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Ti liu hng dn

Dnh cho cng nhn k thut


V k s mi ra trng.


Phm Quc Thi bin son.
Mc lc
Tng quan v h thng ni t.
Ni t trong mng h p.
Cc kiu ni t
So snh cc kiu ni t
H thng ni t trung p.
Cc kiu ni t.
So snh cc kiu ni t
Phng php ni t
Cc vn v ni t.
TNG QUAN V H THNG NI T
Trung tnh trong h thng in
H thng in ba pha
bao gm 3 in p c
o gia cc pha vi
nhau, v mt im
chung gi l im trung
tnh.
Thng thng, im
trung tnh l im chung
ca h thng 3 pha ni
hnh sao.
TNG QUAN V H THNG NI T
c im ca im trung tnh
im trung tnh c th hin hu hoc cng c th
khng.
im trung tnh c th c ni t, nhng cng c
th khng.
im trung tnh c th ni t trc tip hay ni t
qua mt in tr hoc in khng
Nu im trung tnh khng ni vi im t no,
ngi ta gi l h thng cch t.



TNG QUAN V H THNG NI T
Vai tr ca h thng ni t
Khi cch in ca h thng c s c, hoc khi c mt
pha chm t, cc gi tr dng in ngn mch, in p
tip xc, v qu in p ph thuc nhiu vo phng
thc ni t.
Kiu ni t trc tip gim c qu in p, nhng li
lm tng dng in chm t.
Trung tnh cch t gim dng chm t nhng li tng
nguy c qu in p.
Kh nng vn hnh lin tc khi chm t ph thuc trc
tip vo h thng ni t.
Trung tnh cch t: cho php vn hnh lin tc ngay c
khi c mt pha chm t.
Trung tnh ni t trc tip hay ni t qua tr khng
nh: ct mch ngay t ln chm t u tin.



TNG QUAN V H THNG NI T
Tc ng ca vic ni t
Vic pht trin s c ti mt s thit b nh ng
c, my pht in, mc gy hng cch in cng
ty thuc vo h thng ni t.
Trong h thng trung tnh ni t thit b in b nh
hng ca vic chm t nhiu hn v gy h hng
nng n hn, v dng in chm t ln hn.
Trong h thng trung tnh cch t hoc trung tnh
ni t qua tng tr, cc h hng ny gim thp,
nhng thit b phi c cp in p ph hp vi kh
nng xy ra qu p ca loi li ny.



H THNG NI T MNG H P
Cc kiu ni t
Cc kiu ni t c quy nh bi tiu chun IEC 60364-3.
C 3 loi h thng: IT, TT v TN.
Ch ci th nht xc nh im trung tnh c c ni t
hay khng.
T Trung tnh ni t trc tip
I Khng ni t hoc ni t qua tng tr ln (th d 2.000 )
Ch ci th nh xc nh nhng phn dn in h ca h
thng ni vi t th no:
T Cc phn dn in h c ni trc tip vi t.
N Cc phn dn in h c ni trc tip vi dy trung tnh.

Phn dn in h : l cc phn c th dn in m con ngi
c th nhn thy v tip xc c. Th d nh sn my, v t
in...



H THNG NI T MNG H P
Cc kiu ni t Kiu I T
H thng khng ni t hoc ni t qua tng tr cao.
Ch ci u tin I
Trung tnh khng ni t hoc ni t qua tng tr cao
(Thng l mt tr khng khong 1700 ).
Ch ci th nh T
Cc phn dn in h ca ti c ni xung t.
Cc nhm ti xa c th c ni t ring r.


H THNG NI T MNG H P
Cc kiu ni t c im ca kiu I T
Khi c s c chm t hai im s c bo v bng
cc thit b bo v ngn mch pha pha (my ct, cu
ch...)
Nu dng s c cha ln thit b bo v ngn
mch pha pha tc ng, c th bo v bng dng th
t khng (c bit l vi nhng ti xa).
Khng khuyn khch s dng dy trung tnh.
Bt buc phi c b gii hn qu p t gia trung tnh
my bin p v t. B phn ny dn cc qu in p
ni b xung t, bo v mng h p khng b qu in
p khi c phng in gia cun dy h p ca my bin
p

H THNG NI T MNG H P
Cc kiu ni t Kiu T T
H thng trung tnh ni t trc tip.
Ch ci u tin T
Trung tnh c ni t trc tip
Ch ci th nh T
Cc phn dn in h ca ti c ni lin kt vi nhau.
Mi nhm ni lin kt phi ni xung t.
Cc nhm ti xa c th c ni t ring r.


H THNG NI T MNG H P
Cc kiu ni t c im ca kiu T T
Bt buc phi c thit b bo v dng th t khng.
Tt c cc phn dn in h uc bo v bng cng
thit b th phi cng ni t cng mt im.
t ca dy trung tnh v t ca cc phn dn in
h c th ni chung vi nhau, hoc khng ni chung.
C th s dng dy trung tnh hoc khng s dng.


H THNG NI T MNG H P
Cc kiu ni t Kiu T N
TN H thng ni t trc tip,
phn dn in h ni trung tnh.
Ch ci u tin T
Trung tnh c ni t trc tip
Ch ci th nh N
Cc phn dn in h ca ti c ni vi dy trung
tnh.
C hai loi h thng:
TNC: Dy trung tnh v dy bo v kt hp vi nhau.
TNS: Dy trung tnh v dy ni t bo v ring r.

H THNG NI T MNG H P
Cc kiu ni t Kiu T N C
Dy trung tnh v dy ni t bo v kt hp vi nhau thnh 1
dy gi l PEN.
c nh danh bng ch ci th ba C v gi l h thng TNC.
Phi ni t lp li phn b u dc theo dy PEN trnh in
p cao trn cc phn dn in h trong trng hp c chm
t.
Khng c s dng vi dy dn ng c thit din di
10mm2 hoc dy dn nhm di 16 mm2.

H THNG NI T MNG H P
Cc kiu ni t Kiu T N S
Dy trung tnh v dy ni dt bo v ring bit.
c nh danh bng ch ci th ba S v gi l TNS.
Phi ni t lp li phn b u dc theo dy dn PE
trnh in p cao xut hin trn cc phn dn in h khi
c s c.
Khng c dng pha thng ngun h thng TNC.

H THNG NI T MNG H P
c im ca kiu ni t T N C v T N S
Tc ng ct mch khi c s c nh vo thit b
bo v ngn mch pha pha nh my ct, cu
ch...
Lu :
C 2 h TNS v TNC c th c s dng trong cng
mt cng trnh.
H thng TNC (4 dy) khng bao gi c nm pha
h ngun ca h thng TNS (5 dy).


SO SNH CC H THNG NI T H P
H thng ni t kiu I T.
Yu cu v bo v:
Ni cc phn dn in h vi nhau v ni t.
Phi c thit b ch bo chm t ln u bng 1 thit
b kim sot cch in thng xuyn.
Ct mch khi c s c im th 2 bng thit b bo v
qu dng (my ct hoc cu ch...).







SO SNH CC H THNG NI T H P
H thng ni t kiu I T
u im:
Cho php vn hnh lin tc.
Khi cch in b h hng, dng chm t nh.
Nhc im:
Cn nhn vin bo tr gim st h thng.
Cn c cp cch in cao hn cho cc thit b trong h thng.
Li c th b r khi s c lan truyn,
Ti c dng r ln phi dng my bin p cch ly.
Phi kim tra phn ct mch khi s c kp.
Phi c thit b gii hn qu p.
Cc phn dn in h ca tt c cc thit b phi ng p. Nu
khng t c, bt buc phi c thit b bo v dng th t
khng.
Trnh khng s dng ng dy trung tnh.
Kh nh v s c trong cc li rng.






SO SNH CC H THNG NI T H P
H thng ni t kiu T T.
Yu cu v bo v:
Ni t phn dn in h ca cc thit b phi kt hp vi
thit b bo v dng th t khng. (t nht 1 pha ca thit
b)
Cc thit b c bo v vi cng r-le bo v dng th t
khng phi c cc phn dn in h ni vo cng im ni
t.
Cc thit b lm vic ng thi phi c cc phn dn in h
ni vo cng im ni t.







SO SNH CC H THNG NI T H P
H thng ni t kiu T T
u im:
H thng n gin nht, d thit k, vn hnh v bo tr.
Khng i hi gim st cch in thng trc. Ch cn kim tra
nh k cc thit b bo v dng th t khng.
Cc thit b dng th t khng s gip trnh c nguy c ha
hon nu nhy ca n di hoc bng 500 mA.
D nh v s c.
Khi c s c cch in, dng chm t nh.
Nhc im:
Ct mch ngay khi c s c ln u.
Phi dng thit b bo v dng th t khng trn mi ng cung
cp bo m tnh chn lc.
Phi c o c c bit i vi cc ti c th gy dng r ln khi
vn hnh trnh cho r le dng th t khng tc ng sai.
Cp cho cc ti ny qua bin p cch ly hoc dng r le dng th
t khng c ngng cao hn.






SO SNH CC H THNG NI T H P
H thng ni t kiu T N.
Yu cu v bo v:
Bt buc phi ni chung v ni cc phn dn in h
vi dy ni t bo v.
Ct mch khi c s c ln u tin bng thit b bo
v qu dng (my ct hoc cu ch...).







SO SNH CC H THNG NI T H P
H thng ni t kiu T N
u im:
H thng TNC c gi thnh thp hn, tit kim c 1 dy dn v 1
cc ca my ct.
C th s dng cc thit b bo v qu dng bo v.
Nhc im:
Ct mch ngay khi c s c u tin.
H thng khng mm do.
Cn phi ni t lp li phn b u dc theo ng dy bo v.
Phi kim tra phn ct mch khi s c.
Dy bo v v dy mang ti trong cng mt mch phi i cng ng
dn.
Lun i hi ng p trn dy bo v.
Cn phi tnh ton ha tn 3 v ha tn bi 3 trong cc bo v i vi
h TNC.
nguy c gy ha hon khi chm t cao.
Dng chm t cao, c th gy h hng cho thit b v gy nhiu
in t.






H THNG NI T TRUNG P
Cc kiu ni t: Ni t trc tip.
Ni t trc tip:
Dy trung tnh v t
c ni vi nhau.



H THNG NI T TRUNG P
Cc kiu ni t: Khng ni t.
Khng ni t:
Khng c dy ni gia
trung tnh v t ngoi
tr cc thit b o lng
v bo v.
Ni t qua tng tr
cao:
Mt tr khng cao c
ni gia im trung tnh
v t.
H THNG NI T TRUNG P
Cc kiu ni t: Ni t qua in tr.
Ni t qua in
tr:
Mt in tr c
chn vo gia im
trung tnh v t.



H THNG NI T TRUNG P
Cc kiu ni t: Ni t trc tip.
Ni t qua in
khng:
Mt in khng c
chn vo gia im
trung tnh v t


H THNG NI T TRUNG P
Cc kiu ni t: Ni t qua cun dy
Petersen.
Ni t qua cun
dy Petersen
Mt cun cm L cng
hng vi in dung
ca h thng c
t gia im trung
tnh v t sao cho
nu c s c chm
t xy ra, dng chm
t gn bng 0.


I
f
=I
L
+I
C

I
f
: Dng s c
I
L
: Dng qua cun cm
trung tnh
I
C
: Dng qua in dung
pha t
SO SNH CC H THNG NI T TRUNG P
H thng ni t trc tip.
Yu cu v bo v:
Phi ct mch ra ngay khi c s c u tin.
u im:
Gim c nguy c qu in p.
Cho php s dng cc thit b c cp cch in bng in p
pha.
Nhc im:
Ct mch ngay khi s c ln u.
Dng chm t rt cao, dn n h hng nng v gy nhiu in
t.
Nguy c cho con ngi cao, in p tip xc cao.
Cn phi c thit b bo v so lch nhanh chng loi b s c.
H thng t tin.





SO SNH CC H THNG NI T TRUNG P
H thng khng ni t.
Yu cu i vi bo v:
Khng ct mch ngay khi s c cch in u tin.
C bin php gim st cch in lin tc.
C thit b ch th chm t ln u tin.
Phi nh v v xa s c u tin.
Phi ct mch khi c s c chm t ln th 2 (s c kp).
u im:
Cho php vn hnh lin tc khi chm t ln u v khng c dng chm t ln.
Nhc im:
C th gy nguy him cho ngi v thit b khi c chm t ln u.
Cch in ca cc thit b phi c cp tng ng in p pha pha.
Nguy c qu in p ni b.
Nguy c cng hng st t.






SO SNH CC H THNG NI T TRUNG P
H thng ni t qua in tr.
Yu cu i vi bo v:
Ct mch ngay khi c s c u tin.
u im:
Gii hn dng in chm t (gim h hng v nhiu).
Gim bt c qu in p.
D la chn thit b bo v.
Nhc im:
Ct mch ngay t ln s c u tin.





SO SNH CC H THNG NI T TRUNG P
H thng ni t qua in cm.
Yu cu i vi bo v:
Ct mch ngay t ln s c u tin.
u im:
Gii hn c dng s c. (gim c h hng v nhiu lon).
Cho php la chn cc bo v n gin nu IL >>IC.
Cun dy c in tr thun thp, nn pht nhit t.
Nhc im:
C th gy qu in p ti thi im chm t.
Ct mch ngay t ln s c u tin.






SO SNH CC H THNG NI T TRUNG P
H thng ni t qua cun dy Petersen
Yu cu i vi bo v:
Khng ct mch khi c s c chm t u tin.
u im:
Nu 3L
0
C
0

2
=1 dng in chm t bng 0.
T xa nhng s c thong qua.
H thng tip tc vn hnh khi s c chm t lu di, v s ct khi c im s
c th hai.
S c u tin pht hin c bng cch o lng dng in qua cun dy. Cun
dy c thit k c th vn hnh vi dng in lu di.
Nhc im:
Kh t iu kin 3L
0
C
0

2
=1 v khng xc nh chnh xc c C ca li.
Trong thi im s c, c dng in th t khng trong li.
Nguy c qu in p khi c s c cao.
Kh khn trong vic la chon ci t bo v.
Nguy c cng hng st t.






MCH NI T TRUNG P
Ni t qua in tr
Mt in tr c chen vo
gia im trung tnh v
im ni t,
c th trc tip
c th qua mt my bin
p mt pha
H thng ny c th c
p dng vi
nhng my bin p ni
hnh sao, v c dy trung
tnh sn c.
my pht in vi dy
trung tnh sn c.

MCH NI T TRUNG P
Ni t qua trung tnh gi
Khi khng c sn dy trung tnh (th d nh mch
in ni tam gic) h thng s c ni t bng
cch t to ra mt trung tnh gi.
Ngoi ra cng c th dng mt bin p ni t.
Trung tnh gi cng c dng nu c nhiu ngun
ni song song vi nhau.
C nhiu cch to ra trung tnh gi
MCH TO TRUNG TNH GI
Dng my bin p ni sao / tam gic
S dng my bin p ni
sao / tam gic.
Mt in tr gii hn
dng ni gia trung tnh
ny vi t. Mch tam
gic t n khp kn.
Cun dy tam gic c tc
dng cn bng dng v
p 3 pha.
MCH TO TRUNG TNH GI
Dng my bin p ni sao / tam gic h.
S dng my bin p ni
sao / tam gic h.
Trung tnh pha trung p
ni t trc tip.
Mt in tr gii hn
dng ni khp kn mch
tam gic.
Kinh t hn mch sao,
tam gic, v in tr nm
pha h p
MCH TO TRUNG TNH GI
Dng my bin p ni zic-zac
S dng my bin p ni
zic-zac.
Mt in tr gii hn
dng ni gia trung tnh
ny vi t.
Mch Zic-zac t n lm
cn bng dng v p 3
pha.
MCH TO TRUNG TNH GI
Dng my bin p ni t.
S dng my bin p ni
sao /sao / tam gic h.
Mt in tr gii hn
dng ni khp kn mch
tam gic.
Cun th cp ni sao
khc mang ti nh mt
ngun ph trung p / h
p
MT S VN V NI T
Cc my bin p song song.
Trng hp 1: mi my
bin p c cc in tr ni
t khng tch ri c.
Dng in chm t thay
i ty theo s lng my
bin p ang vn hnh.
Gy kh khn cho vic ci
t cc tr s ngng tc
ng ca cc thit b bo
v chm t.
Cn phi c thm cc bo
v chm t nh hng
nh v s c.
MT S VN V NI T
Cc my bin p ni song song.
Trng hp 2: mi my
bin p c mt in tr ni
t c th tch ri c.
Cc thit b ng ct s gip
trong thanh ci ch c 1 im
ni t cho d c bao nhiu
thit b ang vn hnh trn
thanh ci.
H thng bo v s phc tp v
c nhiu la chn logic, s
lng cc thit b ng ct v
trng thi ca n cng vi tnh
trng ca cc thit b bo v.
t c dng trong thc t.
MT S VN V NI T
Cc my bin p ni song song
Trng hp 3: khng bin
p no c in tr ni t.
Cn to ra mt trung tnh gi
trn thanh ci chnh.
Loi b c vn trong
trng hp 1 v 2.
Dng chm t khng thay
i theo s lng my bin p
vn hnh,
mch bo v n gin hn v
khng cn thit phi bo v
chm t nh hng hoc
cc thit b phn tch logic.
MT S VN V NI T
Cc my bin p ni song song trn 2
thanh ci
2 thanh ci trong trm c th khng ni vi nhau ty
thuc vo ch vn hnh ca trm.
Do cn phi lp t cc h trung tnh gi c lp
cho mi thanh ci.
Khi 2 thanh ci kt ni vi nhau, ch ni mt mch
trung tnh gi vo vn hnh, do dng in chm
t khng b tng gp i.
Cn c mt h iu khin logic a 1 trong 2
trung tnh gi ra khi vn hnh khi my ct kt ni
thanh ci ng.
MT S VN V NI T
Cc my ni song song trn 2 thanh ci

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