10/1/2013

7 Cng c qun l cht lng

trong sn xut
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10/1/2013

Quyt nh mc ch
Thu thp cc kin v s tht cn thit
Phn tch, tng hp li
Thc hin
Kim tra bng kt qu
Lp li t

CCH TIP CN NI CHUNG GII QUYT
VN
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10/1/2013
Story
Chn ch
Nm bt hin trng
nh ra mc tiu
K hoch hot ng
Phn tch nguyn nhn
Xem xt i sch
Thc hin i sch
Xc nhn hiu qu
nh hnhTiu chun ho
Rt kinh nghim, phng hng sau ny

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10/1/2013
Chn ch
Xc nh cc vn ni tri
nh gi, nh dng vn (Quan im Q,D,C
Quyt nh ch
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10/1/2013
Nm bt hin trng
Thu thp d liu
Chnh l v tm ra ca gii quyt vn
Phn tch nguyn nhn
Xc nh nguyn nhn Gii thch nguyn nhn
Tm ra nguyn nhn chnh
Xem xt i sch
Lp phng n i sch, nh gi v nh dng
i sch
Lp k hoch thc hinXc minh =
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10/1/2013
Xc nhn hiu qu
Thu thp d liu, xc nhn mc t c
so vi mc tiu
Xc nhn hiu qu phi vt th

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10/1/2013
7 CNG C L GI?
L cng c phn tich d liu trn biu da trn t duy mang
tnh thng k v thc hin phng php s dng ph hp vi
mc ch
Biu Pareto
Biu nguyn nhn
chnh
th
Check sheet
Histogram
Biu phn b
Biu qun l
Tn ti s khng ng u v
cht lng. Nguyn nhn dn
n khng ng u:
trong sn xut
Con ngiMan
Nguyn liuMaterial
Thit bMachine
Phng phpMethod
o lngMeasurement
Cng on
ch to
Data
Sampling
Phn tch
7 cng c
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10/1/2013
2. Cc cng c c bn qun l
cht lng sn phm
2.1. Phiu kim tra (CHECK SHEET)
Phiu kim tra l biu mu thu thp v ghi chp d liu mt
cch trc quan, nht qun v to iu kin thun li cho vic
phn tch.
Phiu kim tra s 71
Sn phm: B16
Ngy:
S n v c kim tra: 12.213
Ngi iu hnh:
Sn si 23
Rn nt 18
Lng lo 34
L do khc 15
Hnh 2 - Phiu kim tra ch ra nhng khuyt tt
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10/1/2013
2.2. Gin Pareto
Gin Pareto l mt cng c sp xp nhng vn
qun l theo th t quan trng ca chng.
nh lut 20-80:
80% thit hi v khng c cht lng l do 20%
nguyn nhn gy ln.
20% nguyn nhn gy ln 80% ln xy ra tnh trng
khng c cht lng.
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10/1/2013
2.2. Gin Pareto
Th tc v mt gin Pareto.
Chn nhng nguyn nhn ca tnh trng khng c cht lng.
Quyt nh mt khong thi gian quan st
Tnh thit hi (hay m s ln pht hin) nhng tnh trng khng
c cht lng do mi nguyn nhn gy nn trong mt khong thi
gian no .
Xp nhng nguyn nhn theo th t thit hi (hay th t s ln
pht hin)
V th vi:
+ Honh l nhng nguyn nhn khng c cht lng
+ Tung l thit hi (hay s ln pht hin) mi nguyn nhn gy nn
v tch lu thit hi (hay s ln pht hin)
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10/1/2013
2.3. Gin quan h nhn qu
H qu
Nguyn nhn
chnh 1
Nguyn nhn
chnh 2
Nguyn nhn
chnh 3
Nguyn nhn
chnh 4
NN ph 1.1
NN ph 1.2
NN ph 3.2
NN ph 4.1
NN ph 2.2
NN ph 2.1
NN ph 4.3
NN ph 4.2 NN ph 3.1
NN ph 2.3
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10/1/2013
2.4. Kim sot qu trnh bng k thut thng k
(STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL-SPC) v biu
kim sot (CONTROL CHART)
Biu kim sot (BKS) bao gm:
+ ng trung tm CL (Central Line)
+ Hai ng gii hn kim sot: ng gii hn trn
UCL (Upper Control Limit) v ng gii hn di LCL
(Lower Control Limit
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10/1/2013
Th tc dng biu kim sot
Bc 1: La chn c tnh cn kim sot (v d: trng
lng, th tch, ...). Tu thuc vo c tnh la
chn mt loi BKS.
Bc 2: Quyt nh c mu v tn s ly mu
Bc 3: Thu thp v ghi chp s liu
Bc 4: Tnh cc gi tr thng k c trng ca mi
mu
Bc 5: Tnh cc tr s trung tm CL v nhng ranh
gii trn UCL v ranh gii di LCL.
Bc 6: c biu kim sot
Bc 7: Quyt nh v iu chnh qui trnh.
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10/1/2013
Cc loi biu kim sot v
cng thc
c tnh gi tr:
Gi tr lin tc (Nhng s o)
Biu x R: nh gi gi tr trung bnh v khong sai
bit.
Biu x : nh gi gi tr trung bnh v lch
chun.
Gi tr ri rc (Bin thuc tnh)
Biu np v biu p (t l phn trm khuyt tt):
nh gi xu hng khuyt tt xy ra.
Biu c v biu u: nh g xu hng s khuyt
tt xy ra trn mt n v sn phm
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10/1/2013
Biu kim sot nhng s o
n
x
x
n
i
ij
J

1
min j jmac j
x x R
k
x
x
k
i
j

1
k
R
R
k
j
j

1
Biu kim sot :
ng tm CL:
UCL = +

LCL = -
x
x
x . 2
A
R
x . 2
A
R
Biu kim sot R:
ng tm CL:
UCL =

LCL =
R
4
D
3
D
R
R
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10/1/2013
Bn lm vic b phn bn thnh phm trong nh
my ch to dy in. Sn xut bc v nha cho dy
li c chuyn n t cng on Vut dy trc.
Ti cng on ny c rt nhiu vn v cht lng
i vi dy c ch to ra. Nhim v l phi thc
hin lm sao cho gim c nhng vn ny
VN DIN TP TNG HP VI
7 CNG C QC
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10/1/2013
Tnh hnh cht lng ca v bc
Loi hng
Thng
Sn
xut
S li

Sn xut
S li

Sn xut
S li

Sn xut
S li
55 10 80 21 30 5 51 14
60 11 87 25 25 6 60 13
51 12 93 18 22 4 66 15
70 8 95 25 28 8 45 16
53 5 78 23 26 4 63 9
66 15 85 19 24 6 62 12
65 16 85 20 32 8 51 11
58 9 78 20 26 4 60 17
69 11 80 25 22 6 66 14
56 10 93 33 23 4 45 12
54 14 83 31 30 8 63 15
60 9 88 34 22 2 65 13
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10/1/2013
T bng d liu v th
Loi hng

Thng
Lng
sn xut S li
T l li
55 10 18.2%
60 11 18.3%
51 12 23.5%
70
8
11.4%
53
5
9.4%
66 15 22.7%
65 16 24.6%
58 9 15.5%
69 11 15.9%
56 10 17.9%
54 14 25.9%
60 9 15.0%
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10/1/2013
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%

th bin thin t l li ca hng
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10/1/2013
So snh s bin thin t l li
ca 4 loi hng
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%

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10/1/2013
Chn ch
Hng c khuynh hng xu i trong thi
gian gn y
Trong 4 thng gn nht th hng B c t l li
cao nht
Quyt nh chn ch ci tin cht lng mt hng
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10/1/2013
Bo co cng vic
Loi hng
Ngy thng
Lc x
M sn xut
Ngi ph
trch
Cch qun
My tm xc
Xc

Vy
Loi li
Lc xYu cu lc x
Cch qunnh gi bng mt
Xc V tr pht hin bng my tm xcChiu di t u mt
Vy V tr pht hin bng my tm xcChiu di t u mt
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10/1/2013
Chnh l d liu bng check sheet
L cng c thu thp v chnh l d liu bng cch nh
du trn biu mu chun b trc
Li
M ch to Ngy thng Ph trch Lc x
X Cch qun Xc Vy
101 101.2
102 100.7
103 93.7
104 92.2
105 92.4
106 116.1 (52m)
107 87.1
108 106.2 (53m)
109 101.1
110 101.7
111 83.6
112 103.6
113 108.6
114 94.1
115 106.0
Ch to thng 1 nm 2008

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10/1/2013
Xc minh mc tiu qua biu Pareto
Biu Pareto v s li






X

c

X

y

C

c
h

q
u

n

Li xc chim
t l ln trong cc li
nguyn tnh trng ny
c c khng?
Ni dung li
S tin tn tht
Li x
Li qun bng
Li xc
Li vy
YnCun
YnCun
YnCun
YnCun
Cn phi quy tn tht thnh tin
T

l
u

t
i

n
(

)




S

c
u

n

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10/1/2013
NH GI BNG S TIN TN THT
L PHNG PHP C BN
Biu pareto v s tin tn tht






X

c

X

y

Q
u

n

b

n
g

T

l
u

t
i

n

(

)




Ch ring li x chim
ti trn 70% tng s tin tn
tht
C th hy vng s mang li
hiu qu ln v tin
S

t
i

n

t

n

t
h

N
g

n

y

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10/1/2013
NM R S BIN THIN QUA HISTGRAM
LP HISTGRAM T D LIU
CHNH L TRN CHECKSHEET
S hiu sp Lc x Li lc x S hiu sp Lc x Li lc x
112.3
98
100.5
121.4
94.6
91.4
89.5
111.3
97
93.7
95.9
93.1
104.3
97.5
96.1
99
93.8
98.8
95.8
98.3
89.7
105.5
115.1
100.4
84.8
102.6
105.6
87
95.7
99.8
101.4
85.6
112.1
93.8
94.7
88.4
109.1
80.3
110.8
105.2
S hiu sp Lc x Li lc x
101.2
100.7
93.7
92.2
92.4
116.1
87.1
106.2
101.1
101.7
83.6
103.8
108.6
94.1
106
109.7
98.8
105.4
103.7
98.2
107.7
116.1
103.4
107.5
102.6
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10/1/2013
TRNH T LP HISTGRAM
StepThu thp d liu trn 50 mu
Stepc lng s khong cch:


StepGi tr max,min; Max121.4;Min80.3
Stepc lng rng khong cch
8 65 ta Soluongdat
3 . 80 4 . 121
8
5.1 14 . 5


S lng khong cch
MaxMin
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10/1/2013
TRNH T LP HISTGRAM
Stepquyt nh s lng khong cch thc, rng khong cch,
gi tr gii hn khong cch
V th cho
ngi khc
d hiu
S lng
khong cch 9
rng khong
cch 5.0
Khong cch
1 80-85
2 85-90
3 90-95
4 95-100
5 100-105
6 105-110
7 110-115
8 115-120
9 120-125
Gi tr yu cu gii hn di
Gi tr yu cu gii hn trn
Gi tr gii hn khong cch
Gi tr yu cu - d hiu
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10/1/2013
StepLp biu s ln lp
Khong cch
Gi tr tm
Du s ln lp S ln
1 80-85 82.5 3
2 85-90 87.5 6
3 90-95 92.5 11
4 95-100 97.5 13
5 100-105 102.5 13
6 105-110 107.5 11
7 110-115 112.5 4
8 115-120 117.5 3
9 120-125 122.5 1
///
//// /
//// //// /
////
////
////
////
////
////
////
///
/
///
///
/
TRNH T LP HISTGRAM
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10/1/2013
Gii hn di
S
L
85
Gii hn trn
S
U
115
N=65
2008/3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
7
5
-
8
0

8
0
-
8
5

8
5
-
9
0

9
0
-
9
5

9
5
-
1
0
0

1
0
0
-
1
0
5

1
0
5
-
1
1
0

1
1
0
-
1
1
5

1
1
5
-
1
2
0

1
2
0
-
1
2
5

1
2
5
-
1
3
0

S

n

Vn l ch lch
gii hn trn v di
Gi tr trung bnh theo
nh gi tr mc tiu
Vn chnh l gim
s khng ng u
Gi tr trung
bnh 99.87
lch
chun
8.62
StepLp Histgram
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10/1/2013
Gi tr trung bnh v lch chun
Gi tr trung bnh

Bnh phng lch
iu chnh
lch chun

n
S
V
V
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10/1/2013
Nng lc cng on l g?
L gi tr cho bit rng s thc hin c cht lng
mc no? khi thc hin cc cng vic theo ng
nh tiu chun
Ch s nng lc cng on l g?
L i lng th hin nng lc cng on bng
con s
V 6
S S
Cp
L U

rng yu cu
S bin ng (khng ng u)
Xc nh nng lc cng on
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10/1/2013
Cc bc c bn nm r
nng lc cng on
Xc minh r gi tr c tnh v phm vi iu
tra, tp hp d liu
Lp s qun l, xc nhn cng on c
nm trong trng thi n nh khng?
Tnh ton ch s nng lc cng on
Nu nng lc cng on khng th cn
tm i sch
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10/1/2013
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
7
5
-
8
0

8
0
-
8
5

8
5
-
9
0

9
0
-
9
5

9
5
-
1
0
0

1
0
0
-
1
0
5

1
0
5
-
1
1
0

1
1
0
-
1
1
5

1
1
5
-
1
2
0

1
2
0
-
1
2
5

1
2
5
-
1
3
0

S

n

Gii hn di
S
L
85
Gii hn trn
S
U
115
N=65
2008/3

Gi tr trung
bnh 99.87
lch
chun
8.62
CH S NNG LC CNG ON
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10/1/2013
XC NH NGUYN NHN CHNH THEO S
NHN QU
Phn tch theo l thao tc c bn
S

k
h

n
g

n
g

u


v

c

x

Vt liu
Thit b
Con ngi
Phng php o lng
Tc quay
ca trc vt
Lot dung
dch xc tc
Nhit
nc lm mt
Li thit lp
iu kin
Li trnh t
thao tc
L nguyn
liu
Thi gian t
ngy sn
xut
Phng php trn
vt liu
Gc x
K nng
p lc u ra
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10/1/2013
NM R QUAN H NHN QU QUA
S PHN B
Khng tng
quan
80
90
100
110
120
0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2
S PHN B GIA P LC U RA V LC X
S TNG QUAN
p lc u ra (/
2
)
L

c

x

)

rng
yu cu
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10/1/2013
Tng quan t l nghch Nhit nc tng th lc x gim
80
90
100
110
120
10 15 20 25 30
Nhit nc ()
L

c

x

)

rng
yu cu
C tng quan t
l nghch

NM R QUAN H NHN QU QUA
S PHN B

S PHN B LIN QUAN GIANHIT NCV LC X
S TNG QUAN
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10/1/2013
180
30

13 14 15 16 9 10 11 12 5 17 18 1 2 3 4 6 7 8
0

20
170
160
150
20
10
19
S qun l R x
n=5
UCL=172.0
LCL=158.0
CL=165.0
UCL=25.7
CL=12.1
S mu
Gii hn
qun l trn
Gii hn
qun l di
Dy trung tm
Phm viR
(Gi tr maxGi tr min)
Gi tr
trung bnh
Khng qun
l c
Gii hn
qun l trn
Dy trung tm
x
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10/1/2013
Xc nh gii hn qun l trong s qun l
R x
StepTnh bnh qun cc tp v phm vi R
Step Tnh tng bnh phng v trung bnh ca phm vi R
x
x R
S nhm
S nhm
Tng cc R
R
Tng ca x
x


Gi tr MaxGi tr Min
S lng Data
Tng cc Data


R
x
Tng s c 20 nhm
20
3
R
20
15.8
x

C mt tp gm cc Data l 15,17,16,14,17
3 14 - 17 R
15.8
5
79
5
17 14 16 17 15
x




Gi tr MaxGi tr Min
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10/1/2013
CCH TM GII HN QUN L TRONG S QUN L
Step Tnh CL, UCL, LCL trong s qun l
R A x UCL
2

R A x LCL
2

x CL
A
2
L mt s khng i quyt
nh bi s mu
Khi s mu n5 A
2
0.577
S lng mu

A
2
2 1.880
3 1.023
4 0.729
5 0.577
6 0.483
7 0.419
8 0.373
9 0.337
10 0.308
x
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10/1/2013
CCH TM GII HN QUN L TRN S QUN L
Step Tnh CL, UCL, LCL trn s qun l R
R D UCL
4

R D LCL
3

R CL
D
4
D
3
l nh s quyt nh
bi s lng mu
Khi n5 th D
4
2.115
(Khng tn ti D
3
)
(Nu s mu n6 th khng
cn LCL)
S lng mu

D
3
D
4
2 3.267
3 2.575
4 2.282
5 2.115
6 2.004
7 0.076 1.924
8 0.136 1.864
9 0.184 1.816
10 0.223 1.777
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10/1/2013
KIM TRA N NH CNG ON QUA S QUN L

Lot

85
9 0
9 5
1 0 0
1 0 5
1 1 0
0
5
1 0
1 5
2 0

UCL=106.3

CL=99.8

LCL=93.3
UCL=16.3


CL=6.3

Cng on sau
ci tin c trng
thi n nh
BIU QLSX
BIU QUN L R
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10/1/2013
Qun l cht lng theo phng
php 6 Sigma
a- 6 Sigma l g?
6 Sigma mt phng php lun gip ci thin cht
lng bng cch a ra mt thc o ring nh
gi kh nng (tnh trng cht lng) ca mt qui
trnh, v hng dn vic ci thin cht lng theo
cch thc ring. Thc o l h s Sigma, v
cch thc trin khai 6 Sigma (chnh l s kt hp cc
cng c) l vng trn DMAIC.
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10/1/2013
Six Sigma v hiu sut ca qu trnh
-6 6 -4 -2 2 4

99,9997%
99,4%
69,2%
50%

H s Sigma s c xc nh da trn s khuyt tt xy ra trn mt triu n v
kh nng gy li, gi tt l DPMO (Defect Per Million Opportunity).
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10/1/2013
DPMO =
S khuyt tt pht hin x 1.000.000
Tng s c hi xy ra sai li

DPMO =
S khuyt tt pht hin x 1.000.000
S sn phm kim tra x S kh nng xy ra sai li
trn 1 v sp
DPMO (Defect Per Million Opportunity).
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10/1/2013
Quan h Sigma v DPMO
Nu hiu sut ca qu
trnh l...
DPMO tng ng
l...
th s l...
Sigma
30,9% 690.000 1
69,2% 308.000 2
93,3% 66.800 3
99,4% 6.210 4
99,98% 230 5
99,9997% 3,4 6
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10/1/2013
Six
Sigma

Measure
o lng
Phng php lun DMAIC
Analyse
Phn tch
Improve
Ci tin
Control
Kim tra
Define Xc nh
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10/1/2013
Giai on 1: Xc nh c hi
Mc tiu
Nhn bit v xc
nh cc c hi ci
tin, pht trin cc
qu trnh kinh
doanh, xc nh cc
yu cu ch yu ca
khch hng v
chun b nhm d
n (cho mt mc
tiu xc nh) cho
tt.
Cc hot ng chnh
+ Xc nh v thm
nh cc c hi kinh
doanh
+ Xc nh h s qui
trnh hot ng.
+ Xc nh s x l.
+ Chuyn ti cc yu
cu ca khch hng,
thnh cc c tnh ca
sn phm.
Cc cng
c v k
thut
+ S qu
trnh .
+ Phn tch
+ Pareto
Kt qu t c
+ S , biu
qu trnh hot
ng
+ Cc yu cu ch
yu ca khch
hng (cc yu cu
v cht lng sn
phm)
+ K hoch hnh
ng ca d n

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10/1/2013
Giai on 2: o lng hot ng
Mc tiu
+ Xc nh cc php o c
bn cn thit cho vic nh
lng chnh xc mc tiu
ca qun l cht lng
+ Hiu cch thc tnh ton
ca 6 Sigma v thit lp
gii hn 6 Sigma cho cc
qu trnh m nhm phn
tch
Cc hot ng
chnh
+ Nhn bit u
vo qu trnh v
cc ch s u ra.
+ Xy dng, o
lng.
+ Pht tho vo
phn tch d liu
+ Xc nh cc
nguyn nhn c
bit nu c
+ Xc nh cc
mc hot ng
Sigma.
Cc cng c
v k thut
+ Phiu kim
tra
+ Biu
kim sot
+ Biu
phn b.
Kt qu t
c
+ Cc ch s
qua u vo,
qu trnh u ra.
+ Cc chun
mc hot ng.
+ nh dng cc
d liu thu thp
+ Cc chun
mc Sigma hot
ng
+ Tinh thn tp
th
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10/1/2013
Giai on 3: Phn tch qui trnh
Mc tiu
+ Sng lc, phn
tch cc c hi
xc nh c th
tng vn v nh
ngha s c mt
cch d hiu.
+ Xc nh nhng
nguyn nhn c
bn nht t
tm ra vn
nhm tp trung gii
quyt
Cc hot ng chnh
+ Phn loi qu trnh
+ Phn loi d liu v xc
nh vn c th
+ nh ngha v m t vn
.
+ Nhn bit cc nguyn nhn
c bn
+ Thit k phng php phn
tch nguyn nhn c bn
+ Xc nh cc nguyn nhn
c bn
+ Tng cng hot ng
nhm
Cc cng
c v k
thut
+ Biu
Pareto
+ Biu
nhn qu
Kt qu t
c
+ D liu qu
trnh
+ Cc s
qu trnh
+ Cc nguyn
nhn gc d
ca cc vn
( c thm
nh)
+ M t vn
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10/1/2013
Giai on 4: Ci tin qui trnh
Mc tiu
+ Nhn bit, nh
gi v la chn
gii php ci tin
hp l
+ Thay i trong
cch tip cn qun
l h tr t
chc trong vic
thch ng vi thay
i trong qu
trnh trin khai
gii php.
Cc hot ng chnh
+ To ra cc tng v
gii php
+ Xc nh cc nh hng
v li ch ca ci tin
+ nh gi v la chn cc
gii php
+ Xy dng s qu trnh
+ Pht trin v trnh by
kch bn trin khai cc gii
php
+ Gii thiu gii php ti
nhng ngi lin quan
Cc cng
c v k
thut
+ Phn tch
+ Parato
+ Biu
Gantt
Kt qu t
c
+ Cc gii
php
+ S qu
trnh v h
thng vn bn
+ L trnh qu
trnh trin
khai
+ Li ch v
cc tc ng
ci tin

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10/1/2013
Giai on 5: Kim sot qui trnh
Mc tiu
m bo
tnh hiu
qu ca cc
gii php
khi a vo
trin khai,
tiu chun
ho cc gii
php thnh
cc cng
vic lm
hng ngy.
Cc hot ng chnh
+ Pht trin k hoch th
nghim v phng php th
nghim
+ Gim cc nguyn nhn c
bn gy sai li
+ Tiu chun ho cc c hi
tch hp v gii php qun l
trong cng vic hng ngy
+ c rt kinh nghim
+ Xc nh cc bc tip ca
nhm v lp KH gii quyt
cc c hi cn li
Cc cng
c v k
thut
+ Biu
kim sot
+ Biu
phn b
Kt qu t c
+ H thng kim sot qu
trnh
+ Cc qui trnh th tc
+ o to cc tiu chun v
th tc
+ nh gi s thay i trong
h thng
+ Phn tch cc vn tim
nng
+ Th nghim v nh gi
cc kt qu kim tra gii php
+ Kt qu thnh cng
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10/1/2013
KT THC KHA HC
CHC CC BN THNH CNG
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