3/27/2014 1

CHNG II
DAO NG V SNG C
SNG M V SIU M
1. DAO NG V SNG C
2. SNG M V SIU M
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DAO NG V SNG C
SNG M V SIU M
MC TIU:
Trnh by c cc c trng ca dao ng:
phng trnh, pha, chu k, tn s, nng lng.
Hiu c qu trnh hnh thnh v truyn sng
Nu c cc c tnh sinh l v hiu ng ca
m v siu m
Trnh by c nguyn l ng dng m v
siu m trong chn an v iu tr
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BI 1
DAO NG V SNG C
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DAO NG C HC
KHI NIM V TINH CHT
-Dao ng l mt chuyn ng c lp li
nhiu ln theo thi gian
-Dao ng c iu ha l dao ng sinh ra
di tc dng ca lc (F) t l vi dch
chuyn (x) v hng v v tr cn bng (O)
-Thc t cho thy mt vt mun thc hin dao
ng phai c 3 tinh cht:
+Vt c v tri cn bng bn
+Vt c lc keo v v tri cn bng
+Vt c quan tinh
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DAO NG C HC
CON LC LO XO
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DAO NG C HC
PHNG TRINH V NNG LNG
F = -kx = ma =md
2
x/dt
2
md
2
x/dt
2
+ kx =0, t
2
= k/m
d
2
x/dt
2
+
2
x = 0
x = Acos(t +), (nghim ca ft)
F
x
O
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DAO NG C HC
BIN , PHA, CHU K V TN S
x = Acos(t +)
Trong :
x: ly dao ng; A: bin , A = lxl
max
: tn s gc; (t +): pha; : pha ban u
A v : hng s ph thuc iu kin ban u
T = 2/: chu k; f = 1/T = /2: tn s
v = dx/dt = -Asin(t +): vn tc
a = dv/dt =-A
2
cos(t +): gia tc
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DAO NG C HC
BIN , CHU K, VN TC V GIA TC
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DAO NG C HC
NNG LNG DAO NG
Nng lng ca h: W = W + Wt
(W)
M
= mv
2
/2 = mA
2

2
sin
2
(t +)/2
= kA
2
sin
2
(t +)/2 (do k=m
2
)
A
OM
= Fdx (ly t 0 n x) = (Wt)
O
(Wt)
M
= -kxdx (ly t 0 n x) = -kx
2
/2
Nu quy c (Wt)
O
= 0 th:
(Wt)
M
= kx
2
/2=kA
2
cos
2
(t +)/2
W = kA
2
sin
2
(t +)/2+ kA
2
cos
2
(t +)/2
= kA
2
/2 = mA
2

2
/2
Nng lng ca h c bao tan
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S lan truyn dao ng
trong mi trng n hi
Mi trng n hi c cu to bi cc phn
t lin tc m gia chng c lc lin kt.
Mi phn t c mt v tr cn bng bn x
0
Khi mt phn t A trong mi trng b ngoi
lc tc dng th A ri khi v tr x
0
Lc lin kt keo A v x
0
nhng do quan tinh A
li ri khi x
0
A dao ng xung quanh x
0
Do tng tc, cc phn t bn cnh A cng
thc hin dao ng theo.
Hin tng ny tip tc xay ra i vi cc
phn t khc v dao ng c truyn i.
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Khai nim sng c
Sng c (sng n hi) l nhng dao ng
c hc lan truyn trong mi trng n hi:
-Khi sng truyn i, ch c dao ng c truyn
i cn cc phn t trong mi trng ch dao ng
quanh v tr cn bng bn ca n.
-Sng c khng lan truyn c trong chn
khng, v khng phai l mi trng n hi.
-Vt gy ra kch ng c gi l ngun pht
sng, phng truyn sng c gi l tia sng,
khng gian sng truyn qua l trng sng.
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Khai nim sng c
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Phn loi sng c
Sng dc: dao ng ca cc phn t trong mi
trng song song vi phng truyn sng.
Sng dc l nhng s nn v dn xen k trong mi
trng n hi. N c th xay ra trong ca ba mi trng
rn, lng v kh.
Sng ngang : dao ng ca cc phn t trong mi
trng vung gc vi phng truyn sng.
Sng ngang ch c th xay ra trong mi trng ti
bin dng trt gy ra cc lc n hi. Do cc sng
ngang khng xut hin trong cht lng v cht kh.
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Phn loi sng c
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SNG DC
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SNG NGANG
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SNG RAYLEIGH
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SNG NC (MT)
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SNG C
THIT LP HM SNG
- Qua trnh dao ng ti O: u
O
= u(t) = Acos(t +)
- Khi dao ng truyn n M: u
M
= ?
- Nu t l thi gian k t lc xut hin dao ng ti O:
u
O
= Acos(t +)
- Thi gian k t lc im M bt u dao ng ch l t-t
M
:
u
M
= Acos{(t-t
M
) +}
- Nhng: x = vt
M
t
M
= x/v (v l vn tc sng)
u
M
= Acos{(t-x/v) +} = Acos(t-2x/ + )
- Hm trn gi l Hm sng (sng phng n sc)
x
u(x,t-t
M
)
v
u(0,t)
O M
x
u
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SNG C
E/ -Vn tc sng dc: v = (trong cht rn)
-Chu k: T = 2/; Tn s f = 1/T
-Bc sng = vT = v/f; S sng K = 1/
-Hm sng phng (=0): u(x,t)= Acos(t-x/v)
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BI 2
SNG M V SIU M
1. SNG M
2. SNG SIU M
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SNG M
KHI NIM C BN
-Sng m l nhng sng c c bin nh m
thinh giac ta c th nhn bit c
-Tn s f: 20-20.000Hz (: 2cm-20m)
-Cng t I
0
=10
-12
n I
max
=10 W/m
2
-Ch truyn trong mi trng vt cht
-C th phan x, khc x, nhiu x, hp thu nh
mt tia sang
-Vn tc truyn trong cht khi:
v= RT/
vi: = Cp/Cv; R-hng s khi l tng;
T l nhit K; khi lng phn t khi
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SNG M
CC NGUN PHT
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SNG M
CC NGUN PHT
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SNG M
HIU NG DOPPLER
- S thay i tn s ca mt sng khi ngun
v may thu chuyn ng i vi nhau
- v: vn tc m; f: tn s ngun m; u: vn
tc ngun; u: vn tc may thu.
- Tn s f may thu nhn c:
f = f(v+u)/(v-u)
+Ngun v may thu li gn nhau f>f
+Ngun v may thu ra xa nhau f<f
- ng dng: o vn tc tu xe, vn tc ca
cc ngi sao v cc thin h
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SNG M
HIU NG DOPPLER
- Nu sng c pht ra t ngun c nh n mt u
thu c nh th bc sng thu bng bc sng pht.
- Nu khoang cch gia u thu v u pht thay i
trong khoang thi gian sng truyn n u thu th
bc sng s di ra hoc ngn li
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SNG M
QU TRNH NGHE
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SNG M
C TINH SINH L CA M
- cao m: do tn s m quyt nh
- m sc: c trng cho sc thai ca m (ha m)
- to: c trng cho mnh m v phng
din sinh l v tun theo /l Weber-Fechner:
L = klg(I/I
0
), trong :
I l cng m ta mun xac nh to
I
0
=10
-12
W/m
2
l cng c s (ngng nghe)
k l h s t l, k=10 th n v l xibel
- Thi gian vang ca phng din tich S, th tich V:
= 0,163.V/S, -h s hp thu
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SNG M
C TINH SINH L CA M
- thnh ca tai tu vo tn s m
- Tai thnh nht : 1.000-5.000 Hz
- Trong khoang trn tai ngi c th nghe
c m c cng 10
-12
W/m
2
- Cng m nh nht gy nn cam gic
m tai gi l ngng nghe
- Cng m ln nht m nu vt qu
s gy cam gic au gi l ngng chi
- Gii hn gia ngng nghe v ngng
chi gi l min nghe
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SNG M
NG DNG TRONG CHUN AN
- Chun an g: g vo cac tng v nghe
m phat ra chun an da vo cng
, cao, m sc
- Chun an nghe: nghe m t c th phat
ra so sanh vi chun mc
- ng nghe: da vo hin tng cng
hng nghe m mun nghin cu
- Phep th Rinne: xac nh tn thng c
quan thnh gic
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SIU M
KHI NIM V PHN LOAI
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SIU M
C TINH CA CHM SIU M
- Siu m: m c tn s ln hn 20.000Hz
- Ngun phat siu m: da trn hiu ng ap in
ngc v hin tng t giao
- Thu sng siu m: hiu ng ap in thun
- c tinh chm siu m:
+Lan truyn thng, it b khc x qua mt phn cach
nn d nh hng
+C kich thc nh, it b phn k nn tp trung
nng lng ln
+It b hp thu trong cht lng
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Nguyn l pht v thu sng siu m
Gia tc dao ng ca ngun pht m :
a = -A
2
cos(t +) = -Af
2
4
2
cos(t +)
(do f = 1/T = /2
2
= 4
2
f
2
)
Vi sng siu m th f > 20.000Hz
a phai rt ln, hoc A phai rt nh
Phai tac dng lc mnh (do F=ma)
Ngun phat thng thng khng ap ng
phat ra sng siu m, ngi ta phai dng
cac ngun c bit.
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Hiu ng ap in
Hiu ng ap in (piezoelectric effect):
l hin tng chuyn i mt tac dng c
hc ra in v ngc li.
Tinh th ap in lm bng thch anh
(quartz) hoc cht gm (ceramique) nh
TZP (titanate zirconate de plomb) nhy
cam vi nhit .
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Hiu ng ap in
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B phn u d chinh danh
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SIU M
HIU NG C NHIT
To p sut dao ng ln lm t gy lin kt
cc phn t mi trng (to l vi m)
C th ha tan cc cht lng nh nc v du,
nc v thy ngn,to ra cc nh tng, cc
kh dung vi nhng ht c kch thc b,
Lm vn ta cc bi c trong cc khi thai nh
my, dng v sinh trong cc bn ra bng
siu m,
Phn ln nng lng c hp th t siu m
chuyn sang nhit lm tng nhit mi trng.
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SIU M
HIU NG HA L
C th gy ra cc phan ng m iu
kin bnh thng kh xay ra hoc xc
tin cc phan ng ha hc.
Lm tng cc phan ng phn ly cc hp
cht hu c, lm tng ion ha v to
nhiu gc t do trong mi trng.
Lm tng qu trnh thm thu qua mng
bn thm.
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SIU M
TC DNG SINH HC
Vi cng nh v va (<20kW/m2)
siu m lm tng tnh thm thu ca
mng t bo, s dch chuyn bo tng.
Cng ln ( > 30kW/m2) to ra cc vi
l trong bo tng, lm rch v bin
dng nhn, do c th ph hy t bo.
Lm thay i nhng c tnh ca m sinh
hc nh pH, im ng in, p sut
thm thu, p sut keo.
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SIU M
TC DNG SINH HC
Lm thay i s chuyn ha vt cht v hot
tnh histamine trong c th.
Lm dn mch, tng vn mch, chng co tht
c, chng vim v tng cng hp th rut.
C th lm mt canxi xng, lm nng cc
m.
Vi liu ln c th ph hy t bo mu, ty
xng, gy hoi t cc t bo thn kinh.
Lm tuyn ni tit tng hocmn, lm hi c
quan thnh gic v c th gy ung th.
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SIU M
NG DNG TRONG K THUT
1. o chiu su ca ay sng, bin.
2. Thy nh v: pht hin chng ngi vt, nh
a ngm di bin, gip tu b trnh c tai
nn. D tm cc lung c, trang b trong thit b
dn ng ca cc thu li qun s,
3. Dng kim tra li trong cc san phm nh:
my bay, tu thu, cc thit b kim loi, b
tng,. bng phng php khng hu th
(NDT)
4. Mai bang sieu am, han nhom bang sieu am
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SIU M
NG DNG TRONG IU TR
- Tng nhit ti ch lm dn mch mau
ngoi bin tng tinh thm thu t bo
biu b do c tac dng chng vim
- Xoa bp t vi iu tr chng vim t bo
- Lm t gy cac lin kt, to l vi m
chng ng mau, dit t bo v vi sinh vt
gy bnh
- Cha au dy thn kinh ta, thp khp
- Pha hu cac t chc trong su nh si thn,
u tuyn v.v
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SIU M
NG DNG TRONG IU TR
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SIU M
NG DNG TRONG CHUN AN
Phng phap truyn qua: o chm siu m
l ra qua m, c th. Cn c vo mc hp
thu ca vt cht bit c mt , kich
thc, tinh cht ca m, tng
Phng phap phan x: Da vo hiu ng
ap in to ra u phat xung siu m v thu
xung phan x to hnh anh
Phng phap Dopller: o vn tc dng mu
Dng may siu m : o dy van tim,
tm d vt v ap xe, mau t, soi bng, san
ph khoa.
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MY SIU M
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47
MY SIU M
1. B phn phat.
2. u d chinh danh.
3. B phn tip nhn v x l.
4. B phn hin th hnh anh.
5. B phn lu tr hnh anh.
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48
NGUYN L GHI HNH SIU M
C s k thut ghi hnh siu m chinh l
s tng tac ca chm siu m vi cac
t chc trong c th, ph thuc vo:
1. Tc truyn sng m trong c th
2. Tr khang m ca cac t chc
3. Cac nh lut truyn sng m.
4. S hp thu ca t chc.
5. Cac thng s (f; ) ca sng siu m v
cu trc hnh hc ca t chc.
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NGUYN L GHI HNH SIU M
u d phng ra mt chm sng (siu) m i vo c th.
Trn ng i sng m s chm vo cac ng ranh gii
gia cac loi m khac nhau (vi d nh gia dch v m
mm, gia m mm v xng).
Mt s sng m s di ngc li u d, s cn li s tip
tc i vo su hn na cho n khi chng gp cac ng
ranh gii khac nm su hn v b di ngc li u d.
Nhng sng di ngc ny s c u d ghi nhn v
chuyn vo may vi tinh.
Da vo 2 thng s l vn tc ca sng m truyn trong
m v thi gian m mi sng di li v u d, may tinh s
tinh ra khoang cach gia u d n ng ranh gii ca
m hoc c quan m t sng m b di li.
May s hin th nhng thng tin ny ln mn hnh ty theo
tng ch : cac ch mt chiu nh A-mode, B-mode,
M-mode hoc ch 2 chiu vi thi gian thc
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NGUYN L GHI HNH SIU M
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NGUYN L GHI HNH SIU M
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A mode
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B-mode
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M mode
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CW Doppler Doppler lin tc
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PW Doppler Doppler xung
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Hnh anh siu m 3 chiu
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Cu hi thao lun
Hy tin an bng lp lun nh tinh, chu k
ca con lc tng, hay giam khi bin ca n
tng?
Sng m c th c s dng o tc ca
mau chay trong ng mch v tnh mch. Giai
thich lm th no?
Cac sng siu m c th c s dng soi
ni tng ca con ngi. Chng c th, chng
hn, phn bit c nc v cac m mm ca
con ngi tt hn nhiu so vi tia X. Ti sao?