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Gio trnh v k thut

By:
i hc s phm H Ni

Gio trnh v k thut

By:
i hc s phm H Ni

Online:
< http://voer.edu.vn/content/col10237/1.1/ >

Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam

This selection and arrangement of content as a collection is copyrighted by i hc s phm H Ni. It is licensed
under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Collection structure revised: August 9, 2010
PDF generated: July 10, 2011
For copyright and attribution information for the modules contained in this collection, see p. 235.

Table of Contents
1 Tiu chun kh giy trong bn v k thut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Tiu chun khung bn v, khung tn trong bn v k thut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3 Tiu chun v t l trong bn v k thut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4 Tiu chun v ng nt trong bn v k thut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5 Tiu chun ch vit v s trong bn v k thut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6 Cc khi nim v ghi kch thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
7 Dng ng thng song song . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
8 Dng ng thng vung gc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
9 Chia u mt ng thng v mt ng trn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
10 V dc v cn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
11 V ni tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
12 V cc ng cong hnh hc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
13 Hnh chiu thng gc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
14 Hnh chiu trc o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
15 Hnh chiu phi cnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
16 S hnh thnh ren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
17 Cc khi nim chung v mi ghp bng ren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
18 Cc yu t ca ren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
19 Biu din cc mi ghp bng ren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
20 Biu din quy c ren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
21 Mt s loi ren thng gp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
22 Mt s vn trong ch to v kim tra ren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
23 Cc chi tit ghp trong mi ghp ren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
24 Biu din n gin v v qui c cc chi tit trong mi ghp bng ren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
25 Ghp bng cht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
26 Ghp bng inh tn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
27 Ghp bng hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
28 Ghp bng then . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
29 Ghp bng then hoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
30 Ti liu tham kho v k thut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Attributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235

iv

Chng 1

Tiu chun kh giy trong bn v k


thut
1

1.1 Tiu chun kh giy trong bn v k thut


This media object is a Flash object. Please view or download it at
<khogiay.swf>
Figure 1.1

- Theo TCVN 2.74, cc kh giy chnh c s dng gm c:


K hiu kh giy

A0

A1

A2

A3

A4

K hiu kh bn v

44

24

22

12

11

Kch thc (mm)

1189 x 841

594 x 841

594 x 420

297x 420

297 x 210

Table 1.1

- C s phn chia cc kh giy l kh A0 (c din tch 1m2 , kch thc 1189 x 841mm).
Cch phn chia th hin trn hinh v.
- Ngoi nhng kh giy chnh, trong trng c bit cho php dng giy ph l nhng kh giy c
chia t kh giy chnh.
- Kch thc cnh ca kh ph l bi s ca kch thc cnh ca kh A4.
1 This

content is available online at <None>.

CHNG 1. TIU CHUN KH GIY TRONG BN V K THUT

Figure 1.2

Chng 2

Tiu chun khung bn v, khung tn


trong bn v k thut
1

2.1 Tiu chun khung bn v, khung tn trong bn v k thut


This media object is a Flash object. Please view or download it at
<khungten.swf>
Figure 2.1

- Ni dung v kch thc ca khung bn v v khung tn c quy nh trong TCVN 3821- 83. C 2 loi
khung bn v v khung tn: loi dng trong nh my, x nghip v loi dng trong nh trng. Di y
trnh by loi dng trong nh trng.
1 This

content is available online at <None>.

CHNG 2. TIU CHUN KHUNG BN V, KHUNG TN TRONG BN


V K THUT

Figure 2.2

2.1.1 Khung bn v
- Khung bn v c v bng nt lin m, k cch cc mp kh giy 5mm (Hnh 1.2). Khi cn ng
thnh tp, cnh tri ca khung bn v c k cch mp tri ca kh giy mt khong bng 25mm
(Hnh1.3).

2.1.2 Khung tn
- Khung tn c t gc pha di, bn phi c th theo cnh di hay cnh ngn ca bn v. (Hnh 1.2,
1.3). Kch thc c th ca khung tn nh sau: (Hnh 1.4)

Figure 2.3

1: u bi tp hoc tn chi tit

2: Vt liu ca chi tit

3: T l

4: K hiu bn v

5: H v tn ngi v

6: Ngy v

7: Ch k ca ngi kim tra

8: Ngy kim tra

9: Tn trng, khoa, lp
Table 2.1

CHNG 2. TIU CHUN KHUNG BN V, KHUNG TN TRONG BN


V K THUT

Chng 3

Tiu chun v t l trong bn v k


thut
1

3.1 Tiu chun v t l trong bn v k thut


Ty theo kch thc v phc tp ca vt th m ta chn t l cho bn v. T l bn v l t s gia kch
thc o c trn hnh v vi kch thc tht tng ng o c trn vt th.Theo TCVN 3-74 c cc loi
t l sau:
T l thu nh

1: 2 ; 1: 2,5 ; 1: 4 ; 1: 5 ; 1:10 ; 1:15 ; 1: 20 ....

T l nguyn hnh

1:1

T l phng to

2: 1 ; 2,5: 1 ; 4: 1 ; 5: 1 ; 10:1 ; 15:1 ; 20: 1 ....


Table 3.1

- K hiu t l trong bn v: 1:1 ; 2:1 ....

1 This

content is available online at <None>.

CHNG 3. TIU CHUN V T L TRONG BN V K THUT

Chng 4

Tiu chun v ng nt trong bn v


k thut
1

4.1 Tiu chun v ng nt trong bn v k thut

Figure 4.1

1 This

content is available online at <None>.

10

CHNG 4. TIU CHUN V NG NT TRONG BN V K THUT

4.1.1 TIU CHUN VIT NAM 8 - 1993


- Cc loi nt v thng c dng trn bn v c kh v ng dng ca chng (Bng 1.1) c quy nh
theo TCVN 8 -1993 Chiu rng nt v c k hiu l b (mm) v c chn theo dy quy nh sau: 0,18;
0,25; 0,35; 0,5; 0,7; 1; 1,4 ....
- Trn cc bn v kh A4 hoc A3 nn chn b = 0,5mm

Figure 4.2

- Cc nt trn cng mt bn v sau khi t m phi t c s ng u v chiu rng, en v v


cch v (chiu di nt gch, khong cch gia cc gch ..)
- Khi hai hay nhiu nt v trng nhau th v theo th t u tin sau:

Nt
Nt
Nt
Nt
Nt

lin m (ng bao thy, cnh thy)


t (ng bao khut, cnh khut)
chm gch mnh (Gii hn mt phng ct c hai nt m hai u)
chm gch mnh (ng tm, trc i xng)
lin mnh (ng kch thc)

- Trong mi trng hp, tm ng trn phi c xc nh bng giao im ca hai on gch ca nt chm
gch; cc nt t, nt chm gch phi giao nhau bng cc gch.

11

Figure 4.3

Di y l v d minh ha v ng dng ca cc nt v.

Figure 4.4

K hiu vt liu
Mt s k hiu vt liu trn mt ct thng dng bn v c kh nh sau:

12

CHNG 4. TIU CHUN V NG NT TRONG BN V K THUT

Figure 4.5

Chng 5

Tiu chun ch vit v s trong bn


v k thut
1

5.1 Tiu chun ch vit v s trong bn v k thut

Figure 5.1

1 This

content is available online at <None>.

13

14

CHNG 5. TIU CHUN CH VIT V S TRONG BN V K THUT

Figure 5.2

5.1.1 TIU CHUN VIT NAM 6 - 85


- Kh ch l gi tr c xc nh bng chiu cao ch in hoa tnh theo mm. Thng s dng cc loi kh
ch sau: 2,5; 3,5; 5; 7; 10; 14; 20....
- Cc ch, ch s c vit theo TCVN 6- 85 vi hai kiu ch: Kiu ch B ng v kiu ch B nghing.
Di y xin gii thiu kiu ch B nghing

15

Figure 5.3

- Cc thng s ca ch vit kiu B nghing nh sau:

16

CHNG 5. TIU CHUN CH VIT V S TRONG BN V K THUT

Figure 5.4

1.27: Ghi cn

Chng 6

Cc khi nim v ghi kch thc

6.1 CC KHI NIM V GHI KCH THC


Quy tc v ghi kch thc v cc sai lch gii hn c quy nh trong TCVN 5705 1993. Quy tc
ghi kch thc ny ph hp vi Tiu chun quc t ISO 129 - 1985.

6.1.1 Quy nh chung


- n v ghi kch thc di l mm. Khng ghi th nguyn ny sau ch s kch thc.
- S lng cc kch thc c ghi va xc nh hnh dng v ln ca vt th. Mi kch thc
ch ghi mt ln v tr d c nht.
- Kch thc c ghi l s o thc ca vt th, n khng ph thuc vo t l ca bn v.
- Dng , pht, giy lm n v o gc v sai lch gii hn ca n.
- Kch thc khng trc tip dng trong qu trnh ch to m ch tr gip cho vic c bn v c gi
l kch thc tham kho. Kch thc tham kho c ghi trong ngoc n.

6.1.2 Cc yu t ca kch thc


Mi kch thc thng bao gm cc yu t sau:
1 This

content is available online at <None>.

17

18

CHNG 6. CC KHI NIM V GHI KCH THC

Figure 6.1

Hnh 1.9
6.1.2.1 ng ging
- ng ging c v bng nt lin mnh hai u mt v vung gc vi on cn ghi kch thc. ng
ging c v ko di vt qu ng kch thc mt on bng 2 n 3 ln chiu rng ca nt c bn.
- Trng hp c bit cho php v xin.

19

Figure 6.2

Hnh 1.10
6.1.2.2 ng kch thc
- ng kch thc c v bng nt lin mnh, bn trong hai ng ging v song song vi on cn ghi
kch thc. Hai u mt ca ng kch thc c gii hn bi 2 mi tn.Trng hp khng ch c th
v ng kch thc v mi tn ra ngoi ng ging (Hnh 1.11).

20

CHNG 6. CC KHI NIM V GHI KCH THC

Figure 6.3

6.1.2.3 Mi tn
- Mi tn c v hai u mt ca ng kch thc vi hnh dng v kch thc nh trn (hnh 1.12).
Trng hp c bit cho php thay hai mi tn i nhau bng mt chm m (Hnh 1.13).

Figure 6.4

21

Figure 6.5

Hnh 1.12 v hnh 1.13

Figure 6.6

6.1.2.4 Ch s kch thc


- Dng kh ch 2,5 hoc 3,5 tu theo kh giy ghi ch s kch thc. Ch s kch thc c t nh
sau:
+ gia v trn ng kch thc sao cho chng khng b ct hoc b ngn cch bi bt k mt ng
no.
+ trnh cc ch s sp xp theo hng dc, nn t cc ch s so le nhau v hai pha ca ng kch
thc, khi ng kch thc c v rt ngn.
+ Hng ch s kch thc di theo hng nghing ca ng kch thc theo quy nh xem hnh 1.14.
+ Hng ch s kch thc gc c ghi nh trn hnh 2.15.
+ Khi ghi kch thc cung trn (180 ) phi thm k hiu R trc ch s kch thc.
+ Khi ghi kch thc ng trn phi ghi k hiu (trc ch s kch thc).

22

CHNG 6. CC KHI NIM V GHI KCH THC

Figure 6.7

Hnh 1.14 v hinh 1.15

6.1.3 Mt s cch ghi kch thc thng gp trn bn v c kh


6.1.3.1 Ghi kch thc thng

Figure 6.8

Hnh 1.16

23
6.1.3.2 Ghi kch thc ng trn

Figure 6.9

Hnh 1.17
6.1.3.3 Ghi kch thc bn knh cung trn v kch thc cu

Figure 6.10

Hinh 1.18 v hinh 1.19

24

CHNG 6. CC KHI NIM V GHI KCH THC

6.1.3.4 Ghi kch thc hnh vung v mp vt

Figure 6.11

Hinh 1.20 v 1.21


6.1.3.5 Nhiu phn t ging nhau v phn b u c php ghi ngn gn nh trn

Figure 6.12

Hnh 1.22

25
6.1.3.6 Ghi kch thc dy cung v cung

Figure 6.13

Hnh 1.23 v hnh 1.24


6.1.3.7 Ghi kch thc gc , dc v cn

Figure 6.14

Hnh 1.25: Ghi kch thc gc v 1.26: Ghi gc

26

CHNG 6. CC KHI NIM V GHI KCH THC

Figure 6.15

Hnh

Chng 7

Dng ng thng song song

7.1 Dng ng thng song song


Cho mt ng thng a v mt im C ngoi ng thng a. Hy vch qua C mt ng thng b song song
vi ng thng a

7.1.1 Dng bng com pa


Trn ng t hng a ly mt im B bt k lm tm, v cung trn bn knh BC, cung trn ny ct
ng thng a ti im A.
V cung trn tm C, bn knh CB v cung trn tm B bn knh CA. Hai cung trn ny ct nhau ti
D.
Ni C vi D, ta c ng thng b vung gc vi ng thng a.
Hy quan st on video clip v cch v bng compa
This media object is a Flash object. Please view or download it at
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Figure 7.1

7.1.2 Dng bng thc v ke


t mt cnh ca ke trng vi ng thng cho v p st mt cnh ca thc vo cnh khc ca
ke.
Trt ke dc theo mp thc ti im C, k ng thng theo cnh ca ke i qua C ta c ng
thng b cn dng.
Quan st cch dng qua on video clip sau
1 This

content is available online at <None>.

27

28

CHNG 7. DNG NG THNG SONG SONG


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Figure 7.2

Chng 8

Dng ng thng vung gc

8.1 Dng ng thng vung gc


Cho ng thng a v mt im C ngoi a. Hy v qua C mt ng thng vung gc vi ng thng a.

8.1.1 Dng bng com pa


Ly im C lm tm, v cung trn c bn knh ln hn khong cch t im C ti ng thng a,
cung trn ny ct a ti A v B.
Ln lt ly A v B lm tm, v cung trn c bn knh ln hn AB/2. Hai cung ny ct nhau ti D.
Ni C vi D ta c ng thng vung gc vi ng thng b
Quan st on video:
This media object is a Flash object. Please view or download it at
<a1_03Med_Prog.swf>
Figure 8.1

8.1.2 Dng bng thc v ke


t mt cnh gc vung ca ke trng vi ng thng a cho v p st mp thc vi cnh huyn
ca ke.
Trt ke n v tr sao cho cnh gc vung kia ca ke i qua im C.
V qua C ng thng vung gc vi ng thng a
hiu r thm v cch dng bng thc v ke hy quan st on video clip sau
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<a1_04Med_Prog.swf>
Figure 8.2

1 This

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29

30

CHNG 8. DNG NG THNG VUNG GC

Chng 9

Chia u mt ng thng v mt
ng trn
1

9.1 Chia u mt ng thng v mt ng trn


9.1.1 Chia u mt on thng
Hy c l thuyt v theo di on video hc cch chia u mt on thng: Gi s ta phi chia on
thng AB ra lm 5 phn bng nhau, ta lm nh sau
Qua im A (Hoc B) k ng Ax bt k (gc BAx l gc nhn).
K t A t ln Ax nm on thng bng nhau bi cc im chia 1, 2, 3, 4,5.
Dng thc v ke ni 5 vi B, sau trt ke trn thc k cc ng 44,3 3, 2 2, 1 1.
Cc im 1, 2, 3,4,5 l cc im chia cn tm
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<a1_05Med_Prog.swf>
Figure 9.1

9.1.2 Chia u mt ng trn


Sau y l mt s cch chia vng trn ra lm nhiu phn hy quan st on video v c cc cch cn nh
sau:
A. Chia mt vng trn ra lm 4 phn, 3 phn, 6 phn, 12 phn bng nhau
Hy quan st on video sau bit vi cc chia ng trn lm 4 phn bng nhau v cc hnh v v
cc chia ng trn lm 3, 6, 12 phn bng nhau sau:
1 This

content is available online at <None>.

31

32

CHNG 9. CHIA U MT NG THNG V MT NG TRN


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Figure 9.2: chia ng trn thnh 4 phn

Quan st hnh v di y v t rt ra cch chia vng trn ra lm 3 phn, 6 phn v 12 phn.

Figure 9.3

33

Figure 9.4

34

CHNG 9. CHIA U MT NG THNG V MT NG TRN

Figure 9.5

B. Chia vng trn ra lm 5 phn bng nhau

Qua O v AB v CD vung gc vi nhau.


Tm trung im M ca OA.
Tm M, bn knh MC, v cung trn ct OB ti K.
Tm C, bn knh CK quay cung trn ct vng trn ti 1 v 2.
Hai im 3,4 tm c bng cch gi nguyn bn knh CK v ly tm l cc im 1 v2

Hy quan st on video sau bit thm v cch chia

35
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Figure 9.6: Chia ng trn thnh 5 phn

C. Chia vng trn ra lm 7, 9, 11, 13 phn bng nhau


Gi s phi chia vng trn ra lm 7 phn bng nhau ta lm nh sau:(quan st on video sau)

V AB vung gc vi CD
Chia ng knh CD ra lm 7 phn bng nhau bng cc im 1, 2, 3, 4 ...
Tm D, bn knh DC v cung trn ct AB ko di ti E v F.
T E v F k cc tia ti cc im 2, 4, 6(Hoc cc im l 1, 3, 5 ta s nhn c cc im chia).
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Figure 9.7: Chia ng trn thnh 7 phn

36

CHNG 9. CHIA U MT NG THNG V MT NG TRN

Chng 10

V dc v cn

10.1 V dc v cn
10.1.1 dc
dc ca ng thng AB i vi ng bng AC l tang ca gc BAC.
i = BC/AC = tg
dc c k hiu bng ch "i" hoc du " (". Khi v du ( mt cnh song song vi phng nm
ngang mt cnh song song vi cnh dc, nh hng theo chiu dc (Hnh 3.9). Cch v dc nh hnh
3.10.C th ghi dc di dng phn trm, v d: ( 5% hoc 12%...

Figure 10.1

Hnh 2-9 v 2-10

10.1.2 cn
cn l t s gia hiu s ng knh hai mt ct vung gc vi trc ca mt hnh nn ct trn xoay vi
khong cch gia hai mt ct .
cn k hiu bng ch k hoc du ( (tam gic cn), khi v nh ca tam gic cn hng v nh ca
mt cn. Hnh 2.11 gii thiu cch v v ghi cn.Ta c th rt ra mi lin h gia k v i nh sau:
1 This

content is available online at <None>.

37

38

CHNG 10. V DC V CN

V vy mun v cn k, ngi ta v 2 ng nghing i xng nhau qua trc tm, mi ng nghing


c dc i = k/2.

Figure 10.2

39

Figure 10.3

40

CHNG 10. V DC V CN

Chng 11

V ni tip

11.1 V ni tip
Trn bn v k thut thng phi ni tip ng thng vi ng cong hoc ng cong vi ng cong,
yu cu cc ng ni tip phi trn (khng c im gy). t c yu cu khi v ni tip phi
tun theo nhng qui tc hnh hc nht nh. Hai ng trn, hoc ng trn v ng thng ni tip
nhau ti mt im khi ti im chng tip xc nhau (Hnh 3.12). Di y trnh by cch v mt s
trng hp ni tip thng gp.

Figure 11.1

11.1.1 Ni tip hai ng trn bng on thng


Thc cht ca bi ton ni tip hai ng trn bng on thng l dng ng tip tuyn chung ca hai
ng trn. Trnh by bi ton t im C cho dng cc tip tuyn CT1 , CT2 vi ng trn tm O
cho. Gii thiu cch dng tip tuyn ngoi ca ng trn tm O, bn knh R1 v ng trn tm O1 bn
knh R2 cho trc:
1 This

content is available online at <None>.

41

42

CHNG 11. V NI TIP

+ V ng trn tm O, bn knh R1 R2 + V ng trn ng knh OO1 ct ng trn tm O bn


knh R1 - R2 ti A .+ V tip tuyn O2 A+ Ni O1 A c T1 , v v O2 T2 // O1 A. T1 T2 l ng tip
tuyn chung cn dng.
Hng dn cch v tip tuyn trong ca hai ng trn tm O1 v O2 cho.
Hy quan st cch v qua on video sau
This media object is a Flash object. Please view or download it at
<a1_09Med_Prog.swf>
Figure 11.2

11.1.2 Ni tip hai on thng ct nhau bng cung trn


Bi ton: Cho hai ng thng a v b. Hy ni tip hai ng thng cho bng cung trn bn knh R cho
trc.Cch dng nh sau: quan st on video
+ K a //a cch a mt khong bng R; b//b v cch b mt khong bng R.+ giao ca a v b l tm
O ca cung ni tip.+ K OT1 vung gc vi a v OT2 vung gc vi b; T1 v T2 l cc tip im.+ V
cung T1 T2 tm O, bn knh R.
This media object is a Flash object. Please view or download it at
<a1_10Med_Prog.swf>
Figure 11.3

11.1.3 Ni tip on thng vi cung trn bng mt cung trn khc


Bi ton: Cho ng trn tm O1 bn knh R1 v ng thng a. Hy ni tip ng thng a vi cung trn
tm O1 bng cung trn c bn knh R cho trc.A. Cung ni tip tip xc ngoi vi cung cho (Quan st
video sau).
+ V ng thng d//a v cch a mt on R ct ng trn tm O1 bn knh R + R1 ti O. O l tm
ca cung ni tip.+ V on thng OO1 ct ng trn tm O1 ti M v ON (a ; M v N l cc tip im.
+ V cung MN tm O, bn knh R.
B. Cung ni tip tip xc trong vi cung cho
+ V ng thng d1 //d v cch d mt on bng R ct ng trn tm O1 bn knh R R1 ti O. O
l tm ca cung ni tip.+ V OO1 ct ng trn bn knh R1 ti T1 , OT2 ( d), T1 v T2 l hai tip im
cn tm.+ V cung T1 T2 tm O, bn knh R.
This media object is a Flash object. Please view or download it at
<a1_11Med_Prog.swf>
Figure 11.4

43

11.1.4 Ni tip hai cung trn bng mt cung trn khc


Bi ton: Cho cung trn tm O1, bn knh R1 v cung trn tm O2 bn knh R2. Hy ni tip hai cung
cho bng cung trn c bn knh R.A. Cung ni tip tip xc ngoi vi hai cung cho (Quan st on
video sau).
+ V cung trn tm O1 bn knh R + R1 ct cung trn tm O2 bn knh R + R 2 ti O. O l tm ca
cung ni tip.+ Ni OO1 c T1, OO2 c T2, T1 v T2 l cc tip im.+ V cung trn tm O, bn
knh R.
B. Cung ni tip tip xc trong vi cc cung cho
+ V cung trn tm O1 bn knh R R1 ct cung trn tm O2 bn knh R R2 tiO. O l tm cung
ni tip.+ Ni OO1 c T1, OO2 c T2. T1 v T2 l cc tip im cn tm.+ V cung trn bn knh R,
tm O.
C. Cung ni tip tip xc trong vi mt ng trn v tip xc ngoi vi mt ng trn cho
+ V cung trn tm O1 bn knh R+ R1 ct cung trn tm O2 bn knh R + R2 ti O.O l tm cung
ni tip.+ Ni OO1 c T1, OO2 c T2; T1 v T2 l cc tip im.+ V cung T1T2 tm O bn knh R.
This media object is a Flash object. Please view or download it at
<a1_12Med_Prog.swf>
Figure 11.5

44

CHNG 11. V NI TIP

Chng 12

V cc ng cong hnh hc

12.1 V cc ng cong hnh hc


Trong k thut thng gp cc ng cong khc nhau. Sau y l cch v mt s ng cong phng.

12.1.1 Cc ng cong v bng compa


A. V van
van l ng cong khp kn c to bi bn cung trn tng i mt i xng. van c hai trc
i xng vung gc vi nhau gi l trc di v trc ngn ca van. Khi v ngi ta cho bit di ca hai
trc .(Quan st on video hnh 2.22)V d: V van bit trc di AB v trc ngn CD.Cch v nh sau:
V cung trn tm O, bn knh OA ct OC ko di ti E; cung trn tm C, bn knh CE ct AC ti
F. V trung trc ca AF ct OA ti O1, ct OD ti O3. Ly O4 i xng vi O3, O2 i xng vi O1 qua
O. Ni O3 vi O1 v O2 , ni O4 vi O1 v O2. Bn tia ny s l gii hn cc cung trn tm O1, O2, O3,
O4; to thnh van. V cc cung trn tm O1, bn knh O1A; tm O2, bn knh O2B; tm O3 bn knh
O3C; tm O4 bn knh O4D ta c hnh van cn dng
a1_13Med_Prog
B. ng xoy c nhiu tm
ng xoy c nhiu tm l ng cong phng to bi cc cung trn c bn knh khc nhau ni tip
nhau.Khi v ngi ta cho bit khong cch gia cc tm.+ V ng xoy c 2 tm: (Quan st on video
sau)
Ly O1 lm tm, bn knh O1 O2 v cung O2 1 Ly O2 lm tm, bn knh O2 1 v cung 12
Ly O1 lm tm, bn knh O1 2 v cung 23...
+ V ng xoy c 3 tm: (Quan st on video sau)
Ly O1 lm tm, bn knh O1 O3 v cung O3. 1 Ly O2 lm tm, bn knh O2 1 v cung 12
Ly O3 lm tm, bn knh O3.2 v cung 23 Ly O1 lm tm, bn knh O1 3 v cung 3 4
+ V ng xoy c 4 tm: (Quan st on video sau).
Ly O1 lm tm, bn knh O1 O2 v cung O21 Ly O4 lm tm, bn knh O4 1 v cung 12
Ly O3 lm tm bn knh O3.2 v cung 23 Ly O2 lm tm bn knh O2 3 v cung 3 4...
xoaioc2tamMed_Prog

12.1.2 V cc ng cong bng thc cong


A. Elip
Elip l qu tch ca im c tng s khong cch n hai im c nh F1 v F2 l mt hng s.
MF 1 + MF 2 = 2a
1 This

content is available online at <None>.

45

46

CHNG 12. V CC NG CONG HNH HC

F1 v F2 gi l tiu im ca elip (khong cch F1F2 < 2a), AB l trc di ca elip, CD l trc ngn
ca elip (hnh 2.26).Cch v elip* V elip bit hai trc AB v CD (hnh 2.27).
V hai ng trn tm O, ng knh l AB v CD.
Chia 2 ng trn ra lm 12 phn u nhau
T cc im chia 1, 2, 3...v 1, 2, 3... k cc ng thng song song vi trc AB v CD.
Giao im ca cc ng 1 1, 2 2 l cc im ni thnh Elip.
* V Elip khi bit 2 ng knh lin hp EF v GH* Phng php hai chm tia: (hnh 2.28).
Qua E v F k MP v NQ // GH
Qua G v H k PQ v MN // EF
Chia cc on OH, PH, QH ra lm 3 phn bng nhau bi cc im 1, 2, 3 v 1,2, 3 (H l im chung
3 v 3 ca c 3 on ny)
Ni E vi cc im 1, 2 thuc PH v vi 1, 2 thuc OH ; ni F vi cc im 1, 2 thuc HQ v 1, 2
thuc OH.
Giao im ca 2 tia tng ng thuc 2 chm tia E v F xc nh cc im thuc Elip.
* Phng php tm im (hnh 2. 29).
Qua A v B k ng thng song song vi CD, qua C v D k hai ng thng song song vi AB ta
c hnh bnh hnh EFGH.
Dng tam gic vung cn EIC (vung ti I).
V cung trn tm C, bn knh CI ct ng thng EF ti K v L.
Qua K v L v cc ng thng song song vi CD, cc ng thng ny ct cc ng cho EG v
HF ti 4 im 1,2, 3, 4 l nhng im thuc elip cn xc nh.

47

Figure 12.1

48

CHNG 12. V CC NG CONG HNH HC

Figure 12.2

Figure 12.3

49

Figure 12.4

B. Parabn
Parabn l qu tch nhng im cch u mt im c nh v mt ng thng c nh (hnh 2.30).V
d: im M thuc parabn ta c
MF = MH
im c nh F gi l tiu im ca parabn, ng thng d c nh gi l ng chun ca parabn,
ng thng Ox k qua F vung gc vi trc d l trc ca parabn.Cch v parabn+ V parabn khi bit
tiu im F v ng chun.Cch v hnh 2.31
Trn trc i xng Ox ly mt im bt k, v d im 1.Quay cung trn tm F, bn knh r2 (bng
khong cch t im O n im1)ct ng thng song song vi d v i qua 1 ti hai im. Hai im
chnh l hai im thuc parabn. Cc im khc cng xc nh tng t.
+ V parabn ni tip trong mt gc cho trc (hnh 2.32).

Cho gcG. V parabn cha hai im A v B ng thi ni tip trong gc AOB.


Chia u cnh BO v OA thnh mt s phn nh nhau bng cc im 1, 2, 3, 4,5 v 1 , 2 ,3, 4 , 5
...
Ni cc im chia tng ng 11, 22, 3 3, 44, 55
T cc im 2, 4 v k cc ng thng song song vi trung tuyn OI ti ct cc on thng 44 v
22 ta c hai im C v D l nhng im thuc Prabn. Cc im E, F xc nh tng t. Xem
hnh 3.32
Phng php v parabn ny gi l phng php hai hng im.

50

CHNG 12. V CC NG CONG HNH HC

Figure 12.5

51

Figure 12.6

52

CHNG 12. V CC NG CONG HNH HC

Figure 12.7

C. Hypcbn
Hypcbn l qu tch cc im c hiu khong cch ti hai im c nh F1 v F2 bng mt hng s.
MF1 MF2 = A1A2 = 2a
F1 v F2 gi l tiu im ca Hypcbn, ng thng ni hai tiu im F1 v F2 l trc hypcbn, hai
im A1v A2 l hai nh ca hypcbn (hnh 3.33).Cch v hypcbn Khi bit hai tiu im F1, F2 v hai
nh ca n nh sau:
Trn trc Ox, ly mt im tu ngoi hai tiu im (im 2 chng hn).
Quay cung tm F1, bn knh r2 = A1 2, quay cung trn tm F2, bn knh R2 = A2 2 v nhn c
giao im S l mt im thuc hypcbn. Cc im khc cng thc hin tng t (hnh 2.34).
Trn hnh 2.34 ta v ng trn tm O c ng knh F1 F2 v hnh ch nht c 2 cnh qua A1, A2 xc
nh hai ng tim cn ca hypcbn.

53

Figure 12.8

54

CHNG 12. V CC NG CONG HNH HC

Figure 12.9

D. ng sin
ng sin l ng cong c phng trnh y = sinx.Cch v ng sin c m t trong hnh 2.35.
V ng trn c s tm O, bn knh R.
Trn Ox ly on OA = 2( R; Chia u ng trn c s v on thng OA thnh mt s phn nh
nhau (12 phn chng hn) bng cc im 1, 2, 3, 4 ...v 1 , 2, 3, 4...
Qua cc im 1, 2, 3, ...trn ng trn c s k cc ng thng song song vi trc Ox v qua cc
im 1, 2, 3...trn trc Ox k cc ng thng song song vi trc y. Giao im ca 11; 22 ... l
nhng im thuc ng sin cn xc nh.

55

Figure 12.10

E. ng xoy c Acsimt
ng xoy c Acsimt l qu o ca mt im chuyn ng u trn mt bn knh khi bn knh ny
quay u quanh tm O.Khong dch chuyn ca im trn bn knh khi bn knh ny quay c 3600 gi l
bc xoy c a.Khi v ng xoy c acsimt ngi ta cho bit bc xon a. Cch v c trnh by trong
on video hnh 2.36.
V ng trn tm O, bn knh a.
Chia u bn knh a v ng trn thnh 1 s phn nh nhau bng cc im 1, 2 3...v 1, 2, 3 ...
V cc cung trn tm O, bn knh O 1, O 2, O 3... ct cc bn knh O1, O2, O3 ti M1, M2, M3 ...
l cc im cn xc nh.

56

CHNG 12. V CC NG CONG HNH HC

Figure 12.11

G. ng thn khai ca ng trn


ng thn khai ca ng trn l qu o ca mt im thuc ng thng khi ng thng ny ln
khng trt trn mt ng trn c nh.ng trn c nh gi l ng trn c s. Khi v ng thn
khai ngi ta cho bit bn knh ng trn c s.Cch v ng thn khai (hnh 2.37).
Chia ng trn c s ra mt s phn bng nhau (12 phn chng hn) bng cc im 1, 2, 3, ...12.
Ti cc im 1, 2, 3, v cc ng tip tuyn vi ng trn. Trn ng tip tuyn qua im 12 ly
mt on bng chu vi ng trn c s bng 2(R.
Chia on 2(R thnh 12 phn bng nhau bng im 1, 2, 3, ...,12.
Ln lt t trn cc tip tuyn ti 1, 2, 3, ... cc on: 12 M12 = 12 12; 1 M11 = 12 11; 2 M10 =
12 10 .....
ta c cc im M12 , M11 , M10 ...l cc im thuc ng thn khai ca ng trn tm O bn knh R
cn xc nh.

57

Figure 12.12

H. ng Xiclit
ng xiclit l qu o ca mt im thuc mt ng trn, khi ng trn ln khng trt trn
mt ng thng c nh.ng trn ln gi l ng trn c s, ng thng c nh gi l ng thng
nh hng. Khi v ngi ta cho bit ng knh ca ng trn c s v ng thng nh hng.Cch v
nh sau (hnh 2.38)
V ng trn tm O, bn knh R tip xc vi ng thng nh hng ti M.
Trn ng thng nh hng ly on OA bng chu vi ng trn c s v bng 2pR.
Chia u ng trn c s v OA thnh mt s phn nh nhau (12 phn chng hn) bng cc im
1, 2, 3, ..., 12 v 1, 2, 3, ...,12.
+ T cc im 1, 2, 3 ... k cc ng thng vung gc vi ng thng nh hng xc nh cc im
O1, O2, O3...+ Ly O1, O2, O3... lm tm v cc ng trn c bn knh bng bn knh ng trn c s.
Cc ng trn ny ct cc ng thng song song vi ng thng nh hng k t cc im chia 1, 2, 3,
... ti cc im M1, M2, M3... Cc im ny chnh l cc im thuc Xiclit.

58

CHNG 12. V CC NG CONG HNH HC

Figure 12.13

K. ng pixiclit v ng Hypxidit
ng pixiclit v ng hypxidit l qu o ca mt im thuc mt ng trn khi ng trn
ln khng trt trn mt ng trn c nh khc.ng trn ln gi l ng trn c s, ng trn c
nh gi l ng trn nh hng.Nu hai ng trn (c s v nh hng) tip xc ngoi khi ln ta c
ng pixiclit nh hnh 2.39.Khi v ng pixiclit ngi ta cho bn knh r ca ng trn c s, bn
knh R v tm ca ng trn nh hng. Gc c tnh theo cng thc:
* Nu ng trn c s v ng trn nh hng tip xc trong vi nhau ta c ng hypxiclit (hnh
2.40).

59

Figure 12.14

60

CHNG 12. V CC NG CONG HNH HC

Figure 12.15

61

62

CHNG 13. HNH CHIU THNG GC

Chng 13

Hnh chiu thng gc

13.1 Hnh chiu thng gc

Figure 13.1

1 This

content is available online at <None>.

63

13.1.1 Cc phng php biu din hnh chiu thng gc


A. Phng php chiu gc t th nht
Hy quan st on Video clip sau bit c phng php chiu gc t th nht
CHN VIDEO goc1
B. Phng php chiu gc t th ba
Hy quan st video clip sau bit v cch biu din hnh chiu thng gc trong gc t th ba. V click
vo Thng tin b xung hiu thm v phng php ny
CHN VIDEO goc3
Dng php chiu thng gc biu din vt th. Phng php ny c u im l hnh dng v kch
thc ca vt cn biu din c bo ton nhng nhc im l phi s dng nhiu hnh biu din, nht l
vi nhng vt th c hnh dng phc tp.Phng php ny c s dng rng ri trong cc bn v c kh
v xy dng. Di y l v d v mt bn v hnh chiu thng gc:

Figure 13.2

64

CHNG 13. HNH CHIU THNG GC

13.1.2 Khi nim v hnh ct, mt ct


Hy quan st on video clip v hnh ct, mt ct
CHN VIDEO hinhcat
13.1.2.1 Khi nim v phng php hnh ct v mt ct
biu din cu trc bn trong ca vt th trn cc hnh chiu thng dng nt t. Cch biu din ny
lm cho bn v khng c r rng sng sa.Giao trinh dien tu/VeKyThuat/Chuong3/hinh3.101.jpg2
khc phc iu ta dng phng php hnh ct mt ct. Ni dung ca phng php nh sau:
Gi s ta dng mt mt phng tng tng ct vt th thnh hai phn, b i phn gia mt ngi quan
st v mt phng ct, chiu phn vt th cn li ln mt phng song song vi mt phng ct tng tng
c mt hnh biu din gi l hnh ct (Hnh 4.10a). Nu ch v phn vt th giao vi mt phng ct tng
tng m khng v nhng phn pha sau mt phng ct s c mt hnh biu din gi l mt ct (Hnh
4.10b)

Figure 13.3

13.1.2.1.1 Hnh ct
13.1.2.1.1.1 nh ngha:
Hnh ct l hnh chiu phn cn li ca vt th ln mt phng hnh chiu song song vi mt phng ct sau
khi tng tng ct b phn vt th gia mt phng ct v ngi quan st (Hnh 4.11)

Figure 13.4

Ch : Vic ct vt th ch l ct tng tng. Vic ct ch c tc dng i vi mt hnh


ct, cc hnh biu din khc khng b nh hng g ngha l trong thc t vt th vn nguyn vn.
2 http://voer.edu.vn/content/m17128/latest/file:///tmp/Giao%20trinh%20dien%20tu/VeKyThuat/Chuong3/hinh3.101.jpg

65
13.1.2.1.1.2 Phn loi hnh ct
* Phn loi theo v tr mt phng ct.
Theo v tr tng i gia mt phng ct v mt phng hnh chiu, hnh ct c chia thnh bn loi
sau:
+ Hnh ct ng:
L hnh ct nhn c khi mt phng ct song song vi mt phng hnh chiu ng (Hnh 4.12). Hnh
ct ng thng c biu din ngay trn hnh chiu ng.

Figure 13.5

+ Hnh ct bng:
L hnh ct nhn c khi mt phng ct song song vi mt phng hnh chiu bng (Hnh 4.13). Hnh
ct bng thng c biu din ngay trn hnh chiu bng.

Figure 13.6

+ Hnh ct cnh:
L hnh ct nhn c khi mt phng ct song song vi mt phng hnh chiu cnh (Hnh 4.14). Hnh
ct cnh thng c biu din ngay trn hnh chiu cnh.

Figure 13.7

+ Hnh ct nghing:
L hnh ct nhn c khi mt phng ct khng song song vi cc mt phng hnh chiu c bn (Hnh
4.15)

66

CHNG 13. HNH CHIU THNG GC

Figure 13.8

* Phn loi hnh ct theo s lng mt phng ct.


Theo s lng mt phng ct, hnh ct c chia lm hai loi.
+ Hnh ct n gin:
L hnh ct nhn c khi ch dng mt mt phng ct. Hnh ct n gin c chia ra:
Hnh ct dc: Nu mt phng ct dc trc hoc ct dc theo chiu di hoc chiu cao ca
vt th (Hnh 4.12).
Hnh ct ngang: Nu mt phng ct vung gc vi chiu di hoc chiu cao ca vt th
(Hnh 4.11).
+ Hnh ct phc tp:
L hnh ct nhn c khi c hai hay nhiu mt phng ct. Hnh ct phc tp c chia ra:
Hnh ct bc: Khi cc mt phng ct song song vi nhau (Hnh 4 .16)

Figure 13.9

Hnh ct xoay: Khi cc mt phng ct ct nhau (Hnh 4.17)

Figure 13.10

c hnh ct xoay trn hnh 4.17, ta lm nh sau:


Sau khi tng tng ct vt th, ta xoay mt ct khng song song vi mt phng hnh chiu c bn
quanh trc l giao ca hai mt phng ct ti v tr mi sao cho hai mt phng ct trng nhau sau chiu
hai mt ct ln mt phng hnh chiu tng ng, cn cc phn t khc pha sau mt phng ct vn chiu
bnh thng nh trc khi ct. Chiu xoay khng nht thit phi trng vi hng chiu sau khi ct.
Ngoi ra, khi ch mun th hin mt phn nh bn trong ca vt th, ta c php ch ct ring mt
phn gi l hnh ct ring phn. Lc ny hnh ct c t ngay trn hnh chiu c bn. Gii hn gia
hnh chiu v hnh ct ring phn c v bng nt ln sng (Hnh 4.18).

67

Figure 13.11

th hin cng trn mt hnh chiu c hnh dng bn ngoi v bn trong ca vt th, c th dng hnh
ct kt hp bng cch ghp na hnh chiu vi na hnh ct. Gii hn gia hnh chiu v hnh ct v bng
nt chm gch (Hnh 4.19).
13.1.2.1.1.3 Ghi ch v k hiu trn hnh ct:

Figure 13.12

+ Mt phng ct c biu din bng nt ct ti cc v tr u, cui v ch chuyn tip.


+ Nt ct khng c chm vo ng bao ca vt th hay ct vo ng kch thc.
+ V mi tn chm vo nt ct ch hng chiu sau khi ct, bn cnh mi tn c ch hoa t tn cho
hnh ct, trong mi trng hp cc ch hoa ny u phi vit theo hng nm ngang.
+ Cp ch hoa tn hnh ct (AA, BB,...) c t trn gi nm ngang, gi ny c v bng nt lin
m v t pha trn hnh ct. (Hnh 4.16, Hnh 4.17).
13.1.2.1.1.4 Cc qui c
+ Nu mt phng ct trng vi mt phng i xng ca vt th v cc hnh ct t ng v tr hnh chiu
tng ng, khng c cc hnh biu din khc xen k th khng cn th hin v tr mt phng ct trn hnh
chiu v trn hnh ct, khng cn ghi ch v k hiu (Hnh 4.12, hnh 4.13, hnh 4.14).
+ phn bit phn vt th nm trn mt phng ct v phn vt th nm pha sau mt phng ct, quy
c v phn vt th nm trn mt phng ct bng nt lin mnh theo k hiu vt liu nh TCVN 7 93
quy nh (Mc 4.3.4).
+ ng ranh gii gia na hnh chiu v na hnh ct ca hnh ct kt hp l trc i xng, na hnh
chiu t bn tri trc i xng, na hnh ct t bn phi trc i xng nu trc i xng vung gc vi
ng bng bn v (Hnh 4.19).
+ Nu c nt lin m trng vi trc i xng th dng nt ln sng lm ng phn cch. Nt ny
c v lch sang phn hnh chiu hay hnh ct tu theo nt lin m thuc hnh biu din no (Hnh 4.20a).
+ Nu nt lin m va thuc hnh chiu va thuc hnh ct th nt ln sng c v nh hnh 4.20b

68

CHNG 13. HNH CHIU THNG GC

+ Trong trng hp hnh chiu v hnh ct khng c chung trc i xng th c th dng ng phn
cch l nt ln sng (Hnh 4.21).

Figure 13.13

+ Trong trng hp ghp hnh chiu vi hnh ct, khng v cc nt khut trn phn hnh chiu, nu cc
nt th hin trn phn hnh ct.
+ Nu mt b phn ca vt th l mt khi trn xoay v c ng ranh gii r rt, c th lp hnh ct
ghp ring cho b phn , ng phn cch gia na hnh chiu v na hnh ct l trc i xng ca b
phn (Hnh 4.22).

Figure 13.14

+ Khi ct dc trc cc chi tit nh trc c, trc chnh, cc cnh mng nh gn chu lc (Hnh 4.23) bu
lng,inh tn, nan hoa... (Hnh 4.24) th coi nh chng khng b ct (khng gch mt ct); vin bi khng
bao gi b ct.
Mt s lu khi v hnh ct:
* Khi no v hnh ct?
Khi nhng vt th c cu to rng bn trong, trn cc hnh chiu ca chng c nhiu nt
t th phi dng hnh ct din t nhng phn khut . Khi chn mt phng ct trng
vi mt phng i xng ca phn rng lm r c b dyca vt th cng nh hnh dng
ca phn rng bn trong.
* V hnh ct ch no?
Quan st trn cc hnh chiu, nu thy trn hnh chiu no c nhiu nt t din t cu
to bn trong ca vt th th chn hnh chiu v hnh ct. Khng nn lm dng th
hin nhiu hnh ct trn mt bn v nu chng khng a thm nhng thng tin g mi so vi
hnh ct u tin.
* Dng hnh ct loi no?
Tu theo cu to ca vt th m chn loi hnh ct thch hp. Xin gi mt s cch chn:
Nu vt th c cu to bn trong n gin nn ct ton phn bng mt mt phng ct.
Nu vt th c nhiu phn rng cc v tr khc nhau, dng hnh ct bc.
Nu mun th hin c phn rng bn trong v hnh dng bn ngoi ca vt th, chn hnh ct kt
hp.
Khi ch mun th hin ring mt phn khut no , chn hnh ct ring phn.
* Khi no dng nt chm gch m?

69
Theo TCVN 8 85, nt chm gch m dng biu din phn b mt c gia cng
nhit hoc biu din phn vt th nm trc mt phng ct m theo quy nh chng khng
c th hin trn hnh ct. Nu phn vt th rt quan trng v khng th khng th hin,
dng nt chm gch m v.
* Nhng sai st thng gp khi v hnh ct:
V k hiu vt ct v ghi ch lc tha, lc thiu.Cn nh rng khng v vt ct v ghi ch bng cp
ch ci khi mt phng ct trng vi mt phng i xng ca vt th v hnh ct c t
ngay trn mt trong nhng hnh chiu c bn.
V thiu cc nt sau mt phng ct.
13.1.2.1.2 Mt ct
13.1.2.1.2.1 nh ngha
Mt ct l hnh phng nhn c trn mt phng ct khi tng tng dng mt phng ny ct vt th
(Hnh 4.25).
Mt phng ct c chn sao cho vung gc vi chiu di ca vt th. Mt ct dng th hin hnh
dng v cu to ca phn t b ct m trn hnh chiu cha th hin.

Figure 13.15

13.1.2.1.2.2 Phn loi mt ct


Mt ct c chia lm hai loi: Mt ct ri v mt ct chp.
13.1.2.1.2.2.1 Mt ct ri
L mt ct t ngoi hnh chiu biu din tng ng (Hnh 4.25).
+ ng bao mt ct ri v bng nt lin m. Mt ct ri dng th hin phn t c ng bao
tng i phc tp.
+ Mt ct ri i xng thng t theo ng ko di ca nt ct, lc ny trc i xng ca mt ct
trng vi nt ct (Hnh 4.26) hoc gia phn ct la ca hnh biu din tng ng (Hnh 4.27).

70

CHNG 13. HNH CHIU THNG GC

Figure 13.16

Lc ny trn mt ct v hnh biu din tng ng khng cn ghi ch v k hiu.


+ Cho php t mt ct ri v tr tu nhng lc trn hnh biu din tng ng v mt ct phi
c ghi ch v k hiu.
13.1.2.1.2.2.2 Mt ct chp.
Mt ct chp l mt ct t ngay trn hnh biu din tng ng ti v tr ct (Hnh 4.28). ng bao mt
phng ct chp v bng nt lin mnh. Mt ct chp dng hin cc phn t c ng bao n gin.

Figure 13.17

Cc qui nh v mt ct
+ Cch ghi ch v k hiu trn mt ct ni chung ging nh cch ghi ch ch v k hiu trn hnh ct.
+ i vi mt ct chp v mt ct ri khng c trc i xng trng vi vt mt phng ct th ch cn
v nt ct, mi tn ch hng nhn m khng cn cp ch ci t tn cho mt ct (Hnh 4.29).

71

Figure 13.18

+ Mt ct c t ng hng ca mi tn ch hng chiu v cho php t v tr bt k trn bn


v. Nu mt ct c xoay th trn cp ch ci v mt mi tn cong (Hnh 4.30).

Figure 13.19

+ Nu mt phng ct i qua trc cc l trn xoay, phn lm trn xoay th trn mt cc ng bao ca
mt trn xoay c v y nh trong hnh ct (Hnh 4.31).

72

CHNG 13. HNH CHIU THNG GC

Figure 13.20

+ i vi mt s mt ct ca cng mt vt th c hnh dng ging nhau nhng khc nhau v v tr v


gc ct th cc mt ct c k hiu ging nhau v ch cn v mt mt ct i din (Hnh 4.32)

73

Figure 13.21

+ Trong trng hp c bit cho php dng mt cong ct, khi mt ct c v theo dng tri v
ghi ch " tri" di gi ngang ca cp ch ci. (Hnh 4.33).

74

CHNG 13. HNH CHIU THNG GC

Figure 13.22

13.1.2.1.2.3 K hiu vt liu trn mt ct


+ TCV0007 93 qui nh k hiu vt liu trn mt ct nh mc 2.5 trnh by.
+ Cch v k hiu vt liu trn mt ct:
Cc ng gch trn mt ct phi k song song vi nhau v nghing 450 so vi ng trc chnh ca
hnh ct, ng bao ca hnh ct hoc ng bng ca bn v. (Hnh 4.34) Nu ng gch gch hoc song
song vi ng bao ca hnh ct hoc ng trc chnh ca hnh ct th c php k ng gch gch
nghing 300 hoc 600 (Hnh 4.35).

75

Figure 13.23

Trn mi hnh ct, mt ct ca mt vt th cng thuc mt bn v th ng gch k ging nhau


(cng hng v cng khong cch). Khong cch gia cc ng gch gch ln hn hoc bng 2 ln nt c
bn v khng nh hn 0,7mm.
Cc hnh ct, mt ct ca cc chi tit khc nhau t cnh nhau th ng gch mt ct ca mi chi
tit c gch c hng khc nhau hoc khong cch gia cc ng gch khc nhau (Hnh 4.36).
Cho php t en cc mt ct hp c b rng nh hn 2 mm, nu cc mt ct hp st nhau th gia
cc mt ct phi mt vch t trng nh lm ranh gii. (Hnh 4.37)
Nu b mt phi gch ln qu cho php ch gch phn st bin (Hnh 4.38).
Khng gch qua ch s kch thc (Hnh 4.39).

Figure 13.24

13.1.2.1.2.4 V mt ct nghing.
V mt ct nghing ca vt th l v hnh tht ca giao gia mt phng ct vi cc mt bn ca vt th.
V d: V mt ct nghing AA ca vt th cho nh hnh 4.40.

76

CHNG 13. HNH CHIU THNG GC

Figure 13.25

Cch lm gm cc bc sau:
+ Phn tch vt th:
Vt th gm hai khi: l khi hp ch nht.
Thn l khi tr trn xoay.
+ Dng giao tuyn:
Mt AA ct tr theo mt hnh elp khng y c:
Hnh chiu ng gm cc im: 31, 21, 11
Hnh chiu bng gm cc im: 32 22 , 12 , 22, 32

77
Mt ct A A ct theo hnh ch nht c:
Hnh chiu ng 31, 41
Hnh chiu bng 32, 32, 42, 42.
+V hnh tht ca mt ct:
Thc cht l dng phng php thay mt phng hnh chiu xc nh ln ca mt hnh phng
trnh by trong chng trnh hnh hc ho hnh. Th t thc hin nh sau:
K ng thng h song song vi AA
Trn h ly cc im 10, 20, 30, 40 c:
10 20 = 11 21; 20 30 =21 31; 30 40 = 31 41
+ Qua 20, 30, 40 k cc ng thng vung gc vi h v t:

Figure 13.26

+ Ni cc im: 4, 3, 3*, 2,10 , 2, 3, 3, 4, 40 , 4 ta c c ng bao hnh tht ca mt ct AA phi


xc nh.

13.1.3 Hnh trch


13.1.3.1 nh nghi
Hnh trch l hnh biu din b sung cho mt b phn no ca vt th khi cn lm r hnh dng v kch
thc ca b phn .Hnh trch c v theo t l ln hn t l hnh biu din tng ng trn cng mt
bn v.
13.1.3.2 K hiu hnh trch
Trn hnh biu din tng ng, ti phn t cn trch v ng trn bng nt lin mnh km theo ch s La
m t tn cho hnh trch. S La m c vit trn on nm ngang ca ng dn v t vng trn gii
hn phn t cn trch ca vt th (Hnh 3. 41 a).+ Pha trn hnh trch: S la m vit trn gi nm ngang.
T l ca hnh trch vit di gi nm ngang (Hnh 4.41b).+ Hnh trch c th l hnh ct hay hnh chiu
m khng ph thuc vo cch biu hin ca hnh biu din tng ng.
Hnh 3.42 l hnh trch rnh ca hai u trc trong , hnh trch l hnh ct, hnh biu din tng ng
l hnh chiu.

78

CHNG 13. HNH CHIU THNG GC

Figure 13.27

79

Figure 13.28

13.1.4 V hnh chiu v ghi kch thc ca vt th


13.1.4.1 V hnh biu din
Mi vt th d n gin hay phc tp u do mt hay nhiu khi hnh hc c bn to thnh. Khi v
hnh chiu ca vt th ta phi chn hng chiu chnh sao cho hnh biu din chnh phi th hin c nhiu
nht, r nht hnh dng v kch thc ca vt th. S lng hnh biu din ph thuc vo mc phc tp
ca vt th v lun phi theo nguyn tc: s lng hnh biu din t nht nhng phi th hin c y
hnh dng v kch thc ca vt th.Thng thng vt th c biu din bng ba hnh chiu, c khi ngi
ta ch v hai hnh chiu, thm ch 1 hnh chiu. Hnh chiu ph v hnh chiu ring phn c v khi cu
to ca vt th phc tp. C th phn qu trnh xy dng hnh biu din ca vt th thnh cc bc sau:*
Bc 1 Phn tch vt th thnh cc khi hnh hc n gin.V d: Hnh 3.43 l vt th cn biu din. Ta
c th phn tch thnh ba khi hnh hc n gin nh trn hnh 3.44.
1 c dng hnh lng tr, y trn v y di hnh thang cn, hai gc sau v trn 1/4 trn mt tr
c hai l tr xuyn sut.2 Gi l khi lng tr c mt trc v mt sau l hnh thang cn, mt di
phng tip xc vi , mt trn khot rnh hnh tr.3 l mt khi hnh tr nm ngang c l xuyn sut,
mt di t vo rnh hnh tr ca gi .
* Bc 2: Chn hng chiu chnhQua phn tch vt th c th nhn thy chn hng chiu A trn hnh
3.43 lm hng chiu chnh l hp l.* Bc 3 V cc hnh chiuTu theo cu to ca vt th ta c th v
cc hnh chiu theo trnh t sau:
1 Hnh chiu ng hnh chiu bng hnh chiu cnh.2 Hnh chiu ng hnh chiu cnh hnh
chiu bng.
* Th t cc bc thc hin sau khi chn mt trong 2 trnh t trn:+ V cc ng trc i xng
ca vt th trn ba hnh chiu.+ Ln lt v hnh chiu ca , gi v theo th t: V ng trn nh
trc ng trn ln sau, tip n v cc ng bng, ng ng v ng xin, tip theo l xc nh giao
gia cc mt v cui cng l v cc ng bao khut. Cn ch rng trong v k thut khng biu din
cc trc hnh chiu (oxyz) nh trong hnh hc ho hnh do khi v cn phi c nhng ng chun t
xc nh v tr tng i ca cc phn t cu to nn vt th. Thng thng ngi ta dng cc trc i
xng ca cc hnh chiu hoc cc mt bn ca vt th lm chun o kch thc trn cc hnh chiu.

80

CHNG 13. HNH CHIU THNG GC

Khi v hnh chiu th 3 ta dng ng nghing 45o lm ng ph tr v. Hnh 3.45 l ba hnh chiu
ca vt th cho hnh 3.43.

Figure 13.29

81

Figure 13.30

82

CHNG 13. HNH CHIU THNG GC

Figure 13.31

13.1.4.2 Ghi kch thc


Trong ch 1 trnh by nhng kin thc chung v ghi kch thc. Nhng trong thc t cc vt th
c cu trc phc tp v khng ging nhau, do tu thuc vo mi vt th c biu din, ta c cch ghi
kch thc cho ph hp phn nh y , chnh xc ln ca vt th. Cc kch thc phi c ghi r
rng, d hiu trnh nhm ln trong khi c bn v hoc phi tnh ton li trong gia cng.
a) Phn loi kch thc Ngi ta chia kch thc thnh ba loi. Kch thc nh hnh l kch thc
xc nh ln ca tng khi hnh hc cu to nn vt th.
V d: Hnh 3.45: cc kch thc (22, (38
v 44 xc nh ln ca trc, kch thc 110, 55, 16 xc nh ln ca . Kch thc nh v: L
kch thc xc nh v tr tng i gia cc phn t cu to nn vt th. V d: Kch thc 82 v (16
xc nh v tr tng i gia 2 l tr v mt di 1; kch thc 58 xc nh tng i gia 3 v gi
2. Kch thc nh v ly theo ba chiu khng gian, mi chiu khng gian phi chn mt mt no
lm chun kch thc.V d (Hnh 3.46): xc nh chiu rng ca vt th c th chn mt phng i
xng ca vt th lm mt chun (chun I). xc nh chiu dy ca vt th chn mt sau ca v gi
lm mt chun (chun II). xc nh chiu cao chn mt di ca lm mt chun (chun III). Kch
thc nh khi: L kch thc ln nht theo ba chiu khng gian ca vt th. Kch thc nh khi cn
gi l kch thc chon ch.V d: Cc kch thc 110, 58 v (38, 55 v 10 kch thc nh khi ca vt th
c biu din trn hnh 3.45.b) Phn b kch thc kch thc ghi trn bn v c r rng, d c,
trnh nhm ln cn ch mt s vn sau: Mi kch thc ch ghi mt ln, khng ghi lp, ghi tha.
Cc kch thc nh hnh ca phn t no ghi hnh chiu th hin r nht c trng hnh dng ca phn
t . Nhng kch thc c lin quan n vic biu din mt b phn ca vt th nn gn nhau. Mi
kch thc c ghi mt v tr r rng ca bn v, nn ghi ngoi hnh biu din v ghi tp trung mt
s hnh biu din, nht l hnh biu din chnh.

13.1.5 c bn v v v hnh chiu th 3 t 2 hnh chiu cho


13.1.5.1 c bn v
c bn v l nghin cu cc hnh biu din cho hiu c hnh dng, kt cu ca vt th. Trnh t
c bn v c th thc hin nh sau: Phi xc nh hng chiu cho tng hnh chiu, theo cc hng t
trc, t trn (hoc t tri) hnh dung ra mt trc, mt trn (hoc mt tri) ca vt th. Phn tch

83
ngha cc ng nt trn tng hnh chiu, mi quan h gia cc ng nt trn cc hnh chiu hnh dung
c tng b phn cu thnh vt th. Cui cng l tng hp nhng iu phn tch trn, hnh dung ra
hnh dng ca vt th c biu din.
13.1.5.2 Mi quan h gia cc hnh chiu
Trn hnh 3.47 biu din ba hnh chiu ca im A. Ta nhn thy: Hnh chiu ng A1 c xc nh
bi OAx v OAz - Hnh chiu bng A2 c xc nh bi OAx v OAy Hnh chiu cnh A3 c xc nh
bi OAy v OAzNh vy:
+ Hnh chiu ng v hnh chiu bng c chung kch thc song song vi trc Oz xa cnh ca
im.+ Hnh chiu bng v hnh chiu cnh c chung kch thc song song vi trc Oy xa ca m.+
Hnh chiu ng v hnh chiu cnh c chung kch thc song song vi trc Ox cao ca im.
T , khi bit hai hnh chiu ca vt th ta c th v c hnh chiu th ba ca n.
Cn ch trong bn v k thut khng v cc trc chiu cng nh cc ng dng hnh chiu cho
nn khi v hnh chiu thc ba ta thng v theo chun kch thc.

Figure 13.32

Hnh 3.47
13.1.5.3 V d
V hnh chiu cnh ca vt th cho nh hnh 3.48. Trnh t thc hin nh sau:a) c bn v Qua
phn tch ng nt ca hai hnh chiu ta thy vt th c th chia thnh ba phn: (Hnh 3.49)+ Thn (1)
c dng hp ch nht.Kch thc ca thn l 38 x 26 x 15, pha di thn x rnh 28 x 26 x 4; mt trn hai
pha trc v sau c khot hai rnh na tr R7, rng 5 l (10 c khoan sut t trn xung di + Hai
quai (2) l hai na mt tr bn knh ngoi R10, bn knh trong R7 rng 5.+ Hai tai (3): u ca hai tai l
cc na mt tr R8, l xuyn sut (6 b) V hnh chiu cnh. Nguyn tc chung l v cc phn thy trc,
phn khut sau, b phn ch yu trc, th yu sau. Th t thc hin nh sau (Hnh 3.50)

84

CHNG 13. HNH CHIU THNG GC

Figure 13.33

85

Figure 13.34

Figure 13.35

86

CHNG 13. HNH CHIU THNG GC

Figure 13.36

13.1.6 V vt th c l xuyn
Vt th xuyn l cc vt th c dng hnh hc c bn v c cc l xuyn qua. V vt th xuyn l
v giao gia cc mt hnh hc hc trong chng trnh hnh hc ha hnh. V d: Cho hnh chiu ng
ca mt vt th xuyn v hnh chiu bng cha y ca n (Hnh 3.52). Hy v y hnh chiu bng,
hnh chiu cnh v p dng hnh ct hp l trn cc hnh chiu. Gii: Bc 1: V y hnh chiu bng
ca l lng tr chiu ng y tam gic cn xuyn qua tr trn xoay.Bc 2: V hnh chiu cnh:Thc cht
l v giao gia mt tr trn xoay v lng tr chiu bng y hnh vung vi lng tr chiu ng tam gic
cn.+ Lng tr chiu ng y tam gic nn hnh chiu ng ca giao trng vi hnh chiu ng ca lng
tr.+ Tr trn xoay v lng tr c y hnh vung u l cc mt chiu bng do hnh chiu bng ca
giao trng vi hnh chiu bng ca tr v lng tr y hnh vung.+ Tm hnh chiu cnh ca giao:
V mt trn ca lng tr l mt phng bng do trn hnh chiu cnh s suy bin thnh on thng
nm ngang. Hai mt bn ca lng tr l cc mt phng chiu ng ct tr theo cc cung elp nn trn
hnh chiu cnh cc cung A3 B3 C3 D3 cng l cc cung e lp. Lng tr chiu ng y tam gic ct lng
tr chiu bng y hnh vung ti cc im E v K.Hnh 3.53 gii thiu cch tm mt na giao ca lng tr
y tam gic vi tr trn xoay, giao ca lng tr y tam gic vi tr c y l hnh vung.Na i xng
cn li cch v cng tng t.Hnh 3.54 l 3 hnh chiu vung gc sau khi v hon chnh v hnh chiu
trc o c ct b mt phn t nhn r cu trc bn trong ca vt th.

87

Figure 13.37

88

CHNG 13. HNH CHIU THNG GC

Figure 13.38

89

90

CHNG 14. HNH CHIU TRC O

Chng 14

Hnh chiu trc o

14.1 Hnh chiu trc o

Figure 14.1

1 This

content is available online at <None>.

91

14.1.1 Phng php biu din hnh chiu trc o


14.1.1.1 A. Khi nim
Hnh chiu thng gc l loi hnh biu din n gin, cho php th hin chnh xc hnh dng v kch
thc ca vt th. Do trong k thut dng phng php hnh chiu thng gc lm phng php biu
din chnh. Song mi hnh chiu thng gc ch th hin kch thc hai chiu nn ngi c kh hnh dung
ra hnh dng ca vt th. khc phc nhc im ngi ta dng phng php hnh chiu trc o
b sung. Hnh chiu trc o l hnh biu din ni ca vt th trn mt mt phng hnh chiu bng php
chiu song song. Hnh chiu trc o th hin ng thi c ba chiu ca vt th trn mt hnh biu din nn
d thy c hnh dng ca n. Chnh v vy, bn cnh cc hnh chiu thng gc ngi ta thng v thm
hnh chiu trc o ca vt th (Hnh 5.1)

Figure 14.2

14.1.1.2 B. Phng php xy dng hnh chiu trc o


xy dng hnh chiu trc o ngi ta lm nh sau: Gn h trc to cc ba chiu Oxyz vo vt
th. Chn mt phng P lm mt phng hnh chiu v hng chiu L Chiu h trc to oxyz v vt
th theo hng chiu L ln mt phng P ta c hnh chiu ca cc trc l OXYZ (c gi l cc trc o)
v hnh chiu ca vt th gi l hnh chiu trc o (Hnh 5.2)

92

CHNG 14. HNH CHIU TRC O

Figure 14.3

14.1.1.3 C. H s bin dng


T s gia kch thc trn trc o vi kch thc tng ng o c trn vt th c gi l h s bin
dng.T s OA / OA =p l h s bin dng theo phng Ox.T s OB / 0B = q l h s bin dng theo
phng Oy.T s OC / OC = r l h s bin dng theo phng Oz.Nh cc h s bin dng ta c th
chuyn t h to vung gc sang h to trc o v ngc li.

93
14.1.1.4 D. Phn loi hnh chiu trc o
+ Cn c vo phng chiu L vung gc hoc xin gc vi mt phng hnh chiu P m ngi ta phn
thnh: Hnh chiu trc o vung gc Hnh chiu trc xin gc.+ Cn c theo h s bin dng m phn
thnh: Hnh chiu trc o u: ba h s bin dng theo ba trc bng nhau. Hnh chiu trc o cn: hai
trong ba h s bin dng bng nhautng i mt. Hnh chiu trc o lch: ba h s bin dng theo ba trc
khng bng nhau.Rt nhiu loi hnh chiu trc o c xy dng trn c s . Song k thut thng dng
mt s loi hnh chiu trc o nh: Hnh chiu trc o vung gc u. Hnh chiu trc o vung gc cn
Hnh chiu trc o ng u(xin gc u). Hnh chiu trc o ng cn (xin gc cn).Di y gii
thiu cc qui nh v cch v bn loi hnh chiu trc o trn.

14.1.2 Cc loi hnh chiu trc o


Tiu chun Vit Nam, TCVN 11 78, quy nh v v tr cc trc o v h s bin dng theo cc trc v
hnh chiu trc o.

Figure 14.4

14.1.2.1 Hnh chiu trc o vung gc u


14.1.2.1.1 A, V tr cc trc o
Cc gc XOY = YOZ = ZOX =120o . C th xc nh gc 30o gia trc x hoc y vi phng nm
ngang bng ke.

94

CHNG 14. HNH CHIU TRC O

Figure 14.5

14.1.2.1.2 B. H s bin dng theo cc trc


p = q = r = 0,82.
cho tin v c th v hnh chiu trc o vung gc u gn ng bng cch ly h s bin dng
theo cc trc x, y, z bng p = q = r = 1, ngha l phng to hnh chiu trc o ln 1/0,82 = 1,22 ln so
vi thc t.
14.1.2.1.3 C. V hnh chiu trc o ca ng trn
Trong hnh chiu trc o vung gc u, ng trn thuc cc mt phng song song vi mt phng to
c hnh chiu trc o l elp.
Trc ln ca elp vung gc vi trc o th ba khng cha elp. Nu ly
h bin dng dng qui c p = q = r = 1 th trc ln ca elp bng 1,22 ng knh vng trn v trc nh
bng 0,7 ng knh . C th v gn ng hnh chiu trc o ca ng trn bng van (thay th cho
ng elip). Cch v ng van nh hnh 5.5: Ly trc ln AB bng 1,22d, trc nh CD bng 0,7d (d
l ng knh ng trn cn v), quay cung trn tm O bn knh OC = OD ct trc ln AB ti O3, O4
. Quay cung trn tm O bn knh OA = OB ct trc nh CD ti O1, O2. Bn cung trn c tm Ot, O2,
O3, O4 to thnh ng van. V tr cc tip im thuc cc ng cong c xc nh nh hnh v.

95

Figure 14.6

14.1.2.2 Hnh chiu trc o vung gc cn


14.1.2.2.1 A. V tr cc trc o
Cc gc XOZ= 97o 10 ; YOZ = YOZ =131o 25. C th v trc OX theo tg7o = 1:8 v trc OY
theo tg 410 7:8.

96

CHNG 14. HNH CHIU TRC O

Figure 14.7

14.1.2.2.2 B. H s bin dng theo cc trc o


p = r = 0,94, q = 0,47. tin v, ngi ta s dng h s bin dng qui c p = r = 1, q = 0,5. Nh vy
hnh chiu trc o c phng to 1,06 ln so vi thc t.
14.1.2.2.3 C. V hnh chiu trc o ca ng trn
+ ng trn thuc mt phng song song vi mt phng OXZ c hnh chiu trc o l elp. di ca
trc ln bng 1,06d. di trc nh bng 0,94d. (d l ng knh ca ng trn) (Hnh 5.7). + ng
trn thuc mt phng song song vi mt phng XOY v YOZ c hnh chiu l elip. di trc ln bng
1,06d, di trc nh bng 0,35d.Hng trc ln ca elp hp vi OX hay OZ mt gc 70 tu theo elp
thuc mt phng song song vi XOY hay YOZ. Hay ni cch khc, trc ln ca elp ny vung gc vi
OZ hay OX.+ Cch v gn ng elp bng ng van:
i vi elp nm trong mt phng XOZ c trc ln AB = 1,06d trc nh CD = 94d ta ni AC. Ly
O lm tm quay cung trn bn knh OA ct CD ti E. Ly O lm tm quay cung trn bn knh OA ct CD
ti E. Quay cung trn tm C, bn knh CE ct AC ti F. Dng trung trc AF ct AB, CD ti O4,O1 ly
O3, O2 i xng O4, O1 qua O. Bn tm O1, O2, O3, O4 l bn tm cung trn ni tip to thnh ng
van.Hnh 5.8- i vi elp c trc ln AB = 1,06d; trc nh CD = 0,35d. Ta ly:O2 A = O4 B = CD/4 O1 C
= O2 D = R = AB + (CD/2) (Hnh 5.9)

97

Figure 14.8

98

CHNG 14. HNH CHIU TRC O

Figure 14.9

14.1.2.3 Hnh chiu trc xin gc u


14.1.2.3.1 A. V tr cc trc o
Cc gc X O Z = 90o , Y O X = Y O Z = 135o . (hnh 5.12)
14.1.2.3.2 B. H s bin dng quy c
p=q=r=1
14.1.2.3.3 C. Hnh chiu trc o ca ng trn
+ ng trn thuc mt phng song song vi mt XOY hay YOZ c hnh chiu trc o l elp . di trc
ln ca elp bng 1,3d, di trc nh bng 0,54d (d l ng knh ca ng trn). Hng trc ln ca
elp hp vi trc OX hay OZ mt gc 22o 30.(Hnh 5.13) + Cch v gn ng elp bng ng van nh
hnh 5.14.
Trc ln AB =1,3d, Trc nh CD = 0,54dR = O1 C = O3 D = 1,42dr = O2 A = O4 B = 0,18

99

Figure 14.10

Figure 14.11

100

CHNG 14. HNH CHIU TRC O

14.1.2.4 Hnh chiu trc o xin gc cn


14.1.2.4.1 A. V tr cc trc o
Ging nh hnh chiu trc o ng u.
14.1.2.4.2 B. H s bin dng quy c
p = r = 1; q = 0,5
14.1.2.4.3 C. Hnh chiu trc o ca ng trn
+ ng trn thuc mt phng song song vi mt phng XOZ c hnh chiu trc o l ng trn.+
ng trn thuc mt phng song song vi mt phng YOZ hay ZOY c hnh chiu trc o l elp.
di trc elp bng 1,06 d, nghing 7o vi trc X nu nm trong, hoc song song vi mt phng XOY;
nghing 7o vi trc Z nu nm trong hoc song song vi mt phng YOZ. di trc nh bng 0,35 d (d
l ng knh ng trn) (Hnh 5.16)+ Cho php v gn ng elp bng van nh hnh 5.17.

Figure 14.12

101

Figure 14.13

102

CHNG 14. HNH CHIU TRC O

Figure 14.14

103
14.1.2.5 Cc v d v cc loi hnh chiu trc o

Figure 14.15

104

CHNG 14. HNH CHIU TRC O

Figure 14.16

105

Figure 14.17

14.1.3 Cc quy c v hnh chiu trc o


1. Trn hnh chiu trc o cc thnh mng, cc nan hoa v.v.... vn v k hiu trn mt ct khi ct qua
chng (Hnh 5.20).2. Cho php ct ring phn trn hnh chiu trc o. Phn vt liu ca vt th b mt
phng trung gian ct, quy c v bng cc chm nh (Hnh 5.21).3. Ghi kch thc trn hnh chiu trc o.
Cc ng dng c k song song vi cc trc o OX, OY, OZ v cc ng kch thc k song song
vi on c ghi kch thc. Cc ch s kch thc cng ghi theo chiu ca ng dng (Hnh 5.22).4.
ng gch k hiu vt liu ca mt ct trn hnh chiu trc ong gch gch c k song song vi
hnh chiu trc o ca ng cho hnh vung nm trn cc mt phng to tng ng v c cc cnh
song song vi cc trc x, y, z. Hnh vung c hai ng cho nn tng ng ta c 2 kiu gch mt ct cho
mi loi hnh chiu trc o. (Hnh 5.23a; Hnh 5.23b). 5. Cho php v ren v rng ca bnh rng theo nh
quy c trong hnh chiu vung gc (Hnh 5.24 , Hnh 5.25).6. Khi cn thit cho php dng cc loi hnh
chiu trc o khc da trn c s l thuyt v hnh chiu trc o Ngoi ra cho php dng h trc o tri
nh hnh 5.26.

106

CHNG 14. HNH CHIU TRC O

Figure 14.18

107

Figure 14.19

108

CHNG 14. HNH CHIU TRC O

Figure 14.20

109

Figure 14.21

110

CHNG 14. HNH CHIU TRC O

Figure 14.22

Figure 14.23

111

14.1.4 Cch v hnh chiu trc o

Figure 14.24

14.1.4.1 Chn loi hnh chiu trc o


Khi biu din hnh chiu trc o ca vt th ta chn mt trong cc loi hnh chiu trc o trn. Vic
chn phi tu thuc vo hnh dng cu to ca vt th v tu theo yu cu th hin m chn loi hnh chiu
trc o cho thch hp. Hnh chiu trc o vung gc u th hin cu to ca vt th theo ba mt u r
rng, cn i, hnh biu din p, d dng. V vy hnh chiu trc o vung gc u c s dng nhiu,
nht l i vi cc vt th c cu to phc tp theo c ba chiu (Hnh 5.27). i vi nhng vt th c
cu to l nhng khi hnh hp, c dng nh hnh 5.28 th loi hnh chiu trc o vung gc u s khng
th hin r cu to v mt s ng nt s b trng nhau. Khi ta nn dng loi hnh chiu trc o vung
gc cn s khc phc c nhc im trn (Hnh 5. 29). Hnh chiu trc o xin gc u, xin gc cn
thng dng i vi nhng vt th c nhiu vng trn, cung trn nm trong cc mt phng song song nhau.
Nu chn mt phng to xoz song song vi cc mt phng cha vng trn th hnh chiu trc o ca
vng trn l vng trn. V vy vic dng hnh n gin hn rt nhiu so vi dng elp. Nu chiu di ca

112

CHNG 14. HNH CHIU TRC O

vt th theo phng y ln, th nn chn loi hnh chiu trc o xin gc cn, kch thc theo phng Oy
rt ngn i mt na, hnh biu din s cn i hn (Hnh 5.30b).

Figure 14.25

Figure 14.26

113
14.1.4.2 Gn h to vung gc vo vt th
Vic chn v tr v chiu ca cc trc to hp l s lm cho vic biu din trn hnh chiu trc
o d hn, p hn v th hin r nt cc cu to ca vt th. V vy, tu theo cu to vt th tu theo
yu cu th hin m gn h to sao cho hp l. Thng thng, vi nhng vt th c dng khi hp ta
nn chn gc h to trng vi gc ca khi, cc cnh ca h to trng vi cc cnh ca khi. Cn vi
nhng khi dng tr trn ta nn chn gc to trng vi tm ca khi tr, cc cnh ca h to trng
vi trc i xng ca vt th (hnh 5.31).

Figure 14.27

14.1.4.3 Cch dng hnh chiu trc o


Ta bit, mt on thng (hay mt cnh) c xc nh bi hai im, mi hnh phng (mi mt) li c
xc nh bng cc cnh ca n, v vy vic dng hnh chiu trc o cng quy v dng cc im, cc cnh v
cc mt trong khng gian.
14.1.4.3.1 A. Dng hnh chiu trc o ca im A
T h to vung gc ca im A (XA,YA,ZA) nh trn hnh 5.32 ta dng li v tr ca im A trong
khng gian theo cc bc sau: Chn loi hnh chiu trc o, v cc trc o. Xc nh to trc o ca
im A bng cch nhn to vung gc vi h s bin dng ca h trc o .
xA = xA.p; yA = yA.q; zA = ZA.r
t cc to trc o ln cc trc o v xc nh A l hnh chiu trc o ca A (hnh 5.33).
14.1.4.3.2 B. Dng hnh chiu trc o ca 1 on thng
Nu on thng c v tr bt k so vi trc to ta xc nh hnh chiu trc o 2 im u mt ca on
thng ri ni hnh chiu trc o 2 im ta c hnh chiu trc o ca on thng. V d on ABtrn

114

CHNG 14. HNH CHIU TRC O

hnh 5.34.Ta xc nh hnh chiu trc o ca im A v Bsau ni A vi B ta c on thng AB


Nu on thng song song vi mt trc o no th ch cn xc nh mt im thuc on thng, qua
hnh chiu trc o ca im va xc nh k song song vi trc o.
im cn li phi thuc ng thng
va k v c khong cch bng khong cch tht gia hai im nhn vi h s bin dng ca trc o. V
d: Trn hnh 5.35, xc nh AD ta ch cn xc nh to im A sau k qua A ng thng song
song O X . V tr iim D c tnh bng
AD = AD x p.
14.1.4.3.3 C. Dng hnh chiu trc o ca mt hnh phng
Dng hnh chiu trc o ca mt lc gic ABCDEG thuc mt phng song song vi mt phng ZOX ,
ta gn mt phng ABCDEG trng vi mt phng XOZ. Tm O trng vi im A ca hnh phng, cnh AG
trng vi trc OX, cnh AB trng vi trc OZ (Hnh 5.36a). Theo cch dng im v on thng ta c th
dng d dng hnh phng ABCDEG
Trnh t dng nh sau:
+ V im A(0, 0). + V im B(0, a).+ V im C(h, b).+ Qua C k ng thng song song vi
OX. t CD = k.+ Xc nh G trn OX tho mn OG = m+ V im E (m, a)+ Ni E vi D ta
c hnh phng cn dng (Hnh 5.36b).
14.1.4.3.4 D. Dng hnh chiu trc o vt th c dng hnh hp
Chn gc to trng vi gc ca khi hp ln, cc mt ca khi hp ln nm trong cc mt phng to
. Dng hnh chiu trc o ca khi hp ln trc, sau dng n cc khi nh, phn vt, l rng (nu
c)v.v... Trn hnh chiu trc o khng th hin phn khut ca vt th. Ty b cc nt tha, t li phn
thy. Hnh 5.38 trnh by cc bc dng hnh chiu trc o ca mt khi hp.
14.1.4.3.5 E. Dng hnh chiu trc o ca vt th c cc mt phng i xng
i vi cc vt th c cc mt phng i xng th nn chn mt phng i xng lm mt phng to
. Hnh 5.39 trnh by cch v hnh chiu trc o ca vt th c mt phng i xng. Ta chn mt phng
i xng lm mt phng to YOX, mt phng vung gc vi trc mt tr lm mt phng XOZ. Chn
hnh chiu trc o ng u v hnh chiu trc o ca cc ng trn n gin hn so vi cc loi trc
o khc. Cch dng nh sau: V mt ngoi cng ca vt th (trng vi mt phng to XOZ) (Hnh
5.39b); V cc ng song song vi trc O Y (hnh 5.39c) Xc nh b dy vt th (kch thc theo
phng OY) (hnh 5.39d). T m cc ng thy v ty cc nt tha ta c hnh chiu trc ca vt
th cn dng (Hnh 5.38e).
14.1.4.3.6 G. Dng hnh chiu trc o c giao tuyn gia hai mt cong
Hnh 5.39 trnh by cch tm cc im thuc giao tuyn hai mt tr bng cch giii bi ton im thuc
ng sinh.

115

Figure 14.28

Figure 14.29

116

CHNG 14. HNH CHIU TRC O

Figure 14.30

117

Figure 14.31

118

CHNG 14. HNH CHIU TRC O

Figure 14.32

119

Figure 14.33

120

CHNG 14. HNH CHIU TRC O

Figure 14.34

Figure 14.35

121

Figure 14.36

122

CHNG 14. HNH CHIU TRC O

Figure 14.37

14.1.5 V hnh ct trn hnh chiu trc o


th hin hnh dng bn trong ca vt th, trn hnh chiu trc o cng thng v hnh ct. Chn
cc mt phng ct sao cho hnh chiu trc o va th hin cu to bn trong, va gi c hnh dng bn
ngoi ca vt th. Thng thng vt th c coi nh ct i mt phn t hay mt phn tm, cc mt phng
ct l mt phng i xng, hoc cc mt phng song song vi mt phng to . C hai cch v hnh ct
trn hnh chiu trc o: V ton b hnh chiu trc o ri mi v mt ct (Hnh 5.41): Cch v ny d xc
nh mt ct hn, nhng c nhiu nt ph sau khi v phi ty xo. V mt ct trc ri mi v cc phn
cn li sau mt ct (Hnh 5.42)Cc ng gch gch trong hnh chiu trc o c k tu theo loi hnh
chiu trc o c s dng.

123

Figure 14.38

14.1.6 T bng trn hnh chiu trc o


hnh chiu trc o c ni v p, cho php t bng trn hnh chiu trc o. Hng tia sng
c quy c l hng song song vi ng cho hnh lp phng c cc mt song song vi mt phng to
. Tu theo vt th c chiu sng nhiu hay t m k cc ng m, mnh, tha, dy khc nhau. Cc
ng t bng c k song song vi cnh hoc ng sinh ca cc khi hnh hc c bn Hnh 5.43 gii
thiu cch t bng hnh chiu trc o.

124

CHNG 14. HNH CHIU TRC O

Figure 14.39

Chng 15

Hnh chiu phi cnh

15.1 Hnh chiu phi cnh


Hy quan st on Video clip sau bit thm mt s nh ngha v hnh chiu phi cnh
CHN VIDEO phoicanh

15.1.1 nh ngha cc thnh phn phi cnh


Khi chng ta nhn mt vt, t mt chng ta ta ra nhng tia gi l tia nhn trong phi cnh, chng ta chp
nhn ch dng mt mt tng trng k hiu l OE.
15.1.1.1 Nhng mt phng chnh
Bc tranh T: Bc tranh l mt mt phng gia mt nhn OE v vt phi v.Mt phng ngang chnh H:
L mt phng ngang tm mt, ta gi l mt phng H.Mt phng G: L mt t, trn cc bnh ca
mu vt hay cng trnh kin trc v phi cnh s c t lnMt phng ng chnh V: Mt phng ny
thng gc vi bc tranh T, thng gc vi mt phng G (mt t) v ngang qua mt nhn OE.Mt phng
tin u:L mt phng song song vi bc tranh T. T l mt phng tin u gn nht.Mt phng trung trc
N: L mt phng song song vi bc tranh T (thng gc vi G),v i qua mt nhn OE
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126

CHNG 15. HNH CHIU PHI CNH

Figure 15.1

15.1.1.2 Nhng ng chnh


- ng t:
XY l ng giao ca 2 mt phng N v G.xy l ng giao ca 2 mt phng T v G.
- ng chn tri HH:
l ng giao ca 2 mt phng H v T.
- ng thng ng chnh VV:
l ng giao ca 2 mt phng T v mt phng ng chnh V.
- Tia nhn chnh oep:
l tia nhn t mt OE thng gc vi bc tranh T.
- Khong cch chnh d:
l khong cch t mt nhn OE n bc tranh T: oep = d
15.1.1.3 Nhng im chnh
- im bin chnh P:
l giao im ca tia nhn chnh oep vi bc tranh T. P nm trn ng chn tri HH
- im p: im chiu ca P trn xy.- im khong cch D:
D+ nm trn HH pha bn phi vi PD+ = d (khong cch chnh)D- nm trn HH pha bn tri vi
PD- = d Tm li, tt c nhng thnh phn trn gm nhng im, ng thng, mt phng ch yu nm
trong mt h thng ca 4 mt phng T, H, N v G. . .Nhng yu t ny l cn bn trong php v phi cnh.

127
T h thng 4 mt phng T, H, N v G chiu ht vo mt phng T ta thu c hnh chiu (hnh 5.45)Chiu
ht xung mt phng G chng ta c hnh chiu (hnh 5.46)Hai hnh chiu trn y c lin h vi nhau, nn
khi dng phi cnh, chng ta phi hp 2 hnh chiu trn nh hnh 5.46.Trong trng hp cn thit xy v
XY c th trng li nhau rt gn bn v.

Figure 15.2

128

CHNG 15. HNH CHIU PHI CNH

Figure 15.3

129

Figure 15.4

130

CHNG 15. HNH CHIU PHI CNH

15.1.2 Hnh chiu phi cnh ca 1 im


hiu cch v phi cnh ca 1 im, chng ta quan st hnh khng gian sau:

Figure 15.5

- Mt phng ng A-OE-oe ct bc tranh T theo ng aa- Mt phng P-OE-A ct bc tranh T theo


ng P-a-a1Vy suy ra cch v trn thc nh sau:
1- V tia OE-A trn mt chiu G2- OEA ct XY ti a (thuc bc tranh T)3- Chiu vung gc A ln xy
ta c a14- Ni P vi a15- T a k vung gc vi xy ln ct Pa1 thu c a; a l phi cnh ca A

131

Figure 15.6

15.1.3 Phi cnh 1 ng thng


15.1.3.1 Nguyn tc chung:
Mt ng thng c xc nh bng 2 im th phi cnh ca chng cng c xc nh bng 2 im. Vy
mun v phi cnh ca mt ng thng, ta cn tm phi cnh ca 2 im thuc ng thng . Hai im
ny phi c bit v d tm, l im gc (gn nht) v im v cc (xa nht)

132

CHNG 15. HNH CHIU PHI CNH

15.1.3.2 Phi cnh ca ng thng trong khng gian:


- Trong h thng 4 mt phng H, T, N, G ta v 1 ng thng D bt k - Trn mt phng G: D gp XY
dg - im ny nm trn G v T, cng l phicnh ca chnh n.Gi n l phi cnh im gc ca D- Mt
im bt k d1 thuc D c phi cnh ca n l im d1 trn T.- dg v d1 l phi cnh ca 2 im trn
ng thng D. Khi d bin trn D cho n v cc th tia nhn OE- s song song vi D v nm trn mt
phng H.Tia v cc ny gp HH ti f. Gi f l im bin (hay im t)

Figure 15.7

T lp lun trn suy ra cch v phi cnh ca ng thng D trn T nh sau:+ V D ti ct mt phng
G (tc l ct XY trn thc) im gc dg. + Tm d1+ V OE -F song song vi D gp XY F;+ Chiu
F ln HH ta c f .+ Ni d1 vi f ta c d1 - f l phi cnh ca D.Nu ta c nhiu ng thng song
song vi D th phi cnh ca nhng ng scng bin v quy t v f.

133

Figure 15.8

134

CHNG 15. HNH CHIU PHI CNH

Chng 16

S hnh thnh ren

16.1 S hnh thnh ren


Mt hnh phng chuyn ng trn ng xon c sao cho mt phng cha hnh phng lun lun cha
trc quay s to nn mt xon gi l ren (Hnh 4.4).

Ren hnh thnh trn mt tr gi l ren tr, hnh thnh trn mt cn gi l ren cn.
Ren hnh thnh trn mt ngoi ca hnh tr gi l ren ngoi (Hnh 4.5a).
Ren hnh thnh trn mt trong ca hnh tr gi l ren l (Hay cn gi l ren trong (Hnh 4.5b).
Hnh phng chuyn ng c th l hnh tam gic, hnh vung, hnh thang...

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135

136

CHNG 16. S HNH THNH REN

Figure 16.1

137

Figure 16.2

138

CHNG 16. S HNH THNH REN

Chng 17

Cc khi nim chung v mi ghp


bng ren
1

17.1 Cc khi nim chung v mi ghp bng ren


17.1.1 ng xon c
ng xon c l qu o ca mt im (A)chuyn ng trn mt ng thng khi ng thng quay
u quanh mt trc c nh.

17.1.2 ng sinh
ng thng quay quanh trc gi l ng sinh. Trc c nh gi l trc quay.
Nu ng sinh song song vi trc quay ta c ng xon c tr (Hnh 4.1a).
Nu ng sinh ct trc quay ta c ng xon c cn (Hnh 4.1b).
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139

140

CHNG 17. CC KHI NIM CHUNG V MI GHP BNG REN

Figure 17.1

17.1.3 Mt s nh ngha ca ng xon c


a. Vng xon l mt phn ca ng xon c im u v im cui l hai im k nhau cng thuc
mt ng sinh.b. Bc xon l khong cch di chuyn c ca mt im trn mt ng sinh khi ng
sinh quay c mt vng trc quay. chnh l khong cch theo chiu trc ca im u v im
cui vng xon. Bc xon k hiu l Ph (Hnh 4.2).c. Gc xon : Gc xon c tnh theo cng thc:
tg=Ph/dHng xonTrn hnh chiu vung gc ca ng xon ln mt phng hnh chiu song song vi
trc quay, nu:
Phn thy ca ng xon theo hng i ln t tri sang phi ta c hng xon phi (Hnh 4.3a)
Phn thy ca ng xon theo hng i t phi sang tri ta c hng xon tri (Hnh 4.3b).
e. S u mi Nu trn mt mt tr (hoc mt cn) c nhiu ng xon c cng bc xon c gi
l s u mi. S u mi k hiu l n. T s gia bc xon v s u mi gi l bc ren, k hiu l P.
P=Ph /n

141

Figure 17.2

Hnh 42

142

CHNG 17. CC KHI NIM CHUNG V MI GHP BNG REN

Figure 17.3

143

Figure 17.4

144

CHNG 17. CC KHI NIM CHUNG V MI GHP BNG REN

Chng 18

Cc yu t ca ren

18.1 Cc yu t ca ren
18.1.1 Prfin ca ren
Prfin ca ren l ng bao mt ct ren khi mt phng ct cha trc ren (chnh l ng bao ca hnh
phng chuyn ng). Prfin ca ren c th l tam gic u, tam gic cn, vung, hnh thang hay cung trn
(Hnh 4.6)

Figure 18.1

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145

146

CHNG 18. CC YU T CA REN

Figure 18.2

18.1.2 S u mi ca ren
S u mi ca ren l s ng xon c to thnh ren. S u mi ca ren k hiu l n. (Hnh 4.7).

Figure 18.3

147

18.1.3 Bc ren
Bc ren l khong cch cng pha ca hai prfin k nhau theo chiu trc. Bc ren k hiu l P. Nh vy
ta c P=Ph/n

18.1.4 Cc kch thc ca ren


+ ng knh ngoi ca ren l ng knh ca mt tr bao nh ren ngoi hoc y ren trong. ng knh
ngoi ca ren cn gi l ng knh danh ngha ca ren. ng knh ngoi ca ren k hiu l d cho ren ngoi
(hoc D cho ren l).+ ng knh trong ca ren l ng knh mt tr bao y ren ngoi hoc nh ren
trong. ng knh trong ca ren k hiu l d1 (hoc D1).+ ng knh trung bnh ca ren l ng knh
mt tr tng tng ng trc vi ren v c ng knh ct prfin ca ren ti im c b rng rnh bng
na bc ren.ng knh trung bnh ca ren k hiu l d2 (hoc D2).Hnh 4.8 biu din cc kch thc ca
trc v l ren tam gic n khp

Figure 18.4

148

CHNG 18. CC YU T CA REN

Chng 19

Biu din cc mi ghp bng ren

19.1 Biu din cc mi ghp bng ren


19.1.1 Mi ghp bu lng
n gin, mi ghp bu lng c v theo qui c, cc cung hypebn ca u bu lng v ai c c thay
th bng cung trn nh hnh 4.22 hng dn. Cc kch thc ca mi ghp cn c vo ng knh ngoi
ca ren tra trong bng 4.43. di ca bu lng tnh theo cng thc.
L = b 1 + b 2 + H d +s + a + c
Sau khi tnh c L cn i chiu vi TCVN 1892 76 xc nh chnh thc L ng vi tiu chun
qui nh (bng 4.43):Cng c th tnh cc kch thc ca mi ghp theo cc cng thc sau:d1 = 0,85
d,
R = 1,5d; r xc nh khi vd2 = 1,1d,
R1 = d,D = 2d,
C=
0,15d,Dv = 2,2d,
Sv = 0,15d,H = 0,8d,
L = (1,5 ( 2)d.Hb = 0,7d,
a
= (0,15 0,25)d,
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149

150

CHNG 19. BIU DIN CC MI GHP BNG REN

Figure 19.1

Ghi ch: Du x l loi bulng c ren trn sut chiu di thn

151

Figure 19.2

19.1.2 Mi ghp vt cy
Cc kch thc ca mi ghp vt cy cng c tnh theo ng kinh ngoi ca vt cy theo TCVN 3068
81. ai c v vng m tra trong bng 4.44 v bng 4.45 tng t trong mi ghp bu lng. Chiu di on
ren cy vo chi tit ph thuc vo vt liu ch to chi tit b ghp chn cho thch hp. Chiu di vt
cy tnh theo cng thc:
L=b+s+H d +a+c
Sau khi tnh song phi i chiu vi bng tiu chun xc nh chnh thc L ng tiu chun quy
nh.
Ghi ch: Khng nn dng nhng ai c c kch thc trong ngoc n.

152

CHNG 19. BIU DIN CC MI GHP BNG REN

Figure 19.3

153

Figure 19.4

154

CHNG 19. BIU DIN CC MI GHP BNG REN

Figure 19.5

155

Figure 19.6

Figure 19.7

156

CHNG 19. BIU DIN CC MI GHP BNG REN

19.1.3 Mi ghp bng vt


Dng cho cc mi ghp chu ti trng nh. inh vt c vn trc tip vo l c renca chi tit b ghp
khng cn ai c. di ca vt c tnh theo cng thc:
L>b+l1 H
Trong :
b: Chiu dy ca chi tit ghp c l trn;l1 : Chiu di ca ren;H: Chiu cao ca rnh chm trn chi tit
ghp c l trn (Nu u vt c vn chm vo chi tit ghp).

Figure 19.8

19.1.4 Ghp bng ng ni


ni cc ng ng (dn hi, dn kh hoc cht lng...) vi nhau, ngi ta dng phn ni (Hoc gi
l u ni) tiu chun c ch to bng gang rn theo quy nh trong TCVN 1286 85. c trng ca
ng ng l "ng thng quy c": Kch thc thc t ca ng thng qui c l ng knh lng ng
o bng milimt. K hiu ca ng ng gm c ng knh ng thng quy c: Dq v s hiu tiu
chun qui nh ng ng.V d: ng 20 TCVN 1286 - 85 Hnh 4.38: Cc loi u ni bng gang rn

157

Figure 19.9

158

CHNG 19. BIU DIN CC MI GHP BNG REN

Chng 20

Biu din quy c ren

20.1 Biu din quy c ren


Hnh dng ca ren phc tp nn ren c biu din theo quy c quy nh trong TCVN 12 85.

20.1.1 Biu din ren thy


ng nh ren v ng gii hn gia phn c ren v phn khng c ren v bng nt lin m. ng
y ren v bng nt lin mnh v cch ng nh ren mt on xp x bng bc ren. Trn mt phng hnh
chiu vung gc vi trc ren ng trn y ren v bng nt lin mnh v h mt on bng khong 1/4
ng trn sao cho cung khng bt u v kt thc ng trc tm ca ng trn (Hnh 4.12).

Figure 20.1

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160

CHNG 20. BIU DIN QUY C REN

Figure 20.2

20.1.2 Biu din ren khut


ng nh ren, ng y ren ng gii hn ren u v bng nt t (Hnh 4. 13).
Mt s im cn ch :
1 K hiu ren lun phi ghi tng ng vi ng knh ngoi ca ren.2 Trng hp ren khng tiu chun
th biu din thm profin ren bng hnh ct ring phn hay hnh trch ghi r kch thc (Hnh 4.15)3
K hiu vt liu trn mt ct ren phi gch n ng nh ren.4 Khi cn biu din on ren cn (on
ren c Prfin khng ) th on ren cn c v bng nt lin mnh (Hnh 4.16).5 Ren hnh cn c
v v k hiu nh trn hnh 4.17

161

Figure 20.3

162

CHNG 20. BIU DIN QUY C REN

Figure 20.4

163

Figure 20.5

164

CHNG 20. BIU DIN QUY C REN

Figure 20.6

165

Figure 20.7

20.2 Ghi k hiu ren


1. K hiu ren c ghi trn ng kch thc ca ng knh ngoi ren.2. K hiu ren gm c:
+ K hiu c trng Prfin ca ren: V d: M; R; Tr...+ ng knh danh ngha ca ren (ng knh
vng nh ca ren ngoi hay ng knh vng chn ca ren l), n v o l mm. Ring ren ng ly ng
knh lng ng lm kch thc danh ngha v n v o l inch.+ Bc ren (i vi ren mt u mi) bc
xon (i vi ren nhiu u mi),khng phi ghi kch thc bc ren ln; kch thc bc ren nh c ghi
sau kch thc danh ngha ca ren v phn cch bi du x.Kch thc ca bc ren nhiu u mi c ghi
trong ngoc n, sau bc xon km theo k hiu P. V d: Tr 20 x 4 (P2).+ Hng xon: Ch rng ren c
hng xon phi th trn k hiu ren khng cn ghi hng xon. Nu hng xon tri th ghi k hiu LH.+
Cp chnh xc: K hiu cp chnh xc ca ren c ghi sau hng xon ca ren v phn cch bng mt gch
ni. K hiu cc min dung sai ca mi ghp ren c ghi bng mt phn s, trong t s l min dung
sai ca ren trong, mu s l min dung sai ca ren ngoi.

20.3 Ghi chiu di ren v chiu su ca l khoan


Thng ch cn ghi kch thc chiu di ren m khng cn ghi kch thc chiu su l khoan. Nu khng
ghi tc l chiu su l khoan bng 1,25 chiu di ren. Hnh 4.18 l v d v ghi kch thc ren

166

CHNG 20. BIU DIN QUY C REN

Figure 20.8

20.4 Mt s v d v ghi k hiu ren


M12: Ren h Met, bc ln, ng knh danh ngha 12 mm;hng xon phi.
M14 x 1,5 Ren h Mt, bc nh, ng knh danh ngha 14 mm, bc ren 1,5 mm
M 24 x 4 (P2) LH: l ren h mt, hai u mi, ng knh danh ngha 24 mm bc xon 4 mm (bc
ren 2 mm) hng xon tri.
Tr 30 x 4 5H: Ren thang, ng knh danh ngha 30mm, bc ren 4mm, cp chnh xc 5H.
Sq 30 x 2 LH: Ren vung mt u mi, ng knh danh ngha 30 mm, bc xon bng bc ren bng
2 mm, hng xon tri.
G1 3/4 x 1/11": Ren ng mt u mi, ng knh ngoi 1" 3/4", bc ren 1/11" v ren c hng xon
phi.

Chng 21

Mt s loi ren thng gp

21.1 Mt s loi ren thng gp


Trong k thut ren c s dng rng ri v c nhiu cng dng khc nhau nh ren lp ni, iu
chnh, truyn lc hay truyn chuyn ng. Phn ln cc loi ren c tiu chun ho. Sau y l mt s
loi ren thng dng.

21.1.1 Ren h mt
Ren h mt c dng rng ri trong cc mi ghp, prfin ca ren h mt l tam gic u, gc nh ren
bng 60 . Ren h mt k hiu l M. Kch thc ca ren h mt c o bng milimt, v c quy nh
trong TCVN 224777 i vi ren bc ln v TCVN 2248 77 i vi ren bc nh.(Hnh 4.8). Xc nh
ng knh, bc ren v cc kch thc c bn ca ren h mt TCVN 2248_78 xem bng 4.42.
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168

CHNG 21. MT S LOI REN THNG GP

Figure 21.1

169
(*) Ren bc nh c cc kch thc d1, D1, d2, D2, d3 khc vi kch thc cho trong bng ny

21.1.2 Ren ng
Ren ng dng trong mi ghp ng ng, prfin ca ren ng c hnh tam gic cn, gc nh bng 550. Kch
thc ren ng dng inch lm n v, k hiu bng (1 inch = 25,4 mm)Ren ng tr k hiu l G c quy
nh trong TCVN 4681 89. Ren ng cn ngoi c k hiu l R c qui nh trong TCVN 468189.Ren
ng cn trong c k hiu l Rc. Hnh 4.9

Figure 21.2

21.1.3 Ren hnh thang


Prfin l mt hnh thang cn gc nh bng 30o . Ren hnh thang k hiu l Tr v c qui nh trong TCVN
4673 89 xem bng 4.48. Kch thc ren hnh thang ly milimt lm n v o (hnh 4.10).

170

CHNG 21. MT S LOI REN THNG GP

Figure 21.3

171

Figure 21.4

21.1.4 Ren ta (ren rng ca)


Prfin ren c dng hnh thang k hiu l S, gc nh ren bng 30o . Kch thc c bn ca ren c quy nh
theo TCVN 3777 83.(Hnh 4.11)Ngoi ra ta cn gp mt vi loi ren khng tiu chun nh ren vung, k
hiu l Sq....

172

CHNG 21. MT S LOI REN THNG GP

Figure 21.5

Chng 22

Mt s vn trong ch to v kim
tra ren
1

22.1 Mt s vn trong ch to v kim tra ren


22.1.1 Ch to ren
- Ren ngoi: Khi sn xut n chic hoc lot nh, ngi ta gia cng ren hon chnh trn my tin hoc gia
cng th trn my tin sau gia cng tinh bng bn ren. (Hnh 4.19a)Khi sn xut lot ln dng phng
php ln hoc cn ren.(Hnh 4.19b)- Ren l: Dng dao tin hoc ta r ch to ren l sau khi khoan
l.- Khi gia cng ren, lun c mt on ngn cui chiu di ren m trn chiu su ren gim dn do qu
trnh rt dao ra khi phi hoc do phn cn trn ta r, bn ren li. on ren gi l on ren cn.
khc phc nhc im ngi ta to mt rnh cui chiu di ren gi l rnh thot dao.- gip cho cc
dng c ct ren khi bt u ct ren d dng n su vo phi cng nh khi lp ghp cc chi tit ren vi nhau
d hn, ti mt u mt ca ren ngi ta thng vt cn 45o . Mt cn gi l mp vt ren. (Hnh 4.19a).

Figure 22.1

22.1.2 Kim tra ren


- kim tra bc ren, ngi ta dng c o ren.- kim tra ng knh nh ren ngi ta dng thc
cp.- Kim tra tng hp tt c cc yu t ca ren (bc ren, chiu su ren, ng knh nh ren) ngi ta
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174

CHNG 22. MT S VN TRONG CH TO V KIM TRA REN

dng Ca lip ren.

Figure 22.2

Chng 23

Cc chi tit ghp trong mi ghp ren

23.1 Cc chi tit ghp trong mi ghp ren


Ghp bng ren l phng php ghp c dng rng ri trong cng nghip, trong xy dng cng nh trong
i sng. Cc chi tit trong mi ghp bng ren gm c bu lng, vt cy, inh vt, ai c, vng m v cc
chi tit phng lng khc. Cc chi tit ghp u c tiu chun ho (Hnh 4.20).

Figure 23.1

23.1.1 Bu lng
+ Bu lng gm c hai phn:
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175

176

CHNG 23. CC CHI TIT GHP TRONG MI GHP REN

u bu lng v thn bu lng. Tu thuc vo mc ch v iu kin lm vic m u bu lng c th c


dng chm cu, nn, tr, lng tr 6 mt hay lng tr 4 mt.(hnh 4.21) Thn bu lng c dng hnh tr
to ren. Chiu di thn cng nh chiu di ren ph thuc vo mi ghp.Cn c vo cht lng b mt ren
ngi ta chia ra: bu lng tinh, bu lng na tinh v bu lng th.
+ K hiu ca bu lng gm c: k hiu Prfin ren, ng knh ngoi d, bc ren, chiu di ca bu lng
v s hiu tiu chun ca bu lng.
V d: Bu lng M10 x 80 TCVN 1892 76.
Cn c vo ng knh ngoi ca ren, tra bng 4.43 s c cc thng s cn thit ca bu lng, t
ta c th v bu lng mt cch d dng. (Hnh 4.22). - Ch i vi bu lng u 6 cnh v 4 cnh cc ng
cong u bu lng l ng hypecbn, nhng n gin khi v cho php thay th cc cung hypecbn
bng cc cung trn.Ngoi bu lng thng cn c bu lng c l khoan u c ren ( lp vi ai c x rnh
v cht ch (Hnh 4. 23 a), bu lng c l khoan u lng tr su cnh ( ct dy thp hnh 4. 23b) nhm
chng hin tng t lng khi bu lng lm vic trong iu kin rung ng mnh.

Figure 23.2

Ghi ch: Du x l loi bulng c ren trn sut chiu di thn

177

Figure 23.3

Figure 23.4

178

CHNG 23. CC CHI TIT GHP TRONG MI GHP REN

Figure 23.5

23.1.2 ai c
L chi tit vn vo bu lng hay vt cy. Theo hnh dng ai c c chia thnh ai c 4 cnh, ai c
6 cnh, ai c c x rnh hay ai c trn. Theo cht lng b mt, ai c c chia thnh ai c tinh,
ai c na tinh v ai c th (Hnh 4. 25) K hiu ai c gm c k hiu ren v s hiu tiu chun ca
ai c.V d:ai c M12TCVN 1905 76.Cc thng s ca ai c: tra bng 4.44.Cch v ai c u 6 cnh
ging cch v u bu lng hnh 4.22.
Ghi ch: Khng nn dng nhng ai c c kch thc trong ngoc n.

179

Figure 23.6

180

CHNG 23. CC CHI TIT GHP TRONG MI GHP REN

Figure 23.7

181

Figure 23.8

Figure 23.9

182

CHNG 23. CC CHI TIT GHP TRONG MI GHP REN

Figure 23.10

183

Figure 23.11

Figure 23.12

184

CHNG 23. CC CHI TIT GHP TRONG MI GHP REN

23.1.3 Vng m
L chi tit lt gia ai c v chi tit b ghp trong mi ghp bu lng hoc vt cy khi vn cht ai c
khng lm hng b mt chi tit b ghp. Ngoi ra vng m cn c tc dng lm cho lc p ca ai c phn
b u hn.C cc loi vng m: vng m phng (Hnh 4. 26a) vng m l xo (Hnh 4. 26b), v vng
m gp (Hnh 4.26c). Vi vng m phng ngi ta cn chia ra vng m th v vng m tinh.K hiu
ca vng m gm c ng knh ngoi ca bu lng km theo s hiu tiu chun ca vng m.V d: Vng
m 22 TCVN 2061 77Cc thng s ca vng m cn c vo ng knh ngoi ca bu lng tra trong
bng 4.45.

Figure 23.13

185

Figure 23.14

Figure 23.15

23.1.4 Cht ch
Cht ch l chi tit my tiu chun c quy nh trong TCVN 2043 77. Cht ch dng lp vi bu lng
(Hoc vt cy) c l v ai c c x rnh.K hiu ca cht ch gm c ng knh, chiu di cht ch v s
hiu tiu chun ca cht ch. Xem bng 6.46V d: Cht ch 3 x 15 TCVN 2043 77Hnh 4.27 cho thy
hnh dng v cc thng s ca cht ch, hnh 4.28 biu din mi ghp bu lng c y cc chi tit va gii
thiu trn.
Ch

:
Kch
thc
chiu
di
cht
ch
c
chn
theo
dy
sau:
4;5;6;8;10;12;14;16;18;20;22;25;28;32;36;40;45;50;56;63;71;80;90;100;125;140;160...

186

CHNG 23. CC CHI TIT GHP TRONG MI GHP REN

Figure 23.16

187

Figure 23.17

188

CHNG 23. CC CHI TIT GHP TRONG MI GHP REN

Figure 23.18

23.1.5 Vt cy
L chi tit hnh tr, hai u u c ren, mt u dng vn vo chi tit b ghp, mt u c vn vi ai
c. Mi ghp vt cy c biu din nh trn hnh 4.30. Vt cy c dng khi chi tit b ghp qu dy hay
v mt l do no khng dng bu lng c.C hai loi vt cy: Hnh 4.31* Kiu A: u vn vo chi tit
khng c rnh thot dao.* Kiu B: u vn vo chi tit c rnh thot dao.Chiu di l1 ca u vn vo chi
tit b ghp ph thuc vo vt liu ch to chi tit .C th:Loi I: Lp vo chi tit bng thp, bng ng:
l1 = dLoi II: Lp vo chi tit bng gang: l1 = 1,25dLoi III: Lp vo chi tit bng nhm: l1 = 2 d K hiu
ca vt cy gm c:Kiu vt cy k hiu ren chiu di l ca vt cy v s hiu tiu chun ca vt cy.V

189
d: Vt cy A1 M20 x 120 TCVN 3608 81, c ngha l:Vt cy kiu A, loi I c l = 120mm, l1 = d, ren
h Mt, d = 20mm.Cn c vo ng knh d, tra bng 4.67 ta c cc thng s cn thit ca vt cy.

Figure 23.19

190

CHNG 23. CC CHI TIT GHP TRONG MI GHP REN

Figure 23.20

191

Figure 23.21

192

CHNG 23. CC CHI TIT GHP TRONG MI GHP REN

Figure 23.22

193

Figure 23.23

194

CHNG 23. CC CHI TIT GHP TRONG MI GHP REN

Chng 24

Biu din n gin v v qui c cc


chi tit trong mi ghp bng ren
1

24.1 Biu din n gin v v qui c cc chi tit trong mi ghp


bng ren
Trong cc bn v lp, bn v lp t hay bn v tng qut, cc chi tit nh bu lng, vt cy... thng c
v n gin hoc v theo qui c.A Biu din n gin v quy c cc chi tit ghp (Bng 4.40)B Biu
din n gin v qui c mi ghp ren (Bng 4. 41).
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196

CHNG 24. BIU DIN N GIN V V QUI C CC CHI TIT


TRONG MI GHP BNG REN

Figure 24.1

197

Figure 24.2

198

CHNG 24. BIU DIN N GIN V V QUI C CC CHI TIT


TRONG MI GHP BNG REN

Chng 25

Ghp bng cht

25.1 Ghp bng cht


Cht l chi tit tiu chun dng lp ghp hay nh v cc chi tit b ghp vi nhau. (Hnh 4.63).C hai
loi cht: cht hnh tr v cht hnh cn. Cht hnh cn c cn bng 1:50 v ly ng knh u b lm
ng knh danh ngha (Hnh 4.64 a, b).Kch thc ca cht tr v cht cn c qui nh trong TCVN
2042 86 v TCVN 2041 86.K hiu ca cht gm c ng knh danh ngha, chiu di l ca cht, kiu lp
(i vi cht tr) v s hiu tiu chun.V d: Cht tr 10 x 50 TCVN 2042 86Cht cn 10 x 50 TCVN
2041 86Hnh 4.65 biu din mi ghp bng cht cho hai chi tit, trong ngi ta phi chn 2 kiu lp
khc nhau cho 2 l d tho cht.

Figure 25.1

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199

200

CHNG 25. GHP BNG CHT

Figure 25.2

Figure 25.3

Chng 26

Ghp bng inh tn

26.1 Ghp bng inh tn


Mi ghp inh tn l mi ghp khng tho c.C ba loi mi ghp inh tn. Mi ghp kn dng cho cc
thng cha, ni hi c p sut thp. Mi ghp chc: dng ghp cc thanh kim loi vi nhau nh cc
dn cu, dn my. Mi ghp chc kn, dng trong cc kt cu i hi va chc li va kn nh ni hi c
p sut cao.

26.1.1 Cc loi inh tn


inh tn l chi tit hnh tr, c m mt u. inh tn c phn loi theo hnh dng ca m inh. C 3
loi chnh nh sau: (Hnh 4.67).* inh tn m chm cu (Hnh 4.67a)* inh tn m na chm (Hnh 4.67b)*
inh tn m chm (Hnh 4.67c)K hiu quy c ca inh tn gm: Tn gi loi inh tn, ng knh d, chiu
di l, v s hiu chun.V d:+ inh tn m chm 6 x 20 TCVN 290 86+ inh tn m chm cu ghp
chc 10 x 50 TCVN 4220 86+ inh tn m na chm ghp chc 10 x 50 TCVN 4220 86V mi ghp inh
tn cho cc loi inh tn nh trn hnh 4.68 a, b, c, d Hnh 4.68 a: inh tn m chm cu, mi tn chm
cu.Hnh 4.68 b: inh tn m chm, mi tn chm cu.Hnh 4.68 c: inh tn m chm, mi tn chm.Hnh
4.63 d: inh tn m na chm, mi tn chm
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201

202

CHNG 26. GHP BNG INH TN

Figure 26.1

Figure 26.2

203

Figure 26.3

Figure 26.4

204

CHNG 26. GHP BNG INH TN

Figure 26.5

26.1.2 V quy c mi ghp inh tn


TCVN 4179 85 quy nh cch v inh tn theo quy c nh trong bng 4.69+ Nu mi ghp c nhiu chi
tit cng loi th cho php biu din n gin mt vi chi tit, cc chi tit khc cn li ch cn ghi v tr
bng cc ng trc, ng tm (Hnh 4.70).+ Nu mi ghp c nhiu nhm chi tit khc nhau (v chng
loi, kch thc) th cho php dng k hiu quy c phn bit cc nhm hoc ch cn ghi s v tr cho
mt inh tn ca mi nhm (Hnh 4.71)Di y l mt vi v d v biu din mi ghp inh tn

Figure 26.6

205

Figure 26.7

Figure 26.8

206

CHNG 26. GHP BNG INH TN

Figure 26.9

207

208

CHNG 27. GHP BNG HN

Chng 27

Ghp bng hn

27.1 Ghp bng hn

Figure 27.1

1 This

content is available online at <None>.

209

27.1.1 Khi nim chung


Hn l qu trnh ghp cc chi tit bng phng php lm nng chy cc b dnh kt cc chi tit li vi
nhau. Mi ghp hn l mi ghp khng tho c.Trong sn xut cng nghip thng dng phng php
hn h quang (hn in), hn hi v hn tip xc. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn s dng phng php hn thic,
hn bng mt s cht kt dnh c bit vv...Cn c vo cch ghp cc chi tit ngi ta phn loi cc loi
mi hn sau:
27.1.1.1 Mi hn ghp i nh: K hiu l
Trong :
2: Khng vt mp c hai pha ca hai chi tit ghp6: Vt mp mt pha ca mt chi tit ghp11:
Vt mp c hai mt ca mt chi tit ghp13: Vt mp mt mt cho c hai chi tit ghp

Figure 27.2

27.1.1.2 Mi hn ghp ch T: K hiu l T


Trong :
T1: Hn mt pha, khng vt mpT3: Hn hai pha, khng vt mp.T6: Hn mt pha, vt mp mt mt
cho mt chi tit ghpT9: Hn hai pha, vt mp c hai mt cho mt chi tit ghp

Figure 27.3

27.1.1.3 Mi hn ghp gc: K hiu G


Trong :

210

CHNG 27. GHP BNG HN

G2: Hn mt pha, khng vt mp.G6: Hn mt pha, vt mp mt mt cho mt chi tit ghp.G7: Hn


hai pha, vt mp mt mt cho mt chi tit ghp.G8: Hn hai pha, vt mp c hai mt cho mt chi tit
ghp.

Figure 27.4

27.1.1.4 Mi hn ghp chp


Trong :
C1: Hn mt pha, khng vt mp.C2: Hn hai pha, khng vt mp.

Figure 27.5

27.1.2 Biu din quy c mi hn


Khng phn bit phng php hn, cc mi hn c biu din trn hnh v nh sau:+ Mi hn thy: v
bng nt lin m (Hnh 4.78a).+ Mi hn khut: v bng nt t (Hnh 4.78a).+ im hn ring bit thy:
v du "+" (Hnh 4.78b); im hn khut: khng v.+ Trn hnh biu din mt ct mi hn nhiu lp, cho
php v ng bao ca tng lp bng nt lin m v dng ch hoa k hiu cho tng lp . Cc ng
bao thuc chi tit hn nm trong ng bao ca lp hn c v bng nt lin mnh (Hnh 4.79).

211

Figure 27.6

Figure 27.7

212

CHNG 27. GHP BNG HN

27.1.3 K hiu mi hn
A. Cc k hiu quy c ca mi hn
Cc k hiu quy c ca mi hn c ghi trn gi nm ngang nu l mi hn thy, ghi di gi nm
ngang nu l mi hn khut. Gi nm ngang ny c ni vi ng dn c mi tn mt pha ch vo v tr
mi hn (Hnh 4.80).

Figure 27.8

B. V tr cc k hiu c ghi theo th t nh sau


Tiu chun mi hn (V d; TCVN 1091 75)K hiu kiu mi hn (V d: G6; C2...)K hiu v chiu cao
tit din mi hn(V d: 5)Kch thc chiu di on hn, du / (Hoc ch Z) cho mi hn dt qung.Kch
thc ng knh i vi mi hn im.Kch thc chiu rng mi hn i vi mi hn ng.V d: 50/100;
100 Z 200; ( 4. ..* 5 : Du hiu ph (V d: l hn theo ng bao h)* 6 : Du hiu ph ca mi hn theo
ng bao kn hay ca mi hn khi lp.
C. Du hiu ph
Cc du hiu ph c v bng nt lin mnh v c chiu cao bng chiu cao ch s ca k hiu mi
hn.Cc du hiu ph c trnh by trong bng 4.81

213

Figure 27.9

27.1.4 Mt s v d v c k hiu mi hn
* c k hiu:
Mi hn ghp chp, khng vt mp, hn mt pha, hn t qung theo ng bao h. Cnh mi hn 5
mm, chiu di on hn bng 100mm, bc hn bng 200mm, hn h quang in bng tay.* c k hiu:

214

CHNG 27. GHP BNG HN

Mi hn ghp ch T, khng vt mp, hn hai pha, hn t qung so le theo ng bao kn, cnh mi
hn bng 6mm, chiu di on hn 50mm, bc hn 100mm, hn h quang in bng tay

Chng 28

Ghp bng then

28.1 Ghp bng then


Ghp bng then l mi ghp tho c truyn chuyn ng t trc qua bnh rng, bnh ai... v
ngc li. Then l chi tit tiu chun c chn theo ng knh trc hoc ng knh l ca chi tit b
ghp.K hiu ca then gm c b rng b, chiu cao h, chiu di l ca then v s hiu tiu chun qui nh
then (b h l). Thng dng ba loi then: Then bng, then vt v then bn nguyt (Hnh 4.48)

Figure 28.1

28.1.1 Then bng


Then bng c dng khi c cu chu ti trng nh. C hai loi then bng l then bng u trn A v then
bng u vung B. Khi lp then bng hai mt bn ca then tip xc vi rnh then l cc mt lm vic ca
then. Cc kch thc ca then bng c qui nh trong TCVN 4216.66 (Xem bng 4.53). V d v cch ghi
k hiu then:+ Kiu A u trn Then bng 20 x 12 x110 TCVN 2261 77V quy c mi ghp then bng
nh trn hnh 4.49b.
1 This

content is available online at <None>.

215

216

CHNG 28. GHP BNG THEN

Ghi ch: Chiu di then phi c chn theo dy sau: 6; 8; 10; 12; 14; 16; 18; 20; 25; 28; 32; 36; 40; 45;
56; 63; 70; 80; 100; 110; 125; 140; 160; 180; 200; 220; 250; 280; 320

217

Figure 28.2

218

CHNG 28. GHP BNG THEN

Figure 28.3

219

Figure 28.4

28.1.2 Then vt

Theo vt c dng kh c cu chu ti trng ln. Khi lp, then vt c ng cht vo rnh ca trc v
l nh mt ci nm. Mt lm vic l mt trn v mt di ca then. C ba kiu then vt: then vt u
trn (kiu A)
then vt u vung (kiu B)
then vt
c mu. Then vt c dc bng 1: 100. Kch thc mt ct then vt v qui nh trong TCVN 4214 86
(Bng 4.54). V d k hiu quy c ca then vt kiu B vung: Then vt B 18 x 11 x 100 TCVN 4214
86 V quy c mi ghp then vt nh trn hnh 4.51.
Ghi ch: Chiu di phi c chn theo dy s 6;8;10;12;14;16;18;20;25;28;32;36;40;45;56;63;70;80;100;110;125;140;160;180;2

220

CHNG 28. GHP BNG THEN

Figure 28.5

221

Figure 28.6

222

CHNG 28. GHP BNG THEN

Figure 28.7

28.1.3 Then bn nguyt


Then bn nguyt dng khi c cu chu ti trong tng i nh.Then bn nguyt c u im l t ng iu
chnh v tr. Cng nh then bng mt lm vic ca then bn nguyt l hai mt bn.Kch thc mt ct v
rnh ca then bn nguyt c qui nh trong TCVN 4217 86.(Bng 4.55). V quy c mi ghp then vt
nh trn hnh 4.52b. V d v cch ghi k hiu quy c then bn nguyt c chiu rng b = 6mm, chiu cao
h = 10mm nh sau: Then bn nguyt 6 x 10 TCVN 4217 86

223

Figure 28.8

224

CHNG 28. GHP BNG THEN

Figure 28.9

Figure 28.10

Chng 29

Ghp bng then hoa

29.1 Ghp bng then hoa


29.1.1 Phn loi then hoa
Then hoa chia lm ba loi:
Then hoa thng: Prfin ca rng hnh ch nht (Hnh 4. 56 a) Then hoa thn khai: Prfin ca rng
c dng thn khai (Hnh 4. 56 b). Then hoa tam gic: Prfin ca rng hnh tam gic (Hnh 4. 56c).
K hiu ca ca mi ghp then hoa thng gm c
+ K hiu b mt nh tm+ S rng Z+ ng knh trong d x ng knh ngoi D chiu rng rng
b+ Dung sai ca mi ghp (nu cn).

Figure 29.1

29.1.2 nh tm then hoa


C ba cch nh tm nh sau:a. nh tm theo ng knh ngoi D: Mi ghp c h ng knh trong
(Hnh 4.57a).b. nh tm theo ng knh trong d: Mi ghp c h ng knh ngoi (Hnh 4.57b).c.
nh tm theo mt bn b: Mi ghp c h c ng knh ngoi v ng knh trong (Hnh 4.57c).Mt s
v d ghi k hiu mi ghp then hoa (Khng c dung sai):D6 x 23 x 26 : Trong D: nh tm theo ng
1 This

content is available online at <None>.

225

226

CHNG 29. GHP BNG THEN HOA

knh ngoi; Z = 6, d = 23 v D = 26.B 20 x 92 x 102:Trong b: nh tm theo mt bn; Z = 20; d = 92


v D = 102

Figure 29.2

29.1.3 V quy c then hoa


Then hoa c kt cu phc tp nn c v quy c theo TCVN 19 85. ng trn v ng sinh ca mt
tr bao nh rng (ca trc v l thy) v bng nt lin m (Hnh 4. 58). Trn hnh chiu vung gc vi
trc rng, ng trn v ng sinh ca mt tr bao y rng v bng nt lin mnh (ng sinh phi v
n u mp vt).ng sinh mt tr bao y rng trn hnh ct dc trc ca trc v l v bng nt lin
m (Hnh 4. 59) Trn hnh ct ng trn ca mt tr bao y rng ca trc v l then hoa u v bng
nt lin mnh (Hnh 4.60). ng trn v ng sinh mt tr chia then hoa c prfin dng thn khai v
tam gic v bng nt chm gch mnh (Hnh 4.61b). ng gii hn gia phn rng then hoa c prfin
y v phn rng then hoa c prfin cn dn v bng nt linmnh. Trn hnh chiu vung gc vi trc
then thng v vi rng biu din prfin ca rng.Khng v mp vt ca trc v l trn hnh chiu ny
(Hnh 4.61 a)

227

Figure 29.3

Figure 29.4

228

CHNG 29. GHP BNG THEN HOA

Figure 29.5

Figure 29.6

229

Figure 29.7

230

CHNG 29. GHP BNG THEN HOA

Chng 30

Ti liu tham kho v k thut

30.1 Ti liu tham kho

Figure 30.1

1. Gio trnh V k thut - Tc gi Chu Vn Vng - NXB i hc S phm - Nm 2004 2. Gio trnh V
K thut - Tc gi Trn Hu Qu, Nguyn Kim Thnh - NXB i hc S phm - Nm 3. Gio trnh V K
thut tp 1 v 2 - Tc gi Trn Hu Qu - NXB Gio dc - Nm 2002
1 This

content is available online at <None>.

231

232

CHNG 30. TI LIU THAM KHO V K THUT

Figure 30.2

1. Gio trnh V k thut - Tc gi Chu Vn Vng - NXB i hc S phm - Nm 2004 2. Gio trnh
V K thut - Tc gi Trn Hu Qu, Nguyn Kim Thnh - NXB i hc S phm - Nm 3. Gio trnh V
K thut tp 1 v 2 - Tc gi Trn Hu Qu - NXB Gio dc - Nm 2002

233

Figure 30.3

1. Gio trnh V k thut - Tc gi Chu Vn Vng - NXB i hc S phm - Nm 2004 2. Gio trnh
V K thut - Tc gi Trn Hu Qu, Nguyn Kim Thnh - NXB i hc S phm - Nm 3. Gio trnh V
K thut tp 1 v 2 - Tc gi Trn Hu Qu - NXB Gio dc - Nm 2002

234

INDEX

Index of Keywords and Terms


Keywords are listed by the section with that keyword (page numbers are in parentheses). Keywords
do not necessarily appear in the text of the page. They are merely associated with that section. Ex.
apples, 1.1 (1) Terms are referenced by the page they appear on. Ex. apples, 1

B Biu din cc mi ghp bng ren, 19(149)


Biu din quy c ren, 20(159)
Biu din n gin v v qui c cc chi tit
trong mi ghp bng ren, 24(195)

C Chia u mt ng thng v mt ng trn,


9(31)

Cc chi tit ghp trong mi ghp ren,


23(175)
Cc khi nim chung v mi ghp bng ren,
17(139)
Cc khi nim v ghi kch thc, 6(17)
Cc yu t ca ren, 18(145)

D Dng ng thng song song, 7(27)


Dng ng thng vung gc, 8(29)

G Ghp bng cht, 25(199)


Ghp
Ghp
Ghp
Ghp

bng
bng
bng
bng

hn, 27(208)
then, 28(215)
then hoa, 29(225)
inh tn, 26(201)

H Hnh chiu phi cnh, 15(125)


Hnh chiu thng gc, 13(62)

Hnh chiu trc o, 14(90)

M mi ghp bng ren, 19(149)


Mt s loi ren thng gp, 21(167)
Mt s vn trong ch to v kim tra ren,
22(173)

S S hnh thnh ren, 16(135)


T Tiu chun ch vit v s trong bn v k
thut, 5(13)
Tiu chun khung bn v, khung tn trong
bn v k thut, 2(3)
Tiu chun kh giy trong bn v k thut,
1(1)
Tiu chun v t l trong bn v k thut,
3(7)
Tiu chun v ng nt trong bn v k
thut, 4(9)
Ti liu tham kho v k thut, 30(231)

V V cc ng cong hnh hc, 12(45)


V ni tip, 11(41)
V dc v cn, 10(37)

ATTRIBUTIONS

Attributions
Collection: Gio trnh v k thut
Edited by: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: http://voer.edu.vn/content/col10237/1.1/
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Tiu chun kh giy trong bn v k thut"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 1-2
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Tiu chun khung bn v, khung tn trong bn v k thut"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 3-5
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Tiu chun v t l trong bn v k thut"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Page: 7
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Tiu chun v ng nt trong bn v k thut"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 9-12
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Tiu chun ch vit v s trong bn v k thut"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 13-16
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Cc khi nim v ghi kch thc"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 17-26
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

235

236
Module: "Dng ng thng song song"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 27-28
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Dng ng thng vung gc"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 29-30
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Chia u mt ng thng v mt ng trn"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 31-35
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "V dc v cn"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 37-39
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "V ni tip"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 41-43
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "V cc ng cong hnh hc"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 45-60
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Hnh chiu thng gc"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 62-88
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

ATTRIBUTIONS

ATTRIBUTIONS
Module: "Hnh chiu trc o"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 90-124
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Hnh chiu phi cnh"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 125-133
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "S hnh thnh ren"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 135-137
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Cc khi nim chung v mi ghp bng ren"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 139-143
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Cc yu t ca ren"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 145-147
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Biu din cc mi ghp bng ren"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 149-157
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Biu din quy c ren"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 159-166
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

237

238
Module: "Mt s loi ren thng gp"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 167-172
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Mt s vn trong ch to v kim tra ren"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 173-174
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Cc chi tit ghp trong mi ghp ren"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 175-193
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Biu din n gin v v qui c cc chi tit trong mi ghp bng ren"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 195-197
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Ghp bng cht"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 199-200
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Ghp bng inh tn"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 201-206
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Ghp bng hn"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 208-214
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

ATTRIBUTIONS

ATTRIBUTIONS
Module: "Ghp bng then"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 215-224
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Ghp bng then hoa"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 225-229
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Ti liu tham kho v k thut"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 231-233
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

239

Gio trnh v k thut


T thu xa xa, khi loi ngi cn cha tm ra ch vit th bit s dng hnh v giao tip vi nhau.
Nhng k hiu, nhng hnh v n gin cn lu li trn vch , v cy, da th ... cho n ngy nay cho
ta thy c phn no cuc sng ca ng cha ta thu no. Cng vi s pht trin ca x hi loi ngi v
khoa hc k thut, nhu cu din t mt cch chnh xc hn cc vt, sng ni.... ln bn v ra i v pht
trin dn qua nm thng. V cng t khi nim "Bn v k thut" ra i v c mt hng pht trin
ring so vi cc loi hnh khc. Cuc cch mng khoa hc k thut ln th nht thc y cc ngnh cng
nghip pht trin c bit l c kh, giao thng vn ti, ch to my...Cc ngnh ny yu cu bn v phi
din t chnh xc, ng t l vt th cn biu din. p ng nhu cu , cui th k 18 mt k s v cng l
mt nh ton hc ngi Php tn l Gaspard Moge cng b phng php biu din vt th bng php
chiu thng gc trn hai mt phng hnh chiu. cng l c s l lun xy dng bn v k thut cho ti
ngy nay. Bn v k thut c th coi l ngn ng ca ngnh k thut, l ting ni chung ca tt c nhng
ngi lm cng tc k thut trn th gii, do tt c cc tiu chun xy dng bn v ngy nay c
tiu chun ho trong phm vi quc gia v quc t. Mn V k thut mang tnh c trng ca mt mn hc
thc hnh cho nn ngoi vic nm vng cc kin thc l thuyt cn c bit ch rn luyn cc k nng
hon thnh bn v nh: trnh t hon thnh bn v,thi quen cm bt, cm thc....sao cho khoa hc nht.
Cng vi s pht trin ca tin hc, mn hc V k thut cng c tha hng nhiu thnh tu, c
bit trong lnh vc thit k. Vi s tr gip ca cc phn mm ho chuyn dng, cng ngh v v thit
k c s thay i c bn. S tr gip ca my tnh v phn mm ho cho php t ng ho vic x
l thng tin v, t ng ho vic lp cc bn v k thut hoc gii cc bi ton hnh ho....Nhng hon
thnh mt bn v bng my tnh in t, ngi s dng my trc ht phi nm vng cc kin thc c bn
v v k thut ging nh khi hon thnh bn v k thut bng tay. p ng yu cu hc tp mn hc
ny, ngoi nhng ti liu c pht hnh rng ri, chng ti mnh dn bin son cun sch in t "V
k thut" nhm mc ch gup ngi hc d dng tip cn vi ni dung hc tp mi lc, mi ni thng
qua mng Internet. Cun sch c trnh by di dng cc ch ngi hc d dng tip cn vi ni
dung m mnh quan tm. Do kin thc v thi gian c hn nn gio trnh khng th trnh khi nhng thiu
st. Chng ti mong c s ng gp ca bn c gio trnh ngy cng c hon thin hn.

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