Viết Các Phản Ứng Oxi Hóa Khử Thường Gặp (Các Chất Oxi Hóa, Chất Khử Thường Gặp)

Gio khoa ha v c Bin son: V Hng Thi
http://vietsciences.free.fr v http://vietsciences.org V Hng Thi

169
Chng trnh Ha hc

VN III HA V C

VIT CC PHN NG OXI HA KH
THNG GP
(CC CHT OXI HA, CHT KH THNG GP)

vit c cc phn ng oxi ha kh th chng ta cn bit mt s cht oxi ha v mt
s cht kh thng gp. Cht oxi ha sau khi b kh th to thnh cht kh lin hp (cht
kh tng ng); Cng nh cht kh sau khi b oxi ha th to thnh cht kh lin hp
(cht kh tng ng). Ta phi bit cc cht kh v cht oxi ha tng ng th mi vit
c phn ng oxi ha kh.

I. Cc cht oxi ha thng gp

I.1. Cc hp cht ca mangan: KMnO
4
, K
2
MnO
4
, MnO
2
(MnO
4
-
, MnO
4
2-
, MnO
2
)

+7 +6 +4
- KMnO
4
, K
2
MnO
4
, MnO
2
trong mi trng axit (H
+
) thng b kh thnh mui
+2
Mn
2+

Th d:
+7 +2 +2 +3
2KMnO
4
+ 10FeSO
4
+ 8H
2
SO
4
2MnSO
4
+ 5Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 8H
2
O
Kali pemanganat St (II) sunfat Mangan (II) sunfat St (III) sunfat
Thuc tm
(Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)

+7 +3 +2 +5
2KMnO
4
+ 5KNO
2
+ 3H
2
SO
4
2MnSO
4
+ 5KNO
3
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 3H
2
O
Kali nitrit Kali nitrat

+7 +4 +2 +6
2KMnO
4
+ 5K
2
SO
3
+ 3H
2
SO
4
2MnSO
4
+ 6K
2
SO
4
+ 3H
2
O
Kali sunfit Kali sunfat

+6 +2 +2 +3
K
2
MnO
4
+ 4FeSO
4
+ 4H
2
SO
4
MnSO
4
+ 2Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 4H
2
O
Kali manganat St (II) sunfat Managan (II) sun fat St (III) sunfat

+4 -1 +2 0
MnO
2
+ 4HCl()
0
t
MnCl
2
+ Cl
2
+ 2H
2
O
170
Mangan ioxit Axit clohric (c) Mangan(II) clorua Kh clo

+4 +2 +2 +3
MnO
2
+ 2FeSO
4
+ 2H
2
SO
4
MnSO
4
+ Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 2H
2
O
Mangan ioxit St (II) sunfat Mangan (II) sunfat St (III) sunfat

+7 -1 +2 0
2KMnO
4
+ 10NaCl + 8H
2
SO
4
2MnSO
4
+ 5Cl
2
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 5Na
2
SO
4
+ 8H
2
O
Kali pemanganat Nat ri clorua Mangan (II) sunfat Kh clo

+7 -1 +2 0
2KMnO
4
+ 16HCl 2MnCl
2
+ 5Cl
2
+ 2KCl + 8H
2
O
Kali pemanganat Axit clohric Mangan (II) clorua Kh clo

+7 +2 +2 +3
MnO
4
-
+ 5Fe
2+
+ 8H
+
Mn
2+
+ 5Fe
3+
+ 4H
2
O
Ion pemanganat Ion st (II) Ion mangan (II) Ion st (III)

+7 -3 +2 +5
8KMnO
4
+ 5PH
3
+ 12H
2
SO
4
8MnSO
4
+ 5H
3
PO
4
+ 4K
2
SO
4
+ 12H
2
O
Kali pemanganat Photphin Mangan (II) sunfat Axit sunfuric

+7 0 +2 +2
2KMnO
4
+ 5Zn + 8H
2
SO
4
2MnSO
4
+ 5ZnSO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 8H
2
O
Km

+7 +3 +3 +2 +4
2KMnO
4
+ 5HOOC-COOH + 3H
2
SO
4
2MnSO
4
+ 10CO
2
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 8H
2
O
Axit oxalic Kh cacbonic

- KMnO
4
trong mi trng trung tnh (H
2
O) thng b kh thnh mangan ioxit
(MnO
2
)

Th du:

+7 +4 +4 +6
2KMnO
4
+ 4K
2
SO
3
+ H
2
O MnO
2
+ K
2
SO
4
+ KOH
Kali pemanganat Kali sunfit Man ganioxit Kali sunfat

+7 +2 +4
2KMnO
4
+ 3MnSO
4
+ 2H
2
O 5MnO
2
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
SO
4

Kali pemanganat Mangan (II) sunfat Mangan ioxit
171

+7 -1 +4 0
2KMnO
4
+ 3H
2
O
2
2MnO
2
+ 3O
2
+ 2KOH + 2H
2
O
Hiro peoxit Mangan ioxit Kh oxi

- KMnO
4
trong mi trng baz (OH
-
) thng b kh to K
2
MnO
4

Th d:

+7 +4 +6 +4
2KMnO
4
+ K
2
SO
3
+ 2KOH 2K
2
MnO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
Kali pemanganat Kali sunfit Kali manganat Kali sunfat

+7 +3 +3 +6 +4
2KMnO
4
+ KOOC-COOK + 2KOH 2K
2
MnO
4
+ 2KHCO
3

Kali pemanganat Kali oxalat Kali manganat Kali cacbonat axit

+7 -2 +6 0
2KMnO
4
+ 2KOH 2K
2
MnO
4
+
2
1
O
2
+ H
2
O
Kali pemanganat Kali manganat Oxi
(Cht oxi ha cng l cht kh) (Phn ng oxi ha kh ni phn t)

Ghi ch

G.1. KMnO
4
trong mi trng axit (thng l H
2
SO
4
) c tnh oxi ha rt mnh, nn n
d b mt mu tm bi nhiu cht kh nh: Fe
2+
; FeO; Fe
3
O
4;
SO
2
; SO
3
2-
; H
2
S; S
2-
;
NaCl; HCl; KBr, HBr, HI; KI; Cl
-
; Br
-
; I
-
; NO
2
-
; Anken; Ankin; Ankaien; Aren
ng ng benzen;

Th d: +4 +7 +6 +2
5SO
2
+ 2KMnO
4
+ 2H
2
O 2H
2
SO
4
+ 2MnSO
4
+ K
2
SO
4

Kh sunfur Kali pemanganat Axit sunfuric Mangan (II) sunfat
(Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)

Kh sunfur lm mt mu tm ca dung dch KMnO
4
(dung dch thuc tm), trong SO
2
ng vai tr cht
kh. Kh SO
2
v CO
2
u lm c nc vi trong (v c to cht khng tan CaSO
3
, CaCO
3
), nhng CO
2

khng lm mt mu dung dch KMnO
4
.

G.2. lm mi trng axit (H
+
) cho cc cht oxi ha th ngi ta thng dng H
2
SO
4

hay H
3
PO
4
m khng dng cc axit HCl, HBr, HI v cc axit ny ngoi s cung cp
H
+
, chng cn ng vai tr cht kh (Cl
-
, Br
-
, I
-
).

172
G.3. KMnO
4
c th ng vai tr cht oxi ha trong mi trng axit (H
+
), baz (OH
-
)
hoc trung tnh (H
2
O). Cn K
2
MnO
4
, MnO
2
ch c th ng vai tr cht oxi ha
trong mi trng axit.

G.4. Ngi ta dng KMnO
4
trong dung dch KOH m c ra dng c thy tinh.

II.2. Hp cht ca crom: K
2
Cr
2
O
7
; K
2
CrO
4
(Cr
2
O
7
2-
; CrO
4
2-
)

K
2
Cr
2
O
7
(Kali icromat; Kali bicromat), K
2
CrO
4
(Kali cromat) trong mi trng axit
(H
+
) thng b kh thnh mui crom (III) (Cr
3+
)
Th d:
+6 +2 +3 +3
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 6FeSO
4
+ 7H
2
SO
4
Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 7H
2
O
Kali icromat St (II) sunfat Crom (III) sunfat St (III) sunfat

+6 +4 +3 +6
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 3K
2
SO
3
+ 4H
2
SO
4
Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 4K
2
SO
4
+ 4H
2
O
Kali icromat Kali sunfit Crom (III) sunfat Kali sunfat

+6 -1 +3 0
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 6KI + 7H
2
SO
4
Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3I
2
+ 4K
2
SO
4
+ 7H
2
O
Kali icromat Kali ioua Crom (III) sunfat Iot

+6 -2 +3 0
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 3H
2
S + 4H
2
SO
4
Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3S + K
2
SO
4
+ 7H
2
O
Kali icromat Hi ro sun fua Crom (III) sunfat Lu hunh

+6 -1 +3 0
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 14HBr 2CrBr
3
+ 3Br
2
+ 2KBr + 7H
2
O
Kali icromat Axit bromhric Crom (III) bromua Brom Kali bromua

+6 -1 +3 0
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 14HCl 2CrCl
3
+ 3Cl
2
+ 2KCl + 7H
2
O
Kali icromat Axit clohiric Crom (III) clorua Clo Kali clorua

+6 +2 +3 +4
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 3SnCl
2
+ 14HCl 2CrCl
3
+ 3SnCl
4
+ 2KCl + 7H
2
O
Kali icromat Thic (II) clorua Axit clohiric Crom (III) clorua Thic (IV) clorua

+6 -1 +3 +1
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 3CH
3
CH
2
OH + 4H
2
SO
4
Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3CH
3
CHO + K
2
SO
4
+ 7H
2
O
Kali icromat Ru etylic Crom (III) sunfat Anehit axetic
173
+6 +4 +3 +6
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 3SO
2
+ H
2
SO
4
Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
Kali icromat Kh sunfur Crom (III) sunfat Kali sunfat

Ghi ch

G.1. Trong cc phn ng trn, mu da cam ca dung dch K
2
Cr
2
O
7
tr thnh mu tm
ca ion Cr
3+
trong nc. Do trong ha phn tch, K
2
Cr
2
O
7
trong mi trng
axit thng c dng lm cht oxi ha chun cc cht kh (Cn c s
mt mu va dung dch K
2
Cr
2
O
7
s bit c lng K
2
Cr
2
O
7
phn ng va
v t bit c nng ca dung dch cht kh cn xc nh)

G.2. Ngi ta thng dng hn hp gm hai th tch bng nhau ca dung dch axit
sunfuric m c (H
2
SO
4
) v dung dch bo ha kali icromat (K
2
Cr
2
O
7
), gi l
hn hp sunfocromic hay hn hp cromic, sc cc chai l thy tinh. Dung
dch ny ty m, cng nh cc cht hu c bm vo thnh thy tinh, nh tnh oxi
ha mnh ca dung dch ny.

G.3. Trong mi trng trung tnh, mui cromat (CrO
4
2-
) thng b kh to crom (III)
hiroxit (Cr(OH)
3
)

Th d:
+6 -2 +3 0
2KCrO
4
+ 3(NH
4
)
2
S + 2H
2
O 2Cr(OH)
3
+ 3S + 6NH
3
+ 4KOH
Kali cromat Amoni sunfua Crom (III) hiroxit Lu hunh

G.4. Ngi ta dng CrO
3
(Crom (VI) oxit, Anhirit cromic, cht rn c mu thm)
trong dng c th cn ca ti x. CrO
3
oxi ha hi ru etylic (CH
3
CH
2
OH)
to anehit axetic (CH
3
CHO), cn CrO
3
b kh to crom (III) oxit (Cr
2
O
3
, cht rn
c mu xanh thm). Cn c vo mc i mu hay khng i mu ca CrO
3
m
cnh st giao thng bit c ngi li xe ung ru nhiu, t hay khng ung
ru.

+6 -1 +3 +1
2CrO
3
+ 3CH
3
CH
2
OH Cr
2
O
3
+ 3CH
3
CHO + 3H
2
O
Anhirit cromic Etanol Crom (III) oxit Eta nal
( thm) (Xanh thm)

G.4. Gia icromat (Cr
2
O
7
2-
, mu da cam) v cromat (CrO
4
2-
, c mu vng ti)
trong dung dch (nc, H
2
O) c s cn bng do s thy phn nh sau:

Cr
2
O
7
2-
+ H
2
O 2CrO
4
2-
+ 2H
+

icromat Cromat
(mu da cam) (mu vng)

174
Do khi cho a xit (H
+
, nh HCl) vo mt dung dch cromat (CrO
4
2-
, nh K
2
CrO
4
)
th thy dung dch chuyn t mu vng sang mu da cam. Nguyn nhn l khi
thm axit vo th nng ion H
+
tng ln, nn theo nguyn l dch chuyn cn bng
Le Chtelier, th cn bng dch chuyn theo chiu lm h nng ion H
+
xung, tc
theo chiu ion H
+
kt hp ion cromat to ion icromat v th ta thy dung dch
chuyn t mu vng sang mu da cam. Cn khi thm baz (OH
-
, nh NaOH)
vo dung dch icromat (Cr
2
O
7
2-
, nh K
2
Cr
2
O
7
) th thy dung dch chuyn t mu
da cam ra mu vng. Nguyn nhn l khi thm OH
-
vo th ion OH
-
s kt hp
ion H
+
(to cht khng in ly H
2
O) khin cho nng ion H
+
trong dung dch
gim, nn theo nguyn l dch chuyn cn bng, cn bng s dch chuyn theo chiu
chng li s gim ion H
+
, tc l chiu to ion H
+
, cng l chiu to cromat, v th ta
thy dung dch chuyn t mu da cam ra mu vng ti.

2K
2
CrO
4
+ 2HCl K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 2KCl + H
2
O
(Mu da cam) (Mu vng ti)

K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 2NaOH K
2
CrO
4
+ Na
2
CrO
4
+ H
2
O
(Mu da cam) Natri cromat
(Mu vng ti)

2Na
2
CrO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
Na
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
Natri cromat Natri icromat

Na
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 2KOH Na
2
CrO
4
+ K
2
CrO
4
+ H
2
O

G.5. Khi cho dung dch mui bari (Ba
2+
, nh BaCl
2
, Ba(NO
3
)
2
) vo dung dch cromat
(CrO
4
2-
) hay dung dch icromat (Cr
2
O
7
2-
) u thu c kt ta mu vng bari
cromat (BaCrO
4
). Khng thu c bari icromat (BaCr
2
O
7
) v cht ny tan trong
nc. V v c to kt ta BaCrO
4
, nn nng CrO
4
2-
gim, nn cn bng dch
chuyn t Cr
2
O
7
2-
thnh CrO
4
2-
(nu cho Ba
2+
vo Cr
2
O
7
2-
, coi s cn bng gia
icromat v cromat ghi ch 4 trn).

BaCl
2
+ K
2
CrO
4
BaCrO
4
+ 2KCl
Bari clorua Kali cromat Bari cromat Kali clorua

BaCl
2
+ K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ H
2
O BaCrO
4
+ K
2
CrO
4
+ 2HCl
Bari clorua Kali icromat Bari cromat Kali cromat Axit clohiric

Ba(NO
3
)
2
+ Na
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ H
2
O BaCrO
4
+ Na
2
CrO
4
+ 2HNO
3

Bari nitrat Natri icromat Bari cromat Natri cromat Axit nitric

I.3. Axit nitric (HNO
3
), mui nitrat trong mi trng axit (NO
3
-
/H
+
)
+5 +4
- HNO
3
m c thng b kh to kh mu nu nit ioxit NO
2
. Cc cht kh thng
b HNO
3
oxi ha l: cc kim loi, cc oxit kim loi c s oxi ha trung gian (FeO,
Fe
3
O
4
), mt s phi kim (C, S, P), mt s hp cht ca phi kim c s oxi ha thp nht
175
hay trung gian (H
2
S, SO
2
, SO
3
2-
, HI), mt s hp cht ca kim loi trong kim loi
c s oxi ha trung gian (Fe
2+
, Fe(OH)
2

Th d:

0 +5 +3 +4
Fe + 6HNO
3
(, nng) Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3NO
2
+ 3H
2
O
St Axit ntric St (III) nitrat Nit ioxit
(Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha) (Kh c mi hc, mu nu)
Trong 6 phn t HNO
3
trn th ch c 3 phn t l cht oxi ha, cn 3 phn t to mi trng axit, to mui
nitrat.

+2 +5 +3 +4
FeO + 4HNO
3
() Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
2
+ 2H
2
O
St (II) oxit

+8/3 +5 +3 +4
Fe
3
O
4
+ 10HNO
3
() 3Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
2
+ 5H
2
O
St t oxit
(Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha) (1 phn t HNO
3
l cht o xi ha, 9 phn t tham gia trao i)

+2 +5 +3 +4
Fe(OH)
2
+ 4HNO
3
() Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
2
+ 3H
2
O
St (II) hiroxit St (III) nitrat
(Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha) (1 phn t HNO
3
l cht oxi ha, 3 phn t trao i, to mi trng axit)

0 +5 +4 +4
C + 4HNO
3
()
0
t
CO
2
+ 4NO
2
+ 2H
2
O
Cacbon Kh cacbonic Nit ioxit
(Cho tng git dd HNO
3
m c vo than nung nng, than bng chy)

0 +5 +6 +4
S + 6HNO
3
()
0
t
H
2
SO
4
+ 6NO
2
+ 2H
2
O
Lu hunh Axit nitric Axit sunfuric Nit ioxit
(Cho bt lu hunh vo dd HNO
3
m c c un nh, thy bt lu hunh tan nhanh v c kh mu
nu bay ra)

0 +5 +5 +4
P + 5HNO
3
()
0
t
H
3
PO
4
+ 5NO
2
+ H
2
O
Photpho Axit photphoric

0 +5 +1 +4
Ag + 2HNO
3
() AgNO
3
+ NO
2
+ H
2
O
Bc Bc nitrat

176
0 +5 +2 +4
Cu + 4HNO
3
() Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO
2
+ 2H
2
O
ng ng (II) nitrat

0 +5 +2 +4
Pb + 4HNO
3
() Pb(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO
2
+ 2H
2
O
Ch Ch (II) nitrat

Al + 6HNO
3
(, nng) Al(NO
3
)
3
+ 3NO
2
+ 3H
2
O

+5 +2
- HNO
3
long thng b kh thnh NO (kh nit oxit). Cc cht kh thng gp l: cc
kim loi, cc oxit kim loi hay hp cht kim loi c s oxi ha trung gian (FeO,
Fe(OH)
2
, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2+
), mt s phi kim (S, C, P), mt s hp cht ca phi kim trong
phi kim c s oxi ho thp nht c s oxi ha trung gian (NO
2
-
, SO
3
2-
).

Th d:

0 +5 +3 +2
Fe + 4HNO
3
(l) Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 2H
2
O
Bt st Axit nitric (long) St (III) nitrat Nit oxit
(Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha) (Kh khng c, khng khng c mu)

+2 +5 +3 +2
3Fe(OH)
2
+ 10HNO
3
(l) 3Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 8H
2
O
St (II) hiroxit St (III) nitrat

+2 +5 +3 +2
3FeO + 10HNO
3
(l) 3Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 5H
2
O
St (II) oxit St (III) nitrat

+8/3 +5 +3 +2
3Fe
3
O
4
+ 28HNO
3
(l) 9Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 14H
2
O
St t oxit

0 +5 +3 +2
Cr + 4HNO
3
(l) Cr(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 2H
2
O
Crom Crom (III) nitrat

0 +5 +2 +2
3Cu + 8HNO
3
(l) 3Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O
ng ng (II) nitrat

177
0 +5 +1 +2
3Ag + 4HNO
3
(l) 3AgNO
3
+ NO + 2H
2
O
Bc Bc nitrat

0 +5 +2 +2
3Hg + 8HNO
3
(l) 3Hg(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O
Thy ngn Thy ngn (II) nitrat

0 +5 +6 +2
S + 2HNO
3
(l) H
2
SO
4
+ 2NO
Lu hunh Axit nitric (long) Axit sunfuric Nit oxit

0 +5 +5 +2
3P + 5HNO
3
(l) + 2H
2
O 3H
3
PO
4
+ 5NO
Photpho Axit nitric (long) Axit photphoric

- Mui nitrat trong mi trng axit (NO
3
-
/H
+
) ging nh HNO
3
long, nn n oxi ha
c cc kim loi to mui, NO
3
-
b kh to kh NO, ng thi c s to nc (H
2
O)

Th d:

0 +5 +2 +2
3Cu + 2NO
3
-
+ 8H
+
3Cu
2+
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O
ng Mui nitrat trong mi trng axit Mui ng (II)
(Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha) (Dung dch c mu xanh lam)

Kh NO khng mu thot ra kt hp vi O
2
(ca khng kh) to kh NO
2
c mu nu

0 +5 +2 +2
3Cu + 2NaNO
3
+ 8HCl 3CuCl
2
+ 2NO + 2NaCl + 4H
2
O

0 +5 +2 +2
3Cu + Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 8HCl 4CuCl
2
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O
Cht kh Cht oxi ha

Ghi ch

G.1. Ba kim loi st (Fe), nhm (Al) v crom (Cr) khng b ha tan trong dung dch
axit nitric m c ngui (HNO
3
, ngui) cng nh trong dung dch axit
sunfuric m c ngui (H
2
SO
4
, ngui) (b th ng ha, b tr).

Fe, Al, Cr HNO
3
(, ngui)

Fe, Al, Cr H
2
SO
4
(, ngui)

178
G.2. nhn bit mui nitrat, ngi ta cho vi git dung dch axit thng thng
(nh H
2
SO
4
long, HCl) vo, sau cho ming kim loi ng vo, nu thy to
dung dch mu xanh lam v c kh mu nu bay ra th chng t dung dch lc
u c cha mui nitrat ((NO
3
-
).

G.3. Cc kim loi mnh nh magie (Mg), nhm (Al), km (Zn) khng nhng kh
+5 +4 +2 +1 0 -3
HNO
3
to NO
2
, NO, m c th to N
2
O, N
2
, NH
4
NO
3
. Dung dch HNO
3
cng
long th b kh to hp cht ca N hay n cht ca N c s oxi ha cng thp.

Th d:

Al + HNO
3
(, ngui)

Al + 6HNO
3
(, nng) Al(NO
3
)
3
+ 3NO
2
+ 3H
2
O

Al + 4HNO
3
(l) Al(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 2H
2
O

8Al + 30HNO
3
(kh long) 8Al(NO
3
)
3
+ 3N
2
O + 15H
2
O

10Al + 36HNO
3
(rt long) 10Al(NO
3
)
3
+ 3N
2
+ 18H
2
O

8Al + 30HNO
3
(qu long) 8Al(NO
3
)
3
+ 3NH
4
NO
3
+ 9H
2
O

G.4. Dung dch HNO
3
rt long v lnh c tc dng nh mt axit thng thng (tc
nhn oxi ha l ion H
+
)

Th d:
Al + 3HNO
3
(rt long) lnh Al(NO
3
)
3
+
2
3
H
2

Fe + 2HNO
3
(rt long) lnh Fe(NO
3
)
2
+ H
2

G.5. Mt kim loi tc dng dung dch HNO
3
to cc kh khc nhau, tng qut mi kh
ng vi mt phn ng ring. Ch khi no bit t l s mol cc kh ny th mi
vit chung cc kh trong cng mt phn ng vi t l s mol kh tng ng.

Bi tp 80
Cho m gam bt kim loi km ha tan ht trong dung dch HNO
3
, thu c 13,44 lt hn
hp ba kh l NO
2
, NO v N
2
O. Dn lng kh trn qua dung dch xt d, c 11,2 lt hn
hp kh thot ra. Cho lng kh ny trn vi khng kh d (coi khng kh ch gm oxi v
nit) phn ng xy ra hon ton, sau cho hp th lng kh mu nu thu c vo
dung dch KOH d, thu c dung dch D. Dung dch D lm mt mu va 100 ml
dung dch KMnO
4
0,4M trong mi trng H
2
SO
4
c d. Th tch cc kh o ktc. Cc
phn ng xy ra hon ton.
179
a. Vit phn ng gia km vi dung dch HNO
3
c hin din 3 kh trong phn ng
theo d kin trn.
b. Tnh m.
(Zn = 65)
S: 31Zn + 80HNO
3
31Zn(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO
2
+ 4NO + 6N
2
O + 40H
2
O
m = 100,75 gam

Bi tp 80
Ha tan ht m gam bt nhm cn dng V(ml) dung dch HNO
3
30% (khi lng ring
1,18 g/l), c 1,568 lt hn hp A gm ba kh NO, N
2
O v N
2
thot ra ( 27,3
0
C; 836
mmHg), ng thi thu c dung dch D (trong dung dch D khng c mui amoni). Cho
lng kh trn tip xc khng kh kh NO chuyn ha ht thnh kh mu nu NO
2
, sau
cho lng kh nu ny hp th ht vo bnh ng dung dch xt d, thy khi lng
bnh tng 0,92 gam.
a. Xc nh % th tch mi kh trong hn hp A, bit rng khi lng ring ktc
ca hn hp A l 1,4796 g/l.
b. Vit phn ng gia nhm vi dung dch HNO
3
theo d kin cho.
c. Xc nh m v V.
(N = 14; O = 16; H = 1; Al = 27)
S: a. 28,57% NO; 28,57% N
2
O; 42,86% N
2

b. 52Al + 192HNO
3
52Al(NO
3
)
3
+ 6NO + 6N
2
O + 9N
2
+ 96H
2
O
c. m = 4,68g; V = 113,898 ml

I.4. Axit sunfric m c nng, H
2
SO
4
(, nng); Kh sunfur (SO
2
)
+6 +4
- H
2
SO
4
(, nng) thng b kh to kh SO
2
. Cc cht kh thng tc dng vi
H
2
SO
4
(, nng) l: cc kim loi, cc hp cht ca kim loi s oxi ha trung gian (nh
FeO, Fe
3
O
4
), mt s phi kim (nh C, S, P), mt s hp cht ca phi kim (nh HI,
HBr, H
2
S)

Th d:
0 +6 +2 +4
Cu + 2H
2
SO
4
(, nng) CuSO
4
+ SO
2
+ 2H
2
O
ng Axit sunfuric (c, nng) ng (II) sunfat Kh sunfur

0 +6 +3 +4
2Fe + 6H
2
SO
4
(, nng) Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3SO
2
+ 6H
2
O
St St (III) sunfat

0 +6 +1 +4
2Ag + 2H
2
SO
4
(, nng) Ag
2
SO
4
+ SO
2
+ 2H
2
O
Bc Bc sunfat

+2 +6 +3 +4
2FeO + 4H
2
SO
4
(, nng) Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ SO
2
+ 4H
2
O
St (II) oxit St (III) sunfat
180

+8/3 +6 +3 +4
2Fe
3
O
4
+ 10H
2
SO
4
(, nng) 3Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ SO
2
+ 10H
2
O
St t oxit St (III) sunfat Kh sunfur

Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
SO
4
(, nng) Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3H
2
O (phn ng trao i)
St (III) oxit St (III) sunfat

0 +6 +3 +4
Cr + H
2
SO
4
(, nng) Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ SO
2
+ H
2
O
Crom Crom (III) sunfat

0 +6 +4
S + 2H
2
SO
4
(, nng) 3SO
2
+ 2H
2
O
Lu hunh Axit sunfuric m c nng Kh sunfur

0 +6 +4 +4
C + 2H
2
SO
4
(, nng) CO
2
+ 2SO
2
+ 2H
2
O
Cacbon

0 +6 +5 +4
2P + 5H
2
SO
4
(, nng) 2H
3
PO
4
+ 5SO
2
+ 2H
2
O
Photpho Axit photphoric

-1 +6 0 +4
2HI + H
2
SO
4
(, nng) I
2
+ SO
2
+ 2H
2
O
Axit iothiric Iot Kh sunfur

-1 +6 0 +4
2HBr + H
2
SO
4
(, nng) Br
2
+ SO
2
+ 2H
2
O
Axit bromhiric Brom Kh sunfur

-2 +6 0 +4
H
2
S + H
2
SO
4
(, nng) S + SO
2
+ 2H
2
O
Axit sun fuahiric Lu hunh Kh sunfur

- Cc kim loi mnh nh Mg, Al, Zn khng nhng kh H
2
SO
4
m c, nng thnh
SO
2
m cn thnh S, H
2
S. H
2
SO
4
m c nhng nu long bt th s b kh to lu
hunh (S) hay hp cht ca lu hunh c s oxi ha thp hn (H
2
S). Nguyn nhn
ca tnh cht trn l do kim loi mnh nn d cho in t ( H
2
SO
4
nhn nhiu in
t) v do H
2
SO
4
t m c nn n khng oxi ha tip S, H
2
S.

Th d:
181
Al + H
2
SO
4
(, ngui)

0 +6 +3 +4
2Al + 6H
2
SO
4
(, nng) Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3SO
2
+ 6H
2
O
Nhm Kh sunfur

0 +6 +3 0
2Al + 4H
2
SO
4
(kh c, nng) Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ S + 4H
2
O
Lu hunh

0 +6 +3 -2
8Al + 15H
2
SO
4
(hi c, nng) 4Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3H
2
S + 12H
2
O
Hiro sunfua

0 +1 +3 0
2Al + 3H
2
SO
4
(long) Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3H
2

Hiro

- Kh sunfur (SO
2
) oxi ha c cc cht kh mnh nh cc hp cht ca phi kim c
s oxi ho thp (nh H
2
S, CO), mt s phi kim (nh H
2
, C), cc kim loi mnh (nh
Na, K, Ca, Ba, Mg). Nu SO
2
l cht oxi ha th n thng b kh to S.

+4 -2 0
SO
2
+ H
2
S S + H
2
O
Kh sunfur Kh hiro sunfua Lu hunh
Kh mi hc Kh c mi trng thi Cht rn, mu vng nht

+4 +2 0 +4
SO
2
+ 2CO
C O Al Xt
0
3 2
500 ) (
S + CO
2

+4 0 0 +2
SO
2
+ 2C
C
0
800
S + 2CO

+4 0 0 +1
SO
2
+ 2H
2

C
0
500
S + 2H
2
O

+4 0 0 +2
SO
2
+ 2Mg
0
t
S + 2MgO

Ghi ch
G.1. Khc vi HNO
3
, dung dch H
2
SO
4
long l a xit thng thng (tc nhn oxi ha
l H
+
), ch dung dch H
2
SO
4
m c, nng mi l axit c tnh oxi ha mnh (tc
nhn oxi ha l SO
4
2-
). Trong khi dung dch HNO
3
k c m c ln long u l
axit c tnh o xi ha mnh (tc nhn oxi ha l NO
3
-
)
182

Th d: 0 +1 +2 0
Fe + H
2
SO
4
(l) FeSO
4
+ H
2

0 +6 +3 +4
2Fe + 6H
2
SO
4
(, nng) Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3SO
2
+ 6H
2
O

0 +5 +3 +2
Fe + 4HNO
3
(l) Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 2H
2
O

0 +5 +3 +4
Fe + 6HNO
3
(, nng) Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3NO
2
+ 3H
2
O

G.2. Ba kim loi Al, Fe, Cr khng b ha tan trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
m c ngui
(cng nh trong dung dch HNO
3
m c ngui) (b th ng ha, tr)

Al, Fe, Cr H
2
SO
4
(, ngui)

G.3. Khi mt kim loi tc dng dung dch H
2
SO
4
to cc cht SO
2
, S, H
2
S th tng qut
mi cht l mt phn ng c lp. Ch khi no bit t l s mol gia cc cht
ny th mi vit chung mt phn ng gm cc cht ny c.

Bi tp 81
A l mt kim loi. Ha tan hon ton 1,43 gam A bng dung dch H
2
SO
4
c d 20% so
vi lng cn, thu c mt kh c mi hc, mt cht khng tan c mu vng nht (c
khi lng 0,192 gam) v dung dch B (c cha mui sunfat ca A). Cho hp th lng
kh mi hc trn vo 100 ml dung dch Ca(OH)
2
0,03M, thu c 0,24 gam kt ta mu
trng.
a. Xc nh kim loi A. Cho bit dung dch H
2
SO
4
em dng khng c phn ng vi
cht rn mu vng.
b. Tnh th tch dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,1M cn dng va khi cho tc dng vi
lng dung dch B trn th thu c:
- Lng kt ta cc i
- Lng kt ta cc tiu.
c. Tnh khi lng kt ta ln nht v nh nht thu c cu (b).
Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton.
(Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27; K = 39; Ca = 40; Cr = 52; Mn = 55; Fe = 56; Cu = 64; Zn =
65; Ag = 108; Ba = 137; Hg = 200; Pb = 207; S = 32; O = 16; H = 1)
S: Zn; 284ml; 504ml; 8,7952g; 6,6172g

Bi tp 81
X l mt kim loi. Ha tan ht 3,78 gam A trong 51ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
(dng d 40%
so vi lng cn), thu c 1,68 lt hn hp hai kh H
2
S v H
2
(ktc) v dung dch Y.
Dn hn hp hai kh trn vo dung dch CuCl
2
d, thu c 4,32 gam kt ta mu en.
a. Xc nh kim loi X. Vit mt phn ng gia kim loi X va tm c vi dung
dch H
2
SO
4
theo d kin cho.
183
b. Tnh nng mol/lt ca dung dch H
2
SO
4
.
c. Cho t t V (lt) dung dch NaOH 0,1M vo lng dung dch Y trn. Tm khong
xc nh ca V hoc tr s ca V :
. Khng c kt ta.
. Thu c kt ta nhiu nht. Tnh khi lng kt ta nhiu nht ny.
(Li = 7; Be = 9; Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27; Ca = 40; Cr = 52; Mn = 55; Fe = 56; Ni =
59; Cu = 64; Ag = 108; Hg = 200; Pb = 208; O = 16; H = 1; S = 32)
S: Al; H
2
SO
4
7M; 2,04lt V 7,64lt; V = 6,24lt ; 10,92gam Al(OH)
3

I.5. Ion H
+

- Ion H
+
ca axit thng thng oxi ha c cc kim loi ng trc H trong dy
th in ha. Ion H
+
b kh to kh H
2
, cn kim loi b kh to mui tng ng (ion
kim loi).

K Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Pt Au

Th d:
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl
2
+ H
2

0 +1 +2 0
Zn + 2H
+
Zn
2+
+ H
2

(Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha) (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)

Phn ng trn xy ra c l do: Tnh kh: Zn > H
2

Tnh oxi ha: H
+
> Zn
2+

Fe + H
2
SO
4
(l) FeSO
4
+ H
2

0 +1 +2 0
Fe + 2H
+
Fe
2+
+ H
2

Phn ng trn xy ra c l do: Tnh kh: Fe > H
2

Tnh oxi ha: H
+
> Fe
2+

Al + 3HBr AlBr
3
+
2
3
H
2

0 +1 +3 0
Al + 3H
+
Al
3+
+
2
3
H
2

Phn ng trn xy ra c l do: Tnh kh: Al > H
2

Tnh oxi ha: H
+
> Al
3+

184
Na + HCl NaCl +
2
1
H
2

Cu + HCl

Ag + H
2
SO
4
(l)

Cr + 2HCl CrCl
2
+ H
2

Crom Crom (II) clorua

Mg + 2CH
3
COOH Mg(CH
3
COO)
2
+ H
2

Magie Axit axetic Magie axetat

Ni + 2HCl NiCl
2
+ H
2

Niken Niken clorua

Hg + HBr
Thy ngn

- Ion H
+
ca nc (H
2
O) nhit thng ch oxi ha c cc kim loi rt mnh l
kim loi kim (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr) v kim loi kim th (Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra). Kim
loi kim, kim th b oxi ha to hiroxit kim loi, cn H
+
ca nc b kh thnh kh
hiro (H
2
). V nng ion H
+
ca nc rt nh, nn nhit thng n ch oxi ha
cc kim loi rt mnh l kim, kim th, m khng oxi ha c cc kim loi khc.

Th d:
0 +1 +1 0
2Na + 2H
2
O 2NaOH + H
2

Natri Nc Natri hiroxit Kh hiro
(Cht kh ) (Cht oxi ha)

2K + 2H
2
O 2KOH + H
2

Kali

0 +1 +2 0
Ca + 2H
2
O Ca(OH)
2
+ H
2

Canxi Nc Canxi hiroxit Hiro
(Cht kh ) (Cht oxi ha)

Ba + 2H
2
O Ba(OH)
2
+ H
2

Bari Nc Bari hiroxit Hiro

Al + H
2
O

Mg, Fe, Cu, Ag

185
- Ion H
+
ca nc (H
2
O) c th oxi ha cc kim loi ng trc H trong dy th in
ha nhit cao, kim loi b oxi ha to oxit kim loi, cn H
+
ca nc b kh to
thnh kh H
2
. V nhit cao nn hiroxit kim loi bi nhit phn nn ta khng thu
c hiroxit kim loi m l oxit kim loi.

Th d:

Fe + H
2
O

3Fe + 4H
2
O < 570
0
C Fe
3
O
4
+ 4H
2

St Hi nc St t oxit Hiro

Fe + H
2
O > 570
0
C FeO + H
2

St Hi nc St (II) oxit Hiro

Mg + H
2
O

0 +1 +2 0
Mg + H
2
O
cao t
0
MgO + H
2

Magie Hi nc Magie oxit Hiro

Cu + H
2
O

Cu + H
2
O t
0

Zn + H
2
O

Zn + H
2
O
cao t
0
ZnO + H
2

Km Km oxit

Ghi ch

G.1. Khi cho kim loi kim (Li, Na, K, Rb, Fr) kim th (Ca, Sr, Ba, Rn) tc dng
vi dung dch axit thng thng th kim loi kim, kim th tc dng vi H
+

ca axit trc (to mui v kh H
2
), khi ht axit m cn d kim loi kim, kim
th, th kim loi kim, kim th mi tc dng tip vi dung mi nc ca dung
dch sau (to hiroxit kim loi v kh H
2
).

Th d:

Cho Na vo dung dch HCl:
2Na + 2HCl 2NaCl + H
2

Ht HCl m cn d:
2Na(cn d) + 2H
2
O 2NaOH + H
2

186
Cho Ba vo dung dch CH
3
COOH:
Ba + 2CH
3
COOH Ba(CH
3
COO)
2
+ H
2

Ht CH
3
COOH, cn Ba d:
Ba + 2H
2
O Ba(OH)
2
+ H
2

Bi tp 82
Cho m gam kali kim loi vo 100 ml dung dch HCl 0,1M. Sau cn thm tip 10 ml
dung dch HBr 0,2M thu c dung dch c pH = 7.
a. Tnh m.
b. Tnh th tch kh hiro thot ra trong th nghim trn 27,3
0
C; 83,6 cmHg.
c. Xc nh nng mol/lt ca dung dch c pH = 7 trn.
Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Coi th tch dung dch khng thay i trong qu trnh
phn ng.
(K = 39)
S: m = 0,468g; 134,4ml; KCl 0,091M; KBr 0,018M

Bi tp 82
Cho m gam canxi kim loi vo 200 gam dung dch HBr 0,81%. Sau cn thm tip 50
gam dung dch HCl 0,73% vo thu c dung dch D c pH = 7.
a. Tnh m.
b. Tnh th tch kh thot ra ktc. Coi hi nc bay hi khng ng k.
c. Xc nh nng % mi cht tan ca dung dch D.
(Ca = 40; H = 1; Br = 80; Cl = 35,5)
S: m = 0,6g; 336ml H
2
; CaBr
2
0,8%; CaCl
2
0,222%

I.6. Ion kim loi

Ion kim loi lun lun l ion dng. Tt c ion kim loi u c th l cht oxi ha. Nu
l cht oxi ha th n b kh to ion kim loi c s oxi ha thp hn hay thnh kim
loi n cht tng ng.

- Ion kim loi (trong dung dch) oxi ha c cc kim loi ng trc n trong dy th
in ha (tr kim loi kim, kim th).

Chiu cc cht kh c mnh gim dn

K
+
Ca
2+
Na
+
Mg
2+
Al
3+
Mn
2+
Zn
2+
Cr
3+
Fe
2+
Ni
2+
Sn
2+
Pb
2+
H
+
Cu
2+
Ag
+
Hg
2+
Pt
2+
Au
3+

Chiu cc cht oxi ha c mnh tng dn

Th d:

2FeCl
3
(dd) + Fe 3FeCl
2
(dd)

187
+3 0 +2
2Fe
3+
+ Fe 3Fe
2+

Cht oxi ha Cht kh

FeCl
2
(dd) + Zn Fe + ZnCl
2
(dd)

+2 0 0 +2
Fe
2+
+ Zn Fe + Zn
2+
Cht oxi ha Cht kh

2Al + 3CuSO
4
(dd) Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
(dd) + 3Cu

0 +2 +3 0
2Al + 3Cu
2+
2Al
3+
+ 3Cu
Cht kh Cht oxi ha

Ag + Fe(NO
3
)
3
(dd)

3Zn(d) + 2Fe(NO
3
)
3
(dd) 3Zn(NO
3
)
2
(dd) + 2Fe

0 +3 +2 0
3Zn(d) + 2Fe
3+
3Zn
2+
+ 2Fe
Cht kh Cht oxi ha

Zn + 2Fe(NO
3
)
3
(dd, d) Zn(NO
3
)
2
(dd) + 2Fe(NO
3
)
2
(dd)

Zn + 2Fe
3+
(d) Zn
2+
+ 2Fe
2+

AgNO
3
(dd) + Fe(NO
3
)
3
(dd)

AgNO
3
(dd) + Fe(NO
3
)
2
(dd) Ag + Fe(NO
3
)
3
(dd)

+1 +2 0 +3
Ag
+
+ Fe
2+
Ag + Fe
3+
Cht oxi ha Cht kh

Fe + Cu(CH
3
COO)
2
(d d) Fe(CH
3
COO)
2
+ Cu

Cu + FeSO
4
(dd) CuSO
4
(dd) + Fe

Cu + Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
(dd) CuSO
4
+ 2FeSO
4

+3 -2 -1 -1 +2 +2 +4 0 0
- Ion Fe
3+
(dd) oxi ha c H
2
S, HI, KI, Sn
2+
, Na
2
S
2
O
3
, SO
3
2-
, Cu, Fe. Fe
3+
b kh
toFe
2+
, cn cc cht kh trn b o xi ha to S, I
2
, I
2
, Sn
4+
, Na
2
S
4
O
6
, SO
4
2-
, Cu
2+
,
Fe
2+
.

188
Th d:
+3 -2 +2 0
2FeCl
3
+ H
2
S 2FeCl
2
+ S + 2HCl
Cht oxi ha Cht kh

+3 -1 +2 0
2FeCl
3
+ 2HI 2FeCl
2
+ I
2
+ 2HCl
Cht oxi ha Cht kh

+3 -1 +2 0
2FeCl
3
+ 2KI 2FeCl
2
+ I
2
+ 2KCl
Cht oxi ha Cht kh

+ 3 +2 +2 +4
2FeCl
3
+ SnCl
2
2FeCl
2
+ SnCl
4

St (III) clorua Thic (II) clorua St (II) clorua Thic (IV) clorua

+3 +2 +2 +2,5
2FeCl
3
+ 2Na
2
S
2
O
3
2FeCl
2
+ Na
2
S
4
O
6
+ 2NaCl
Natri tiosunfat; Natri hiposun fit Natri terationat

+3 +4 +2 +6
2FeCl
3
+ Na
2
SO
3
+ H
2
O 2FeCl
2
+ Na
2
SO
4
+ 2HCl
Natri sunfit Natri sunfat

2FeCl
3
+ Cu 2FeCl
2
+ CuCl
2

2FeCl
3
+ Fe 3FeCl
2

Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 6KI 2FeI + I
2
+ 3K
2
SO
4

Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
(dd) + 3Na
2
S(dd, d) 2FeS + S + 3Na
2
SO
4

Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
(dd, d) + Na
2
S(dd, d) 2FeSO
4
+ S + Na
2
SO
4

(Nu trong dung dch long, cn c s thy phn:
Fe
2
(SO
3
)
3
+ 3Na
2
S 2Fe(OH)
3
+ H
2
S + 3Na
2
SO
4
)

Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
(d) + 2KI 2FeSO
4
+ I
2
+ K
2
SO
4

Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 6KI(d) 2FeI
2
+ I
2
+ 3K
2
SO
4

Ch

189
Do tnh oxi ha ca Fe
3+
, n oxi ha c I
-
, SO
3
2-
, S
2-
, nn khng c FeI
3
, Fe
2
(SO
3
)
3
,
Fe
2
S
3
trong dung dch. Cng do s thy phn nhiu ca Fe
3+
m khng c Fe
2
(CO
3
)
3
,
Fe
2
S
3
trong dung dch (S thy phn ca cc mui ny cp phn qui lut thc
nghim s ha tan mui trong nc). S khng hin din Fe
2
S
3
trong dung dch, c ti
liu l do s thy phn, to Fe(OH)
3
v H
2
S; C ti liu cho l do Fe
3+
oxi ha S
2-
to
S, cn Fe
3+
b kh to Fe
2+
. C l, khi dung dch long (c nhiu nc) th c s thy
phn hoc c c s thy phn ln s oxi ha kh. Ni chung, khng thu c Fe
2
S
3
trong
dung dch.

Bi tp 83
Hon hp chat ran A gom bot sat va muoi bac nitrat. Cho 250 ml H
2
O vao coc co cha
m gam hon hp A. Khuay eu e phan ng xay ra hoan toan, thu c 5,4 gam mot
kim loai va 250 ml dung dch B co cha hon hp muoi. Cho t t bot kim loai ong vao
lng dung dch B tren th dung dch nay hoa tan c toi a 0,32 gam bot ong va thu
c dung dch trong suot.
a. Viet cac phng trnh phan ng xay ra.
b. Tnh m.
c. Tnh nong o mol/lt moi chat tan trong dung dch B.
(Fe = 56 ; Ag = 108 ; N = 14 ; O = 16 ; Cu = 64)
S: m = 9,62g; Fe(NO
3
)
2
0,04M; Fe(NO
3
)
3
0,04M

Bi tp 83
Hn hp cht rn X gm bt km v mui st (III) sunfat. Cho 200 ml nc vo mt bnh
cha m gam hn hp X. Dng a thy tinh khuy u phn ng xy ra hon ton.
Thu c cht khng tan gm 3,36 gam mt kim loi v dung dch Y c ha tan hn hp
mui. Cho dung dch xt lng d vo dung dch Y, sau khi phn ng xong, lc ly kt
ta em nung ngoi khng kh cho n khi lng khng i th thu c 11,2 gam mt
cht rn.
a. Vit cc phn ng xy ra.
b. Tnh m.
c. Tnh nng mol ca cht tan ca dung dch Y. Coi th tch dung dch Y bng
th tch nc dng.
(Zn = 65; Fe = 56; S = 32; O = 16)
S: m = 50,4g; ZnSO
4
0,8M; FeSO
4
0,7M

I.7. Halogen X
2
v cc hp cht ca n, nh F
2
, Cl
2
, Br
2
, I
2
, NaClO, KClO
3
,
Ca(ClO)
2
, CaCl
2
O, KBrO
3
, KIO
3
, HClO
4
. Cc cht oxi ha halogen n cht c s
oxi ha 0 hay hp cht ca halogen c s oxi ha +1, +3, +5, +7 thng b kh to
thnh mui halogenua X
-
(Cl
-
, Br
-
, I
-
) trong halogen c s oxi ha bng 1.

- Halogen nm chu k trn y c halogen nm chu k di ra khi dung
dch mui halogenua. Hay halogen y c phi kim yu hn n ra khi dung
dch mui cng nh axit. Thc cht cng l cht oxi ha mnh tc dng vi cht
kh mnh trong dung dch to cht kh v cht oxi ha tng ng yu hn.

190
Th d:
Cl
2
+ 2KBr(dd) 2KCl(dd) + Br
2

0 -1 -1 0
Cl
2
+ 2Br
-
(dd) 2Cl
-
(dd) + Br
2

Cht oxi ha Cht kh Cht kh Cht oxi ha

Phn ng xy ra c l do: Tnh oxi ha: Cl
2
> Br
2

Tnh kh: Br
-
> Cl
-

0 -1 -1 0
Br
2
+ 2KI 2KBr + I
2

Brom Kali ioua Kali bromua Iot
(Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh ) (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)

Phn ng xy ra c l do: Tnh oxi ha: Br
2
> I
2

Tnh kh: I
-
> Br
-

I
2
+ NaCl Br
2
+ KF

F
2
+ 2NaCl 2NaF + Cl
2

Flo (Fluor) Natri clorua Natri florua Clo

Cl
2
+ 2NaI 2NaCl + I
2

Br
2
+ 2HI 2HBr + I
2

I
2
+ H
2
S 2HI + S

0 +2 +3 0
3F
2
+ 2FeCl
2
(khan) 2FeF
3
+ 2Cl
2

- Halogen X
2
oxi ha c hu ht cc kim loi to mui halogenua X
-
. Ring
F
2
(flo) c tnh oxi ha mnh nht, n phn ng c vi tt c cc kim loi (k
c vng v bch kim) to mui florua. F
2
, Cl
2
, Br
2
tc dng Fe to mui st
(III), ring I
2
ch to mui st (II) (V Fe
3+
oxi ha c I
-
to I
2
)

Th d:

2Na + Cl
2
2NaCl

Natri nng chy chy trong bnh kh clo cho ngn la sng chi, to natri clorua.

2Fe + 3Cl
2
2FeCl
3
St (III) clorua
191

Bt st nng chy trong bnh kh clo to thnh khi mu nu, l nhng ht rt nh st (III)
clorua.

Fe +
2
3
F
2
FeF
3
St (III) florua

Fe +
2
3
Br
2
FeBr
3
St (III) bromua

Fe + I
2
FeI
2
St (II) ioua

Cu + Cl
2
CuCl
2

Nung si dy ng nng ri cho vo bnh kh clo, si dy ng chy sng, to ng (II) clorua.

2Al + 3Br
2
2AlBr
3

2Al + 3I
2
2AlI
3

- Cl
2
, Br
2
oxi ha c dung dch mui st (II) to mui st (III). Cl
2
oxi ha H
2
S
to H
2
SO
4
. Br
2
, I
2
o xi ho H
2
S to S.

+2 0 +3 -1
2FeCl
2
+ Cl
2
2FeCl
3

St (II) clorua Clo St (III) clo rua

+2 0 +3 +3 -1

2
3
FeCl
2
+
4
3
Br
2
FeCl
3
+
2
1
FeBr
3

6FeCl
2
+ 3Br
2
4FeCl
3
+ 2FeBr
3

+2 0 +3 -1
2FeBr
2
+ Br
2
2FeBr
3

0 -2 -1 +6
4Cl
2
+ H
2
S + 4H
2
O 8HCl + H
2
SO
4

Clo Hiro sunfua Axit clohiric Axit sunfuric

Br
2
+ H
2
S 2HBr + S
Nu cho dung dch H
2
S (axit sunfuahiric) vo nc brom, th thy brom mt mu nu v
dung dch c (do c to kt ta S)

I
2
+ H
2
S 2HI + S
192

- X
2
oxi ha c SO
2
trong dung dch to H
2
SO
4

0 +4 -1 +6
Cl
2
+ SO
2
+ 2H
2
O 2HCl + H
2
SO
4

Clo Kh sunfur Axit clohiric Axit sunfuric

0 +4 -1 +6
Br
2
+ SO
2
+ 2H
2
O 2HBr + H
2
SO
4

Brom Kh sunfur Axit bromhiric Axit sunfuric
Kh SO
2
lm mt mu nu ca nc brom

0 +4 -1 +6
I
2
+ SO
2
+ 2H
2
O 2HI + H
2
SO
4

Iot Kh sunfur Axit iothiric Axit sunfuric
Kh SO
2
lm mt mu vng ca dung dch iot.

- Cho lung kh flo (fluor, F
2
) i qua nc nng th nc bc chy v to ra kh
oxi

0 -2 -1 0
2F
2
+ 2H
2
O
0
t
4HF + O
2

Kh flo Hi nc Hiro florua Kh oxi

Nc dp tt la m chy, nhng nc bc chy trong kh flo, gii phng kh
oxi. Do khi cho F
2
tc dng vi dung dch NaCl khng thu c kh clo
(Cl
2
) m l c phn ng gia kh F
2
vi dung mi nc (H
2
O) ca dung
dch to kh O
2
.

- X
2
oxi ha c cc phi kim nh: H
2
, S, P

F
2
+ H
2
2HF (Phn ng n mnh ngay c trong bng ti nhit rt
thp, -200
0
C)

Cl
2
+ H
2

as
2HCl ( nhit thng v trong bng ti, phn ng xy ra
rt chm. Nhng khi un nng hay chiu sng mnh th
phn ng xy ra ngay v km theo ting n mnh)

Br
2
+ H
2

0
t
2HBr (Phn ng ch xy ra khi un nng)

I
2
+ H
2
t
0
cao 2HI (Phn ng ch xy ra khi un nng nhit cao v
phn ng thun nghch)
2S + Cl
2
S
2
Cl
2

193
P +
2
3
Cl
2
PCl
3

P +
2
5
Cl
2
PCl
5

P +
2
3
Br
2
PBr
3

2P + 3I
2

0
t
2PI
3

- KClO
3
, NaClO, KBrO
3
, KIO
3
oxi ha c cc cht kh nh: C, S, P, Fe
2+
,
S
2-
, SO
3
2-
, NH
3
. Cn cc cht oxi ha trn b kh to Cl
-
, Br
-
, I
-

Th d:
+5 0 1 +4
2KClO
3
+ 3C
0
t
6KCl + 3CO
2

Kali clo rat Cacbon Kali clo rua Kh cacbonic

KClO
3
+ 6HCl KCl + 3Cl
2
+ 3H
2
O

+5 -1 -1 0
KClO
3
+ 6HBr KCl + 3Br
2
+ 3H
2
O
Kali clorat Axit bromhiric Kali clorua Brom

+5 -1 -1 0
KBrO
3
+ 6HI KBr + 3I
2
+ 3H
2
O
Kali bromat Axit iothiric Kali bromua Iot

+1 -3 -1 0
3NaClO + 2NH
3
3NaCl + N
2
+ 3H
2
O
Natri hipoclorit Amoniac

+1 -1 -1 0
NaClO + H
2
O
2
NaCl + O
2
+ H
2
O
Natri hipoclorit Hiropeoxit

+1 -1 -1 0
NaClO + 2KI + H
2
O NaCl + I
2
+ 2KOH

194

+5 -1 -1 0
NaClO
3
+ 6KI + 3H
2
SO
4
NaCl + 3I
2
+ 3K
2
SO
4
+ 3H
2
O
Natri clorat Kali ioua Natri clorua Iot

Lu

L.1. Khi cho kh clo vo dung dch xt, c phn ng:

0 -1 +1
Cl
2
+ 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H
2
O
Clo Natri clorua Natri hipoclorit
(Cht oxi ha, Cht kh) (Phn ng oxi ha kh ni phn t)

S d c phn ng trn l do:

Cl
2
+ H
2
O HCl + HClO
Axit clohiric Axit hipoclorit
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H
2
O
HClO + NaOH NaClO + H
2
O

L.2. Dung dch hn hp cc mui NaCl - NaClO (hay KCl - KClO) c gi l nc
Javel. Nc Javel c tnh oxi ha mnh (do c ion hipoclorit, ClO
-
), c dng
ty trng si bng, vi v giy. Nc Javel khng c lu. Trong nh my dt,
nh my giy, nc Javel c iu ch bng cch in phn dung dch NaCl long
(15 20%) trong bnh in phn khng c vch ngn vi catod bng st v anod
bng than ch (cacbon graphit).

L.3. Khi cho kh clo tc dng dung dch kim c un nng 100
0
C th thu c
mui clorat.

0 -1 +5
3Cl
2
+ 6NaOH
C
0
100
5NaCl + NaClO
3
+ 3H
2
O
Clo Natri clorua Natri clorat
(Cht oxi ha, Cht kh) (Phn ng t oxi ha kh)

0 -1 +5
3Cl
2
+ 6KOH
C
0
100
5KCl + KClO
3
+ 3H
2
O
Clo Kali clorua Kali clorat
(Cht oxi ha, Cht kh) (Phn ng t oxi ha kh)

Kali clorat d b nhit phn to kali clorua v kh oxi (khi un nng c MnO
2
lm
xc tc). Do KClO
3
c dng iu ch kh O
2
trong phng th nghim. Vi
cc cht d b chy ( b kh) nh lu hunh (S), cacbon (than, C), photpho (P),
bt nhm (Al), ng (C
12
H
22
O
11
) s to hn hp n vi KClO
3
khi va chm (qut,
p). V th, KClO
3
c dng lm thuc pho, thuc u que dim. Trong u
ca cy dim qut c cha 50% khi lng KClO
3
.
195

KClO
3

0
2
,t MnO
KCl +
2
3
O
2

Trong cng nghip, KClO
3
c iu ch bng cch cho kh clo i qua nc vi
un nng ri ly dung dch nng trn vi KCl v ngui cho KClO
3
kt
tinh (v KClO
3
t tan hn CaCl
2
). Kali clorat cn c iu ch bng cch in
phn dung dch KCl 25% nhit 70 75
0
C.

6Cl
2
+ 6Ca(OH)
2

0
t
Ca(ClO
3
)
2
+ 5CaCl
2
+ 6H
2
O

Ca(ClO
3
)
2
+ 2KCl 2KClO
3
+ CaCl
2

Canxi hipoclorit Kali clorat

2KCl + 2H
2
O p, khng vch ngn, 75
0
C, anod tr H
2
+ 2KOH + Cl
2
Catot Anot
6KOH + 3Cl
2

0
t
5KCl + KClO
3
+ 3H
2
O
(t tan hn KCl)

L.4. Clorua vi (CaOCl
2
) l cht bt mu trng, xp, c mi xc, lun bc mi kh clo.
Clorua vi c coi l mui canxi hn tp ca axit clohiric (HCl) v axit
hipoclor (HClO). Clorua vi c tnh oxi ha mnh, n c dng ty trng
vi, giy v ty u cc h rc, cng rnh, cc gy dch bnh. Do c kh nng
tc dng vi cc cht hu c, nn clorua vi cn c dng ha gii cc cht c
trong chin tranh ha hc. Clorua vi cn c dng trong qu trnh tinh ch du
m. Clorua vi c to ra khi cho kh clo tc dng vi vi sa (huyn ph c
Ca(OH)
2
trong nc) theo phn ng:
Cl
Cl
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
Ca + H
2
O
O Cl

Khi cho clorua vi tc dng vi axit clohiric th c to kh clo:

-1 +1 0
CaOCl
2
+ 2HCl Cl
2
+ CaCl
2
+ H
2
O

Di tc dng ca nh sng hoc un nng dung dch clorua vi, c mt ng oxit
hoc st oxit lm xc tc, th c s phn hy clorua vi to kh oxi v canxi
clorua.

-2 +1 -1 0
2CaOCl
2
s (t
0
) CuO (Fe
2
O
3
) CaCl
2
+ O
2

C th dng hai phn ng trn iu ch kh clo v oxi trong phng th nghim.

196
Khi trong khng kh, clorua vi tc dng vi kh cacbonic c trong khng kh v
gii phng kh iclo oxit (Cl
2
O). Kh Cl
2
O c mi ging kh clo (Cl
2
). iu ny
gii thch nguyn nhn clorua vi c mi kh clo.

2CaOCl
2
+ CO
2
CaCl
2
+ CaCO
3
+ Cl
2
O

Trong cng nghip, ngi ta iu ch clorua vi bng cch cho kh clo tc dng vi
vi ti kh. Clorua vi r tin hn, cha hm lng hipoclorit cao hn, d bo
qun v chuyn ch hn so vi nc Javel.

Cl
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaOCl
2
+ H
2
O

L.5. Khi ha tan kh clo (Cl
2
) trong nc, th c mt phn clo tc dng vi nc, to
hn hp axit clohiric (HCl) v axit hipoclor (HClO)

0 -1 +1
Cl
2
+ H
2
O HCl + HClO
Clo Axit clohiric Axit hipoclor
(Cht oxi ha, Cht kh; Cht t oxi ha t kh) (Phn ng oxi ha kh ni phn t)

Phn ng trn ca Cl
2
gii thch s lm i mu giy qu xanh t ha ca
kh clo, ri giy qu b mt mu. Nguyn nhn l axit HCl lm giy qu xanh,
cn axit HClO th li lm mt mu giy qu (do tnh oxi ha mnh ca HClO).
y l hin tng c trng nhn bit kh clo (Cl
2
).

Axit hipoclor ch tn ti trong dung dch, n km bn, ngay c trong dung dch
long HClO, c s phn hy to kh oxi v axit HCl. S phn hy ny xy ra
cng nhanh di tc dng ca nh sng mt tri. V th nc clo sau mt thi
gian s mt mu vng nht v ch cn cha a xit clohiric (HCl).

2HClO
as
2HCl + O
2

Axit hipoclor Axit clohiric Oxi

L.6. Iot (I
2
) tc dng d dng vi dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
(Natri tiosunfat, Natri hiposunfit)
to mui NaI v Na
2
S
4
O
6
(Natri tetrationat). Dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
lm mt mu
vng ca dung dch iot. Ngi ta thng dng phn ng ny nh phn dung
dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
bng dung dch I
2
(nhm xc nh nng dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
khi
bit nng dung dch I
2
hoc ngc li). Sau khi phn ng va , mt git d
dung dch I
2
lm cho dung dch phn ng c mu vng rt nht (Hoc mt lng
dung dch I
2
c d s lm cho dung dch h tinh bt long c mu xanh dng, do
cho vo dung dch phn ng trc ). Nh cc hin tng c trng ny m
ngi ta mi bit phn ng xong (git d dung dch I
2
coi nh sai s trong s
nh phn, hay trong php chun th tch).
+2 0 +2,5 -1
2Na
2
S
2
O
3
+ I
2
Na
2
S
4
O
6
+ 2NaI
Natri hiposunfit Iot Natri tetrationat Natri ioua
197

I.8. Ozon (O
3
)

[Th hnh l hin tng mt nguyn t ha hc hin din di cc dng n cht
khc nhau. Th d: O
2
(oxi), O
3
(ozon) l hai cht th hnh ca nguyn t oxi; Cacbon
graphit (than ch), Cacbon kim cng), Cacbon v nh hnh (m hng, l ngh) l ba
cht th hnh ca nguyn t cacbon; Photpho trng (P
4
), Photpho (photpho tm),
Photpho en l ba cht th hnh ca nguyn t photpho]

Ozon (O
3
) l mt cht th hnh vi oxi (O
2
). Ozon hin din dng kh iu kin thng,
c mu xanh da tri nht, c mi xc. Ozon c tnh oxi ha mnh hn oxi, n ph hy
cc cht hu c, oxi ho nhiu kim loi, trong c bc.

Ozon c tnh oxi ha mnh l do n khng bn, d b phn hy to thnh oxi nguyn t
(O) [O nguyn t c tnh oxi ha mnh hn oxi phn t, O
2
, v khng cn cung cp nng
lng ct t lin kt i gia O vi O, O=O, trong phn t O
2
]:
O
3
O
2
+ O
Ozon Oxi Oxi nguyn t

- Ozon y c iot (iod) ra khi dung dch kali ioua (iodur kalium) (O
2
khng c
tnh cht ny). Do dung dch KI c dng nhn bit ozon (Nu l ozon th khi
cho tc dng vi dung dch KI s thu c I
2
, lm cho dung dch c mu vng, hay I
2

to ra lm xanh h tinh bt). Hay giy tm dung dch KI v h tinh bt (giy ioua -
tinh bt) chuyn ngay sang mu xanh nu c hin din ozon trong khng kh.

KI + O
2
+ H
2
O

-1 0 0 -2
2KI + O
3
+ H
2
O I
2
+ O
2
+ KOH
Kali ioua Ozon Iot Oxi

- Ozon oxi ha c kim loi bc (Ag), thy ngn (Hg). Trong khi oxi (O
2
) khng tc
dng vI kim loi bc.

Ag + O
2

0 0 +1 -2
2Ag + O
3
Ag
2
O + O
2

- Ozon oxi ha mui sunfua thnh mui sunfat, oxi ha amoniac thnh nitrit,
nitrat

-2 0 +6 -2
PbS + O
3
PbSO
4
+ O
2

Ch (II) sunfua Ch (II) sunfat

198
Do c tnh oxi ha mnh nn ozon dit c cc vi khun v th ozon c dng
dit trng trong nc v kh trng khng kh. Mt lng nh ozon trong khng kh
s lm cho khng kh trong lnh, c nh hng tt n c th con ngi, nhng nu
khng kh cha nhiu ozon s gy ng c. Trong t nhin, ozon c to thnh t
oxi khi c sm st. cao 10 30 km, ozon c to thnh do tc dng ca tia t
ngoi mt tri. Nh vy, cc tia t ngoi ca mt tri c hi cho s sng b ngn
chng li. Nhng nm gn y, ngi ta pht hin nhng l thng ca tng ozon.
y l mt nguy c ang c nghin cu khc phc.

I.9. Hiro peoxit (H
2
O
2
)

- H
2
O
2
c tnh oxi ha mnh trong c mi trng axit ln mi trng kim. H
2
O
2
oxi
ha c I
-
thnh I
2
, KNO
2
thnh KNO
3
, sunfua thnh sunfat. H
2
O
2
b kh to
H
2
O.

-1 -1 -2 0
H
2
O
2
+ H
2
SO
4
+ 2KI 2H
2
O + I
2
+ K
2
SO
4


-1 -2 -2 +6
4H
2
O
2
+ PbS 4H
2
O + PbSO
4

Hiro peoxit Ch (II) sunfua Nc Ch (II) sunfat

+3 -1 +5 -2
KNO
2
+ H
2
O
2
KNO
3
+ H
2
O
Kali nit rit Hiro peoxit Kali nitrat Nc

- H
2
O
2
rt tinh khit tng i bn, nhng n d b phn tch to O
2
v H
2
O khi c
ln tp cht kim loi nng hay hp cht cc kim loi ny, hoc khi un nng hay b
chiu sng. Do bo qun H
2
O
2
, ngi ta cht ny trong cc chai thy tinh
sm mu cng nh ni ti v rm mt. Ngi ta thy O
2
c to ra t phn t
H
2
O
2
ch khng phi ca H
2
O. Do lin kt gia O O trong H
2
O
2
khng b t
m l anion [O - O]
2-
mt in t. Tt c cc ng dng thc t ca H
2
O
2
u da vo
tnh khng bn v tnh oxi ha mnh ca n. Dung dch H
2
O
2
3% c dng st
trng trong y hc, nh sc ming, ra vt thng. H
2
O
2
cng c dng lm cht
ty trng vi, len, la, bng, rm r, giy, my tre,u im ca cht ty H
2
O
2
l
khi dng dung dch thch hp, nng khng ln, n ch lm trng cht c mu
nhng khng lm h hng vt c ty. Cc cht d chy nh giy, mt ca, s
bc chy khi tip xc dung dch H
2
O
2
c nng ln hn 65%. Dung dch H
2
O
2
m
c (ln hn 80%) c dng lm cht oxi ha nhin liu cho cc ng c phn lc.
Do tnh d b phn hy ca n, H
2
O
2
cn c dng lm cht to bt cho cc ngnh
sn xut vt liu xp.

H
2
O
2

) (
0
t as

2
1
O
2
+ H
2
O
Hiro peoxit Oxi Nc
199

- Peoxit (
-
O-O
-
) coi nh l mui ca axit H
2
O
2
. Do khi cho cc H
2
O
2
tc dng
vi dung dch kim mnh (nh NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)
2
, Ba(OH)
2
) s to peoxit kim
loi tng ng v nc; Cn khi cho peoxit kim loi tc dng vi axit th hiro peoxit
b y ra khi peoxit kim loi. (Axit mnh y c axit yu hn ra khi mui. H
2
O
2

c tnh axit mnh hn nc, nhng yu hn nhiu so vi cc axit thng thng khc)

H
2
O
2
+ Ba(OH)
2
BaO
2
+ 2H
2
O
Hiro peoxit Bari hiroxit Bari peoxit Nc

BaO
2
+ H
2
SO
4
H
2
O
2
+ BaSO
4

Bari peoxit Axit sunfuric Hiro peoxit Bari sunfat

H
2
O
2
+ 2NaOH Na
2
O
2
+ 2H
2
O

K
2
O
2
+ 2HCl H
2
O
2
+ 2KCl
Kali peoxit Axit clohiric Hiro peoxit Kali clorua

I.10. Oxit kim loi (Oxid kim lai)

Oxit kim loi b kh to kim loi tng ng hay oxit kim loi trong kim loi c
s oxi ha thp hn. Cc cht kh thng dng kh oxit kim loi nhit cao
l Al, H
2
, CO, C. Tuy nhin bn cht kh ny ch kh c cc oxit kim loi trong
kim loi ng sau nhm trong dy th in ha. Cc oxit kim loi Al, Mg, kim
loi kim, kim th, ch b kh to kim loi tng ng ti catot bnh in phn khi
in phn nng chy cc oxit kim loi tng ng trn.


+3 0 0 +3
Fe
2
O
3
+ 2Al
0
t
2Fe + Al
2
O
3


+2 0 0 +1
CuO + H
2

0
t
Cu + H
2
O

+1 +2 0 +4
Ag
2
O + CO
0
t
2Ag + CO
2


+2 0 0 +2
ZnO + C
0
t
Zn + CO

200
+3 +2 +8/3 +4
3Fe
2
O
3
+ CO
0
t
2Fe
3
O
4
+ CO
2

St (III) oxit Cacbon oxit St t oxit Cacbon ioxit

+8/3 +2 +2 +4
Fe
3
O
4
+ CO
0
t
3FeO + CO
2

St t oxit Cacbon oxit St (II) oxit Kh cacbonic

+2 +2 0 +4
FeO + CO
0
t
Fe + CO
2


+2 0 0 +2
PbO + C
C
0
1400
Pb + CO
Ch (II) oxit Cacbon Ch Cacbon oxit

MgO + Al
0
t

Al
2
O
3
+ H
2

0
t

K
2
O + CO
0
t

CaO + H
2

0
t

Na
2
O + C
0
t

Al
2
O
3

Dpnc
2Al + 3/2O
2

Nhm oxit Nhm Oxi
(Catot) (Anot)

I.11. Mt s phi kim (Khng kim loi) (nh halogen X
2
, O
2
, S, N
2
, P, C, Si, H
2
)

- Cc phi kim oxi ha kim loi to oxit kim loi hay mui ca kim loi tng ng.
Cn phi kim b kh to thnh hp cht ca phi kim (oxit hay mui) trong phi kim
c s oxi ha m.

Th d:

0 0 +3 -1
Fe + 3/2Cl
2

0
t
FeCl
3

St Clo St (III) clorua

201
0 0 +2 2
Fe + S
0
t
FeS
St Lu hunh St (II) sunfua

0 0 +8/3 -2
3Fe + 2O
2

0
t
Fe
3
O
4

St Oxi St t oxit

Nhm t bc chy khi tip xc vi cc halogen X
2
, mc mnh lit phn ng gimdn
t F
2
n I
2
.

Al + 3/2Cl
2
AlCl
3

Nhm Clo Nhm clorua

2Al + 3/2O
2

0
t
Al
2
O
3

2Al + 3S
0
t
Al
2
S
3

Nhm Lu hunh Nhm sunfua

Cu + 1/2O
2

0
t
CuO

Cu + Br
2

0
t
CuBr
2

Au + 3/2Cl
2

0
t
AuCl
3

Vng Clo Vng (III) clorua

Ag + 1/2Cl
2

0
t
AgCl
Bc Clo Bc clorua

Li (lng) + 1/2H
2
(kh) t
0
cao; p sut H
2
cao LiH
Liti Hiro Liti hirua

Na(lng) + 1/2H
2
(kh)
p t ,
0
NaH
Natri hirua

3Li + 1/2N
2

0
t
Li
3
N
Liti Nit Liti nitrua

3Mg + N
2

0
t
Mg
3
N
2

Magie Nit Magie nitrua

Ca(nng chy) + H
2

0
t
CaH
2

Can xi Hiro Canxi hirua
202

3Ba + N
2

0
t
Ba
3
N
2

Bari Nit Bari nitrua

3Ca + 2P
0
t
Ca
3
P
2

Canxi Photpho Canxi photphua

Ca + 2C
0
t
CaC
2

Can xi Cacbon Canxi cacbua

4Al + 3C
0
t
Al
4
C
3

Nhm Cacbon Nhm cacbua

2Ca + Si
0
t
Ca
2
Si
Canxi Silic Canxi silixua

2Mg + Si
0
t
Mg
2
Si
Magie Silic Magie silixua

Hg + S HgS
Thy ngn Lu hunh Thy ngn (II) sunfua

Thy ngn tc dng vi lu hunh nhit thng, v vy ngi ta thng dng bt lu hunh gom
nhng ht rt nh ca thy ngn ri vi trn nn nh, trnh c tc dng c hi ca thy ngn bay hi
to ra.

2Cr + 3Cl
2

0
t
2CrCl
3

Crom Clo Crom (III) clorua

2Cr + 3S
0
t
Cr
2
S
3

Crom Lu hunh Crom (III) sunfua

2Cr + N
2

0
t
2CrN
Crom Nit Crom (III) nitrua

- Phi kim mnh c th oxi ha phi kim yu hn.

Th d:
0 0 +5 -2
2P + 5/2O
2
(d)
C
0
60
P
2
O
5

Photpho Oxi Photpho (V) oxit; Anhirit photphoric
0 0 +3 -2
2P + 3/2O
2
(thiu)
C
0
60
P
2
O
3

Photpho Oxi Photpho (III) oxit; Anhirit photphor

203

0 0 +3 -1
P + 3/2Cl
2
(thiu) PCl
3

Photpho Clo Photpho triclorua

0 0 +5 1
P + 5/2Cl
2
(d) PCl
5

Photpho Clo Photpho pentaclorua

0 0 -3 +1
P + 3/2H
2

C
0
300
PH
3

Photpho Hiro Photphin; Photphua hiro

0 0 +1 -2
H
2
+ 1/2O
2
H
2
O
Hiro Oxi Nc; Hiro oxit

0 0 -3 +1
N
2
+ 3H
2
Fe, t
0
, p 2NH
3

Nit Hiro Amoniac; Hiro nitrua

0 0 -4 +1
C + 2H
2

C Ni
0
500 ,
CH
4

Cacbon Hiro Metan

0 0 +1 -2
S + H
2

0
t
H
2
S
Lu hunh Hiro Hiro sunfua

0 0 +5 -2
5S + 2P
0
t
t
P
2
S
5

Lu hunh Photpho iphotpho pentasunfua

0 0 +4 -2
S + O
2

0
t
SO
2

Lu hunh Oxi Lu hunh (IV) oxit; Anhirit sunfuar; Kh sunfuar

0 0 +2 -2
N
2
+ O
2
3000
0
C (Tia la in) 2NO
Nit Oxi Nit oxit
204

0 0 +4 1
Si + 2F
2
SiF
4
(Phn ng xy ra nhit thng)
Silic Flo; Fluor Tetraflo silan; Silic tetraclorua

0 0 +4 2
Si + O
2

0
t
SiO
2

Silic Oxi Silic oxit; Anhirit silicic

0 0 +4 1
Si + 2Cl
2

0
t
SiCl
4

Silic Clo Silic tetraclorua; Tetraclo silan

0 0 +6 -1
S + 3F
2
SF
6

Lu hunh Flo Florua lu hunh (VI); Hexaflorua lu hunh

- Phi kim mnh (nh F
2
, Cl
2
, O
2
) oxi ha c cc hp cht ca phi kim hay kim
loi c s oxi ha trung gian cng cc hp cht ca phi kim c s oxi ha thp
nht nh CO, NO, SO
2
, Na
2
S
2
O
3
, FeS
2
, FeCl
2
, FeSO
4
, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, FeS, NH
3
, H
2
S,
PH
3
, KI, KBr, CH
4
,.

Th d:
+2 0 +4 -2
2CO + O
2

0
t
2CO
2

Cacbon oxit Oxi Cacbon ioxit

+2 0 +4 -2
2NO + O
2
2NO
2

Nit oxit Oxi Nit ioxit

+2 0 +4 -1
CO + Cl
2

as C,
COCl
2

Cacbon oxit Oxi Photgen (Cht c chin tranh)

+4 0 +6 -2
2SO
2
+ O
2
V
2
O
5
(Pt),450
0
C 2SO
3

Anhirit sunfuna r Anhirit sunfuric
+2 0 +2,5 -1
2Na
2
S
2
O
3
+ I
2
Na
2
S
4
O
6
+ 2NaI
Natri tiosunfat; Natri hiposunfit Iot Natri tetrationat Natri ioua
205

+2 1 0 +3 -2 +4 -2
2FeS
2
+ 11/2O
2

0
t
Fe
2
O
3
+ 4SO
2

Pi rit st; St (II) pesunfua Oxi St (III) oxit Kh sunfur

+2 0 +3 -1
FeCl
2
+ 1/2Cl
2
FeCl
3

St (II) clorua Clo St (III) clorua

+2 0 +3 -1
3FeSO
4
+ 3/2Cl
2
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ FeCl
3


+2 0 +3 2
2FeO + 1/2O
2

0
t
Fe
2
O
3


+2 0 +3 -2
2Fe(OH)
2
+ 1/2O
2
+ H
2
O 2Fe(OH)
3

St (II) hiroxit Oxi Hi nc St (III) hiroxit
(Cht rn trng hi lc nht) (Khng kh) (Cht rn mu nu )

+2 2 0 +3 -2 +4 -2
2FeS + 7/2O
2

0
t
Fe
2
O
3
+ 2SO
2

St (II) sunfua Oxi St (III) oxit Kh sunfur

-3 0 0 2
2NH
3
+ 3/2O
2

0
t
N
2
+ 3H
2
O
Amoniac Oxi Nit Hi nc

-3 0 + -2 -2
2NH
3
+ 5/2O
2

0
,t Pt
2NO + 3H
2
O
Amoniac Oxi Nit oxit Hi nc

-2 0 0 -2
H
2
S + 1/2O
2
(thiu, chy chm)
0
t
S + H
2
O

-2 0 +4 -2 -2
H
2
S + 3/2O
2
(d, chy nhanh)
0
t
SO
2
+ H
2
O

-2 0 0 -1
H
2
O + F
2
1/2O
2
+ 2HF

Viết Các Phản Ứng Oxi Hóa Khử Thường Gặp (Các Chất Oxi Hóa, Chất Khử Thường Gặp)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Viết Các Phản Ứng Oxi Hóa Khử Thường Gặp (Các Chất Oxi Hóa, Chất Khử Thường Gặp)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Gio khoa ha v c Bin son: V Hng Thi

http://vietsciences.free.fr v http://vietsciences.org V Hng Thi

You might also like