ni ngs
we re o bvi o u s . Th e m e n we re
u nqu e s t i o ni ng
be c a u s e
t h e y
s a i d
t h a t
t h e y
h a d ne ve r
t h o u gh t
a bo u t i t -s h e i s a wo m a n! Wh a t e ve r t h e s o u nd, i t
c a nno t be a s
go o d
a s t h a t o f a m a n! Th e
l y ra
i s a m a n's i ns t ru m e nt !
As p a s i a Pa p a di ki s a do p t s
a s u bm i s s i ve a t t i t u de o n h e r re c o rd. Sh e t re a ds
c a re fu l l y
i n a m a l e do m a i n
(a nd
s h e do e s no t
p l a y
a t
we ddi ngs ).
Ti t l e d Ta
Mo no p dt i a
t u Po nu
(Th e
Pa t h s
o f Pa i n),
t h e re c o rd i s a c e l e bra t i o n o f h e r
de vo t i o n t o a m a n. Th e
"p a t h s
o f
p a i n"
a re t h e t ri a l s a nd t ri bu l a t i o ns t h a t
t h e y
we nt
t h ro u gh
i n t h e i r
re l a t i o ns h i p
be fo re h e we nt
a wa y
t o s e a . Sh e i s
wa i t i ng
fo r
h i m t o re t u rn, a nd a l l t h e
s o ngs
o n t h e a l bu m a re a bo u t h e r
l o ngi ng
t o s e e h i m
a ga i n.
On t h e c o ve r o f h e r re c o rd
(fi g. 19), Pa p a da ki s
we a rs a re d s c a rf, di s gu i s i ng
t h e
fa c t t h a t s h e i s a n o l de r
wo m a n-gi rl s
we a r re d,
i t i s t h e c o l o u r o f
p a s s i o n
(p a t h o s ).
Sh e i s l e s s
t h re a t e ni ng
i n t h e
gu i s e
o f a
gi rl .
Th e c o i ns a ro u nd h e r ne c k
16
Di na t 6s
(s t ro ng, l o u d)
c a n a l s o m e a n "vi ri l e "
(c f. a ndri k6s ).
110 Bri t i s h Jo u rna l
o fEt h no m u s i c o l o gy ,
vo l . 5 (1996)
Fi g.
19:
As p a s i a
Pa p a ddki s
re c o rd
c o ve r,
Cre t a p h o n,
1990
fl r ; :
~ .r i
'
:
1
a re a
s i gn
o f
fe rt i l i t y ,
a
s i gn
o f h e r "i nt e rna l " a s s e t -a nd c a n m e a n t h a t s h e i s
e i t h e r m a rri e d o r a t l e a s t de vo t e d t o o ne m a n. He r
p o s t u re
i s o ne o f
p ri de ,
no t
a rro ga nc e ,
wi t h o ne h a nd o n h e r
h i p (no t
h e r wa i s t l i ke t h e
m e n)
a nd s h e h o l ds t h e
l y ra -a s y m bo l
o f t h e m a n s h e wa i t s fo r a nd h i s
p o we r
o ve r h e r-a s c o ns o l a t i o n.
Th e s e
e xa m p l e s
h a ve s h o wn h o w a we l l -re h e a rs e d rh e t o ri c
gu a ra nt e e s
t h a t t h e
m a nl y
i de a l s o f p e rfo rm a nc e
h a ng t o ge t h e r.
Th e
s y m bo l i s m
o f
l y ra
m u s i c a nd t h e
p ra c t i c e s
o f m u s i c i a ns a re
i ne xt ri c a bl y
l i nke d t o Cre t a n i de a l s o f m a nh o o d. I h a ve
u s e d He rzfe l d's
s t u dy
o f a Cre t a n m o u nt a i n
vi l l a ge
a s a t o u c h s t o ne fo r
m y
di s c u s s i o n o f m a nh o o d i n Cre t e . Bu t , a l t h o u gh
t h e m a nh o o d de s c ri be d
by
h i m
re s o na t e s
t h ro u gh o u t m y
o bs e rva t i o ns o f m u s i c a l
p e rfo rm a nc e -a s
o ne
m i gh t
e xp e c t ,
be c a u s e
l y ra
m u s i c i s s e e n a s
e s s e nt i a l l y
l i nke d t o
vi l l a ge
l i fe a nd
e m bl e m a t i c o f Cre t e 's h e a rt l a nd
by
m o s t Cre t a ns -i t
ve ry
m u c h
de p e nds
o n
c o nt e xt a s t o wh e n a
t ru l y
m a c h o e ve nt wi l l o c c u r
(by
a l l t h e c ri t e ri a m e nt i o ne d
a bo ve );
a nd a t
vi l l a ge s
l i ke
Ano y i a
a nd t h e o ne de s c ri be d
by He rzfe l d, t h i s i s
l a rge l y
c o nfi ne d t o c e l e bra t i o ns . Th e Cre t a n "h e a rt l a nd" a nd t h e i s l a nd's m u s i c
i ndu s t ry
a re
be i ng p u l l e d
e ve r m o re i nt o na t i o na l a nd i nt e rna t i o na l ne t wo rks
wh e re t h e
s y m bo l i c a l l y
c ru c i a l no t i o n o f "c o nt ro l " l i e s "s o m e wh e re e l s e ". Ye t
dra m a t i c s o c i a l
c h a nge
i n Cre t e , wi t h re fo rm u l a t i o ns o f s o c i a l l i fe , l e a ve
l y ra
Da we : Th e e nge nde re d l y ra 111
m u s i c a s a
u ni qu e
ve h i c l e fo r t h e
wo rki ng
o u t o f o l de r no t i o ns o f
i de nt i t y
wi t h
ne we r o ne s -i n fa c t , fo r t h e
wo rki ng
o u t o f
c o m p e t i ng
di s c o u rs e s o f
i de nt i t y .
Pe t e r Lo i zo s no t e s t h a t
a gri c u l t u ra l i s t s ,
wh o a re
de p i c t e d
a s e ffe m i na t e i n t h e
rh e t o ri c o f Cre t a n
s h e p h e rds , m a y
"h a ve a di s c o u rs e i n wh i c h o t h e r
c o nc e p t s
a re
fo re gro u nde d" (1994: 78), c o nc e p t s
l i ke
a nt h ro p i d
o r
"fe e l i ng
fo r o ne 's fe l l o w
h u m a ns " a s
o p p o s e d
t o
e go i s m o s
o r t h e
m a nl y
"s e l f-re ga rd"
o f
s h e p h e rds
(He rzfe l d
1985:
11).
It i s
be c o m i ng i nc re a s i ngl y
o bvi o u s t h a t m a nh o o d i s a
c o m p l e x
a nd nu a nc e d
i s s u e ,
a nd t h a t
di ffe ri ng
no t i o ns o f m a nh o o d i nt e ra c t wi t h
m u s i c a l
p e rfo rm a nc e p ra c t i c e s .17
Ly ra
m u s i c i a ns m u s t c o nt i nu e t o
m a na ge
t h e
ga p
be t we e n l o c a l a nd l o c a l , a nd
l o c a l a nd no n-l o c a l wo rl ds ,
i f
t h e y
a re no t t o fi nd t h e i r s e ns e o f
i de nt i t y
i rre vo c a bl y
t o rn
a p a rt .
Th i s
"ga p "
i s
p e rh a p s p a rt i a l l y
re c o nc i l e d
by
t h e fa c t t h a t
t h e "l o c a l " c o nt i nu e s t o be t ra ns fo rm e d
by gl o ba l p a t t e rns
a nd t h a t t h e
gl o ba l
c o nt i nu e s t o be
a p p re h e nde d
i n Cre t a n t e rm s -t e rm s wh i c h a re
c o nt i nu a l l y
ne go t i a t e d t h ro u gh
t h e
dy na m i c i nt e rp l a y
o f m u s i c , p o e t ry
a nd i de a l s o f m a nh o o d.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I a m
e xt re m e l y gra t e fu l
t o Da vi d
Hu gh e s
a nd Ro de ri c k Be a t o n fo r t h e i r c o ns i de ra bl e
h e l p
wi t h t h e
p re p a ra t i o n
o f t h i s a rt i c l e . I
p re s e nt e d
s o m e o f t h e s e i de a s i n a
p a p e r
a t a
Mu s i c a nd Ge nde r
St u dy Da y ,
Mu s i c
De p a rt m e nt , Uni ve rs i t y
o f Yo rk, 17.v.96, a nd i n a
s e m i na r a t Th e
Qu e e n's Uni ve rs i t y
o f Be l fa s t , De p a rt m e nt
o f So c i a l
Ant h ro p o l o gy ,
28.i i .96. I wi s h t o t h a nk a l l
c o l l e a gu e s p re s e nt
fo r
h e l p fu l
c o m m e nt s a nd di s c u s s i o n.
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<K.N.Da we @o p e n.a c .u k>