Trung tm my thit b bo co thc hnh o lng-t ng

ha
Bi s 1: IU KHIN VAN
I. Mc ch th nghim:
-Trc nh h s hiu chnh lu lng ca van
-Kho st nh hng ca kch thc van !n lu lng "#ng ch$
-Kho st cc %c trng ca van khi & ch'nh ( kh)ng *i v+ ,i!n *i
II. C s! "# th$%&t:
2.. !" #$ lu l%ng&
--nh ngh.a/
0 s lu lng 1
2
l+ lng nc o ,3ng gallon 45 trong 6&t 7n v th8i gian
th)ng 9ua 6&t gii h:n khi & ch'nh lch ( su;t l+ <=5>?
T7ng t@ 1
2
A K
2
c nh ngh.a l+ lng nc B ch$ 9ua 6&t van C 6
D
Eh F vi
& ch'nh lch ( su;t l+ < ,ar?
Gi li'n h giHa K
2
v+ 1
2
trong cIng 6&t van l+/
1
2
J <A<K K
2

Tc & "#ng ch$ 9ua 6&t van t l thLo cMn ,%c hai vi & ch'nh lch ( su;t giHa
Nu v+o v+ Nu ra?
Gi 9uan h giHa lu lng "#ng ch$ vi & ch'nh lch ( su;t/
B
2
J K
2
OP=
P= J =
<
Q =
R

0 s lu lng K
2
l+ h3ng s %c trng ca vanA nS t7ng 7ng vi lu lng
"#ng ch$ thu c khi & ch'nh lch ( su;t l+ < ,ar v+ van 6 ho+n to+nA nS (hT thu&c
v+o kch thc van?
2.2. ' (h) thuc c*a lu l%ng +o m, c*a +an&
Tc & "#ng ch$ ln nh;t khi van 6 h#an to+n?
Tc & "#ng ch$ nhU nh;t khi van Sng h#an to+n?
ViHa hai & 6 tr'nA tc & "#ng ch$ cS thW ,i!n *i thLo nhHng hng khc
nhau?
5@ ,i!n *i n+$ (hT thu&c v+o hXnh ":ng ca lY 6 giHa tc & ln nh;t v+ nhU
nh;t?
Zgu$'n l[ i\u chnh tc & "#ng ch$ l+ %c iW6A ,n ch;t ca vanA c nh
ngh.a "i iWu kin kiW6 tra cT thW khi ]c nh K
2
A P= l+ h3ng s?
2.-.. nh +&
^& nh v "Ing W i\u khiWn & 6 van ,3ng tn hiu i\u khiWn?
Trang <
Trung tm my thit b bo co thc hnh o lng-t ng
ha
_`u iW6/
-ac nh v tr ca (iston cS tnh l%(?
-ac nh bng v tr ca (iston?
-ac nh v tr ca (iston &c lc( vi s@ "ao &ng ca c&t ( su;t khi "#ng lu ch;t ch$
9ua van?
^& nh v cS h thng i\u khiWn van ,3ng tn hiu in ho%c tn hiu s?
^& nh v cS thW a ra th8i gian trd cho (he( ,& c6 ,i!n ca 9u trXnh/
-1+i %t ch! & tu$!n tnh/ c+i %t hXnh ":ng ca h thng a ra 9uan h tu$!n tnh giHa
& 6 van v+ ( l@c l# ]o?
-1+i %t ch! & tf l/ ch! & n+$ cho (he( %t gi tr c@c :i ca tn hiu gng vi & 6
ti a?
-1+i %t ch! & hLro/ ch! & n+$ cho (he( %t gi tr c@c tiWu ca tn hiu gng vi & 6
nhU nh;t C Sng van F?
2./. 0 m, c*a +an&
0in t7ng ]i6 th@c l+ s@ ,i!n *i 6&t (hNn ca ch;t lUng th+nh h7i khi cS s@
tMng tc nhanh ca "#ng lu ch;t ch$ 9ua 6%t ti!( ]bc v+ v#ng 6 ca van? 0in tng
n+$ gj6 cS s@ ,i!n 6;t ,kt kh t:i cla ra ca vanA l+ ngu$'n nhin gi$ ra va c( th$ l@c?
2a c( th$ l@c l+ ngu$'n nhin gi$ ra Mn 6#n khi & ch'nh lch ( su;t trong van ln?
0in tng ]i6 th@c c#n l+ ngu$'n nhin gi$ ra ti!ng jn v+ rung &ng kh)ng (ht
hin c?
0 s lu lng ti h:n 1
m
/
0 s lu lng ti h:n l+ tr s "i i\u kin ( su;t 6+ van (hi chu hin
t7ng ]i6 th@c?
P=
1
l+ & ch'nh lch ( su;t ti h:n C i\u kin hin t7ng ]i6 th@c ]$ ra F
P=
1
J 1
m
R
C=
<
Q =
2
F
=
<
/ ( su;t Nu v+o cla van ca ch;t lUng C,arF
=
2
/ ( su;t h7i ch;t lUng nhit & "#ng ch$ ch;t lUng v+o C,arF
-W (h#ng trnh hin tng ]i6 th@c thX & ch'nh lch ( su;t trong van (hi "i
P=
1
,3ng cch/
- TMng ( su;t Nu v+o =
<
?
- 2an cNn l( %t vi tr th;( tr'n h thng W tMng gi tr ti h:n ca ( su;t th$ t.nh?
III.'i&n hnh th nghim:
-..1c nh h" #$ lu l%ng c*a +an&
1h! & vcn h+nh kh)ng cS ,& nh v
Trang R
Trung tm my thit b bo co thc hnh o lng-t ng
ha
-1hkn ch! & h:n ch! vcn h+nh kh)ng cS nh v
-1+i %t tnh hiu i\u khiWn van gi tr <nno Cvan 6 ho+n to+nF
--i\u chnh gi tr lu lng Rn lE gi8 ,3ng lu lng ,3ng ta$ v+ ghi nhcn & ch'nh lch
( su;t 9ua van?
-TMng "Nn lu lng "#ng ch$ vi gia s RnlE gi8 v+ ghi nhcn ch'nh lch ( su;t
-Tha$ *i v#ng 6 ca van v+ l%( l:i cc ,c tr'n
-.2.1c nh cc 2c trng c*a +an 3hi ch4nh l"ch ( #u5t 6ua +an 3h7ng 8i&
Thi!t lc( 6i 9uan h giHa lu lng "#ng ch$ vi tn hiu i\u khiWn khi &
ch'nh lch ;( su;t 9ua van kh)ng *i? 1h! & vcn h+nh kh)ng cS nh v
-1hkn ch! & vcn h+nh kh)ng cS nh v
-G van ho+n to+n ,3ng ta$?
-1+i %t tn hiu i\u khiWn gi tr <n o
--Sng "Nn van i\u chnh ,3ng ta$ W & ch'nh lch ( su;t :t gi tr s R ,ar?
-Vhi nhcn k!t 9u lu lng "#ng ch$ :t c?
-p%( l:i cc ,c tr'n nhng tMng "Nn tn hiu i\u khiWn l'n <nno vi gia s <no
1hb [/ 6Yi iW6 c+i %t 6i (hi chnh van \u chnh ,3ng ta$ W & ch'nh lch ( su;t
9ua van l+ R ,ar v+ ghi nhcn k!t 9u lu lng "#ng ch$ thu c?
-Ti!( tTc ghi nhcn k!t 9u (he( o khi gi6 tnh hiu i\u khiWn vi gia s <no?
-Tha$ *i v#ng 6 ca van v+ l%( l:i nh cc ,c tr'n
-.-. 1c nh cc 2c trng c*a +an 3hi ch4nh l"ch ( #u5t 6ua +an thay 8i
Thi!t lc( 6i 9uan h giHa lu lng "#ng ch$ vi tn hiu i\u khiWn khi v+n
i\u chnh ,3ng ta$ 6 ho+n to+n
1h! & vcn h+nh kh)ng cS nh v
-1hkn ch! & vcn h+nh kh)ng cS ,& nh v?
-Gor van i\u chnh ,3ng ta$ ho+n to+n
-1+i %t tn hiu i\u khiWn gi tr n o ghi nhcn k!t 9u lu lng "#ng ch$ :t c
-TMng "Nn tn hiu i\u khiWn l'n <nno vi gia s <no ghi nhcn k!t 9u lu lng "#ng
ch$ :t c
-Vi6 "Nn tn hiu i\u khiWn v\ n o vi gia s <no ghi nhcn k!t 9u "#ng ch$ lu
lng :t c?
IV. B() c() th nghim:
<? Th nghi6 </ ac nh h s lu lng ca van
Trang D
Trung tm my thit b bo co thc hnh o lng-t ng
ha
B
ClitEgi8F
<n Rn Dn qn rn Kn sn tn un <nn
P=C,arF nAnu nA<K nARs nAq< nArt nAt <AnR <AD< <AKR <Auu
Tnh h s lu lng ca van thLo c)ng thgc/
v
K
2
J B
P=
K
2
/ h s lu lng ca van C6
D
EhF
v J <nnn kgE6
D
J < kgE"6
D

B/ lu lng lu ch;t ch$ 9ua van C6
D
EhF
B
C6
D
EhF
nAn< nAn
R
nAnD nAnq nAnr nAnK nAns nAn
t
nAnu nA<
K
2
C6
D
EhF
nAnD
D
nAn
r
nAnr
t
nAnK
R
nAnK
K
nAnK
s
nAnK
u
nAn
s
nAns
<
nAns<
w@a v+o k!t 9u tnh ton tr'n ta th;$A khi lu lng B tMng tx nAn< C6
D
EhF !n nAnq
C 6
D
EhF thX h s lu lng K
2
9ua van tMng vi & ch'nh lch ln tx nAnDD l'n !n nAnKR?
5au S khi ta tMng "Nn lu lng l'n thX h s lu lng tMng chc6 tx nAnKK l'n nAns<?
R?Th nghi6 R/ ac nh cc %c trng ca van khi & ch'nh lch ( su;t 9ua van kh)ng
*i
-& 6
CoF
<n Rn Dn qn rn Kn sn tn un <nn
B ClitEhF
Khi 6
n n n n u <q Rq Ds rt tK
B ClitEhF
KhiSng
n n n u <K RK qR Kr tr tK

Trang q
Trung tm my thit b bo co thc hnh o lng-t ng
ha
2y j th ,iWu "idn 6i 9uan h giHa lu lng v+ ,& i\u khiWn tn hiu trong cc
tr8ng h(/
z Khi tMng "Nn tn hiu/
-& 6
CoF
<n Rn Dn qn rn Kn sn tn un <nn
B ClitEhF
Khi 6
n n n n u <q Rq Ds rt tK


^iWu j ,iWu "idn 6i 9uan h giHa lu lng v+ ,& i\u khiWn khi tMng "Nn tn hiu?
z Khi gi6 "Nn tn hiu/
-& 6
CoF
<nn un tn sn Kn rn qn Dn Rn <n
B ClitEhF
KhiSng
tK tr Kr qR RK <K u n n n
Trang r
Trung tm my thit b bo co thc hnh o lng-t ng
ha
^iWu j ,iWu "idn 6i 9uan h giHa lu lng v+ ,& i\u khiWn khi gi6 "Nn tn
hiu?
zZhcn ]et/ Bua hai ,iWu j tr'n cho ta th;$/
Khi tMng "Nn & 6 vanA ( su;t = J <Ar ,ar/ & 6 van tMng "Nn tx <n !n qno
thX lu lng kh)ng ,i!n *i v+ ,3ng n? 5au S khi tMng "Nn & 6 van tx rn !n <nno
thX lu lng tMng tx u l'n tKClEhF?
Khi gi6 "Nn & 6 vanA ( su;t = J <Ar ,ar/ & 6 van gi6 "Nn tx <nn !n
qno thX lu lng gi6 "Nn tx tK ]ung c#n uClEhF? 5au gi6 "Nn & 6 van tx Dn !n
<no thX lu lng kh)ng ,i!n *i v+ ,3ng kh)ng?
Khi tMng "Nn & 6 van thX & 6 van qno thX lu lng v{n ,3ng nA nhng khi
gi6 "Nn lu lng thX ti & 6 van Dno thX lu lng 6i ,3ng n? Bua i$ cho ta th;$A
khi gi6 "Nn & 6 van thX nS cS & trd ln h7n khi tMng "Nn & 6 van? Khi tMng "Nn &
6 van thX nS cS & vkt l th;(?
D?Th nghi6 D/ ac nh cc %c trng ca van khi & ch'nh lch ( su;t 9ua van tha$
*i
z Khi tMng "Nn & 6 van/
-&
6
n <n Rn Dn qn rn Kn sn tn un <nn
P=
C,arF
<Au <Aur <AuK RAnD RAR RA<q RARD RARs RAD RADD <Asu
Trang K
Trung tm my thit b bo co thc hnh o lng-t ng
ha
B
ClEhF
n n n n n <n <r Rs qr sn ur
^iWu j ,iWu "idn 6i 9uan h giHa & 6 v+ & ch'nh lch (
su;t khi tMng "Nn & 6 van
^iWu j ,iWu
"idn 6i 9uan h giHa & 6 v+ lu lng
khi tMng "Nn & 6 van
z Khi gi6 "Nn & 6 van/
Trang s
Trung tm my thit b bo co thc hnh o lng-t ng
ha

-&
6
<nn un tn sn Kn rn qn Dn Rn <n n
P=
C,arF
<Asu <AtR <Arr <AtR RAnD RAnK RA<t RAR RA< RARs RADD
B
ClEhF
ur uR Kr qs Dn <u <r n n n n
^iWu j ,iWu "idn 6i 9uan h giHa & 6 v+ & ch'nh lch (
su;t khi gi6 "Nn & 6 van
Trang t
Trung tm my thit b bo co thc hnh o lng-t ng
ha

^iWu j ,iWu "idn 6i 9uan h giHa & 6 v+ lu lng
khi gi6 "Nn & 6 van
z Zhcn ]et/ Bua cc ,iWu j tr'n cho ta th;$A & ch'nh lch ( su;t cS ]u hng tMng l'n
khi ta tMng ho%c gi6 "Nn & 6 van tg <Au l'n RADD ,ar? pu lng tMng "Nn khi ta tMng
& 6 vanA tx n l'n qno lu lng ,3ng kh)ng? pu lng gi6 "Nn khi ta gi6 & 6
vanA lu lng ,3ng kh)ng khi & 6 van l+ Dno? | c hai ,iWu jA khi ta 6 van <nno
thX & ch'nh lch ( su;t th;( nh;t v+ lu lng cao nh;t?
Trang u
Trung tm my thit b bo co thc hnh o lng-t ng
ha
Bi s *: IU KHIN NHI+' ,
I. Mc ch th nghim:
-2cn "Tng cc ,& i\u khiWn C }ZE}~~A=A =>A =>wF W i\u khiWn nhit &?
-Kho st nh hng ca nhit & 6)i tr8ng ]ung 9uanh !n k!t 9u kc?
-ac nh & chnh ]c A sai s v+ gi tr th@c ca (he( o
II. B() c() th nghim:
2..9t 6u: th; nghi"m&
al l s liu/,ng thW hin cc gi tr ca }=A=2 AV
s
t7ng gng ?
5TT CsF }=o
CoF <=
=2
= 2
o VCsF 5TT CsF }=o
CoF <=
=2
= 2
o VCsF
< n n <n n n n <Dq Duun

<n uRAK nAD<< nAnD<
R Dn <n D<A< n <Dr qnRn uRAs nA<nq nAn<
D Kn D<A< n n <DK qnrn uD nAD<< nAnD<
q un D<AD nAq< nAnq< <Ds qntn uDAq nAq<r nAnq<
r <Rn D<AK nAK<r nAnK< <Dt q<<n uDAK nARns nAnR<
K <rn DR nAtR nAntR <Du q<qn uDAs nA<nq nAn<
s <tn DRAq nAtR nAntR <qn q<sn uq nAD<< nAnD<
t R<n DD <ARD nA<RD <q< qRnn uqAD nAD<< nAnD<
u Rqn DDAr <AnRr nA<nR <qR qRDn uqAr nARns nAnR<
<n Rsn DqAR <AqDq nA<qD <qD qRKn uqAt nAD<< nAnD<
<< Dnn DqAt <ARD nA<RD <qq qRun uqAu nA<nq nAn<
<R DDn DrAD <AnRr nA<nR <qr qDRn ur nA<nq nAn<
<D DKn DrAu <ARD nA<RD <qK qDrn urAD nAD<< nAnD<
<q Dun DKAr <ARD nA<RD <qs qDtn urAr nARns nAnR<
<r qRn DsA< <ARD nA<RD <qt qq<n urAs nARns nAnR<
<K qrn DsAK <AnRr nA<nR <qu qqqn urAu nARns nAnR<
<s qtn DtAR <ARD nA<RD <rn qqsn uK nA<nq nAn<
<t r<n DtAs <AnRr nA<nR <r< qrnn uKAR nARns nAnR<
<u rqn DuAD <ARD nA<RD <rR qrDn uKAD nA<nq nAn<
Rn rsn DuAt <AnRr nA<nR <rD qrKn uKAq nA<nq nAn<
R< Knn qnAR nAtR nAntR <rq qrun uKAq n n
RR KDn qnAK nAtR nAntR <rr qKRn uKAq n n
RD KKn q<A< <AnRr nA<nR <rK qKrn qn uKAK
Rq Kun q<Ar nAtR nAntR <rs qKtn us nADqK nAnDr
Trang <n
Trung tm my thit b bo co thc hnh o lng-t ng
ha
Rr sRn qR <AnRr nA<nR <rt qs<n usAK nAr<u nAnrR
RK srn qRAr <AnRr nA<nR <ru qsqn utAr nAssu nAnst
Rs stn qRAu nAtR nAntR <Kn qssn uuAD nAKuR nAnKu
Rt t<n qDAD nAtR nAntR <K< qtnn <nnA< nAKuR nAnKu
Ru tqn qDAK nAK<r nAnK< <KR qtDn <n< nAssu nAnst
Dn tsn qq nAtR nAntR <KD qtKn <n<At nAKuR nAnKu
D< unn qqAR nAq< nAnq< <Kq qtun <nRAt nAtKr nAnts
DR uDn qqAr nAK<r nAnK< <Kr quRn <nDAs nAssu nAnst
DD uKn qqAs nAq< nAnq< <KK qurn <nqAK nAssu nAnst
Dq uun qr nAK<r nAnK< <Ks qutn <nrAr nAssu nAnst
Dr <nRn qrAR nAq< nAnq< <Kt rn<n <nKAR nAKnK nAnK<
DK <nrn qrAr nAK<r nAnK< <Ku rnqn <nKAt nAr<u nAnrR
Ds <ntn qrAt nAK<r nAnK< <sn rnsn <nsAK nAKuR nAnKu
Dt <<<n qrAu nARnr nAnR <s< r<nn <ntAD nAKnK nAnK<
Du <<qn qKAD nAtR nAntR <sR r<Dn <nuA< nAKuR nAnKu
qn <<sn qKAr nAq< nAnq< <sD r<Kn <nuAK nAqDD nAnqD
q< <Rnn qKAt nAK<r nAnK< <sq r<un <<n nADqK nAnDr
qR <RDn qs nAq< nAnq< <sr rRRn <<nAK nAr<u nAnrR
qD <RKn qsAD nAK<r nAnK< <sK rRrn <<<A< nAqDD nAnqD
qq <Run qsAr nAq< nAnq< <ss rRtn <<<A< n n
qr <DRn qsAs nAq< nAnq< <st rD<n <<<Aq nARK nAnRK
qK <Drn qsAt nARnr nAnR <su rDqn <<<Au nAqDD nAnqD
qs <Dtn qtA< nAK<r nAnK< <tn rDsn <<RAD nADqK nAnDr
qt <q<n qtAR nARnr nAnR <t< rqnn <<RAK nARK nAnRK
qu <qqn qtAq nAq< nAnq< <tR rqDn <<D nADqK nAnDr
rn <qsn qtAK nAq< nAnq< <tD rqKn <<DAD nARK nAnRK
r< <rnn qtAs nARnr nAnR <tq rqun <<DAr nA<sD nAn<s
rR <rDn qtAt nARnr nAnR <tr rrRn <<DAs nA<sD nAn<s
rD <rKn qtAt n n <tK rrrn <<q nARK nAnRK
rq <run qtAt n n <ts rrtn <<qAR nA<sD nAn<s
rr <KRn Rn qtAt n <tt rK<n <<qAq nA<sD nAn<s
rK <Krn qu nARs nAnRs <tu rKqn <<qAK nA<sD nAn<s
rs <Ktn quAq nArq< nAnrq <un rKsn <<qAu nARK nAnRK
rt <s<n rn nAt<< nAnt< <u< rsnn <<rA< nA<sD nAn<s
ru <sqn rnAu <AR<K nA<RR <uR rsDn <<rAR nAnts nAnnu
Kn <ssn r<At <AR<K nA<RR <uD rsKn <<rAD nAnts nAnnu
K< <tnn rRAt <ADr< nA<Dr <uq rsun <<rAq nAnts nAnnu
KR <tDn rDAt <ADr< nA<Dr <ur rtRn <<rAr nAnts nAnnu
KD <tKn rqAu <AqtK nA<qu <uK rtrn <<rAK nAnts nAnnu
Trang <<
Trung tm my thit b bo co thc hnh o lng-t ng
ha
Kq <tun rK <AqtK nA<qu <us rttn <<rAK n n
Kr <uRn rs <ADr< nA<Dr <ut ru<n <<rAK n n
KK <urn rtA< <AqtK nA<qu <uu ruqn rn <<KAq
Ks <utn ru <AR<K nA<RR Rnn rusn <<KAu nADs< nAnDs
Kt Rn<n Kn <ADr< nA<Dr Rn< Knnn <<sAs nAruq nAnru
Ku Rnqn KnAs nAuqK nAnur RnR KnDn <<tAr nAruq nAnru
sn Rnsn K<AK <AR<K nA<RR RnD KnKn <<uAq nAKKt nAnKs
s< R<nn KRAr <AR<K nA<RR Rnq Knun <RnAD nAKKt nAnKs
sR R<Dn KDAD <Ant< nA<nt Rnr K<Rn <R<A< nAruq nAnru
sD R<Kn KqAR <AR<K nA<RR RnK K<rn <RRA< nAsqR nAnsq
sq R<un KqAt nAt<< nAnt< Rns K<tn <RRAt nArR nAnrR
sr RRRn KrAD nAKsK nAnKt Rnt KR<n <RDAK nAruq nAnru
sK RRrn KrAu nAt<< nAnt< Rnu KRqn <RqAq nAruq nAnru
ss RRtn KKAr nAt<< nAnt< R<n KRsn <RrAR nAruq nAnru
st RD<n KsA< nAt<< nAnt< R<< KDnn <RrAu nArR nAnrR
su RDqn KsAK nAKsK nAnKt R<R KDDn <RKAs nAruq nAnru
tn RDsn KtA< nAKsK nAnKt R<D KDKn <RsAD nAqqr nAnqr
t< Rqnn KtAr nArq< nAnrq R<q KDun <RtA< nAruq nAnru
tR RqDn Ku nAKsK nAnKt R<r KqRn <RtAq nARRD nAnRR
tD RqKn KuAq nArq< nAnrq R<K Kqrn <RtAt nARus nAnD
tq Rqun KuAt nArq< nAnrq R<s Kqtn <RuAR nARus nAnD
tr RrRn snAR nArq< nAnrq R<t Kr<n <RuAK nARus nAnD
tK Rrrn snAq nARs nAnRs R<u Krqn <RuAu nARRD nAnRR
ts Rrtn snAK nARs nAnRs RRn Krsn <DnA< nA<qt nAn<r
tt RK<n snAu nAqnr nAnq< RR< KKnn <DnAK nADs< nAnDs
tu RKqn s<AR nAqnr nAnq< RRR KKDn <DnAu nARRD nAnRR
un RKsn s<Ar nAqnr nAnq< RRD KKKn <D<AD nARus nAnD
u< Rsnn s<As nARs nAnRs RRq KKun <D<AK nARRD nAnRR
uR RsDn s<Au nARs nAnRs RRr KsRn <D<As nAnsq nAnns
uD RsKn sRA< nARs nAnRs RRK Ksrn <D<Au nA<qt nAn<r
uq Rsun sRAD nARs nAnRs RRs Kstn <DRAR nARRD nAnRR
ur RtRn sRAK nAqnr nAnq< RRt Kt<n <DRAK nARus nAnD
uK Rtrn sRAt nARs nAnRs RRu Ktqn <DRAs nAnsq nAnns
us Rttn sD nARs nAnRs RDn Ktsn <DRAu nA<qt nAn<r
ut Ru<n sDAR nARs nAnRs RD< Kunn <DDAR nARRD nAnRR
uu Ruqn sDAD nA<Dr nAn<q RDR KuDn <DDAq nA<qt nAn<r
<nn Rusn sDAr nARs nAnRs RDD KuKn <DDAK nA<qt nAn<r
<n< Dnnn sDAK nA<Dr nAn<q RDq Kuun <Dq nARus nAnD
<nR DnDn sDAt nARs nAnRs RDr snRn <DqA< nAnsq nAnns
Trang <R
Trung tm my thit b bo co thc hnh o lng-t ng
ha
<nD DnKn sDAt n n RDK snrn <DqAD nA<qt nAn<r
<nq Dnun sq nARs nAnRs RDs sntn <DqAD n n
<nr D<Rn sq n n RDt s<<n <DqAr nA<qt nAn<r
<nK D<rn sq n n RDu s<qn <DqAs nA<qt nAn<r
<ns D<tn
Dn
sq Rqn s<sn <DqAs n n
<nt DR<n sqAq nAq<r nAnq< Rq< sRnn <DqAs n n
<nu DRqn sqAu nAr<u nAnrR RqR sRDn
Kn
<Dr
<<n DRsn srAK nAsRK nAnsD RqD sRKn <Dr n n
<<< DDnn sKAq nAtD nAntD Rqq sRun <DrAK nAqnD nAnq
<<R DDDn ssAD nAuDq nAnuD Rqr sDRn <DKAq nArDt nAnrq
<<D DDKn stAq <A<q< nA<<q RqK sDrn <DsAK nAtns nAnt<
<<q DDun suAR nAtD nAntD Rqs sDtn <DtAq nArDt nAnrq
<<r DqRn tnAR <AnDs nA<nq Rqt sq<n <Du nAqnD nAnq
<<K Dqrn t<AD <A<q< nA<<q Rqu sqqn <DuAt nArDt nAnrq
<<s Dqtn tRAD <AnDs nA<nq Rrn sqsn <qnAt nAKsR nAnKs
<<t Dr<n tD nAsRK nAnsD Rr< srnn <q<Ar nAqs< nAnqs
<<u Drqn tq <AnDs nA<nq RrR srDn <qRAr nAKsR nAnKs
<Rn Drsn tqAu nAuDq nAnuD RrD srKn <qDA< nAqnD nAnq
<R< DKnn trAs nAtD nAntD Rrq srun <qDAt nAqs< nAnqs
<RR DKDn tKAq nAsRK nAnsD Rrr sKRn <qqAD nADDK nAnDq
<RD DKKn tsAR nAtD nAntD RrK sKrn <qr nAqs< nAnqs
<Rq DKun tsAu nAsRK nAnsD Rrs sKtn <qrAr nADDK nAnDq
<Rr DsRn ttAq nAr<u nAnrR Rrt ss<n <qrAu nARKu nAnRs
<RK Dsrn tuA< nAsRK nAnsD Rru ssqn <qKAr nAqnD nAnq
<Rs Dstn tuAs nAKRR nAnKR RKn sssn <qKAs nA<Dq nAn<D
<Rt Dt<n unA< nAq<r nAnq< RK< stnn <qsAD nAqnD nAnq
<Ru Dtqn unAK nAr<u nAnrR RKR stDn <qsAt nADDK nAnDq
<Dn Dtsn u<A< nAr<u nAnrR RKD stKn <qtAr nAqs< nAnqs
<D< Dunn u<Aq nAD<< nAnD< RKq stun <qtAs nA<Dq nAn<D
<DR DuDn u<Au nAr<u nAnrR RKr suRn <qtAs n n
<DD DuKn uRAD nAq<r nAnq< RKK surn <qtAs n n
Trong S /}=/cho (he( chu$Wn *i Nu ra ANu v+o?
=2/
=2J
<
a]
?<nno
i i
m
=> =>
=>
+

C=2
6a]
l+ gi tr ln nh;t ca =2 gng vi txng }=F
V
s
J
=>
<=

Trang <D
Trung tm my thit b bo co thc hnh o lng-t ng
ha
2.2.0? th&
--j th ,iWu "idn 6i 9uan h giHa gi tr }= v+ =2/

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
--j th ,iWu "idn 6i 9uan h giHa gi tr V
s
v+ }=/
Trang <q
Trung tm my thit b bo co thc hnh o lng-t ng
ha
th biu din G(s) theo OP
-0,02
0
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
0,14
0,16
0 100 200 300
OP
G
(
s
)
G(S)
Zhcn ]et/khi gi tr }= tMng thX gi tr =2 cng tMng t7ng gngAkhi :t !n 6&t i\u kin
]c nh thX =2 cin ,3ng?
2.-.0o nhi"t @ttA&
R?D?<?cc ,c ti!n h+nh/
-%t }= Jqno sao cho *n nh o =2 sau 6Yi Dns?
-%t }= Jrno sao cho *n nh o =2 sau 6Yi Dns?
1hnh ,& i\u khiWn ch! & uto?
-%t gi tr 5Lt (oint ,3ng <nn
o
1Aun
o
1Atn
o
1 A^=A i

A B

t7ng gng ?^=J

<
(
9
?
^& i\u khiWn K
( i

=
n?t
?
# m
C

6a] n
=>
n?t
?
# m
C

n
=>w
C E F n?q
<?R
m
#
C
+ n?q
m
+ ?
R?r
m
m

+
ac nh h3ng s th8i gian C

F v+ th8i gian trd C m

F?
Trang <r
Trung tm my thit b bo co thc hnh o lng-t ng
ha
ac nh ,& i\u khiWn
m

/ Rn
m

C }nE}mmFA<n
m

Rn C=FAr
m

<n C=>F AR
m

r
C=>wF?
R?D?R?^o co k!t 9u th nghi6/^ng thW hin cc gi tr }=A=2 t7ng gng?
5TT -.s/
Th8i gian trd
T6 khi
}=Jqno }=CoF =2
Th8i gian
trd
T6 khi
}=Jrno }=CoF =2
< Dn ts qn usAq DDs rn <<KAR
R Kn usAK <<KAD
D un usAu <<sAK
q <Rn utAK <<tAR
r <rn uuAq <<uAR
K <tn <nnAq <RnA<
s R<n <n<AR <R<A<
t Rqn <nR <RR
u Rsn <nDA< <RRAt
<n Dnn <nDAu <RDAs
<< DDn <nqAu <RqAr
<R DKn <nrAs <RrAD
<D Dun <nKAr <RKAR
<q qRn <nsAR <RKAt
<r qrn <nsAu 1*012
<K qtn <ntAs <RtAR
<s r<n <nuAD <RtAt
<t rqn 13415 <RuAR
<u rsn <<nAq <RuAK
Rn Knn <<nAt <DnA<
R< KDn <<<Aq <DnAr
RR KKn <<<At <DnAu
RD Kun <<RAD <D<AD
Rq sRn <<RAK <D<As
Rr srn <<DA< <DR
RK stn <<DAq <DRAq
Rs t<n <<DAs <DRAt
Rt tqn <<qAR <DD
Ru tsn <<qAK <DDAD
Dn unn <<qAs <DDAK
Trang <K
Trung tm my thit b bo co thc hnh o lng-t ng
ha
D< uDn <<r <DDAt
DR uKn <<rAR <Dq
DD uun <<rAq <DqAD
Dq <nRn <<rAK <DqAD
Dr <nrn <<rAu <DqAr
DK <ntn <<KAR <DqAr
Ds <<<n <<KAq <DqAr
Dt <<qn <<KAr
Du <<sn <<KAK
qn <Rnn <<KAs
q< <RDn <<KAu
qR <RKn <<sA<
qD <Run <<sAR
qq <DRn <<sAR
qr <Drn <<sAR
Khi }=Jqno/ m

Cl+ th8i gian trd FJts tnh tx lbc k!t thbc }=JDno !n Nu }=Jqno

JC<<sAR-usAqF?KDo_usAqJ<nuAt so snh vi ,ng tr'n c&t =2 6c Ata c

Jrqns

m

JKs?rRn su$ ra l+ ,& i\u khiWn }nE}mm

Khi }=Jrno/ m

JDDs tnh tx lbc k!t thbc }=Jqno !n Nu }=Jrno v+

JC<Dq?r-
<<K?RF?KDo_<<KARJ<Rs?s su$ ra k!t 9u c l+ qrns?<n
m

J<D?KRnsu$ ra l+ ,& i\u

khiWn =
_^ng thW hin cc gi tr 5Lt (oint Agng vi ^=J<no A i

A B

Jn?
6'' -.s/
67t
8)int 8V
67t
8)int 8V
67t
8)int 8V
< r tn
o
1 ttAK un
o
1 KsAK <nn
o
1 tn
R <n ttAq KsAs suAu
D <r tsAD KsAr suAt
q Rn trAs KtA< suAs
r Rr tqA< KtAD suAK
K Dn tRAD KtAK suAs
s Dr tnAs KuA< suAt
t qn stAs KuAr tn
Trang <s
Trung tm my thit b bo co thc hnh o lng-t ng
ha
u qr ssA< sn tnA<
<n rn srAs snAr tnAr
<< rr sqAR s<A< tnAs
<R Kn sRAs s<As t<
<D Kr s<Aq sRAq t<Aq
<q sn snAq sDA< t<Au
<r sr KuAD sDAt tRAD
<K tn KtAr sqAK tRAr
<s tr KtAR srAq tDAD
<t un KsAK sKA< tDAK
<u ur KsAs ss tqAq
Rn <nn KsAK ssAs tqAu
R< <nr KsAK stAD tqAu
RR <<n KsAK stAu trAD
RD <<r suAr trAu
Rq <Rn tn tKAD
Rr <Rr tnAr tKAs
RK <Dn tnAt tsA<
Rs <Dr tsAK
Rt <qn tsAu
Ru <qr ttAR
Dn <rn ttAq
D< <rr ttAs
DR <Kn ttAu
DD <Kr tu
Dq <sn tuA<
Dr <sr tuAR
DK <tn tuAR
Ds <tr tuAR
Trang <t
Trung tm my thit b bo co thc hnh o lng-t ng
ha
Bi s 9: KH:; 6<' IM 6=I
I. Mc ch th nghim:
ac nh cc th)ng s ca 6&t 9u trXnh chng c;t ha$ tnh ton 8ng cong 7n
gin ( su;t h7iA o nhit & iW6 s)i cin ,3ng ( su;t th8ng v+ ( su;t chin kh)ng
giHa (ha lUng a v+ (ha h7i ? ThLo k!t 9u th nghi6 cS thW vy ra "8ng cin ,3ng ng
(? -i\u n+$ r;t hHu ch cho k thuct hiu chnhA 6+ (hNn ln cc tr8ng h( ti!n h+nh
"i ( su;t hYn h( W ]c nh s .a cNn thi!t cho 9u trXnh chng c;t?
Vib( sinh vi'n cS trch nhi6 i vi l+6 vic trong (h#ng th nghi6 hSaA cng
nh sl "Tng cc "Tng cT o nhit & iW6 s)i ( su;t th8ng v+ ( su;t chin kh)ng?
wTng cT "Tng cT khiWn ,3ng ta$ n+$ "idn t cch thgc khc ,it ca 6) hXnh th nghi6 v+
sn ]u;t i vi sl "TngA cho (he( hiWu r h7n cc kh nMng khc ,it c a ra?
ZS gib( sinh vi'n l+6 vic vi 6) hXnhA hiWu cc ngu$ c7 khc nhau cS thW ,t g%(
v+ cc (h#ng ngxa cNn thi!t W l+6 vic vi thi!t , n+$?
II. C s! "# th$%&t:
2.. 9hi ni"m&
1hng c;t l+ 6&t 9u trXnh W tch hai c;u tl ca 6&t hYn h( lUng cng nh ca
6&t hYn h( kh lUng th+nh cc c;u tl ri'ng ,it "@a v+o & ,a$ khc nhau ca cc c;u
tl trong hYn h(? -i vi hYn h( hai c;u tlA khi chng c;t ta thu c hai sn (h6/ sn
(h6 nh gj6 (hNn ln c;u tl cS & ,a$ h7i ln v+ 6&t (hNn r;t t c;u tl cS & ,a$ h7i
,e sn (h6 $ ch $!u ,ao gj6 cc c;u tl cS & ,a$ h7i ,e v+ 6&t (hNn r;t t c;u tl cS
& ,a$ h7i ln?
2.2Dn bEng (ha lFng hGi c*a hHn h%( hai c5u tI , ( #u5t 3h7ng 8i&
R?R?<? wung "ch h7i l[ tng/
wung "ch c ]L6 l+ l[ tng khi cc c;u tl h#a tan ho+n to+n v+o ch;t lUngA cS
cIng ,n ch;t vi ch;t lUng?
Khi (ha lUng c ]L6 l+ l[ tng ta cS thW tnh c ( su;t ri'ng (hNn cin ,3ng
ca ch;t kh trong "ung "ch vi ch;t lUng? 0Yn h( kh l[ tng cin ,3ng vi "ung "ch
l[ tng thX th+nh (hNn "ung ch;t trong (ha kh v+ (ha lUng li'n h vi nhau ,3ng nh
lucn aoult?
R?R?R? -nh luct aoult/
Trang <u
Trung tm my thit b bo co thc hnh o lng-t ng
ha
Th+nh (hNn cin ,3ng ca cc (ha trong h ch;t lUng h7i ,o h#a i vi "ung "ch
l[ tng nhit & th;( h7n nhit & ti h:n c ]c nh ,i nh luct aoult/ ( su;t
ri'ng (hNn ca 6Yi c;u tl trong (ha h7i ,'n tr'n "ung "ch ,3ng tch s ca ( su;t h7i
,o h#a ca c;u tl S C cIng nhit &F vi njng & (hNn 6ol ca c;u tl S trong "ung
"ch
( J (
,h
?] C<F
2i (/ ( su;t h7i ri'ng (hNn ca c;u tl trong (ha h7i (hin , ,'n tr'n ch;t lUng
trong i\u kin cin ,3ng?
(
,h
/ ( su;t h7i ,o h#a ca c;u tl S cIng nhit &?
]/ njng & (hNn 6ol ca c;u tl trong "ung "ch?
( su;t h7i ri'ng (hNn c#n c tnh thLo c)ng thgc/
( J $
c,
?= CRF
$
c,
/ njng & (hNn 6ol ca c;u tl trong hYn h( kh khi cin ,3ng vi ch;t
lUng?
=/ ( su;t chung ca hYn h( kh?
Ta ]et hYn h( R c;u tl v+ ^A thLo nh luct wantonA ta cS/
= J (

_ (
^
CDF
Tx C<FA CRF v+ CDFA ta cS njng & (hNn 6ol ca c;u tl c ]c nh nh sau/
]? (
,h
$
c,
J
(
,h
?] _ (
^,h
?C< ]F
2i (

A (
^
/ ( su;t ri'ng (hNn ca c;u tl v+ ^?
(
,h
A (
^,h
/ ( su;t h7i ,o h#a ca c;u tl v+ ^?
R?R?D? -nh luct 0Lnr$/
Th+nh (hNn cin ,ng ca cc (ha trong h kh "ung "ch ch;t lUng h#a tan kh i
vi cc kh l[ tng nhit & cao h7n nhit & ti h:n c ]c nh thLo nh luct
0Lnr$/ ( su;t ri'ng (hNn ca kh tr'n ,\ 6%t thong ch;t lUng t l vi njng & (hNn 6ol
ca nS trong "ung "ch
Trang Rn
Trung tm my thit b bo co thc hnh o lng-t ng
ha
( J ?]
Trong S / h s 0Lnr$A cS cIng thg ngu$'n vi ( su;tA gi tr ca nS (hT thu&c
v+o tnh ch;t ca kh v+ ca ch;t lUngA v+o nhit & v+ h 7n v o?Khi nhit & tMng thX
tMngA & tan ca kh trong ch;t lUng sy gi6 ]ung?-nh luct 0Lnr$ ch bng vi kh khi
6+ nhit & ti h:n ca nS th;( h7n nhit & "ung "ch v+ kh kh)ng ngng tT nhit &
S?
III. C(c >?@c ti&n hnh th nghim:
-.. 08 ch5t lFng +o m7 hJnh
ThW tch ch;t lUng cho v+o ,Xnh t nh;t trong 6) hXnh n+$ l+ Rrn 6l?
ThW tch n+$ cho (he( in tr in ngc( ho+n to+n? Tu$ nhi'nA 6gc cao nh;t ca ch;t lUng
kh)ng c cao h7n chi\u cao van ?
--i vi 6) hXnh ho:t &ng vi ,& 6&t vU/
-* ch;t lUng v+o 6) hXnh 9ua ng ,'n tr'n ,ujng ca 6) hXnh/
_ G n(
_ -%t (hidu nh@a v+o
_ -* ch;t lUng v+o 6) hXnh ti 6@c cNn thi!t C ,3ng v:ch trng ca nhnh ,'n ngo+iF
_ 2%n n( l:i?
--i vi 6) hXnh ho:t &ng ,& hai vU/
-W ch;t lUng v+o 6) hXnh c th@c hin 9ua vic 6 c6 ,i!n nhit &/
_ G ni Torin v+ tho c6 ,i!n nhit ra
_ -%t (hidu nh@a v+o
_ -* ch;t lUng v+o 6) hXnh ti 6gc cNn thi!t C ,3ng v:ch trng va nhnh ,!n ngo+iF
_ -%t c6 ,i!n nhit tr l:i
_ 2%n ni Torion l:i ,3ng ta$?
-.2 0iKu chLnh ( #u5t&
D?R?<? -i vi th nghi6 ( su;t th8ng
--Nu ti'nA kiW6 tra ,& lkc chin kh)ng (hi rYng / 6 van 2D
-5au S 6 van 2K
D?R?R? -i vi th nghi6 ( su;t th;(
p+6 thLo cc ,c sau/
( su;t c hiu chnh
G) hXnh chga N$ hYn h( c kho st
0Yn h( nhit & (h#ng? -)i khiA 6) hXnh ( su;t chin kh)ngA ,ct c)ng tc in
tr gia nhit?
Trang R<
Trung tm my thit b bo co thc hnh o lng-t ng
ha
-Sng van 2DA 2KA 2s v+ 2t ? KiW6 tra v tr van 2< v+ 2R? 1hbng kh)ng c %t
v tr l;$ 6{u?
-%t ng l;$ 6{u v+o van 2< v+ 2R? Zi ng nh@a vi van 2s v+ 2t l'n tr'n 6&t
trong hai ng? G van 2s v+ 2t?
-i\u chnh gi tr %t ca ( su;t thLo gi tr c chkn v "T ( su;t tu$t i rnn
6,ar? =h7ng thgc vcn h+nh 4T}?
Thi!t lc( D & 6 ca van 2r/
_Z!u ( su;t tx <nn Dnn 6,ar/ v#ng
_ Z!u ( su;t tx Dnn qnn 6,ar 6 <Et v#ng?
^ct ,76 chin?
G van 2q?
-W *n nh ( su;t cNn (hi/
_T:o 6&t "#ng r# r cla th)ng khA ngh.a l+ 6 van 2u 6&t t?
_ Vi6 hbt chin kh)ng/ Sng van 2q sro?
_^t Nu vic tX6 t@ &ng cho cc th)ng s =>w vi th)ng s i\u chnh :t c 6gc R
ca ,& i\u chnh?
K!t thbc khi ( su;t *n nhA ti!n h+nh vi vic gia nhit?
D?R?D Th)ng kh h thng
-W th)ng kh h thng/
-Thi!t lc( ,& i\u khiWn ( su;t RRn 6,ar?
-G van 2K
-1ui cIng tt ,76 chin kh)ng
-.- Cia nhi"t
=hi 6 ,o r3ng nc l:nh cung c;( cho thi!t , ngng tT vi lu lng nhU nh;t
l+ <nn lEh?
=hi chc chn r3ng thW tch ch;t lUng cho v+o 6) hXnh ngc( ho+n to+n cho ,&
in tr gia nhit in?
Ti!n h+nh vi i\u chnh ( su;t / ( su;t kh 9u$Wn v+ ( su;t chin kh)ng?
-i vi ,& i\u chnhA th!t lc( (hNn trM6 c)ng su;t cNn thi!t?
1hb [/ <nno c)ng su;t gia nhit ,3ng <rn ?
-./ M5y mNu
D?q?< -i vi th nghi6 ( su;t kh 9u$Wn
--%t cc Rr6l "i c van 2< v+ 2R
-Khi nhit & *n nh v+ h7i ,t Nu v+o thi!t , ngng tT/
_G van 2< i vi (ha lUng ?
Trang RR
Trung tm my thit b bo co thc hnh o lng-t ng
ha
_G van 2R vi (ha h7i C c ngng tT F?
1hb [ r3ng l;$ 6{u ra thX nSng? p+6 l:nh trc khi l+6 (hin tch chbng?
D?q?R -i vi th nghi6 ( su;t th;(
--%t ng l;$ 6{u "i van 2< v+ 2R?
-Zi 6&t trong cc ng n+$ vi ng ni "yo ti van 2s v+ 2t
-Khi nhit & Tl< *n nh v+ h7i ,t Nu i v+o thi!t , ngng tT/
_-Sng van 2s v+ 2t
_G van 6+ c ni vi h thng chin kh)ng/ 6 van 2< i vi (ha lUng ha$ van
2R i vi (ha h7i C c ngng tTF?
5au S/
-Zi ng nh@a vi ng thg R?
-G van 2s v+ 2t
--i !n khi nhit & Tl< *n nh?
--Sng van 2s v+ 2t?
-1ui cIngA 6 van 6+ c ni vi h thng chin kh)ng/ 6 van 2< i vi (ha lUng
ha$ van 2R i vi (ha h7i C c ngng tTF?
1hb [ r3ng 6{u l;$ ra thX nSng? p+6 l:nh 6{u trc khi (hin tch chbng?
-.O. Th:o li"u&
G) hXnh c ] h!t ,3ng van 2<?
5l "Tng ,& ti!( nhcn rnn 6l W nhcn "ung lng ca (hNn ch $!u ca 6) hXnh?
-.P >" #inh m7 hJnh
Z'n nh/ tho h!tA ck rlaA v sinh 6) hXnh l+ 6&t (hNn ca to+n ,& th nghi6?
D?K?< 1c chb [ chung
-2ic v sinh 6) hXnh ,ao gj6 c ,'n trong v+ ,'n ngo+i?
-2ic v sinh ,'n trong c ti!n h+nh khi cNn thi!t khi tha$ *i ,n ch;t hYn h( ,an Nu
c tinh c;t v+ khi th8i gian giHa cc lNn sl "Tng nhi\u h7n R tuNn?
-2ic v sinh ,'n ngo+i c th@c hin sau 6Yi lNn sl "Tng 6) hXnh?
D?K?R?2 sinh ,'n trong
-W v sinh ,'n trong 6) hXnh/
-Tho ho+n to+n ,'n trong 6) hXnh
-Ti!n h+nh ch:$ vi nc c;t nh l+ hYn h( c tinh c;t?
-2cn h+nh 6) hXnhA tho h7i c ngng tT tx thi!t , ngng tT trong khong <r (hbt?
-wxng 9u trXnh v+ ] h!t 6) hXnh?
-wxng ho+n to+n 6) hXnh
D?K?D? 2 sinh ,'n ngo+i 6) hXnh
Trang RD
Trung tm my thit b bo co thc hnh o lng-t ng
ha
--W v sinh ,\ 6%t ,'n ngo+i ca 6$ chng c;tA sl "Tng v+i 6\6 v+ nc 6$?
-5l "Tng LcLton W t$ ";u v!t ca cc (hn gng hHu c7
-2ic v sinh 6) hXnh sau 6Yi lNn th nghi6 l+ v) cIng 9uan trkng?
-.Q RSng m7 hJnh
D?s?<? wxng khn c;(
--%t c)ng tt ngujn chnh }ZE }~~ sang v tr }~~/ ^& gia nhit ,i$ gi8 c chu$Wn
sang }~~A ,76 chin kh)ng ,i$ gi8 chu$Wn sang }~~?
-TMng lu lng "#ng nc l:nh v+o thi!t , ngng tT Dnn pEh
D?s?R wxng sut trong 9u trXnh chng c;t
-1c th+nh (hNn in c tt trong sut 9u trXnh chng c;t?
-Tu$ nhi'nA cNn thi!t W giH "#ng nc l:nh v+o thi!t , ngng tT thct liu khi nhit & tr'n
Dn
n
1
D?s?R wxng hn ti!n trXnh
-5bc rla 6$ kho st nhit & s)i
-Tho h!t nc ca lNn sbc cui cIng
-wxng "#ng nc v+o thi!t , ngng tT
--Sng van 2r
-G van 2DA 2KA2s v+ 2t
-5au SA tt ,ng i\u khiWn ,3ng vic sl "Tng c)ng tc chnh
-1ui cIngA khSa c)ng tc W kh)ng ho:t &ng nHa?
IV. B() c() th nghim:
z Th nghi6/
( su;t
C660gF
<nn <rn Rnn Rrn Dnn qnn qrn rnn rrn Knn
Zhit
& Tp<
C
o
1F
rRAR
r
K<A
D
KsA
r
sRA
K
ssAD
r
tqA
r
ts tuA
q
uRA
r
uqAD
Zhit
& TpR
C
o
1F
rRA<
R
KnA
K
KKA
t
s<A
r
srAK tRA
r
trA
r
tsA
s
u<?
D
uDAR

Trang Rq
Trung tm my thit b bo co thc hnh o lng-t ng
ha
-j
th ,iWu "idn s@ (hT thu&c ca nhit & s)i
v+ ngng tT thLo ( su;t
z Zhcn ]et/
w@a v+o j th tr'n cho ta th;$ c nhit & ,a$ h7i lu)n cao h7n nhit & ngng
tT ca nc cIng 6&t ( su;t? ( su;t c+ng cao thX & ch'nh lch giHa nhit & s)i v+
nhit & ngng tT c+ng ln? | ( su;t c+ng cao thX nhit & s)i v+ nhit & ngng tT ca
nc c+ng cao?
Bua j th th;$ nhit & iW6 s)i cin ,3ng ( su;t th8ng v+ ( su;t chin kh)ng
giHa (ha lUng v+ (ha h7i?wi ( su;t chun ta th;$ ch;t lUng s)i 6&t nhit & ]c
nh Akh)ng tha$ *i?Zhit & s)i ca ch;t lUng (hT thu&c v+o ( su;t tr'n ,\ 6%t ch;t
lUng ?Ta th;$ khi gi tr ( su;t c+ng ln thX nhit & s)i ca ch;t lUng c+ng cao?0Yn h(
cS th+nh (hNn Anhit & ]c nh i\u kin ( su;t "u$ trX kh)ng *i l+ lUng ho+n to+n
Akhi c gia nhit 6&t iW6 ]c nh AhYn h( ,t "Nu s)i v+ cS th+nh (hNn (ha h7i Nu
ti'n v+ nhi\u c;u tl ,a$ h7i h7n?0Yn h( ti!( tTc ,c h7iAth+nh (hNn (ha h7i th+nh (ha
lUng c#n l:i trong ,Xnh gi6 "Nn 6&t nhit & t7ng gng ?Zh vc$ nhit & s)i ca hYn
Trang Rr
Trung tm my thit b bo co thc hnh o lng-t ng
ha
h( kh)ng cS [ ngh.a vX 9u trXnh ,c h7i ]$ ra trong 6&t khong nhit & tx iW6 s)i
!n iW6 s7ng? gng "Tng cS thW sl "Tng 6) hXnh W ]i$ "@ngA ch! t:o thi!t , tch chi!t
cc hYn h( cS & s)i khc nhau? Kho st s@ (hT thu&c ca nhit & s)i !n ( su;t nh
th! n+oA tx S cS thW l@a chkn 6&t ( su;t (hI h( W a h( ch;t !n nhit & s)i :t
hiu 9u t*n hao t nMng lng? p+6 tMng hiu su;t ca 9u trXnh tch chi!t hYn h( ch;t
lUngC "@a v+o nhit & s)i v+ ( su;t khc nhau ca txng ch;t F cS thW hiu chnh W 9u
trXnh tch chi!t :t hiu cao nh;t? ng "Tng ca 6) hXnh gib( kho st nhit & s)i ca
nc cc 6gc ( su;t khc nhau? Vib( kho st c nhit & s)i khi tha$ *i ( su;t?
Zh vc$ nhit & s)i ca ch;t lUng sy tMng khi tMng ( su;t?
ng "Tng ca 6) hXnh/"idn t cch thgc khc ,it ca 6) hXnh th nghi6 v+ sn
]u;t i vi sl "Tng Acho (he( hiWu r h7n cc kh nMng khc ,it c a ra?ZS cng
gib( sinh vi'n l+6 vic vi 6) hXnh hiWu cc ngu$ c7 khc nhau cS thW ,t g%( v+ cc
(h#ng ngxa cNn thi!t W l+6 vic vi thi!t , n+$?G) hXnh (hTc vT c)ng tc nghi'ng cgu
khoa hkc v+ th nghi6 cho cn ,& Asinh vi'n n'n 6) hXnh (hi c i\u chnh "d "+ng
Al( r( linh &ng?Zghi'ng cgu l[ thu$!t ( "Tng th@c nghi6 v+o 6) hXnh?G) hXnh cho
,i!t s@ (hT thu&c ca nhit & s)i thLo ( su;t tx S ]l l s liu W cho k!t 9u chnh ]c
nh;t?
Trang RK
Trung tm my thit b bo co thc hnh o lng-t ng
ha
Bi s 2: IU KHIN MAC CHB' CDNE
I. Mc ch th nghim:
-0iWu c cc %c trng ca 6&t h thng i\u khiWn v#ng v+ t;t c cc ,& (hcn ca nS/
sLnsorA ,& ,i!n *iA ,& i\u khiWnA ,& tru$\n &ng
-Vii hiu vi sinh vi'n cc th+nh (hNn ca ,& i\u khiWn s =>w C i\u khiWn on ommA
=E=>E=>w F
-Vib( sinh vi'n n6 ,t c cc lo:i i\u khiWn khc nhau
-p+6 9uLn vi (hNn 6\6 i\u khiWnA thLo "i?
II.C(c >?@c ti&n hnh th nghim
2.. 1c nh chiKu cao mc ch5t lFng , iKu 3i"n cn bEng&
-1hnh h thng i\u khiWn ch! & 6anual?
-1hnh vna i\u khiWn & 6 lNn lt Rn oA qnoA KnoA tnoA <nno?
-2an 2r 6 ti aA van 2q Sng ho+n to+n?
-^ct ,76
--o chi\u cao 6@c ch;t lUng trong c&t i\u kin cin ,3ng
-Vhi nhcn cc gi tr o v+o ,ng
2.2 0nh gi ch5t l%ng 6u trJnh iKu 3hiTn
-1hnh hiu thng i\u khiWn ch! & auto
-2an 2r 6 ti aA van 2q Sng ho+n to+n
-1hnh cc th)ng s ca h thng i\u khiWn nh trong ,ng?
-^ct ,76
--o chi\u cao 6@c ch;t lUng trong c&t rji ghi l:i gi tr nh trong ,ng?
-K!t thbc 9u trXnhA tt h thngA v sinh?
III. C s! "# th$%&t:
-..D5u trUc cG b:n c*a b iKu 3hiTn&
G&t h thng i\u khiWn c ]i$ "@ng tx D ,& (hcn ch $!u gj6/ i tng i\u
khiWn ,& i\u khiWnA hiu chnh c7 c;u o l8ng?
1c h thng tn hiu cS trong h thng gj6 cS/ tn hiu ch :oA tn hiu raA cc tc &ng
tx ,'n ngo+iA tn hiu (hn hjiA sai lch i\u khiWn?
-.2. Dc nguy4n tVc iKu 3hiTn t ng&
Trang Rs
Trung tm my thit b bo co thc hnh o lng-t ng
ha
D?R?<? Zgu$'n tc giH *n nh/
Zgu$'n tc n+$ giH tn hiu ra ,3ng 6&t h3ng s trong sut 9u trXnh i\u khiWnA
$Jconst? 1S D (h7ng (h( W th@c hin ngu$'n tc giH *n nh gj6/ (h7ng (h( ,I tc
)ng ,'n ngo+iA (h7ng (h( i\u khiWn thLo sai lchA (h7ng (h( hYn h(?
D?R?R? Zgu$'n tc i\u khiWn thLo ch7ng trXnh/
Zgu$'n tc n+$ giH tn hiu ra $J$CtF thLo 6&t ch7ng trXnh c nh sn? W
6&t tn hiu ra n+o S th@c hiu thLo ch7ng trXnhA cNn (hi sl "Tng 6$ tnh ha$ cc thi!t
, cS lu trH ch7ng trXnh? 0ai thi!t , th)ng "Tng chga ch7ng trXnh i\u khiWn l+/
=p1A1Z1?
D?D? 1h;t lng ca 9u trXnh i\u khiWn/
D?D?<? Khi ni6 chung/
1h;t lng ca 6&t h thng i\u khiWn t@ &ng c nh gi 9ua R ch! &/ ch! &
]c lc( v+ 9u trXnh 9u &?
D?D?R? 1h! & ]c lc(/
1h;t lng i\u khiWn c nh gi 9ua sai lch t.nh Cha$ c#n gki l+ sai s ]c lc(F
5ai s t.nh C5
t
F l+ sai lch kh)ng *i sau khi 9u trXnh 9u & k!t thbc?
D?D?D? Bu trXnh 9u &/
1h;t lng ca h thng c nh gi 9ua R ch ti'u chnh
--& 9u i\u chnh ln nh;t
- Th8i gian 9u & ln nh;t
-./. Dc b iKu 3hiTn !i"u chLnh h" th$ng&
D?q?<? ^& i\u khiWn }ZE}~~/
-Nu ra ca ,& i\u khiWn n+$ ch cS R tr:ng thi Cln nh;t v+ nhU nh;tFA (hT thu&c
v+o gi tr Nu v+o/
-Nu ra ca ,& i\u khiWn chu$Wn sang }Z n!u gi tr Nu v+o nhU h7n gi tr %t?
-Nu ra ca ,& i\u khiWn chu$Wn sang }~~ n!u gi tr Nu ra cao h7n gi tr %t?
Vi tr nhU nh;t ca Nu ra th8ng l+ nC}~~F
1hb [ r3ngA khi gi tr Nu v+o (hi vt 9ua gi tr %t thX tr:ng thi ca Nu ra ,t
Nu tha$ *i? ,i'n & "ao &ng v+ chu k ca chbng (hT thu&c chnh $!u v+o th8i gian (
gng ca 9u trXnh v+ %c iW6 ca nS?
Th)ng th8ngA ,& (hcn i\u khiWn Nu ra ca ,& i\u khiWn l+ 6&t contact ho%c
van &ng c7? Z!u & nh:$ ca ,& i\u khiWn c+ng 9uan trkng thX (hn gng Nu ra c+ng
6:nh v+ c+ng ngu$ hiW6 i vi contact ha$ van?
^& i\u khiWn }Z-}~~ "Ing cho cc 9u trXnh cS 9un tnh ln? i vi nhi\u 6$
6ScA cS thW i\u chnh c & trd? ZS ,iWu "idn l+ o ca tf l ln nh;t?
Trang Rt
Trung tm my thit b bo co thc hnh o lng-t ng
ha
D?q?R? ^& i\u khiWn tf l =/
^& i\u khiWn tf l l+ ,& i\u khiWn 7n gin nh;t v+ th)ng "Tng nh;t? -Nu ra ca ,&
i\u khiWn l+ tf l s hkc i vi & ch'nh lch giHa gi tr o c v+ gi tr %t?
Trong ,& i\u khiWnA chbng ta ,iWu "idn & ch'ng lch ,i "i tc &ng tf l
^=CoF J <EK(
1+ng tMng "i tc )ng tf l thX c+ng tMng & "c tnh hiu ra?
2X vc$A cS thW i\u chnh "i tc &ng tf l W :t c i\u khiWn ,\n vHng trong
cc i\u kin khc nhau ca 9u trXnh?
Z!u gi6 "i tc &ng tf l ]ung nA chbng ta nhcn c ,& i\u khiWn }ZE}~~?
Trong th@c h+nh/
G&t "i tc &ng tf l r&ng Ctf l (hNn trM6 caoF t7ng gng vi h thng cS &
chnh ]c th;( vX s@ tc &ng ca cc tn hiu nhidu?
G&t "i tc &ng tf l h( t7ng gng vi 6&t h thng cS & chnh ]c cao h7n?
^iWu thgc li'n h/ = J K(
Trong S/ =/ tn hiu ra
K(/ h s khu!ch :i ca ,& i\u khiWn?
/ & ch'nh lch giHa gi tr o c v+ gi tr %t CoF? 0 s khu!ch :i c+ng ln
thX sai s ]c lc( c+ng nhU?
Trong a s cc tr8ng h(A h s khu!ch :i c+ng ln thX & vkt l c+ng caoA h
thng c+ng ke6 *n nh?
D?q?D? ^& i\u khiWn tf l tch (hin =>/
-i\u khiWn => l+6 tMng ,cc vi sai ca h thngA tu$ nhi'n cng l+6 cho h thng cS
& vkt lA th8i gian 9u & tMng l'n?
Th8i gian tch (hin c+ng nhU thX & vkt l c+ng tMng?
D?q?q? ^& i\u khiWn tf l :o h+6 =w/
-i\u khiWn =w l+6 nhanh ( gng ca h thngA tu$ nhi'n cng l+6 cho h thng
nh:$ vi nhidu tNn s cao?
Th8i gian vi (hin c+ng ln thX ( gng c+ng nhanh?
D?q?r? ^& i\u khiWn tf lA vi (hinA tch (hin =>w/
^& i\u khiWn =>w l+6 nhanh ( gng ca h thng v+ tMng ,cc vi sai ca h thng?
-.O. 02c iTm c*a cc b iKu 3hiTn&
^& i\u khiWn }ZE}~~/ 7n ginA r ti\n
^& i\u khiWn =/ 7n ginA *n nh khi nS c i\u chnh bng nA "d "+ng i\u
chnhA & lch t.nh lu)n tjn t:i !n *n nh?
Trang Ru
Trung tm my thit b bo co thc hnh o lng-t ng
ha
^& i\u khiWn =>/ kh)ng cS & lch t.nhA ( gng nhi\u &ng l@c ca v#ng i\u
khiWn?
^& i\u khiWn =w/ )n nhA t & lch t.nh h7n so vi i\u khiWn tf l 7n thuNn khi
chbng ta sl "Tng 6&t "i tc &ng tf l h(A gi6 chi\u cao ca nh nhit & ,an Nu C "o
s@ 9u tiFA gi6 chu kX "ao &ng?
^& i\u khiWn =>w/ t ti\n h7nA (hgc t:( h7nA ( gng nhanh v#ng i\u khiWnA
kh)ng cS & l'ch t.nhA khS i\u chnh bng nA i\u chnh tt nh;t n!u i\u chnh bng
n?
III. F thG >iH$ IiJn chiK$ cL) mMc chNt "Ong th7) thPi giLn i Q@i c(c >R iK$ ShiHn:
^} 1} KT B4 T0 ZV0>G/
D?<?^& i\u khiWn }Z-}~~/
^ ->4 K0>Z }Z - }~~
5TT K( CoF Ti CsF T" CsF t CsF
10>4 1} G1 10T pZV Cc6F
V> T -T
C5T =}>ZTF
V> T -}
< n rn n n rn q?qt
R r K?u<
D <n <t?Ds
q <r Dn?sR
r Rn qR?qq
K Rr rD?nu
s Dn Kn?R
t Dr Kn?uR
u qn Kn?<s
<n qr ru?Rq
<< rn rt?DK
<R rr rs?qs
<D Kn rK?ru
<q Kr rr?su
<r sn rq?tu
<K sr rD?uu
<s tn rD?<R
<t tr rR?nK
<u un r<?Dt
Rn ur rn?rD
R< <nn qu?tK
RR <nr rn?qq
RD <<n rn?r
Rq <<r qu?ur
Rr <Rn rn?rs
RK <Rr qu?tK
Rs <Dn rn?t<
Rt <Dr rn?rq
Ru <qn qu?tD
Trang Dn
Trung tm my thit b bo co thc hnh o lng-t ng
ha
Dn <qr rn?RK
-j th ,iWu "idn chi\u cao 6gc ch;t lUng ^& i\u khiWn }Z-}~~
D?R? ^& i\u khiWn t t =
5TT Ti CsF T" CsF t CsF
10>4 1} G1 10T pZV Cc6F
V> T -}
V> T
-T
C5T
=}>ZTF
K(Jr Kp=10 Kp=20 Kp=40
< rn n n rn 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1
R r 11.7 10.5 11.6 9.3
D <n 24.5 21.7 23.4 16.2
q <r 34.4 33.2 32.8 19.9
r Rn 46.6 44.4 35.9 22.9
K Rr 52.7 47.3 37.1 24.7
s Dn 34.4 47.1 38.1 25.9
t Dr 52.9 46.4 38.9 27.1
u qn 51.8 45.6 39.6 28.1
<n qr 51 44.8 40.2 29
<< rn 50.3 44.9 40.5 29.9
<R rr 49.4 44.9 40.1 31.6
<D Kn 48.6 44.9 39.9 31.3
<q Kr 47.7 44.9 40 32.4
<r sn 47.3 44.9 39.9 32.9
Trang D<
Trung tm my thit b bo co thc hnh o lng-t ng
ha
<K sr 47.4 44.9 40 32.8
<s tn 47.4 44.9 40 32.8
-j th ,iWu "idn chi\u cao 6gc ch;t lUng ^& i\u khiWn t t =
D?D ^& i\u khiWn t l tch (hin =>/
5TT K( CoF T" CsF t CsF
10>4 1} G1 10T pZV Cc6F
V> T
-T
C5T
=}>ZTF
GI TR
TiJr TiJ<n TiJRn TiJqn
< <n n n rn q?D q?rr q?rD q?r<
R r t?<D t?rt s?sR s?nu
D <n <u?ru Rn?sr <u?D <t?rq
q <r DR?Ds DR?qt Dn?<r D<?nt
r Rn qq?ns qq?nR q<?RK qR?<r
K Rr rq?uD rq?Kr rR?nq rD?Rs
s Dn ru?Kr ru?ts qu?t ru?Kr
t Dr ru?tK qt?r< Kn?sq Kn?DR
u qn rs?<r rs?Dt Kn?n< ru?rr
Trang DR
Trung tm my thit b bo co thc hnh o lng-t ng
ha
<n qr rK?RK rK?R ru?<q rt?Kt
<< rn rr?DD rr?nu rt?R rs?sD
<R rr rq?qK rq?nt rs?DR rK?t<
<D Kn rD?r< rR?us rK?qR rr?tK
<q Kr rR?Kq r<?rt rr?rR rq?uD
<r sn r<?tr rn?tR rq?Kq rD?uR
<K sr rn?us qu?sr rD?sr rD?<R
<s tn rn?<D rn?rt rR?tt rR?R<
<t tr rn?RR rn?<r r<?uu r<?D
<u un rn?ru rn?<t r<?<K rn?qR
Rn ur qu?tt rn?uR rn?Ru qu?tK
R< <nn rn?r rn rn r<?nR
RR <nr rn?r rn?Du rn?qR rn?q
RD <<n qu?tK rn?KR qu?u qu?tq
Rq <<r rn?ru qu?sr rn?RR rn?sD
Rr <Rn qu?us r<?nD rn?nK rn?Rr
RK <Rr rn?qr rn?u rn?K rn?nq
Rs <Dn rn?q qu?u qu?u< rn?Kq
Rt <Dr qu?u qu?q rn?sR qu?uq
-j th ,iWu "idn chi\u cao 6gc ch;t lUng ^& i\u khiWn t l tch (hin =>
Trang DD
Trung tm my thit b bo co thc hnh o lng-t ng
ha
D?q? ^& i\u khiWn t l vi (hin =w/
5TT K( CoF Ti CsF t CsF
10>4 1} G1 10T pZV Cc6F
V> T -T
C5T =}>ZTF
V> T -}
rn
Td=0.2 Td=0.5 Td=1 Td=5
<
<n <n
n q?r< q?rr q?rR q?qt
R r s?R s?uD t?tu s?r
D <n <u?nR <K?Rq r?r< <q?r
q <r Ru?Rr q<?qK <t?Ds <K?DD
r Rn Dr?s Rr?Du R<?nt <s?R
K Rr qn?Ks Ru?nt RD?rq <s?tu
s Dn qD?ss D<?uD Rr?KK <t?DK
t Dr qr?s Dq?tq Rs?su <u?uu
u qn qs?nu Ds?qR Ru?Kq Dn?qu
<n qr qt?nq Du?qu D<?q R<?tr
<< rn qt?sR q<?<< DD?nr RR?Dt
<R rr qu?<u qR?rr Dq?qR RR?uu
<D Kn qu?qK qD?sR Dr?uD RD?rt
<q Kr qu?t qq?Kr DK?sK Rq?<t
<r sn qu?tD qr?rR Ds?uR Rq?sr
<K sr rn?<< qK?nK Dt?tr Rr?D
<s tn rn?RK qK?u Du?sr Rr?t
<t tr rn?Ds qs?RK qn?qt RK?rD
<u un rn?DR qs?tt q<?<D Rs?nD
Rn ur rn?qs qt?Rs qR?<s Rs?rR
R< <nn rn?rD qt?r qR?tq Rt?<u
RR <nr rn?qK qt?sr qD?qr Rt?t<
RD <<n rn?qq qt?us qq?ns Rt?t<
Trang Dq
Trung tm my thit b bo co thc hnh o lng-t ng
ha
-j th ,iWu "idn chi\u cao 6gc ch;t lUng ^& i\u khiWn t l vi (hin =w
D?r? ^& i\u khiWn t l vi tch (hin =>w/
5TT K( CoF Ti CsF T" CsF t CsF
10>4 1} G1 10T
pZV Cc6F
V> T -T
C5T =}>ZTF
V> T -}
< <n <n n?R n rn q?qt
R r <n?nt
D <n RR?Dr
q <r Dn?t
r Rn Ds?D
K Rr q<?Rt
s Dn qq?Du
t Dr qK?RR
u qn qs?su
<n qr qt?rs
<< rn qu?nK
<R rr qu?K<
<D Kn qu?ut
<q Kr rn?rr
Trang Dr
Trung tm my thit b bo co thc hnh o lng-t ng
ha
<r sn rn?Rr
<K sr rn?qR
<s tn rn?qu
<t tr rn?r<
<u un rn?tq
Rn ur rn?tq
R< <nn rn?Ks
RR <nr rn?uq
RD <<n rn?qt
-j th ,iWu "idn chi\u cao 6gc ch;t lUng
Trang DK