Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By:
i hc s phm H Ni
By:
i hc s phm H Ni
Online:
< http://voer.edu.vn/content/col10237/1.1/ >
This selection and arrangement of content as a collection is copyrighted by i hc s phm H Ni. It is licensed
under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Collection structure revised: August 9, 2010
PDF generated: July 10, 2011
For copyright and attribution information for the modules contained in this collection, see p. 235.
Table of Contents
1 Tiu chun kh giy trong bn v k thut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Tiu chun khung bn v, khung tn trong bn v k thut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3 Tiu chun v t l trong bn v k thut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4 Tiu chun v ng nt trong bn v k thut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5 Tiu chun ch vit v s trong bn v k thut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6 Cc khi nim v ghi kch thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
7 Dng ng thng song song . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
8 Dng ng thng vung gc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
9 Chia u mt ng thng v mt ng trn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
10 V dc v cn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
11 V ni tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
12 V cc ng cong hnh hc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
13 Hnh chiu thng gc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
14 Hnh chiu trc o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
15 Hnh chiu phi cnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
16 S hnh thnh ren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
17 Cc khi nim chung v mi ghp bng ren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
18 Cc yu t ca ren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
19 Biu din cc mi ghp bng ren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
20 Biu din quy c ren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
21 Mt s loi ren thng gp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
22 Mt s vn trong ch to v kim tra ren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
23 Cc chi tit ghp trong mi ghp ren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
24 Biu din n gin v v qui c cc chi tit trong mi ghp bng ren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
25 Ghp bng cht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
26 Ghp bng inh tn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
27 Ghp bng hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
28 Ghp bng then . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
29 Ghp bng then hoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
30 Ti liu tham kho v k thut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Attributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235
iv
Chng 1
A0
A1
A2
A3
A4
K hiu kh bn v
44
24
22
12
11
1189 x 841
594 x 841
594 x 420
297x 420
297 x 210
Table 1.1
- C s phn chia cc kh giy l kh A0 (c din tch 1m2 , kch thc 1189 x 841mm).
Cch phn chia th hin trn hinh v.
- Ngoi nhng kh giy chnh, trong trng c bit cho php dng giy ph l nhng kh giy c
chia t kh giy chnh.
- Kch thc cnh ca kh ph l bi s ca kch thc cnh ca kh A4.
1 This
Figure 1.2
Chng 2
- Ni dung v kch thc ca khung bn v v khung tn c quy nh trong TCVN 3821- 83. C 2 loi
khung bn v v khung tn: loi dng trong nh my, x nghip v loi dng trong nh trng. Di y
trnh by loi dng trong nh trng.
1 This
Figure 2.2
2.1.1 Khung bn v
- Khung bn v c v bng nt lin m, k cch cc mp kh giy 5mm (Hnh 1.2). Khi cn ng
thnh tp, cnh tri ca khung bn v c k cch mp tri ca kh giy mt khong bng 25mm
(Hnh1.3).
2.1.2 Khung tn
- Khung tn c t gc pha di, bn phi c th theo cnh di hay cnh ngn ca bn v. (Hnh 1.2,
1.3). Kch thc c th ca khung tn nh sau: (Hnh 1.4)
Figure 2.3
3: T l
4: K hiu bn v
5: H v tn ngi v
6: Ngy v
9: Tn trng, khoa, lp
Table 2.1
Chng 3
T l nguyn hnh
1:1
T l phng to
1 This
Chng 4
Figure 4.1
1 This
10
Figure 4.2
Nt
Nt
Nt
Nt
Nt
- Trong mi trng hp, tm ng trn phi c xc nh bng giao im ca hai on gch ca nt chm
gch; cc nt t, nt chm gch phi giao nhau bng cc gch.
11
Figure 4.3
Di y l v d minh ha v ng dng ca cc nt v.
Figure 4.4
K hiu vt liu
Mt s k hiu vt liu trn mt ct thng dng bn v c kh nh sau:
12
Figure 4.5
Chng 5
Figure 5.1
1 This
13
14
Figure 5.2
15
Figure 5.3
16
Figure 5.4
1.27: Ghi cn
Chng 6
17
18
Figure 6.1
Hnh 1.9
6.1.2.1 ng ging
- ng ging c v bng nt lin mnh hai u mt v vung gc vi on cn ghi kch thc. ng
ging c v ko di vt qu ng kch thc mt on bng 2 n 3 ln chiu rng ca nt c bn.
- Trng hp c bit cho php v xin.
19
Figure 6.2
Hnh 1.10
6.1.2.2 ng kch thc
- ng kch thc c v bng nt lin mnh, bn trong hai ng ging v song song vi on cn ghi
kch thc. Hai u mt ca ng kch thc c gii hn bi 2 mi tn.Trng hp khng ch c th
v ng kch thc v mi tn ra ngoi ng ging (Hnh 1.11).
20
Figure 6.3
6.1.2.3 Mi tn
- Mi tn c v hai u mt ca ng kch thc vi hnh dng v kch thc nh trn (hnh 1.12).
Trng hp c bit cho php thay hai mi tn i nhau bng mt chm m (Hnh 1.13).
Figure 6.4
21
Figure 6.5
Figure 6.6
22
Figure 6.7
Figure 6.8
Hnh 1.16
23
6.1.3.2 Ghi kch thc ng trn
Figure 6.9
Hnh 1.17
6.1.3.3 Ghi kch thc bn knh cung trn v kch thc cu
Figure 6.10
24
Figure 6.11
Figure 6.12
Hnh 1.22
25
6.1.3.6 Ghi kch thc dy cung v cung
Figure 6.13
Figure 6.14
26
Figure 6.15
Hnh
Chng 7
27
28
Chng 8
1 This
29
30
Chng 9
Chia u mt ng thng v mt
ng trn
1
31
32
Figure 9.3
33
Figure 9.4
34
Figure 9.5
35
This media object is a Flash object. Please view or download it at
<a1_07Med_Prog.swf>
Figure 9.6: Chia ng trn thnh 5 phn
V AB vung gc vi CD
Chia ng knh CD ra lm 7 phn bng nhau bng cc im 1, 2, 3, 4 ...
Tm D, bn knh DC v cung trn ct AB ko di ti E v F.
T E v F k cc tia ti cc im 2, 4, 6(Hoc cc im l 1, 3, 5 ta s nhn c cc im chia).
This media object is a Flash object. Please view or download it at
<a1_08Med_Prog.swf>
Figure 9.7: Chia ng trn thnh 7 phn
36
Chng 10
V dc v cn
10.1 V dc v cn
10.1.1 dc
dc ca ng thng AB i vi ng bng AC l tang ca gc BAC.
i = BC/AC = tg
dc c k hiu bng ch "i" hoc du " (". Khi v du ( mt cnh song song vi phng nm
ngang mt cnh song song vi cnh dc, nh hng theo chiu dc (Hnh 3.9). Cch v dc nh hnh
3.10.C th ghi dc di dng phn trm, v d: ( 5% hoc 12%...
Figure 10.1
10.1.2 cn
cn l t s gia hiu s ng knh hai mt ct vung gc vi trc ca mt hnh nn ct trn xoay vi
khong cch gia hai mt ct .
cn k hiu bng ch k hoc du ( (tam gic cn), khi v nh ca tam gic cn hng v nh ca
mt cn. Hnh 2.11 gii thiu cch v v ghi cn.Ta c th rt ra mi lin h gia k v i nh sau:
1 This
37
38
CHNG 10. V DC V CN
Figure 10.2
39
Figure 10.3
40
CHNG 10. V DC V CN
Chng 11
V ni tip
11.1 V ni tip
Trn bn v k thut thng phi ni tip ng thng vi ng cong hoc ng cong vi ng cong,
yu cu cc ng ni tip phi trn (khng c im gy). t c yu cu khi v ni tip phi
tun theo nhng qui tc hnh hc nht nh. Hai ng trn, hoc ng trn v ng thng ni tip
nhau ti mt im khi ti im chng tip xc nhau (Hnh 3.12). Di y trnh by cch v mt s
trng hp ni tip thng gp.
Figure 11.1
41
42
43
44
Chng 12
V cc ng cong hnh hc
45
46
F1 v F2 gi l tiu im ca elip (khong cch F1F2 < 2a), AB l trc di ca elip, CD l trc ngn
ca elip (hnh 2.26).Cch v elip* V elip bit hai trc AB v CD (hnh 2.27).
V hai ng trn tm O, ng knh l AB v CD.
Chia 2 ng trn ra lm 12 phn u nhau
T cc im chia 1, 2, 3...v 1, 2, 3... k cc ng thng song song vi trc AB v CD.
Giao im ca cc ng 1 1, 2 2 l cc im ni thnh Elip.
* V Elip khi bit 2 ng knh lin hp EF v GH* Phng php hai chm tia: (hnh 2.28).
Qua E v F k MP v NQ // GH
Qua G v H k PQ v MN // EF
Chia cc on OH, PH, QH ra lm 3 phn bng nhau bi cc im 1, 2, 3 v 1,2, 3 (H l im chung
3 v 3 ca c 3 on ny)
Ni E vi cc im 1, 2 thuc PH v vi 1, 2 thuc OH ; ni F vi cc im 1, 2 thuc HQ v 1, 2
thuc OH.
Giao im ca 2 tia tng ng thuc 2 chm tia E v F xc nh cc im thuc Elip.
* Phng php tm im (hnh 2. 29).
Qua A v B k ng thng song song vi CD, qua C v D k hai ng thng song song vi AB ta
c hnh bnh hnh EFGH.
Dng tam gic vung cn EIC (vung ti I).
V cung trn tm C, bn knh CI ct ng thng EF ti K v L.
Qua K v L v cc ng thng song song vi CD, cc ng thng ny ct cc ng cho EG v
HF ti 4 im 1,2, 3, 4 l nhng im thuc elip cn xc nh.
47
Figure 12.1
48
Figure 12.2
Figure 12.3
49
Figure 12.4
B. Parabn
Parabn l qu tch nhng im cch u mt im c nh v mt ng thng c nh (hnh 2.30).V
d: im M thuc parabn ta c
MF = MH
im c nh F gi l tiu im ca parabn, ng thng d c nh gi l ng chun ca parabn,
ng thng Ox k qua F vung gc vi trc d l trc ca parabn.Cch v parabn+ V parabn khi bit
tiu im F v ng chun.Cch v hnh 2.31
Trn trc i xng Ox ly mt im bt k, v d im 1.Quay cung trn tm F, bn knh r2 (bng
khong cch t im O n im1)ct ng thng song song vi d v i qua 1 ti hai im. Hai im
chnh l hai im thuc parabn. Cc im khc cng xc nh tng t.
+ V parabn ni tip trong mt gc cho trc (hnh 2.32).
50
Figure 12.5
51
Figure 12.6
52
Figure 12.7
C. Hypcbn
Hypcbn l qu tch cc im c hiu khong cch ti hai im c nh F1 v F2 bng mt hng s.
MF1 MF2 = A1A2 = 2a
F1 v F2 gi l tiu im ca Hypcbn, ng thng ni hai tiu im F1 v F2 l trc hypcbn, hai
im A1v A2 l hai nh ca hypcbn (hnh 3.33).Cch v hypcbn Khi bit hai tiu im F1, F2 v hai
nh ca n nh sau:
Trn trc Ox, ly mt im tu ngoi hai tiu im (im 2 chng hn).
Quay cung tm F1, bn knh r2 = A1 2, quay cung trn tm F2, bn knh R2 = A2 2 v nhn c
giao im S l mt im thuc hypcbn. Cc im khc cng thc hin tng t (hnh 2.34).
Trn hnh 2.34 ta v ng trn tm O c ng knh F1 F2 v hnh ch nht c 2 cnh qua A1, A2 xc
nh hai ng tim cn ca hypcbn.
53
Figure 12.8
54
Figure 12.9
D. ng sin
ng sin l ng cong c phng trnh y = sinx.Cch v ng sin c m t trong hnh 2.35.
V ng trn c s tm O, bn knh R.
Trn Ox ly on OA = 2( R; Chia u ng trn c s v on thng OA thnh mt s phn nh
nhau (12 phn chng hn) bng cc im 1, 2, 3, 4 ...v 1 , 2, 3, 4...
Qua cc im 1, 2, 3, ...trn ng trn c s k cc ng thng song song vi trc Ox v qua cc
im 1, 2, 3...trn trc Ox k cc ng thng song song vi trc y. Giao im ca 11; 22 ... l
nhng im thuc ng sin cn xc nh.
55
Figure 12.10
E. ng xoy c Acsimt
ng xoy c Acsimt l qu o ca mt im chuyn ng u trn mt bn knh khi bn knh ny
quay u quanh tm O.Khong dch chuyn ca im trn bn knh khi bn knh ny quay c 3600 gi l
bc xoy c a.Khi v ng xoy c acsimt ngi ta cho bit bc xon a. Cch v c trnh by trong
on video hnh 2.36.
V ng trn tm O, bn knh a.
Chia u bn knh a v ng trn thnh 1 s phn nh nhau bng cc im 1, 2 3...v 1, 2, 3 ...
V cc cung trn tm O, bn knh O 1, O 2, O 3... ct cc bn knh O1, O2, O3 ti M1, M2, M3 ...
l cc im cn xc nh.
56
Figure 12.11
57
Figure 12.12
H. ng Xiclit
ng xiclit l qu o ca mt im thuc mt ng trn, khi ng trn ln khng trt trn
mt ng thng c nh.ng trn ln gi l ng trn c s, ng thng c nh gi l ng thng
nh hng. Khi v ngi ta cho bit ng knh ca ng trn c s v ng thng nh hng.Cch v
nh sau (hnh 2.38)
V ng trn tm O, bn knh R tip xc vi ng thng nh hng ti M.
Trn ng thng nh hng ly on OA bng chu vi ng trn c s v bng 2pR.
Chia u ng trn c s v OA thnh mt s phn nh nhau (12 phn chng hn) bng cc im
1, 2, 3, ..., 12 v 1, 2, 3, ...,12.
+ T cc im 1, 2, 3 ... k cc ng thng vung gc vi ng thng nh hng xc nh cc im
O1, O2, O3...+ Ly O1, O2, O3... lm tm v cc ng trn c bn knh bng bn knh ng trn c s.
Cc ng trn ny ct cc ng thng song song vi ng thng nh hng k t cc im chia 1, 2, 3,
... ti cc im M1, M2, M3... Cc im ny chnh l cc im thuc Xiclit.
58
Figure 12.13
K. ng pixiclit v ng Hypxidit
ng pixiclit v ng hypxidit l qu o ca mt im thuc mt ng trn khi ng trn
ln khng trt trn mt ng trn c nh khc.ng trn ln gi l ng trn c s, ng trn c
nh gi l ng trn nh hng.Nu hai ng trn (c s v nh hng) tip xc ngoi khi ln ta c
ng pixiclit nh hnh 2.39.Khi v ng pixiclit ngi ta cho bn knh r ca ng trn c s, bn
knh R v tm ca ng trn nh hng. Gc c tnh theo cng thc:
* Nu ng trn c s v ng trn nh hng tip xc trong vi nhau ta c ng hypxiclit (hnh
2.40).
59
Figure 12.14
60
Figure 12.15
61
62
Chng 13
Figure 13.1
1 This
63
Figure 13.2
64
Figure 13.3
13.1.2.1.1 Hnh ct
13.1.2.1.1.1 nh ngha:
Hnh ct l hnh chiu phn cn li ca vt th ln mt phng hnh chiu song song vi mt phng ct sau
khi tng tng ct b phn vt th gia mt phng ct v ngi quan st (Hnh 4.11)
Figure 13.4
65
13.1.2.1.1.2 Phn loi hnh ct
* Phn loi theo v tr mt phng ct.
Theo v tr tng i gia mt phng ct v mt phng hnh chiu, hnh ct c chia thnh bn loi
sau:
+ Hnh ct ng:
L hnh ct nhn c khi mt phng ct song song vi mt phng hnh chiu ng (Hnh 4.12). Hnh
ct ng thng c biu din ngay trn hnh chiu ng.
Figure 13.5
+ Hnh ct bng:
L hnh ct nhn c khi mt phng ct song song vi mt phng hnh chiu bng (Hnh 4.13). Hnh
ct bng thng c biu din ngay trn hnh chiu bng.
Figure 13.6
+ Hnh ct cnh:
L hnh ct nhn c khi mt phng ct song song vi mt phng hnh chiu cnh (Hnh 4.14). Hnh
ct cnh thng c biu din ngay trn hnh chiu cnh.
Figure 13.7
+ Hnh ct nghing:
L hnh ct nhn c khi mt phng ct khng song song vi cc mt phng hnh chiu c bn (Hnh
4.15)
66
Figure 13.8
Figure 13.9
Figure 13.10
67
Figure 13.11
th hin cng trn mt hnh chiu c hnh dng bn ngoi v bn trong ca vt th, c th dng hnh
ct kt hp bng cch ghp na hnh chiu vi na hnh ct. Gii hn gia hnh chiu v hnh ct v bng
nt chm gch (Hnh 4.19).
13.1.2.1.1.3 Ghi ch v k hiu trn hnh ct:
Figure 13.12
68
+ Trong trng hp hnh chiu v hnh ct khng c chung trc i xng th c th dng ng phn
cch l nt ln sng (Hnh 4.21).
Figure 13.13
+ Trong trng hp ghp hnh chiu vi hnh ct, khng v cc nt khut trn phn hnh chiu, nu cc
nt th hin trn phn hnh ct.
+ Nu mt b phn ca vt th l mt khi trn xoay v c ng ranh gii r rt, c th lp hnh ct
ghp ring cho b phn , ng phn cch gia na hnh chiu v na hnh ct l trc i xng ca b
phn (Hnh 4.22).
Figure 13.14
+ Khi ct dc trc cc chi tit nh trc c, trc chnh, cc cnh mng nh gn chu lc (Hnh 4.23) bu
lng,inh tn, nan hoa... (Hnh 4.24) th coi nh chng khng b ct (khng gch mt ct); vin bi khng
bao gi b ct.
Mt s lu khi v hnh ct:
* Khi no v hnh ct?
Khi nhng vt th c cu to rng bn trong, trn cc hnh chiu ca chng c nhiu nt
t th phi dng hnh ct din t nhng phn khut . Khi chn mt phng ct trng
vi mt phng i xng ca phn rng lm r c b dyca vt th cng nh hnh dng
ca phn rng bn trong.
* V hnh ct ch no?
Quan st trn cc hnh chiu, nu thy trn hnh chiu no c nhiu nt t din t cu
to bn trong ca vt th th chn hnh chiu v hnh ct. Khng nn lm dng th
hin nhiu hnh ct trn mt bn v nu chng khng a thm nhng thng tin g mi so vi
hnh ct u tin.
* Dng hnh ct loi no?
Tu theo cu to ca vt th m chn loi hnh ct thch hp. Xin gi mt s cch chn:
Nu vt th c cu to bn trong n gin nn ct ton phn bng mt mt phng ct.
Nu vt th c nhiu phn rng cc v tr khc nhau, dng hnh ct bc.
Nu mun th hin c phn rng bn trong v hnh dng bn ngoi ca vt th, chn hnh ct kt
hp.
Khi ch mun th hin ring mt phn khut no , chn hnh ct ring phn.
* Khi no dng nt chm gch m?
69
Theo TCVN 8 85, nt chm gch m dng biu din phn b mt c gia cng
nhit hoc biu din phn vt th nm trc mt phng ct m theo quy nh chng khng
c th hin trn hnh ct. Nu phn vt th rt quan trng v khng th khng th hin,
dng nt chm gch m v.
* Nhng sai st thng gp khi v hnh ct:
V k hiu vt ct v ghi ch lc tha, lc thiu.Cn nh rng khng v vt ct v ghi ch bng cp
ch ci khi mt phng ct trng vi mt phng i xng ca vt th v hnh ct c t
ngay trn mt trong nhng hnh chiu c bn.
V thiu cc nt sau mt phng ct.
13.1.2.1.2 Mt ct
13.1.2.1.2.1 nh ngha
Mt ct l hnh phng nhn c trn mt phng ct khi tng tng dng mt phng ny ct vt th
(Hnh 4.25).
Mt phng ct c chn sao cho vung gc vi chiu di ca vt th. Mt ct dng th hin hnh
dng v cu to ca phn t b ct m trn hnh chiu cha th hin.
Figure 13.15
70
Figure 13.16
Figure 13.17
Cc qui nh v mt ct
+ Cch ghi ch v k hiu trn mt ct ni chung ging nh cch ghi ch ch v k hiu trn hnh ct.
+ i vi mt ct chp v mt ct ri khng c trc i xng trng vi vt mt phng ct th ch cn
v nt ct, mi tn ch hng nhn m khng cn cp ch ci t tn cho mt ct (Hnh 4.29).
71
Figure 13.18
Figure 13.19
+ Nu mt phng ct i qua trc cc l trn xoay, phn lm trn xoay th trn mt cc ng bao ca
mt trn xoay c v y nh trong hnh ct (Hnh 4.31).
72
Figure 13.20
73
Figure 13.21
+ Trong trng hp c bit cho php dng mt cong ct, khi mt ct c v theo dng tri v
ghi ch " tri" di gi ngang ca cp ch ci. (Hnh 4.33).
74
Figure 13.22
75
Figure 13.23
Figure 13.24
13.1.2.1.2.4 V mt ct nghing.
V mt ct nghing ca vt th l v hnh tht ca giao gia mt phng ct vi cc mt bn ca vt th.
V d: V mt ct nghing AA ca vt th cho nh hnh 4.40.
76
Figure 13.25
Cch lm gm cc bc sau:
+ Phn tch vt th:
Vt th gm hai khi: l khi hp ch nht.
Thn l khi tr trn xoay.
+ Dng giao tuyn:
Mt AA ct tr theo mt hnh elp khng y c:
Hnh chiu ng gm cc im: 31, 21, 11
Hnh chiu bng gm cc im: 32 22 , 12 , 22, 32
77
Mt ct A A ct theo hnh ch nht c:
Hnh chiu ng 31, 41
Hnh chiu bng 32, 32, 42, 42.
+V hnh tht ca mt ct:
Thc cht l dng phng php thay mt phng hnh chiu xc nh ln ca mt hnh phng
trnh by trong chng trnh hnh hc ho hnh. Th t thc hin nh sau:
K ng thng h song song vi AA
Trn h ly cc im 10, 20, 30, 40 c:
10 20 = 11 21; 20 30 =21 31; 30 40 = 31 41
+ Qua 20, 30, 40 k cc ng thng vung gc vi h v t:
Figure 13.26
78
Figure 13.27
79
Figure 13.28
80
Khi v hnh chiu th 3 ta dng ng nghing 45o lm ng ph tr v. Hnh 3.45 l ba hnh chiu
ca vt th cho hnh 3.43.
Figure 13.29
81
Figure 13.30
82
Figure 13.31
83
ngha cc ng nt trn tng hnh chiu, mi quan h gia cc ng nt trn cc hnh chiu hnh dung
c tng b phn cu thnh vt th. Cui cng l tng hp nhng iu phn tch trn, hnh dung ra
hnh dng ca vt th c biu din.
13.1.5.2 Mi quan h gia cc hnh chiu
Trn hnh 3.47 biu din ba hnh chiu ca im A. Ta nhn thy: Hnh chiu ng A1 c xc nh
bi OAx v OAz - Hnh chiu bng A2 c xc nh bi OAx v OAy Hnh chiu cnh A3 c xc nh
bi OAy v OAzNh vy:
+ Hnh chiu ng v hnh chiu bng c chung kch thc song song vi trc Oz xa cnh ca
im.+ Hnh chiu bng v hnh chiu cnh c chung kch thc song song vi trc Oy xa ca m.+
Hnh chiu ng v hnh chiu cnh c chung kch thc song song vi trc Ox cao ca im.
T , khi bit hai hnh chiu ca vt th ta c th v c hnh chiu th ba ca n.
Cn ch trong bn v k thut khng v cc trc chiu cng nh cc ng dng hnh chiu cho
nn khi v hnh chiu thc ba ta thng v theo chun kch thc.
Figure 13.32
Hnh 3.47
13.1.5.3 V d
V hnh chiu cnh ca vt th cho nh hnh 3.48. Trnh t thc hin nh sau:a) c bn v Qua
phn tch ng nt ca hai hnh chiu ta thy vt th c th chia thnh ba phn: (Hnh 3.49)+ Thn (1)
c dng hp ch nht.Kch thc ca thn l 38 x 26 x 15, pha di thn x rnh 28 x 26 x 4; mt trn hai
pha trc v sau c khot hai rnh na tr R7, rng 5 l (10 c khoan sut t trn xung di + Hai
quai (2) l hai na mt tr bn knh ngoi R10, bn knh trong R7 rng 5.+ Hai tai (3): u ca hai tai l
cc na mt tr R8, l xuyn sut (6 b) V hnh chiu cnh. Nguyn tc chung l v cc phn thy trc,
phn khut sau, b phn ch yu trc, th yu sau. Th t thc hin nh sau (Hnh 3.50)
84
Figure 13.33
85
Figure 13.34
Figure 13.35
86
Figure 13.36
13.1.6 V vt th c l xuyn
Vt th xuyn l cc vt th c dng hnh hc c bn v c cc l xuyn qua. V vt th xuyn l
v giao gia cc mt hnh hc hc trong chng trnh hnh hc ha hnh. V d: Cho hnh chiu ng
ca mt vt th xuyn v hnh chiu bng cha y ca n (Hnh 3.52). Hy v y hnh chiu bng,
hnh chiu cnh v p dng hnh ct hp l trn cc hnh chiu. Gii: Bc 1: V y hnh chiu bng
ca l lng tr chiu ng y tam gic cn xuyn qua tr trn xoay.Bc 2: V hnh chiu cnh:Thc cht
l v giao gia mt tr trn xoay v lng tr chiu bng y hnh vung vi lng tr chiu ng tam gic
cn.+ Lng tr chiu ng y tam gic nn hnh chiu ng ca giao trng vi hnh chiu ng ca lng
tr.+ Tr trn xoay v lng tr c y hnh vung u l cc mt chiu bng do hnh chiu bng ca
giao trng vi hnh chiu bng ca tr v lng tr y hnh vung.+ Tm hnh chiu cnh ca giao:
V mt trn ca lng tr l mt phng bng do trn hnh chiu cnh s suy bin thnh on thng
nm ngang. Hai mt bn ca lng tr l cc mt phng chiu ng ct tr theo cc cung elp nn trn
hnh chiu cnh cc cung A3 B3 C3 D3 cng l cc cung e lp. Lng tr chiu ng y tam gic ct lng
tr chiu bng y hnh vung ti cc im E v K.Hnh 3.53 gii thiu cch tm mt na giao ca lng tr
y tam gic vi tr trn xoay, giao ca lng tr y tam gic vi tr c y l hnh vung.Na i xng
cn li cch v cng tng t.Hnh 3.54 l 3 hnh chiu vung gc sau khi v hon chnh v hnh chiu
trc o c ct b mt phn t nhn r cu trc bn trong ca vt th.
87
Figure 13.37
88
Figure 13.38
89
90
Chng 14
Figure 14.1
1 This
91
Figure 14.2
92
Figure 14.3
93
14.1.1.4 D. Phn loi hnh chiu trc o
+ Cn c vo phng chiu L vung gc hoc xin gc vi mt phng hnh chiu P m ngi ta phn
thnh: Hnh chiu trc o vung gc Hnh chiu trc xin gc.+ Cn c theo h s bin dng m phn
thnh: Hnh chiu trc o u: ba h s bin dng theo ba trc bng nhau. Hnh chiu trc o cn: hai
trong ba h s bin dng bng nhautng i mt. Hnh chiu trc o lch: ba h s bin dng theo ba trc
khng bng nhau.Rt nhiu loi hnh chiu trc o c xy dng trn c s . Song k thut thng dng
mt s loi hnh chiu trc o nh: Hnh chiu trc o vung gc u. Hnh chiu trc o vung gc cn
Hnh chiu trc o ng u(xin gc u). Hnh chiu trc o ng cn (xin gc cn).Di y gii
thiu cc qui nh v cch v bn loi hnh chiu trc o trn.
Figure 14.4
94
Figure 14.5
95
Figure 14.6
96
Figure 14.7
97
Figure 14.8
98
Figure 14.9
99
Figure 14.10
Figure 14.11
100
Figure 14.12
101
Figure 14.13
102
Figure 14.14
103
14.1.2.5 Cc v d v cc loi hnh chiu trc o
Figure 14.15
104
Figure 14.16
105
Figure 14.17
106
Figure 14.18
107
Figure 14.19
108
Figure 14.20
109
Figure 14.21
110
Figure 14.22
Figure 14.23
111
Figure 14.24
112
vt th theo phng y ln, th nn chn loi hnh chiu trc o xin gc cn, kch thc theo phng Oy
rt ngn i mt na, hnh biu din s cn i hn (Hnh 5.30b).
Figure 14.25
Figure 14.26
113
14.1.4.2 Gn h to vung gc vo vt th
Vic chn v tr v chiu ca cc trc to hp l s lm cho vic biu din trn hnh chiu trc
o d hn, p hn v th hin r nt cc cu to ca vt th. V vy, tu theo cu to vt th tu theo
yu cu th hin m gn h to sao cho hp l. Thng thng, vi nhng vt th c dng khi hp ta
nn chn gc h to trng vi gc ca khi, cc cnh ca h to trng vi cc cnh ca khi. Cn vi
nhng khi dng tr trn ta nn chn gc to trng vi tm ca khi tr, cc cnh ca h to trng
vi trc i xng ca vt th (hnh 5.31).
Figure 14.27
114
115
Figure 14.28
Figure 14.29
116
Figure 14.30
117
Figure 14.31
118
Figure 14.32
119
Figure 14.33
120
Figure 14.34
Figure 14.35
121
Figure 14.36
122
Figure 14.37
123
Figure 14.38
124
Figure 14.39
Chng 15
125
126
Figure 15.1
127
T h thng 4 mt phng T, H, N v G chiu ht vo mt phng T ta thu c hnh chiu (hnh 5.45)Chiu
ht xung mt phng G chng ta c hnh chiu (hnh 5.46)Hai hnh chiu trn y c lin h vi nhau, nn
khi dng phi cnh, chng ta phi hp 2 hnh chiu trn nh hnh 5.46.Trong trng hp cn thit xy v
XY c th trng li nhau rt gn bn v.
Figure 15.2
128
Figure 15.3
129
Figure 15.4
130
Figure 15.5
131
Figure 15.6
132
Figure 15.7
T lp lun trn suy ra cch v phi cnh ca ng thng D trn T nh sau:+ V D ti ct mt phng
G (tc l ct XY trn thc) im gc dg. + Tm d1+ V OE -F song song vi D gp XY F;+ Chiu
F ln HH ta c f .+ Ni d1 vi f ta c d1 - f l phi cnh ca D.Nu ta c nhiu ng thng song
song vi D th phi cnh ca nhng ng scng bin v quy t v f.
133
Figure 15.8
134
Chng 16
Ren hnh thnh trn mt tr gi l ren tr, hnh thnh trn mt cn gi l ren cn.
Ren hnh thnh trn mt ngoi ca hnh tr gi l ren ngoi (Hnh 4.5a).
Ren hnh thnh trn mt trong ca hnh tr gi l ren l (Hay cn gi l ren trong (Hnh 4.5b).
Hnh phng chuyn ng c th l hnh tam gic, hnh vung, hnh thang...
1 This
135
136
Figure 16.1
137
Figure 16.2
138
Chng 17
17.1.2 ng sinh
ng thng quay quanh trc gi l ng sinh. Trc c nh gi l trc quay.
Nu ng sinh song song vi trc quay ta c ng xon c tr (Hnh 4.1a).
Nu ng sinh ct trc quay ta c ng xon c cn (Hnh 4.1b).
1 This
139
140
Figure 17.1
141
Figure 17.2
Hnh 42
142
Figure 17.3
143
Figure 17.4
144
Chng 18
Cc yu t ca ren
18.1 Cc yu t ca ren
18.1.1 Prfin ca ren
Prfin ca ren l ng bao mt ct ren khi mt phng ct cha trc ren (chnh l ng bao ca hnh
phng chuyn ng). Prfin ca ren c th l tam gic u, tam gic cn, vung, hnh thang hay cung trn
(Hnh 4.6)
Figure 18.1
1 This
145
146
Figure 18.2
18.1.2 S u mi ca ren
S u mi ca ren l s ng xon c to thnh ren. S u mi ca ren k hiu l n. (Hnh 4.7).
Figure 18.3
147
18.1.3 Bc ren
Bc ren l khong cch cng pha ca hai prfin k nhau theo chiu trc. Bc ren k hiu l P. Nh vy
ta c P=Ph/n
Figure 18.4
148
Chng 19
149
150
Figure 19.1
151
Figure 19.2
19.1.2 Mi ghp vt cy
Cc kch thc ca mi ghp vt cy cng c tnh theo ng kinh ngoi ca vt cy theo TCVN 3068
81. ai c v vng m tra trong bng 4.44 v bng 4.45 tng t trong mi ghp bu lng. Chiu di on
ren cy vo chi tit ph thuc vo vt liu ch to chi tit b ghp chn cho thch hp. Chiu di vt
cy tnh theo cng thc:
L=b+s+H d +a+c
Sau khi tnh song phi i chiu vi bng tiu chun xc nh chnh thc L ng tiu chun quy
nh.
Ghi ch: Khng nn dng nhng ai c c kch thc trong ngoc n.
152
Figure 19.3
153
Figure 19.4
154
Figure 19.5
155
Figure 19.6
Figure 19.7
156
Figure 19.8
157
Figure 19.9
158
Chng 20
Figure 20.1
1 This
159
160
Figure 20.2
161
Figure 20.3
162
Figure 20.4
163
Figure 20.5
164
Figure 20.6
165
Figure 20.7
166
Figure 20.8
Chng 21
21.1.1 Ren h mt
Ren h mt c dng rng ri trong cc mi ghp, prfin ca ren h mt l tam gic u, gc nh ren
bng 60 . Ren h mt k hiu l M. Kch thc ca ren h mt c o bng milimt, v c quy nh
trong TCVN 224777 i vi ren bc ln v TCVN 2248 77 i vi ren bc nh.(Hnh 4.8). Xc nh
ng knh, bc ren v cc kch thc c bn ca ren h mt TCVN 2248_78 xem bng 4.42.
1 This
167
168
Figure 21.1
169
(*) Ren bc nh c cc kch thc d1, D1, d2, D2, d3 khc vi kch thc cho trong bng ny
21.1.2 Ren ng
Ren ng dng trong mi ghp ng ng, prfin ca ren ng c hnh tam gic cn, gc nh bng 550. Kch
thc ren ng dng inch lm n v, k hiu bng (1 inch = 25,4 mm)Ren ng tr k hiu l G c quy
nh trong TCVN 4681 89. Ren ng cn ngoi c k hiu l R c qui nh trong TCVN 468189.Ren
ng cn trong c k hiu l Rc. Hnh 4.9
Figure 21.2
170
Figure 21.3
171
Figure 21.4
172
Figure 21.5
Chng 22
Mt s vn trong ch to v kim
tra ren
1
Figure 22.1
173
174
Figure 22.2
Chng 23
Figure 23.1
23.1.1 Bu lng
+ Bu lng gm c hai phn:
1 This
175
176
Figure 23.2
177
Figure 23.3
Figure 23.4
178
Figure 23.5
23.1.2 ai c
L chi tit vn vo bu lng hay vt cy. Theo hnh dng ai c c chia thnh ai c 4 cnh, ai c
6 cnh, ai c c x rnh hay ai c trn. Theo cht lng b mt, ai c c chia thnh ai c tinh,
ai c na tinh v ai c th (Hnh 4. 25) K hiu ai c gm c k hiu ren v s hiu tiu chun ca
ai c.V d:ai c M12TCVN 1905 76.Cc thng s ca ai c: tra bng 4.44.Cch v ai c u 6 cnh
ging cch v u bu lng hnh 4.22.
Ghi ch: Khng nn dng nhng ai c c kch thc trong ngoc n.
179
Figure 23.6
180
Figure 23.7
181
Figure 23.8
Figure 23.9
182
Figure 23.10
183
Figure 23.11
Figure 23.12
184
23.1.3 Vng m
L chi tit lt gia ai c v chi tit b ghp trong mi ghp bu lng hoc vt cy khi vn cht ai c
khng lm hng b mt chi tit b ghp. Ngoi ra vng m cn c tc dng lm cho lc p ca ai c phn
b u hn.C cc loi vng m: vng m phng (Hnh 4. 26a) vng m l xo (Hnh 4. 26b), v vng
m gp (Hnh 4.26c). Vi vng m phng ngi ta cn chia ra vng m th v vng m tinh.K hiu
ca vng m gm c ng knh ngoi ca bu lng km theo s hiu tiu chun ca vng m.V d: Vng
m 22 TCVN 2061 77Cc thng s ca vng m cn c vo ng knh ngoi ca bu lng tra trong
bng 4.45.
Figure 23.13
185
Figure 23.14
Figure 23.15
23.1.4 Cht ch
Cht ch l chi tit my tiu chun c quy nh trong TCVN 2043 77. Cht ch dng lp vi bu lng
(Hoc vt cy) c l v ai c c x rnh.K hiu ca cht ch gm c ng knh, chiu di cht ch v s
hiu tiu chun ca cht ch. Xem bng 6.46V d: Cht ch 3 x 15 TCVN 2043 77Hnh 4.27 cho thy
hnh dng v cc thng s ca cht ch, hnh 4.28 biu din mi ghp bu lng c y cc chi tit va gii
thiu trn.
Ch
:
Kch
thc
chiu
di
cht
ch
c
chn
theo
dy
sau:
4;5;6;8;10;12;14;16;18;20;22;25;28;32;36;40;45;50;56;63;71;80;90;100;125;140;160...
186
Figure 23.16
187
Figure 23.17
188
Figure 23.18
23.1.5 Vt cy
L chi tit hnh tr, hai u u c ren, mt u dng vn vo chi tit b ghp, mt u c vn vi ai
c. Mi ghp vt cy c biu din nh trn hnh 4.30. Vt cy c dng khi chi tit b ghp qu dy hay
v mt l do no khng dng bu lng c.C hai loi vt cy: Hnh 4.31* Kiu A: u vn vo chi tit
khng c rnh thot dao.* Kiu B: u vn vo chi tit c rnh thot dao.Chiu di l1 ca u vn vo chi
tit b ghp ph thuc vo vt liu ch to chi tit .C th:Loi I: Lp vo chi tit bng thp, bng ng:
l1 = dLoi II: Lp vo chi tit bng gang: l1 = 1,25dLoi III: Lp vo chi tit bng nhm: l1 = 2 d K hiu
ca vt cy gm c:Kiu vt cy k hiu ren chiu di l ca vt cy v s hiu tiu chun ca vt cy.V
189
d: Vt cy A1 M20 x 120 TCVN 3608 81, c ngha l:Vt cy kiu A, loi I c l = 120mm, l1 = d, ren
h Mt, d = 20mm.Cn c vo ng knh d, tra bng 4.67 ta c cc thng s cn thit ca vt cy.
Figure 23.19
190
Figure 23.20
191
Figure 23.21
192
Figure 23.22
193
Figure 23.23
194
Chng 24
195
196
Figure 24.1
197
Figure 24.2
198
Chng 25
Figure 25.1
1 This
199
200
Figure 25.2
Figure 25.3
Chng 26
201
202
Figure 26.1
Figure 26.2
203
Figure 26.3
Figure 26.4
204
Figure 26.5
Figure 26.6
205
Figure 26.7
Figure 26.8
206
Figure 26.9
207
208
Chng 27
Ghp bng hn
Figure 27.1
1 This
209
Figure 27.2
Figure 27.3
210
Figure 27.4
Figure 27.5
211
Figure 27.6
Figure 27.7
212
27.1.3 K hiu mi hn
A. Cc k hiu quy c ca mi hn
Cc k hiu quy c ca mi hn c ghi trn gi nm ngang nu l mi hn thy, ghi di gi nm
ngang nu l mi hn khut. Gi nm ngang ny c ni vi ng dn c mi tn mt pha ch vo v tr
mi hn (Hnh 4.80).
Figure 27.8
213
Figure 27.9
27.1.4 Mt s v d v c k hiu mi hn
* c k hiu:
Mi hn ghp chp, khng vt mp, hn mt pha, hn t qung theo ng bao h. Cnh mi hn 5
mm, chiu di on hn bng 100mm, bc hn bng 200mm, hn h quang in bng tay.* c k hiu:
214
Mi hn ghp ch T, khng vt mp, hn hai pha, hn t qung so le theo ng bao kn, cnh mi
hn bng 6mm, chiu di on hn 50mm, bc hn 100mm, hn h quang in bng tay
Chng 28
Figure 28.1
215
216
Ghi ch: Chiu di then phi c chn theo dy sau: 6; 8; 10; 12; 14; 16; 18; 20; 25; 28; 32; 36; 40; 45;
56; 63; 70; 80; 100; 110; 125; 140; 160; 180; 200; 220; 250; 280; 320
217
Figure 28.2
218
Figure 28.3
219
Figure 28.4
28.1.2 Then vt
Theo vt c dng kh c cu chu ti trng ln. Khi lp, then vt c ng cht vo rnh ca trc v
l nh mt ci nm. Mt lm vic l mt trn v mt di ca then. C ba kiu then vt: then vt u
trn (kiu A)
then vt u vung (kiu B)
then vt
c mu. Then vt c dc bng 1: 100. Kch thc mt ct then vt v qui nh trong TCVN 4214 86
(Bng 4.54). V d k hiu quy c ca then vt kiu B vung: Then vt B 18 x 11 x 100 TCVN 4214
86 V quy c mi ghp then vt nh trn hnh 4.51.
Ghi ch: Chiu di phi c chn theo dy s 6;8;10;12;14;16;18;20;25;28;32;36;40;45;56;63;70;80;100;110;125;140;160;180;2
220
Figure 28.5
221
Figure 28.6
222
Figure 28.7
223
Figure 28.8
224
Figure 28.9
Figure 28.10
Chng 29
Figure 29.1
225
226
Figure 29.2
227
Figure 29.3
Figure 29.4
228
Figure 29.5
Figure 29.6
229
Figure 29.7
230
Chng 30
Figure 30.1
1. Gio trnh V k thut - Tc gi Chu Vn Vng - NXB i hc S phm - Nm 2004 2. Gio trnh V
K thut - Tc gi Trn Hu Qu, Nguyn Kim Thnh - NXB i hc S phm - Nm 3. Gio trnh V K
thut tp 1 v 2 - Tc gi Trn Hu Qu - NXB Gio dc - Nm 2002
1 This
231
232
Figure 30.2
1. Gio trnh V k thut - Tc gi Chu Vn Vng - NXB i hc S phm - Nm 2004 2. Gio trnh
V K thut - Tc gi Trn Hu Qu, Nguyn Kim Thnh - NXB i hc S phm - Nm 3. Gio trnh V
K thut tp 1 v 2 - Tc gi Trn Hu Qu - NXB Gio dc - Nm 2002
233
Figure 30.3
1. Gio trnh V k thut - Tc gi Chu Vn Vng - NXB i hc S phm - Nm 2004 2. Gio trnh
V K thut - Tc gi Trn Hu Qu, Nguyn Kim Thnh - NXB i hc S phm - Nm 3. Gio trnh V
K thut tp 1 v 2 - Tc gi Trn Hu Qu - NXB Gio dc - Nm 2002
234
INDEX
bng
bng
bng
bng
hn, 27(208)
then, 28(215)
then hoa, 29(225)
inh tn, 26(201)
ATTRIBUTIONS
Attributions
Collection: Gio trnh v k thut
Edited by: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: http://voer.edu.vn/content/col10237/1.1/
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Tiu chun kh giy trong bn v k thut"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 1-2
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Tiu chun khung bn v, khung tn trong bn v k thut"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 3-5
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Tiu chun v t l trong bn v k thut"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Page: 7
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Tiu chun v ng nt trong bn v k thut"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 9-12
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Tiu chun ch vit v s trong bn v k thut"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 13-16
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Cc khi nim v ghi kch thc"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 17-26
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
235
236
Module: "Dng ng thng song song"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 27-28
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Dng ng thng vung gc"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 29-30
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Chia u mt ng thng v mt ng trn"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 31-35
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "V dc v cn"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 37-39
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "V ni tip"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 41-43
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "V cc ng cong hnh hc"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 45-60
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Hnh chiu thng gc"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 62-88
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
ATTRIBUTIONS
ATTRIBUTIONS
Module: "Hnh chiu trc o"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 90-124
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Hnh chiu phi cnh"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 125-133
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "S hnh thnh ren"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 135-137
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Cc khi nim chung v mi ghp bng ren"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 139-143
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Cc yu t ca ren"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 145-147
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Biu din cc mi ghp bng ren"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 149-157
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Biu din quy c ren"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 159-166
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
237
238
Module: "Mt s loi ren thng gp"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 167-172
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Mt s vn trong ch to v kim tra ren"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 173-174
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Cc chi tit ghp trong mi ghp ren"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 175-193
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Biu din n gin v v qui c cc chi tit trong mi ghp bng ren"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 195-197
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Ghp bng cht"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 199-200
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Ghp bng inh tn"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 201-206
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Ghp bng hn"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 208-214
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
ATTRIBUTIONS
ATTRIBUTIONS
Module: "Ghp bng then"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 215-224
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Ghp bng then hoa"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 225-229
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: "Ti liu tham kho v k thut"
By: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: None
Pages: 231-233
Copyright:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
239