CHNG I

VN NG C HC
1.
2.
3.
4.

3/27/2014

BI M U
CHUYN NG CA CHT IM
CHUYN NG QUAY CA VT RN
VN NG CA C TH SNG

Vn ng C hc

BI M U
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3/27/2014

MC TIU MN HC
TNG QUAN V VT L
I LNG VT L
O LNG
CNG C TON HC
Vn ng C hc

1. MC TIU MN HC
1. Trnh by c cc nh lut vt l c bn
chi phi qu trnh vn ng ca t nhin
2. Hiu v gii thch cc qu trnh vt l c bn
xy ra trong c th sng
3. Gii thch nguyn l hat ng v ng dng
cc thit b vt l dng trong y dc hc
4. S dng cc thit b vt l trong phn tch,
xt nghim, chn an v cha tr bnh
5. Bit cch tin hnh thc nghim vt ly
kim tra, o c, minh ha v nghin cu
3/27/2014

Vn ng C hc

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Bi ging Vt l-L sinh; B mn Vt l-L
sinh; HYD TP.HCM 2014
2. C s vt l; David Halliday-Robert
Resnick-Jearl Walker; NXB GD 2007
3. Vt l i cng; Lng Duyn Bnh ch
bin; NXB H
4. Gio trnh vt l i cng; I.V Xaveliev;
NXB H-THCN 1998
5. Gio trnh L sinh y hc Trng i hc Y
H Ni
3/27/2014

Vn ng C hc

2. TNG QUAN V VT L
VT L C IN

Cc hin tng trong i sng hng

ngy thng xy ra vi vn tc nh v
trong mt kich thc tng i ln.
Vt l c in (cn gi l C hc c in
hay Vt l Newton) nghin cu cc hin
tng vi vn tc nh hn nhiu so vi
vn tc nh sng, v kch thc ln hn
nhiu so vi kch thc nguyn t.
3/27/2014

Vn ng C hc

2. TNG QUAN V VT L
VT L HIN I
Vt l c in (Vt l Newton) khng th gii
thch c rt nhiu hin tng trong t nhin
t cp vi m n v m
Cc hiu ng lng t xy ra cp nguyn
t (gn 109 m), trong khi cc hiu ng tng
i tnh xy ra khi vn tc ca vt t xp x vn
tc nh sng (gn 3.108 m/s)
Vt l hin i nghin cu cc hin tng cp
vi m v vn tc gn bng vn tc nh sng
3/27/2014

Vn ng C hc

2. TNG QUAN V VT L
VT L HIN I

S ra i Vt l hin i nhm gii thch mt s

hin tng m Vt l c in cha lm c
ng thi Vt l hin i mang li mt ci
nhn su sc ca con ngi v t nhin, ng
thi thc y s tin b ca loi ngi.
Thut ng Vt l hin i m ch nhng khi
nim vt l hu Newton.
Vt l hin i da trn nn tng ca hai l
thuyt c hc lng t v thuyt tng i.
3/27/2014

Vn ng C hc

2. TNG QUAN V VT L
VN

TC

Nh hn 10-9m Ln hn 10-9m

KCH

THC

Nh hn nhiu 3.108m/s

3/27/2014

Gn bng 3.108m/s

VT L
C IN

C HC
TNG I TNH

C HC
LNG T

THUYT TRNG
LNG T

Vn ng C hc

3. I LNG VT L
CC KHI NIM C BN

i tng ca vt l: cc vt th, trng, hin

tng, qu trnh(tnh cht, cu to, vn ng)
Mi thuc tnh ca mt i tng vt l c
c trng bi mt hay nhiu i lng vt l:
khi lng, nhit , in tch, lc, vn tc
i lng v hng ch c gi tr ln: khi
lng, nhit , in tch
i lng c hng-vect c ln, phng,
chiu, im t: lc, cm ng t, vn tc
3/27/2014

Vn ng C hc

3. I LNG VT L
VECT - NH LUT VT L

Vect a trong h ta xOy c xc

nh bi cc cp ta (ax; ay)
Khi thay h bng xOy (ax; ay)
Cc h thc gia cc vect (cng, tr,
nhn) khng ph thuc vo h ta
Cc h thc vt l (nh lut) c
lp vi h ta
ng dng: la chn h ta ph
hp gii cc bi tan vt l
3/27/2014

Vn ng C hc

10

3. I LNG VT L
TA VECT

Hnh 2-9a

A = Axi + Ayj + Azk

Hnh 2-8

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Vn ng C hc

11

4. O LNG
CC KHI NIM C BN

Vt l da trn o lng cc i lng v

cc bin i trong cc i lng vt l
n v (/v) l mt s o i lng c
ly chnh xc bng 1
Chun l mt vt mc ngi ta so snh
tt c cc mu khc ca i lng
Cc chun phi va kh dng va bt bin
v c thit lp bng tha thun quc t
o mt i lng vt l l php so snh n
vi i lng cng loi c quy c l /v
3/27/2014

Vn ng C hc

12

4. O LNG
MT S N V C BN CA SI

Mt (m) l di ca on ng m
nh sng i c trong chn khng
trong thi gian 1/299792458 giy
Mt giy (s) l thi gian xy ra
9192631770 dao ng ca nh sng
do nguyn t xsi-133 pht ra
Kilgam (kg) l khi lng ca 1 chun
gc platin-irii c lu tr gn Pari
3/27/2014

Vn ng C hc

13

5. CNG C TON HC
Gii tch Vect
- Ta vect
- Cng vect
- Tch v hng
- Tch vect

o hm v tch phn
Phng trnh vi phn

3/27/2014

Vn ng C hc

14

5. CNG C TON HC
GII TCH VECT

(A,B)=ABcos

C=AxB=(ABsin)uC
Hnh 2-24a

A.B = AB cos
Hnh 2-21

3/27/2014

Vn ng C hc

15

BI 2

CHUYN NG CA
CHT IM
1. NG HC CHT IM
2. NG LC HC CHT IM

3/27/2014

Vn ng C hc

16

1. NG HC CHT IM
CC KHI NIM C BN
Chuyn ng ca mt vt l s chuyn di v tr
ca vt so vi cc vt khc trong khng gian v
thi gian
Cht im l mt vt c kch thc rt nh so vi
nhng kch thc m ta kho st
H quy chiu bao gm vt lm mc, h ta ,
mc thi gian v ng h
V tr mt ht i vi gc h ta cac c
xc nh bi vect v tr:
r = xi+yj+zk
Vect vn tc bng o hm ca vect v tr i
vi thi gian:
v = dr/dt
Vect gia tc bng o hm ca vect vn tc
i vi thi gian: a = dv/dt = dr2/dt2 = at+an
3/27/2014

Vn ng C hc

17

1. NG HC CHT IM
VECT V TR V QUY O

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Vn ng C hc

18

1. NG HC CHT IM
PHN TCH VECT GIA TC

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Vn ng C hc

19

1. NG HC CHT IM
CHUYN NG THNG-CHUYN NG TRN

Chuyn ng thng thay i u:

an = 0, a = at= const
Chuyn ng trn:
- Vn tc gc: = d/dt, gc quay

- Gia tc gc: = d/dt

- Vn tc di: v = R
- an = v2/R = (R)2/R = 2R
- at = d(R)/dt = Rd/dt = R; at = R
Chuyn ng trn u: = const, = 0
- Vn tc di: v = R ; an= v2/R = 2R; at = 0
- Chu k: T = 2/; Tn s: f =1/T = /2
3/27/2014

Vn ng C hc

20

1. NG HC CHT IM
CHUYN NG TRN

3/27/2014

Vn ng C hc

21

1. NG HC CHT IM
TNH TNG I CA CHUYN NG
Chuyn ng c tnh tng i ph thuc vo
h quy chiu (v v a ph thuc h qc)
Cc h chuyn ng vi vn tc khng i i
vi nhau gi l cc h quy chiu qun tnh
vn tc nh i vi chuyn ng cng mt
chiu, p dng cng thc cng vn tc:

v = v + u
vn tc ln th cng thc trn thay bng:
v ' u

v
v 'u
1 2
c
3/27/2014

Vn ng C hc

22

2. NG LC HC CHT IM
CC NH LUT NEWTON

Lc v chuyn ng:
- Lc l s o ca tc ng c hc do cc vt
hay trng tc dng ln cht im
- ln ca lc xc nh qua gia tc m n
truyn cho 1 khi lng chun

nh lut I Newton:
- Nu hp lc tc ng ln 1 vt bng khng
th c th tm c cc h quy chiu trong
vt ny khng c gia tc
- Cc h quy chiu trn gi l cc h quy chiu
qun tnh (v /l trn l nh lut qun tnh)
3/27/2014

Vn ng C hc

23

2. NG LC HC CHT IM
CC NH LUT NEWTON

nh lut II Newton:
- Khi lng l s o qun tnh ca cc vt v
cc tnh cht hp dn ca chng
- Hp lc F trn vt khi lng m lin h vi
gia tc a ca vt: F=ma = mdv/dt
- i vi vt c khi lng thay i: F=d(mv)/dt
nh lut III Newton: F = -F
Cc lc tc dng ca 2 vt i vi nhau bao
gi cng bng v ngc chiu nhau (nhng
im t khc nhau!)
3/27/2014

Vn ng C hc

24

2. NG LC HC CHT IM
CC NH LUT NEWTON
F = F1+F2+F3 = 0
V = const

F = ma

F = -F
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Vn ng C hc

25

2. NG LC HC CHT IM
MT S LC THNG GP

Trng lc ca 1 vt l lc hp dn gia tri

t v vt P=mg
Lc php tuyn N l lc tc dng ln vt
bi mt b vt p ln
Lc ma st f l lc tc dng vo 1 vt khi
n trt hay nh trt trn 1 mt no
Lc cng T l lc tc dng ln vt bi 1
dy cng ti im buc
3/27/2014

Vn ng C hc

26

2. NG LC HC CHT IM

Vi d kho st lc
N
P = P1 + P2 = mg

Fms

N = P2 = P.cos
Fms= kN = kmg.cos

P1

ma = P1- Fms

= mgsin - kmg.cos
a = g(sin kcos) P2
3/27/2014

Vn ng C hc

27

2. NG LC HC CHT IM
NH LUT VN VT HP DN

nh lut Newton
- Bt k ht no cng ht 1 ht khc vi 1 lc
hp dn c cng : F = Gm1m2/r2
- Hng s hp dn G = 6,67x10-11m3/kg.s2

Trng hp dn
- Nguyn l chng chp: Lc ton phn F1 tc
dng vo ht s 1 l tng ca cc lc do mi
ht kia: F1 = F12+F13+F1n = dF
- Th nng hp dn ca 2 ht: U(r) = -GMm/r
3/27/2014

Vn ng C hc

28

2. NG LC HC CHT IM
NH LUT VN VT HP DN

m1m2
FA FB G 2 e0
r
m1m 2
FG
r2

3/27/2014

Vn ng C hc

29

2. NG LC HC CHT IM
NH LUT VN VT HP DN

Trng hp dn ca tri t
- Vn tc v tr cp I: vI = (gR)1/2 ~ 8km/s
- Vn tc v tr cp II: vII=(2gR)1/2 ~11,2km/s

Nguyn ly tng ng
- S hp dn v s gia tc l tng ng

Cc lc ca t nhin
- Lc hp dn
- Lc in yu: lc in t v lc yu
- Lc mnh: lc gn proton v ntron
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Vn ng C hc

30

2. NG LC HC CHT IM
CC NH L V NG LNG
ng lng - nh l 1
- N ng lng l vect K = mv, c trng cho
kh nng truyn chuyn ng ca vt
- F = ma = mdv/dt = d(mv)/dt = dK/dt:
Lc tc ng ln cht im bng o hm ng
lng cht im theo thi gian

Xung lng - nh l 2
- dK = Fdt K = K2 K1 = Fdt (t t1n t2)
- N xung lng ca lc F: J = Fdt (t t1n t2)
- bin thin ng lng ca 1 cht im trong 1
khang thi gian no c gi tr bng xung lng
ca lc tc dng trong khang thi gian
3/27/2014

Vn ng C hc

31

2. NG LC HC CHT IM
CC NH L V NG LNG

nh lut bo ton ng lng

- i vi h cht im F = d(mivi)/dt
- Nu h c lp th F = 0 mivi = const

ng lng tc rt ln

- Khi lng ca 1 vt vn tc v (ln):

m = m0(1-v2/c2)-1/2
- ng lng tc ln:
P = mv = m0(1-v2/c2)-1/2 v
/l II Newton: F = d(m0 (1-v2/c2)-1/2v)/dt
3/27/2014

Vn ng C hc

32

BI 3

CHUYN NG QUAY
CA VT RN
1. CHUYN NG CA VT RN
2. CHUYN NG QUAY CA
VT RN QUANH MT TRC
3. MOMENT NG LNG

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Vn ng C hc

33

1. CHUYN NG CA VT RN
Chuyn ng (c) ca vt rn c th phn tich
thnh c tnh tin v c quay
Chuyn ng tnh tin:
- c im: ng thng ni 2 im bt k ca vt lun
lun song song vi chinh n (v, a cc im nh nhau)
- Phng trnh: (mi) x a = Fi

c im chuyn ng quay vt rn:

- Mi im vt c cng vn tc gc v gia tc gc
- Vect vn tc di v vect gia tc tip tuyn ca 1
im cch trc quay 1 khong r:
v=r
at = r
3/27/2014

Vn ng C hc

34

2. CHUYN NG QUAY CA VT
RN QUANH 1 TRC C NH

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Vn ng C hc

35

2. CHUYN NG QUAY CA VT
RN QUANH 1 TRC C NH
Moment lc i vi trc quay :
- Lc gy ra chuyn ng quay: Ft
- Moment lc i vi trc quay: M = r Ft

Moment qun tinh i vi trc quay :

I i = mi r i 2

I = miri2

I = r2dm

Phng trnh c bn chuyn ng quay:

Fti = miati Mi = ri Fti = mi ri ati
ri ati = ri ( ri) = (ri , ri) ( ri, )ri = ri2
Mi= miri2 M =Mi =miri2 = I M = I
3/27/2014

Vn ng C hc

36

LC GY RA CHUYN NG QUAY

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Vn ng C hc

37

MOMENT LC I VI 1 IM
V 1 TRC C NH
Trc ly mmen

Trc ly mmen

Trc ly
mmen

Hnh 2-27a

Hnh 2-27b

Trc chiu

Hnh 2-36

3/27/2014

Vn ng C hc

38

3. MOMENT NG LNG
NH NGHIA

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Vn ng C hc

39

3. MOMENT NG LNG
CC NH L

N moment ng lng
- Ca h i vi gc O: L= Li= ri mvi
- Ca h i vi trc quay: L= rimvi= Iii
- Ca vt rn i vi trc quay: L= (Ii)=I

nh l v moment ng lng
- dL/dt = d(rmv)/dt =r d(mv)/dt + mv dr/dt
= r d(mv)/dt + m(v v) = r d(mv)/dt
= r F = M M = dL/dt
- o hm cc moment ng lng ca vt rn quay
quanh trc i vi thi gian bng tng cc moment
ngoi lc tc dng ln vt rn
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Vn ng C hc

40

3. MOMENT NG LNG
CC NH L

dL/dt = M = 0 L = const
Nu tng moment ngoi lc i vi gc O ca h
cht im bng 0 th moment ng lng ca h
c bo ton
Nu tng moment ngoi lc tc dng ln mt vt
rn quay quanh 1 trc c nh bng 0 th moment
ng lng ca vt c bo ton: L=I = const
L nh lut c bn ca t nhin, c kim
nghim tc cao hoc kich thc nguyn t.
ng dng: Ma, xic, nh hng tu v tr
3/27/2014

Vn ng C hc

41

3. MOMENT NG LNG
NG DNG NH LUT BO TON

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Vn ng C hc

42

SO SNH
Chuyn ng tnh tin
di chuyn di s
Vn tc di
v
Gia tc di
a
Lc
F
Khi lng
m
ng lng P=mv
Phng trnh F=ma
Nng lng E=mv2/2
3/27/2014

Chuyn ng quay
di chuyn gc
Vn tc gc

Gia tc gc

Moment Lc M=rF
Moment qun tnh I
Moment .lngL=I
Phng trnh M=I
Nng lng E=I2/2

Vn ng C hc

43

BI 4

VN NG
CA C TH SNG
1.
2.

3.
4.

3/27/2014

CNG & NNG LNG

CHUYN HA NNG LNG
TRONG C TH SNG
LC V CNG CA C
N BY V CHUYN NG
QUAY CA C TH SNG
Vn ng C hc

44

1.CNG & NNG LNG

NH NGHIA CNG

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Vn ng C hc

45

1.CNG & NNG LNG

CNG V CNG SUT

Cng A do lc F sinh ra trong chuyn di s

c tr s: A= (F,s) = Fs cos(F,s)
Khi lc F thay i: dA =(F,ds)
A = (F,ds) = (Fxdx+Fydy+Fzdz)
n v cng: J (jun) = 1N.m = 1kg.m2/s2
Cng sut l tc thc hin cng:
N= dA/dt= (F,ds/dt)= (F,v) (F khng i)
n v cng sut: W (oat) = 1J/s
Vt rn quay: dA= (F,ds)= Ftds= Ftr.d= Md
N = dA/dt = Md/dt = M. = (M,)
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Vn ng C hc

46

1.CNG & NNG LNG

CC DNG NNG LNG

Nng lng l kh nng gy ra s bin i, l

s o gn vi 1 trng thi ca 1 hay nhiu vt
Nng lng gn lin vi s vn ng tng i
ca vt c gi l ng nng.
Nhit nng l mt dng ng nng lin quan
n chuyn ng hn lon ca cc phn t
Nng lng m vt cht c c do v tri hoc
cu trc ca n gi l Th nng.
Hoa nng l th nng c sn c gii phng
trong cc phn ng ha sinh
Trong c th nng lng c trao i, chuyn
ha gia cc dng v s dng sinh Cng
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Vn ng C hc

47

2. CHUYN HA NNG LNG

TRONG C TH SNG
Cc sinh vt tng tc, trao i vt cht (cht
dinh dng) v nng lng vi mi trng
Cc cht dinh dng quay vng bn trong h
sinh thi: cht khong m cy cn quay li t
do phn hy l rng, cy cht...
Nng lng c truyn qua h sinh thi:
nh sngng had hacng v nhit
Mi sinh vt u cn nng lng hot ng
S chuyn ha ca sinh vt lm chuyn i
vt cht v nng lng tun theo cc nh lut
nhit ng hc
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Vn ng C hc

48

2. CHUYN HA NNG LNG

TRONG C TH SNG
Qu trnh ng ha (tng hp, quang hp):
tiu th nng lng xy dng cc cao
phn t (tich ly th nng), vi d:
C02+H20+ nh sng Thc n + 02
Qu trnh d ha (phn hy, h hp t bo):
gii phng th nng (ha nng) d tr trong
thc n, vi d:
Thc n + 02 C02 + H20 + E
Ngun gc nng lng c th: Mt tri
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Vn ng C hc

49

2. CHUYN HA NNG LNG

TRONG C TH SNG
S dng nng lng tng hp cc phn t
cao nng lng ATP (tich ly th nng):

ADP + P + E ATP
-Qu trnh h hp t bo;
-Thy phn glucoza;
-Qu trnh quang hp.

Gii phng th nng d tr trong ATP sinh

cng (co c, vn chuyn tich cc...) v nhit:

ATP + H20 = ADP + H3P04 + G;

3/27/2014

G = 30,5 kJ/mol (7,3 kcal/mol /k chun)

G = dA + dQ (Cng + Nhit)
Vn ng C hc

50

3. LC V CNG CA C
Lc n hi ca c:
F(x) = -kx (/l Hooke)
Thay F(x) = F, k = ES/, x = -

F = E.S./

F- Lc tc dng ln c; E- Mun dn hi
S- Tit din c; - co c; - di c

Cng co c (th nng):

W(x) = -F(x)dx = 0 - (-kx)dx = k()2/2

Tinh n hi ca c gn vi cao su, moun

n hi vo khong 104N/cm2.
C khng phi l vt liu n hi tuyt i
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Vn ng C hc

51

3. LC V CNG CA C
CNG CA BUNG TIM TRI

Thnh phn tnh(th nng ca mu):

A1 = p.dV (nn vo dV p sut p)

Thnh phn ng (ng nng ca mu):
A2 = mv2/2 = v2V/2
Cng chung ca bung tim tri:
A = pV + v2V/2

3/27/2014

p l p sut mu
V l th tich mu nn vo
v l tc chy ca mu
l khi lng ring ca mu
Vn ng C hc

52

3. LC V CNG CA C
CNG CA TIM

p = 100 tor = 1,3.104 N/m2;

V = 60 cm3 = 6.10-5 m3;
= 1,05.103 kg/m3; v = 0,5 m/s.

A = 1,3.104.6.10-5 + 1,05.103.(0,5)2.6.10-5/2
= 0,8 + 0,008 J ~ 0,81 J
Cng ca bung tim phi ~ 0,2J
Cng tim trong mt chu k co bp ~ 1 J
Tim co bp 70 ln/pht
Cng ca tim = 70 J/pht = 100800 J/24h
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Vn ng C hc

53

4. N BY- CHUYN NG QUAY

CA C TH SNG
F
Lp

LF
T

n by l vt rn c mt im ta v chu tc
ng hai lc l lc cn v lc pht ng
iu kin cn bng ca n by l tng moment
ca lc cn v lc pht ng bng 0:
MP+ MF = 0 PLP+ FLF = 0 LP/LF = - F/P
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Vn ng C hc

54

4. N BY- CHUYN NG QUAY

CA C TH SNG
Chuyn ng quay ca c th hot ng
theo nguyn tc n by (h xng-c)
Lc pht ng l lc c bp, lc cn l
trng lng phn c th b quay
n by I: im ta nm gia im t lc
cn v lc pht ng
n by II: im t lc cn nm gia im
ta v im t ca lc pht ng
n by III: im t ca lc pht ng
nm gia im ta v im t lc cn
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Vn ng C hc

55

Bi tp 1
T nh thp cao 25m ta nm hn theo phng
nm ngang vi vn tc 15m/s. B qua sc cn
ca khng khi. Hy xc nh:
1. Qu o ca hn
2. Thi gian chuyn ng ca hn (t lc nm
n lc chm t)
3. Khang cch t chn thp n im hn
chm t (cn gi l tm xa)
4. Vn tc, gia tc tan phn, gia tc tip tuyn v
gia tc php tuyn ca hn ti im chm t
5. Bn kinh cong ca qy o ti im bt u
nm v im chm t
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Vn ng C hc

56

Bi tp 2
M1

M2

3/27/2014

Vt M1 c khi lng m1
Vt M2 c khi lng m2
Rng rc R c khi lng mr.
Tinh gia tc a v lc cng T ca
si dy trong cc trng hp:
1. Vt trt khng ma st
Dy khng dn
Rng rc khi lng mr =0
2. Vt trt c h s ma st k
Dy khng dn
Rng rc khi lng r =0
3. Vt trt c h s ma st k
Dy khng dn
Rng rc khi lng mr khc 0

Vn ng C hc

57

Bi tp 3

3/27/2014

Vn ng C hc

Xc nh gia tc
ca vt m1 trong
hnh v, bit rng
m1 chuyn ng
xung di.
B qua ma st,
khi lng ca
rng rc v dy

58

Cu hi tho lun
Ti sao ta thy c li khi c hai chun khi lng l
kilgam v nguyn t cacbon-12?
Khi bn ng thng, th qun tinh quay ca bn i vi
trc no l nh nht v ln nht? Bn c th lm th no
thay i gi tr qun tinh quay ca bn?
Mt bnh nng, quay nhanh c th dng gi cho
tu khi trng trnh. Nu bnh c lp cho trc
quay ca n vung gc vi sn tu, th tc dng ca n
th no, khi tu chc ng nghing, t bn ny sang bn
kia?
Ti sao cm mt vt nng th mt ngi m khng c
cng no c thc hin?
3/27/2014

Vn ng C hc

59