Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh Nh my du Tng An

GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh

1
LI M U

Du m l mt trong ba nhm thc phNm c bn v quan trng khng
th thiu c trong hot ng sinh l ca c th cng nh trong ch n
hng ngy ca con ngi. Hiu c iu , ngy nay trn th trng Vit
N am ra hng lot cc loi du vi nhng thnh phn, hng v v mu
sc rt a dng v hp dn. Mt trong nhng thng hiu hng u ca Vit
N am, khng th khng nhc n du Tng An vi biu tng l ch voi
con mang n cho khch hng nhng ba cm ngon ming.
N m trong khu cng nghip Ph M rng ln, nh my du Ph M
thuc cng ty c phn du thc vt Tng An khng nhng pht trin m
hnh sn xut em li li nhun cao, p ng nhu cu th hiu ca ngi
tiu dng m cn phi ch trng n cng tc bo v mi trng.
Sau hn 30 nm thnh lp, cng ty ra mt trn th trng cc sn
phNm nh du nnh, du phng, du m, margarine, shortening
Hin nay, cng ty c phn du thc vt Tng An ang p dng quy
trnh sn xut khp kn, vi nhng thit b my mc rt hin i, tin tin,
m bo cht lng, an ton v sinh khng nh c v th ca mnh
trn trng quc t, gp phn nng cao uy tn ca nc nh.
Qua t thc tp ti cng ty, chng em c c hi tm hiu quy trnh
sn xut du tinh luyn ca cng ty. Mi loi du u mang mt hng v
v mu sc rt c trng. Do , nhm chng em chn ti cho bi bo
co l QUY TRN H TIN H LUYN DU THC VT.
N hm sinh vin thc tp

Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
2
CHG 1: TG QUA V CG TY C PH
DU THC VT TG A
1.1. Gii thiu [5]

Hnh 1.1: Cng ty c phn du thc vt Tng An
Tn n v: Cng Ty C Phn Du Thc Vt Tng An
Tn vit tt: Du Tng An
Tn ting Anh: Tuong An Vegetable Oil Joint Stock Company
N gy thnh lp: 20/11/1977, chuyn sang Cng ty C phn t ngy
01/10/2004
a ch: 48/5 Phan Huy ch, Phng 15, Qun Tn Bnh, Tp.H Ch Minh.
in thai: (84.08) 38 153 972 - 38 153 941 - 38 153 950 - 38 151 102
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
3
Fax: (84.08) 38 153 649 - 38 157 095
E-mail: tuongan@tuongan.com.vn
Website: http://www.tuongan.com.vn
1.2. gnh ngh kinh doanh [5]
Sn xut, mua bn v xut nhp khNu cc sn phNm ch bin t du,
m ng thc vt, t cc loi ht c du, thch da.
Sn xut, mua bn cc loi bao b ng gi.
Mua bn, xut nhp khNu cc loi my mc, thit b, nguyn nhin vt
liu phc v sn xut, ch bin ngnh du thc vt.
Sn xut, mua bn cc loi gia v ngnh ch bin thc phNm, nc
chm, nc st (khng sn xut ti tr s).
1.3. ng lc sn xut [5]
Sau gn 33 nm lin tc u t xy dng v pht trin, n nay vi h
thng my mc thit b hin i v cng ngh sn xut tin tin, Tng An
t tng cng sut 240.000 tn/nm, gm 3 N h my sn xut:
N h my du Tng An
a ch: 48/5 Phan Huy ch, P. 15, Q. Tn Bnh, TP. HCM.
in thai: (84.08) 38 153 972 - 38 153 941 - 38 153 950 - 38 151 102
Fax: (84.08) 38 153 649 - 38 157 095
N h my Du Vinh
a ch: 153 N guyn Vit Xun, P. Hng Dng, TP. Vinh, N gh An.
in thai: (84.038) 3833 898 - 3838 999
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
4
Fax: (84.038) 3835 353
N h my du Ph M
a ch: Khu CN Ph M 1, Huyn Tn Thnh, Tnh B Ra - Vng Tu.
in thai: (84.064) 3923 870
Fax: (84.064) 3922 792
Th trng xut khNu chnh: N ht Bn, Trung ng, ng u, Hng
Kng, i Loan,...
Mng li phn phi ca Tng An vi hn 200 nh phn phi v i
l tiu th sn phNm, 100 khch hng sn xut cng nghip v 400 siu th,
nh hng, qun n, trng hc, nh tr,... c xy dng rng khp 64 tnh
thnh trn c nc.
1.4. Qu trnh xy dng v pht trin thng hiu Tng An [5]
Qu trnh xy dng v pht trin du Tng An c th chia thnh 4
giai on:
- Giai on u nm 1977 - 1984: tip qun v sn xut theo ch
tiu k hoch.
- Giai on 1985 - 1990 c chuyn giao quyn ch ng sn
xut kinh doanh, xy dng hon chnh nh my v u t m rng
cng sut.
- Giai on 1991 - thng 10/2004: u t m rng sn xut, nng
cng sut thit b, xy dng mng li phn phi v chuNn b hi nhp
- Giai on thng 10/2004 n nay: thi k chuyn giao v hi
nhp.

Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
5
1.5. Cc thnh tch t c [5]
K t khi thnh lp n nay, gn 30 nm xy dng v pht trin,
Tng An lun t mc tng trng cao v n nh, tc tng trng
bnh qun t 25%/nm.
Vi nhng thnh tch t c trong cc hot ng sn xut kinh
doanh, Tng An c trao tng rt nhiu hun chng, c lun lu, bng
khen ca Chnh ph, ca B Cng nghip v UBN D TP.H Ch Minh:
- C thi ua ca Chnh ph nm 1998, 2001, 2005
- C thi ua ca B cng nghip t nm 1987-1989, t nm 1991-1997
v nm 2003
- C thi ua ca UBN D TP.HCM nm 1986, 1990, 2004, 2005
- Hun chng lao ng hng 3 (nm 1990), hng 2 (nm 1996) v
hng nht (nm 2000)
1.6. Cc danh hiu t c trn th trng [5]
Trn th trng nhiu nm qua, hnh nh con voi gn lin vi ch
Tng An l biu tng quen thuc v tr thnh thng hiu du n
hng u Vit N am lun c ngi tiu dng tn nhim bnh chn nhiu
danh hiu cao qu:
- Hng Vit N am Cht lng cao t nm 1997 n nm 2006.
- Topfive ngnh hng thc phNm.
- Top 100 thng hiu mnh (do bn c bo Si Gn tip th bnh
chn).
- Topten Hng tiu dng Vit N am c a thch nht t nm 1994 n
nm 1999 (do bn c bo i on kt bnh chn).
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
6
- Gii thng "Hng Vit N am Cht lng - Uy Tn" do Bo i on
Kt ln u t chc dnh cho cc n v t 5 nm lin topten.
- Gii thng Sao vng t Vit nm 2004 do Hi cc nh doanh
nghip tr Vit N am Bnh Chn.
- Thng hiu mnh nm 2004, 2005 do Thi bo Kinh T Vit N am
bnh chn.
- Thng hiu Vit yu thch do bn c bo Si Gn Doanh N hn bnh
chn nm 2004.
- Thng hiu hng u Vit N am ti Festival thng hiu Vit nm
2004.
- Cc sn phNm Tng An cn nhn c rt nhiu huy chng vng
ti cc k hi ch trin lm trong nc v quc t.










Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
7
1.7. M hnh t chc cng ty [5]














Hnh 1.2: M hnh t chc cng ty



I HI N G C N G
PH TN G GIM C
TN G GIM C
K
TON
TRN G
PH TN G GIM C
GIM C
N H MY
DU TN G
AN
HI N G QUN TRN
BAN KIM SOT
GIM C
N H MY
DU VIN H
GIM
C
KHSX
GIM
C
N HN S
GIM
C
U T
GIM
C
KD
PH GIM
C
PHN G
KHSX
PHN G
TIU TH
PHN G
KTTC
PHN G
KCS
PHN G
TCHC
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
8
CHG 2: GUY LIU CH BI DU M
2.1. Thnh phn ho hc ca du m [4]
2.1.1. Triglycerid: l thnh phn ch yu ca du m cha t 95
98% ca du th.
Triglycerid dng ha hc tinh khit khng mu, khng mi, khng v.
Khi lng phn t qu cao nn khng bay hi ngay c trong iu
kin chn khng cao.
nhit 240 250
o
C, p sut 1atm, triglycerid s b thy phn
thnh cc sn phN m bay hi (phn hy ha hc).
Di tc dng ca enzyme thy phn, c s tham gia ca nc v
nhit , triglycerid s b thy phn to thnh acid bo t do.
2.1.2. Acid bo
L acid ca cht bo, tn ti trong du m dng kt hp trong
glycerid, cn mt lng nh trng thi t do.
- Acid bo no (bo ha): khng cha ni i.
V d: acid lauric, acid myristic, acid palmitic, acid stearic
- Acid bo khng no: cha mt hoc nhiu ni i.
V d: acid oleic C
18
H
24
O
2
(C
18:2
), acid linoleic C
18
H
30
O
2
(C
18:3
).
Acid bo khng no c mch ngn d b thy phn ha hc, phng
thch cc acid bo t do, d bay hi, gy mi kh chu.
Acid bo khng no d b polymer ha, b kh v tr ni i to thnh
acid bo no. Acid bo khng no d b oxy ha bi khng kh (lm cho du
b ng).
Tnh cht ca du do thnh phn ca cc acid bo v v tr cc lin kt
i trong phn t triglyceride quy nh.

Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
9
2.1.3. Glycerin
L ru 3 chc, tn ti dng kt hp triglycerid.
L cht lng snh, khng mu, khng mi, v ngt v c tnh ht nc
cao.
L sn phN m thy phn ca du m v trong cng nghip ch bin x
phng.
Phng trnh phn ng:
(RCOO)
3
C
3
H
5
+ 3H
2
O C
3
H
5
(OH)
3
+ 3RCOOH
2.1.4. Photphatid
L nhng glycerin phc tp, c gc ca acid phosphorid v 1 baz
nit.
Hm lng photphatid trong du dao ng t 0,25 3%.
Cu to ca photphatid:
CH
2
OCOR
1

CHOCOR
2
OH
CH
2
O P O X
O
Phosphatid ha tan tt trong du v a s cc dung mi hu c tr
acetol v metylacetat.
Phosphatid ng vai tr l cht hot ng b mt trong trao i cht,
chuyn ha cc cht bo thng c s dng trong y dc v thc
phN m.
Hp cht in hnh l: leucithin v cephalin.
2.1.5. Cc sterol
L nhng ru cao phn t c cu to phc tp v phn b rng ri,
tan tt trong du. L thnh phn ch yu ca cc cht khng x phng ha
trong du m (lm du c mu sc v mi v ring bit).
Hm lng: 0,4 2,9%

Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
10
2.1.6. Sp
L este ca cc acid bo mch cacbon di c t 24 26 nguyn t
cacbon v ru 1 chc hoc 2 chc.
Sp c nhiu trong cc loi qu v ht du, c tc dng bo v nguyn
liu chng thm v chng tc ng c hi ca enzyme.
N hit nng chy 80
o
C, cao hn so vi du.
Sp khng c gi tr dinh dng, v s c mt ca n lm cho du kh
trong, lm gim hnh thc ca du, do cn loi b sp ra khi du bng
cch h nhit xung 6 12
o
C.
2.1.7. Cht mu
Lm cho du m c mu sc.
Carotenoic gm 60 75 cht c mu t vng . Chng l nhng
hp cht khng no nn d b oxy ha bi oxi khng kh, tia t ngoi, tia
gama.
Chlorofil c mu xanh, lm gia tng cc qu trnh oxi ha trong du.
Gossypol c mu vng n xanh thm.
Trong cng ngh ch bin du m cn loi b nhng sc t trong du.
2.1.8. Cht mi
L nhng cht d bay hi, trong phn t ca chng c nhng nhm
chc rt c bit.
N hng cht gy mi hi cho du nh: cc hydrocacbon gy mch
thng, cc terpen. Aldehyde, cetol, ru, cc acid bo d bay hi, cc
este
Du m nguyn cht khng c mi, mi pht sinh trong qu trnh ch
bin v tng tr.
2.1.9. Cc vitamin
A, D, E, F, Kl nhng vitamin tan trong du


Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
11
2.2. Tnh cht ca du m [3]
2.2.1. Tnh cht l hc
N h hn nc, d = 0,91 0,976. Mc khng no cng ln th t
trng cng ln.
Ch s khc x ~ 1,448 1,474. Ch s khc x cng ln, mc
khng no cng ln.
N hit cng cao, tnh nht cng gim.
Du khng tan trong nc, cn lnh. Tan trong dung mi hu c nh
C
6
H
6
, CHCl
3
, CCl
4
.
im ng c cng cao chng t du m cha nhiu acid bo no.
N hit dung ring 0,4 0,5.
2.2.2. Tnh cht ho hc
Phn ng thy phn
Vi s hin din ca nc hoc hi nc, du m b thy phn gii
phng acid bo v glycerin.
Phng trnh phn ng:
CH
2
OCOR CH
2
OH

CHOCOR + 3H
2
O CHOH + 3RCOOH

CH
2
OCOR CH
2
OH
Phn ng x phng ha
Trong iu kin nhit , p sut, cht xc tc thch hp th du m
tc dng vi kim to thnh mui kim.
Phng trnh tng qut:
C
3
H
5
(COOR)
3
+ 3N aOH 3RCOON a + C
3
H
5
(OH)
3

Tc dng oxy ha
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
12
Du m c cha nhiu acid bo khng no s d b oxy ha bi oxy
khng kh. a s cc phn ng xy ra trn cc ni i ca cacbon.
Kt qu ca qu trnh oxy ha l lm xut hin nhng cht mi gy mi v
v kh chu cho du m.
Cht bo + O
2
hydroperoxid aldehyd, cetol, acid, este,
alcohol.
Phn ng cng hp
Phn ng hydro ha: l phn ng cng hydro vo ni i ca cc acid
bo trong du m khi c mt cht xc tc thch hp nhm lm gim s ni
i trn mch cacbon, lm cho du m n nh hn, hn ch cc qu trnh
oxy ha, gi cho du khng b tr mi khi bo qun lu.
-CH=CH- + H
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-
Du m cng c th b sunfua ha vi acid sunfuric m c to thnh
sn phN m c tnh tan trong nc.
Phn ng ru phn
Glycerid khi un nng vi ru c xc tc vi KOH c th b phn
gii thnh glycerin v metyleste.
C
3
H
5
(COOR)
3
+ CH
3
OH C
3
H
5
(OH)
3
+ 3RCOOCH
3

Phn ng ng phn ha
Di tc dng ca baz ha tan trong ru thch hp c s chuyn i
ng phn ni i t v tr c khng lin hp n v tr mi lin hp, lm
tng tnh kh ca du.
i chua
Lm cho du m c mi v kh chu, lm thay i mu sc. S i
hng lm tng ch s acid (s tch t acid bo t do).
2.3. guyn liu cha du [3, 4]
2.3.1. u nnh (soybean)
Hm lng du trong ht t 12 25% (trong phosphatid chim 3
5%).
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
13
Du nnh p t ht u nnh c mu t vng nht n vng, c mi
c trng ca u nnh, c thnh phn acid bo kh hon chnh.
Acid bo no (ch yu l palmitic) : 10 20%.
Acid bo khng no (ch yu l oleic v linolenic) : 80 85%.

Hnh 2.1: Ht u nnh

2.3.2. u phng (peanut)
Du phng thu c nh vo qu trnh tch chit du t nhn ht u
phng c mu vng nht, mi thm c trng ca du u phng. Du
phng c cht lng cao, dng sn xut magarine, dng trong c hp.
Thnh phn acid bo (%):
Palmitic : 8,2
Stearic : 6,2
Oleic : 52,9
Linoleic : 24,7
Arachidomic : 4









Hnh 2.2: Ht u phng
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
14
2.3.3. Da (cocoanut)
Du da thu c t cm da, thuc nhm acid lauric, nhit nng
chy thp, mc khng bo ha thp nn du t b cc bin i oxi ha
lm pht trin mi i.
Thnh phn acid bo:
Acid bo khng no (oleic) : < 10%
Acid lauric : 45 51%
Acid myristic : 16 20%

Hnh 2.3: Cm da

2.3.4. C du (palm oil)
Du c c p t qu c v nhn c, phn lm 2 lp: lp lng trn
(palm oleic), cn lp c di (palm stearin).

Hnh 2.4: C du
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
15
2.3.5. M (sesame seed)
C gi tr dinh dng cao do s hin din ca hn 75% acid bo
khng bo ha trong du. Du thu c t qu trnh p ht vng, c mu
vng nht n vng, c mi c trng ca m.
Thnh phn acid bo:
Acid bo no (ch yu l panmitic) : 12 15%
Acid bo khng no (oleic v linoleic) : 75 78%

Hnh 2.5: Ht m
2.3.6. Ht bng vi (cotton seed)
Du p t ht bng c mu xanh en, cha nhiu acid bo no
palmiltic, gossypol v cc dn xut ca chng lm cho du c mu c bit.
Thnh phn acid bo ch yu:
Acid bo no : 20 25%
Acid oleic : 30 35%
Acid linoleic : 41 45%
2.3.7. Ci du (brassica napus olifera)
Du ci c ly ra t ht ci du, tt v bn khi bo qun.
Thnh phn acid bo ch yu (%):
Eruxic : 53
Oleic : 22 30
Linoleic : 14 19
Linolenic : 8 12
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
16
2.3.8. Ht hng dng
Du hng dng thuc nhm acid oleic, linoleic, cha hn 85% acid
bo khng bo ha, c chit tch t ht hng dng.
Hnh 2.6: Ht hng dng

2.3.9. Ht bp (corn)
Hm lng du trong ht rt thp khong 10 12%, phi chim 40%.
Du ng c khai thc t phi ng, c hm lng tocopherol cao.
Thnh phn acid bo (%)
Acid bo no (palmitic v stearid): 12,2
Oleic: 45,40
Linoleic: 40,9
2.3.10. Cm go (oryza satival rice bran oil)
Cm go l sn phN m ph xay xt thc lm go.
Du cm c cha 60 70% acid bo cha no.
2.4. Gi tr dinh dng v sinh hc ca du m
Trong s dinh dng ca ngi, du m c vai tr rt quan trng, l
mt trong ba ngun dinh dng cn thit cho c th sng.
Du m l ngun cung cp nng lng quan trng.
L dung mi ha tan cc vitamin nh A, D
Cung cp mt s acid bo thit yu, cn thit cho c th con ngi
nh acid linoleic, linolenic
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
17
Tng sc khng ca c th
Tng khN u v v tnh ngon ming ca thc n ln.
Cht bo tch ly di da bo v, cch ly trnh nhng tc nhn bt
li ca mi trng bn ngoi.























Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
18
CHG 3: QUY TRH TIH LUY DU
THC VT
3.1. S quy trnh tinh luyn du thc vt [4]
















Hnh 3.1: Dy chuyn tinh luyn du thc vt theo quy trnh ti cng ty

Du th
X l s b
Hydrat ha
Trung ha
Ra du
Sy kh nc
TN y mu
Lc
Kh mi
Lc
Du tinh luyn
H
2
O hoc
dd in ly
N aOH
H
2
O
t, than
hot tnh
Hi qu nhit
trong chn
khng
Cn du
B hp ph
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
19
3.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh [1, 3, 4]
3.2.1. X l s b:
Mc ch:
- Loi tp cht c hc
- Tch sp, kh gm.
Cch tin hnh: vic s l s b c tin hnh bng phng
php lc ngui, nguyn l ca phng php l: da vo s khc nhau v
kch thc cc phn t, ngi ta cho hn hp i qua cc mng lc, cc tp
cht s bm ln b mt mng lc thnh lp b lc, v lp b lc ny cng
dn tr thnh mng lc.
Tin hnh lc nhit trong khong 10 - 20
0
C
Thit b s dng: s dng my lc khung bn

Hnh 3.2: My lc khung bn
N guyn l vn hnh ca thit b
Bm ht 1 s ht du t bn cha du ln h thng khung lc, du s
t t i qua mng lc thng qua ng knh l xp, cc tp cht c hc c
ng knh ln hn ng knh l xp ca mng lc th b gi li.
1
2
3
4
5
Ch thch:
1. Bm ht 1
2. Bm ht 2
3. Mng lc
4. Mng
5. Bn cha
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
20
Du tip tc chy xung mng v dn v bn cha 5.
Bm 2 s ht du t bn cha 5 a v cc bn trung gian thng qua
h thng ng ng.
Thng s k thut ca thit b:
- Cng sut: 1000 lt/gi
- Khung lc: kch thc 600x600 Inox
- Khung dn my : Inox
- Bm p lc 2 HP: i Loan
- Mng hng : Inox
- Thng cha nh : 50 lt
- Vi lc 01 b v giy lc 01 b
Yu cu du sau khi lc:
- Trong sut.
- Khng b vN n c
3.2.3. Hydrat ha:
Mc ch: Dng phng php thy ha tch photphatid (gm
gum) ra khi du.
N guyn tc:
Da vo phn ng hydrat ha tng phn cc ca cc tp cht
keo ha tan trong du m, do lm gim ha tan ca chng trong du.
Du m l mt dung mi khng phn cc nn c th ha tan mt s
tp cht khng phn cc hoc phn cc yu. N u ta lm cho cc tp cht
tr thnh c cc hoc phn t phn cc yu tr thnh phn cc mnh, khi
ha tan ca chng trong du s gim xung v tch ra khi du.
N goi ra, tc dng hydrat ha cn c kh nng lm gim ch s acid
ca du do tp cht keo c tnh acid nh protein b kt ta s ko theo cc
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
21
tp cht keo ha tan khc, lm gim mc tiu hao du trung tnh khi luyn
kim, tch c mt lng sp ng k.
Tin hnh:
tch cc tp cht keo, gm, sp ra khi du ngi ta thng dng
dung dch nc mui bo ha. Sau khi gia nhit du nhit 60 70
o
C
cho dung dch nc mui bo ha v thm nc nng vo khong 1 3%
so vi du ko cc tp cht ra v lng xung. M cnh khuy trn 15
20 pht, tt cnh khuy lng trong mt gi. Sau x cn v KCS ly
mu kim tra ch s AV li tnh lng N aOH cho vo trung ha.
Ch : ty theo tng loi du th m lng mui dng khc nhau:
- i vi du da, m c AV cao, tp cht keo nhiu nn cn cho
thm mui 1 - 2% (nng 10% trong nc c nhit nh hn
80
o
C) so vi du tng kh nng phn tch.
- Du nnh th c AV thp, tp cht keo t nn ta b qua hydrat
ha m a trc tip N aOH vo trung ha.
- Dung dch mui phi c lng trong sau khi ha nc nng
lc b tp cht
3.2.4. Trung ha:
Mc ch: loi tr cc acid bo t do (h AV ca du xung nh
hn 0,2)
N goi ra, do x phng sinh ra c kh nng hp th nn chng ko theo
cc tp cht nh protid, cht nha, cht mu, tp cht c hc vo trong
kt ta nn du sau trung ha khng nhng gim ti a ch s acid m
cn loi tr mt s tp cht khc lm cho du c mu sng hn.

Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
22
N guyn tc:
Phng php ch yu da vo phn ng trung ha acid bng base.
Di tc dng ca dung dch kim, cc acid bo t do v cc tp cht c
tnh acid s to thnh mui kim, chng khng tan trong du m nhng c
th tan trong nc nn c th phn ly ra khi du bng cch lng (trung ha
gin on) hoc ra nhiu ln (dng my ly tm trung ha lin tc). qu
trnh hnh thnh x phng t acid bo t do theo phn ng:
RCOOH + N aOH = RCOON a + H
2
O
Tin hnh:
Tnh ton lng xt cho vo:
K
dd
=
40 100
1000 56 14
A D A D
a a

=


Trong :
K
dd
: lng dung dch tnh theo l thuyt (kg)
A: ch s AV ca du m (mgKOH)
D: lng du m em trung ha (kg)
a: nng % dung dch N aOH
Tuy nhin lng kim trong thc t thng nhiu hn khong 5
10% so vi l thuyt.
Pha dung dch kim: thng pha trong thng, xc nh nng bng
Baume k, ri i chiu bng tra tm nng cn thit. Tt nht l pha
trc vi ngy vi nng gn ng, sau khi dung dch ngui tin hnh
xc nh v hiu chnh ng vi nng quy nh.

Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
23
S khu trung ha:
Trc ht cn nng nhit du v dung dch kim n mc quy nh
60 70
o
C. M my khuy v cho dung dch xt vo t t, sau khi cho ht
cn khuy thm 20 30 pht v nng nhit ln mt cht. Khi x phng
to thnh tng ht v nhanh chng lng xung, th ngng khuy v lng.
C th tch cn x phng bng phng php lng hoc ly tm.














Hnh 3.3: S khu trung ha

Du th
Thit b trung ha
Ly tm tch b
N aOH 12
o
Be
p lc my 0.5 bar 1 bar
M van nc y v van nc trn my
cho my ly tm tch b tt, my lu b d
Chnh van p du ra du va trong
Lc cn
Thy ha hi gum (ty loi du)
Lu lng nguyn liu vo 2000l-3000l/gi
hit du 80-90
o
C
hit 90
o
C
Du trung ha
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
24
Du thy ha vi lng N aOH tnh ton c a vo thit b
trung ha, ti y hn hp c gia nhit ti nhit khong 90
0
C. Sau
nh lc ly tm s phn tch hn hp thnh 2 pha: pha nng v pha nh. Pha
nh l du trung ha chy v hng trung tm ci ti khoang bm
hng bm v thot ra ngoi khng to bt di p sut do bm hng tm
to ra. Pha nng cng cc vt th rn chy v pha y ci ri c tho ra
ngoi.
Thit b s dng

Hnh 3.4: Thit b trung ha
3.2.5. Ra du
Mc ch: loi b ht x phng c trong du (ngoi ra protein v
cc tp cht nhy khi gp nc nng s trng nh ra v to thnh dng
khng ha tan v tt c s c tch ra khi du).
Ch thch:
1: ca cho kim vo
2: b phn khuy
3: ng dn hi
4: ca tho du
5: ca np du
6: ca tho cn
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
25
Tin hnh:
loi tr ht x phng c trong du, cn tin hnh ra du lin tc
nhiu ln.
Qu trnh c thc hin trong thit b trung ha. N c ra c th
c tp trung li thu hi du v x phng.
Thng s k thut
Lng nc ra mi ln khong 3 5% so vi du.
S ln ra khong 2 ln.
N hit nc ra khong 80 90
o
C.
Mi ln ra u phi khuy trn ri yn 40 60 pht cho tch lp
v tho nc ra t y thit b.
Dng my ly tm lng phn ly nc ra khi du.
Du sau khi ra phi nh lng x phng.








Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
26
S khu ra du














Hnh 3.5: S khu ra du
Du sau khi trung ha c chuyn ti bn cha tin hnh ra ln
1. Cho nc khong 3 5% so vi lng du ra, nhit nc ra
khong 90
0
C. Thc hin khuy trn lin tc, sau yn cho cn lng
xung. Tip tc chuyn ton b hn hp vo my ly tm tho nc, tch
ly x phng thu hi du trung tnh.
Tip tc ra ln 2 ging vi ln 1 ta thu c du trung tnh.
c nng 90
o
C
Ly tm ra nc (ln 1)
Thnh thong m van nc y my
Chnh van p du ra du va trong
Du ra nc (ln 1)
c nng 90
o
C
Ly tm ra nc (ln 2)
Chnh van p du ra du va trong
Du ra nc (ln 2)
Du trung ha
Du ra nc
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
27
Yu cu ca du sau khi ra
- Cha ti a 0,005% x phng. C th kim tra nhanh bng thuc
th phenolphthalein.
- Khng c hin tng nh ha, tch lp.
3.2.6. Sy du:
Mc ch: tch N m ra khi du sau khi ra, trnh qu trnh i ha
do thy phn, tng thi gian bo qun du.
Tin hnh:
Thc hin qu trnh sy trong thit b tN y mu, iu kin chn
khng.
Du sau khi ra c a vo thit b tN y mu, ti y du c gia
nhit ln n nhit 105 110
o
C, to qu trnh bc hi nc loi ht
nc ra khi du.
Thi gian u, lc nc cn nhiu ta cn khuy nh trnh hin
tng du b nh ha, sau cn khuy mnh tng cng tc bc hi
nc ra khi du.
Thi gian sy: 45 60 pht.
p sut < 10mmHg
Yu cu du sau khi sy: N m cho php ti a 0,1 0,05%
3.2.7. Ty mu:
Du c mu sc l do s tn ti ca mt s cht mu c tnh tan trong
du. Cht tn ti ph bin nht l carotenoid, chng gm 60 70 cht khc
nhau v c mu t vng nh n sm .
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
28
Chlorofil (dip lc t) lm du c mu vng xanh (c nhiu ht cha
chn)
Goxipuapurrin v cc dn xut ca n lm cho du c mu sm v c
c tnh.
N goi ra cn c mt s hp cht gy mu khc nh du mu en l do
cha nhiu cc hp cht nha
Mc ch:
- Loi cc hp cht to mu khng mong mun.
- Tch loi khi du lng phosphoslipid.
- Cc sn phN m oxy ha v x phng cn li trong du.
- Tng phN m cht ca du v to c du c mu nh mong
mun.
N guyn tc:
Da vo kh nng hp ph ca cc cht c tnh hp ph b mt. S
hp ph ny c thnh chon lc, i vi du m l hp ph cc cht mu, sau
khi hp ph xong tin hnh tch cc cht hp ph ra khi du.
C th tin hnh tN y mu bng cch hp ph vi nhng cht thch hp
nh than hot tnh, t hot tnh
N hit tN y mu khong 80 90
0
C v s tN y mu thng c thc
hin di p sut thp.
Yu cu ca cht hp ph:
Cc cht hp ph thng c cu to xp dng bt. Khi s dng cht
hp ph no cn m bo cc yu cu sau y:
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
29
C kh nng hp ph ln nht (ch dng mt lng nh nht m hiu
qu hp ph ln).
C kh nng hp ph chn lc i vi cc cht mu v hp ph rt t
du.
Khi s dng khng gy ra nhng bin i ha hc v khng mang
thm cc mi v khc vo du.
Sau khi hp ph d dng tch ra bng phng php lc.
N gun cung cp d tm.
Thng s dng phi hp gia than hot tnh v t hot tnh to
thnh hn hp cht hp ph, vi tc dng hp ph chung ca chng hiu
qu tN y mu s tt hn so vi s dng ring tng loi.
Tin hnh:
Du sau khi sy kh nc c ht vo thit b tN y mu.
Sau khi c gia nhit, du c cung cp cho bn trn than v t
theo mt lng nh trc v c ht ln bn tN y mu nh h thng
chn khng ca thit b. Ti y hn hp du t than c cnh khuy
trn u, lc ny nhit hn hp t 90 100
o
C, lng cht hp ph cho
vo khong 0,1 4% so vi trng lng du.
Thi gian tN y mu khong 20 30 pht.
Ch tN y mu trong iu kin chn khng trnh lm cho du b
oxy ha mnh.



Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
30





















Trn hn hp
Ht chn khng
TN y mu
t
0
= 100
0
C, CK50 76 cmHg
Lc du
t
0
= 70
0
C
Khuy 20

30

Gii nhit
KCS kim nghim
Cht lng sau
tN y mu
Du trong sng
AV 0,4 mg
KOH/g

Hydro ha Kh mi
Du khng t
Hnh 3.6: S quy trnh cng ngh khu ty
mu
Than hot
tnh (0,2% -
1%)
t hat tnh
(0,1% - 3%)
Cn
hp th
mu
Du trung ha
Du
tN y mu
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
31

Ch thch:
V401: bn nh lng
V402a: phn cha than, t hot tnh
V402b: bn cha than, du, t hot tnh
V403a: bn ty mu
V403b: bn trung gian
V404, V405, V406: bn ngng t
E401a, E401b: ejector (h thng bm to
chn khng)
V407: bn cha du khng t yu cu
V408: bn cha du t yu cu
P401, P402: bm du
F401: my lc p khung bn

H

n
h

3
.
7
:

S

n
g

n
g
h

k
h

u

t

y

m

u

Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
32
N guyn l lm vic
Du sau trung ha c bm vo bn V401 gia nhit s b v a
xung bn V402b
Du bn V402b s c cung cp than v t t phu V402a qua
van vo bn V402b. y du v than, t c khuy trn v gia nhit
ti nhit thch hp.
Du, than, t hai bn V401 v V402b sau khi t yu cu c ht
sang bn V403a do s chnh lch p sut chn khng V403b v p sut
kh quyn hai bn V401 v V402b.
Du sau khi ht qua bn tN y mu V403a c tip tc khuy v gia
nhit theo yu cu, to s hp ph mu v t, than hot tnh sau du
c gii nhit v c a xung bn V403b bn V403a tip tc hot
ng trnh ch i. Du bn V403b c chuyn ti my p lc
khung bn F401.
Du sau khi p lc xong ly mu th nu t cht lng cho xung
bn V408. N u khng t cht lng cho v bn V407.
Du t bn V408 c bm P402 bm ra bn cha trung gian kh
mi. Du khng t cht lng t bn V407 c bm v bn cha du
sau trung ha hoc v li bn V401 bng bm P402 ti ch li.
Gii nhit: ngi ta cho nc nhit thng vo ng xon lm
ngui du n nhit thch hp.
To p sut chn khng bn tN y mu V403a theo nguyn tc to
thng ht E401a v E401b thng qua hai b ngng t. Khng kh trong bn
V403a c ht theo h thng trn v c cun ra ngoi t hai b ngng
t xung bn nc.
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
33


H

n
h

3
.
8
:

S

t
h

n
g

c
h

n

k
h

n
g

v

n

t

y

m

u

Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
34
3.2.8. Lc:
Mc ch: loi b tp cht v cht hp ph.
Du sau khi tN y mu cn c lm ngui ri dng my p lc khung
bn phn ly b hp ph v du.
Du sau khi tN y mu d b oxy ha nn c cha trong cc bn trnh
tip xc Fe (Fe l xc tc cho qu trnh oxy ha).
3.2.9. Kh mi:
Mc ch:
Loi b cc mi l v cc cht gy mi c trong du m qu trnh tN y
mu khng loi b c: mi t, than...
N guyn tc:
Dng hi nc nng qu nhit tip xc trc tip vi du trong iu
kin chn khng v nhit cao. Cc cht gy mi trong du s c hi
nc ko ra khi du.
Tin hnh:
Tin hnh kh mi du trong thp kh mi du lin tc:
Du sau khi tN y mu c ht vo thit b kh mi. Du c un
nng bng hi gin tip ln 220
o
C - 250
o
C ng thi rt chn khng
kh kh tan trong du.



Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
35





















Kh mi
Ck: 5 -8 mmHg
t
0
: 220
0
C 250
0
C
Thi gian : 2h 2h30
Lm ngui
n 70
0
C
Lc du
Hi kh
Hi kh
Acid citric 50%
Cho vo lc
T
0
: 120
0
C 150
0
C
T l : 0,01%
(150 ml dd 50%/1000 lt du)
KCS kim nghim
Du sng, khng mi
AV 0,1
POV = 0
HL x phng < 0,005%
Mu du:
M : R = 1,5 max
N nh : R = 2max
Olein : R = 3 max

Hnh 3.9: S quy trnh cng ngh khu kh mi
Du m
Hydro ha
Du m
tN y mu
Du
kh mi
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
36




H

n
h

3
.
1
0
:

S

t
h

n
g

k
h

i

l
i

n

t

c

Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
37
Cu to: h thng kh mi lin tc
H thng tun hon acid bo: thit b ngng t, bn thu hi acid bo,
bm tun hon acid bo, thit b trao i nhit.
H thng to chn khng: h thng bm to chn khng, thit b
ngng t.
N i hi Dowtherm: c trang b cc dng c kim sot t ng, an
ton gi cho nhit ca du trong thit b kh mi khng thay i.
Thp kh mi: tng sy v kh kh; tng kh mi; tng gi li; tng
chng ct; tng y.


Ch thch:
1: li thu hi lng
2: ng nhp liu
3: vng xon
4: chp
5: ca v sinh
6: ng dn du
7: ng dn hi
8: mm
9: van iu chnh
10: phao bao mc du



Hnh 3.11: Thit b kh mi





Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
38
3.3. Quy trnh cng ngh ng du chai [4]























Bn cha
V du chai
B mng co
My sy mng co
Chai du t: xp vo thng
Xp bao nylon vo thng
Dn ming thng
N hp kho
Thng giy
dn y
Chai v sch
bi
In hn s dng
ng np
Dn nhn
KCS kim tra cp phiu nhp
kho
C phiu chng
nhn ca KCS
Hnh 3.12: S quy trnh cng ngh ng du
Du sau kh mi t tiu
chuN n xut xng
Chai nha
nhn t kho
Chai khng
t yu cu
N hn nhn
t kho
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
39
Thuyt minh quy trnh:
Du t tiu chuN n c cha trong cc bn cha trung gian.
Chai t tiu chuN n kim tra c a vo h thng ht bi t ng
v c chuyn ln dy chuyn sn xut ti vi bm du.
Du c bm t bn trung gian vo chai vi lng nh sn ty
theo yu cu.
Du vo chai c chuyn ti thit b ng nt, tip c v
mng co, sy mng co, dn nhn, in hn s dng v ng thng vn
chuyn v lu kho.
3.4. hng nguyn nhn gy hao ht du trong tinh luyn [4]
Trong qu trnh tinh luyn, lng du hao ht ton b gm: lng
acid bo t do trong du bin thnh x phng, lng du m b x phng
ha, lng du ln vo trong cc loi cn v nc ra.
N goi s tiu hao cc acid bo t do, cc phn tiu hao cn li gi
chung l s tiu hao du m trung tnh.
T l hao ht du trung tnh thng trong phm vi nh sau:
- Do luyn kim: 2 4%
- Do ra nc: 0,15 0,25%
- Do tN y mu, kh mi: 0,3 0,6%
Mc hao ht du trung tnh ph thuc vo:
- Cht lng ca du th
- Phng thc cng ngh tinh luyn
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
40
- Ch k thut v thao tc
Thng thng s hao ht du trung tnh t l thun vi khi lng x
phng to thnh khi trung ha. S hao ht thng tng ln nu nng
dung dch kim cao, lng kim d nhiu.
3.5. ngha ca vic tinh ch du thc vt:
Du th cha mt s tp cht lm nh hng n cht lng du sau
khi bo qun v s dng. Tp cht trong du th gm gm, sp, acid bo t
do, tp cht hu c, cc cht gy mu, gy mi
Qu trnh tinh luyn s loi cc tp cht trn ra khi du th, m bo
yu cu cht lng trong cc lnh vc s dng.
Du m sau khi tinh luyn cn t cc yu cu sau:
- V mu sc: mu vng nht n trng, trong sut.
- V mi v: khng c mi v ban u ca du th, khng c mi l.
- V thnh phn: loi tr cc tp cht khng cn thit n mc thp
nht, ng thi khng c li cc tp cht sinh ra trong qu trnh
tinh luyn.
- m bo cc yu cu v sinh cng nghip thc phN m.






Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
41
CHG 4: QUY TRH KIM TRA CHT LG
DU THC VT
4.1. him v kim tra tng kim sot [4]
4.1.1. Kim sot 1(KS1): kim tra du th nhp kho
Cc ch tiu kim tra: N m, tp cht, mu, AV.
Chu k: tng bn cha, tng l hay tng ca
N him v:
Du th c ly mu i din t mt xe hng, khi ly mu ch ly
mu phn di y xem du c ln nc khng. Lp bin bn l hng
tr v cc thng c ln nc hoc ton b xe du nu l xe bn.
Xt cm quan: mi, trong, mu sc vng , nu, chy
Mi: c mi c trng ca du th, khng c mi i chua, chy kht.
trong: hi c do tp cht, mu vng sng theo mu ca du th
ty loi.
Xc nh ch s AV ca du th, mc quy nh theo hp ng
4.1.2. Kim sot 2(KS2): kim tra du trc khi a vo trung ha
Cc ch tiu kim tra: AV, nh tnh x phng.
Chu k: tng m hay chu k 1 gi l ty vo loi du v cng sut
tng m.
N him v:
Du th c bm t bn nh 2000L v 20000L. c ly mu i
din bit AV v tnh ton lng xt cn thit trung ha.
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
42
beaume(Be) ty thuc vo loi du, cng ngh tinh luyn du v ch s AV
ca du cao hay thp.
N u AV > 10, du khng ph hp a vo dy truyn trung ha lin
tc m nn chuyn sang dy truyn gin on v nn chy trung ha 2 ln
(ln u cho lng xt, ln 2 th li AV ri tnh ton li lng xt cn
dng trung ha).
Mt s du th cn qua giai on thy ha bng nc mui hay dung
dch acid photphoric loi cc cht photphat.
Cc giai on x l du th trc trung ha rt quan trng, v nu
khng loi nhng tp cht sp, phophatit, sterol t ban u s dn n kh
khn cho qu trnh tinh luyn nh hn ch kh nng hp ph mu ca cht
tN y mu, lm du b m sau khi tinh luyn.
4.1.3. Kim sot 3 (KS3): kim tra du sau trung ha
Cc ch tiu kim tra: AV, mu.
Chu k: tng m hay chu k 1 gi
N him v:
Du th sau trung ha v tch x phng vn cn li mt t x phng
trong du, do cn ra sch x phng bng nc nng 80
0
C qua 2 ln
ra. Du sau khi ra c kim tra li x phng bng phng php nh
tnh vi ch th phenolphthalein. Sau kim tra li ch s acid ca du sau
ra nc (AV khng c nh hn 0,1 v khng ln hn 0,4 v iu ny c
th do lng xt d hoc thiu).
Du sau ra c mu sc nht hn mu du th, hm lng nc trong
du khong 0,5 1% v khng cn thit phi loi tr i trong khi phn tch
ch s acid ca mu du sau khi ra.
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
43
N c ra cng cn phi kim tra thng xuyn h mt ln, kim tra
cm quan khng thy c du ni trn ly nc ra l c.
4.1.4. Kim sot 4 (KS4): kim tra du sau tN y mu
Cc ch tiu kim tra: AV, mu.
Chu k: tng m hay chu k 1 gi
N him v
Du ra nc c chuyn sang giai on tN y mu bng t tN y
mu v than hot tnh. Liu lng ty thuc loi du v mu du thnh
phN m mong mun. Du tN y mu cn c mi du th v mi ca t than,
do cn phi chuyn sang giai on tN y mi.
4.1.5. Kim sot 5 (KS5): kim tra du sau kh mi
Cc ch tiu kim tra: cm quan, AV, PoV, mu, IV.
Chu k: tng ca
N him v:
Giai on kh mi du c tin hnh trong chn khng nhit
240 - 260
0
C ty thnh phn acid bo tng loi du.
Ch s AV ca du sau kh mi gim i nhiu, AV < 0,1 mg KOH/ g.
AV cng thp cht lng du cng cao do acid bo b bc hi theo hi
nc, cc mi cng b ly i ht, mt phn acid bo c thu hi bn
ngng t acid bo.
Ch s PoV ca du sau kh mi bng 0
Mu du cng b phn hy nhit cao, do mu du gim ng
k sau kh mi.
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
44
Cm quan du kh mi: c mu vng sng, khng c du b chy,
khng c mi du th hay mi than t. Vic nh gi mu du phi tin
hnh thng xuyn mi c th pht hin v nh gi chnh xc. Tuy nhin
mt s du kh mi vn cn mang mi c trng ca n (rt nh) nh du
u nnh l do thnh phn cu to ca n.
Lng N m cho php < 0,1% v tp cht khng cho php hin din
trong du.
Du kh mi t quy nh kim tra th c cp giy xc nhn cht
lng xut xng bm du ra bn thnh phN m.
4.1.6. Kim sot 6 v 7 (KS6, KS7): kim tra du thnh phN m trc
khi bao gi.
Cc ch tiu kim tra: AV, PoV, mu, cm quan, kim tra
nh lng ng gi bao b.
Chu k: tng m, tng ca hay tng l hng
N him v:
Du qua qu trnh tinh luyn c cha trong cc bn du thnh
phN m, trc khi ng gi nhn vin KCS ly mu kim tra li cc ch tiu
trn v quyt nh cp giy xc nhn cht lng cho ng gi.
N hng l du xut khN u cn gi mu phn tch thnh phn acid bo
xc nh thun khit ca du.
Cc mu du thc phN m c lu mu li trong phng phn tch v
nh k kim tra cc ch tiu cm quan v mu sc, trong v cc ch tiu
bin ng nh: AV, PoV

Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
45
4.2. Kim sot cht lng trong qu trnh sn xut [4]
Bng 4.1: Mc ch tiu cht lng
Khu sn xut v ch tiu Mc
guyn liu du th
Ch s acid
N m
Tp cht
Mu (ty nguyn liu)
5 mgKOH/g (trn thc t ty thuc AV ca nguyn liu
vo)
0,2% max
0,2% max
Du c mu vng nht, vng m hay vng nu
Khu trung ha
1.Du th
Ch s acid
m - tp cht
2.Dung dch xt
Du da, du olein
Du m, phng, nnh
3.Du sau khi ra nc
Ch s acid
Hm lng x phng

5mgKOH/g max
0,5% max

12 14
o
Be
16 18
o
Be

0,2 0,3 mgKOH/g
0,02% max
Khu ty mu
Ch s acid
Mu

0,4 mgKOH/g max
Du da: 1,5 ; du nnh: 2,5 ; du m: 2 ; du phng:
2,5 ; du olein: 4
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
46
Cm quan Du sng, khng hn tp cht than t
Khu kh mi
Ch s acid
Mu

Cm quan
0,1 mgKOH/g max
Du da: 1,5 ; du nnh: 2 ; du m: 2 ; du phng: 2
; du olein: 2,5
Du trong sng nhit thng, c mi c trng ca du
tinh luyn, khng c mi du th hay mi l.

4.3. Phng php kim tra cc ch tiu [2, 4]
4.3.1. Xc nh ch s acid (AV)
Ch s acid (AV): l s mg KOH cn thit trung ha ht lng
acid bo t do c trong 1 g du m.
N guyn tc
nh phn acid bo t do c trong du m bng cch ha tan du m
bo bng cn trung tnh, sau dng KOH tiu chuN n chuN n trc tip
xung dung dch mu vi cht ch th phenolphtalein
RCOOH + KOH RCOOK + H
2
O
Ha cht:
Dung dch chuN n KOH 0,1N
Hn hp dung mi ng th tch izopropyl alcohol v toluene.
Dung dch ch th phenolphthalein 1% trong izopropyl alcohol
Tin hnh:
Tin hnh th nghim 2 ln cho mi mu th theo cc bc sau:
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
47
Thm dung dch ch th vo hn hp dung mi theo t l (2ml : 125m)
ri trung ha bng dung dch KOH 0,1N n mu hng bn trong 30 giy.
Cn lng mu c khuy trn ng nht vo bnh tam gc dung
tch 250ml. Lng cn mu ty thuc vo ch s acid d on c trong mu
theo bng sau:
Bng 4.2: Lng mu theo tng ch s acid d on
Ch s acid Lng cn mu (g) chnh xc ( g )
0 1 20 0.05
1 4
10 0.02
4 15
2.5 0.01
15 75
0.5 0.001
75 tr ln 0.1 0.0002

Thm 125 ml hn hp dung mi trung ha, ha tan mu
Thm vi git ch th phenolphthalein
ChuN n bng dung dch KOH chuN n 0,1N n mu hng bn trong
30 giy.
Kt qu cui cng l trung bnh cng ca 2 ln th song song c
lm trn ti 2 ch s c ngha. Chnh lch kt qu gia 2 ln th khng
qu 0,22 i vi mu th c ch s acid nh hn 4 hoc khng qu 0,36 vi
mu c ch s acid ln hn 4.

Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
48
Kt qu:
Tnh ton ch s AV theo cng thc:
AV =
56.1
w
V
(mg KOH/g)
N : nng dung dch KOH 0.1N (N )
V: th tch dung dch KOH chuN n mu th (ml)
W: khi lng mu th (g)
ngha ca ch s: ch s AV cng cao chng t du m cng
km cht lng v ngc li AV cng thp du cng tt v bo qun cng
lu.
4.3.2. Xc nh ch s peroxide (PoV)
Ch s peroxide: (PoV): ch s g I
2
gii phng khi cho KI tc
dng vi peroxide trong 100 g cht bo.
N guyn tc:
Da vo tc dng ca peroxide vi dung dich KI to ra I
2
t do (trong
mi trng acid acetic v clorofom). Sau chuN n iod t do bng dung
dch chuN n natrihydrosulfat vi ch th h tinh bt.
R
1
CHCHR
2
+ 2KI + 2CH
3
COOH R
1
CHCHR
2
+ 2CH
3
COOK + I
2
+ H
2
O
O O O
2N a
2
S
2
O
3
+ I
2
N a
2
S
4
O
6
+ 2N aI
Ha cht:
Hn hp dung dch acid acetic clorofom
Dung dch KI bo ha
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
49
Dung dch chuN n N a
2
S
2
O
3
0.1N
Ch th h tinh bt 1%
Tin hnh:
Tin hnh th nghim 2 ln cho mi mu th theo cc bc sau:
Cn 5g mu vo bnh tam gic, thm 30ml hn hp acid acetic
clorofom, lc nh cho ti khi mu tan hon ton.
Thm chnh xc 0,5ml KI bo ha, yn 1 pht, thm 30ml nc ct.
ChuN n bng dung dch N a
2
S
2
O
3
0.1N (chuN n nhanh lc mnh v
u) cho n khi mt mu vng. Thm 0,5 ml ch th h tinh bt tip tc
chuN n cho mt mu xanh.
Kt qu:
Tnh ton ch s peroxid theo cng thc:
PoV =
W
V V
B s
1000 ) (
(meq/kg)
Trong :
N : nng dung dch N a
2
S
2
O
3
(N )
V
S
: th tch dung dch N a
2
S
2
O
3
chuN n mu th (ml)
V
B
: th tch dung dch N a
2
S
2
O
3
chuN n mu trng (ml)
W: khi lng mu th (g)
ngha ca ch s: ch s cng cao th du m cng km cht
lng, kh bo qun v ngc li ch s cng thp cht lng du m cng
tt.
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
50
4.3.3. Xc nh hm lng x phng trong du
Ch s x phng ha (SV): l s mg KOH cn thit trung ha
v x phng ha ht glyceride c trong 1 g du m.
Ha cht:
Dung dch HCl chuN n 0,01N
Dung dch N aOH 0,01N
Dung dch ch th bromophenol blue 1% trong nc
Dung dch kim tra acetone cha 2% nc
Tin hnh:
Cn 30g du + 50ml bromophenol blue 1%, yn cho dung dch
trong bnh tch thnh hai lp. N u mu c x phng lp trn s c mu
xanh l m ti mu xanh da tri.
ChuN n mu trong bnh bng dung dch HCl 0,01N ti khi mu xanh
chuyn sang mu vng.
Thc hin mu trng vi mu du khng cha x phng.
Kt qu:
Tnh ton hm lng x phng:
X =
W
V V
B S
100 304 , 0 ) (
(%)

Trong :
N : nng dung dch HCl (N )
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
51
V
S
: th tch dung dch HCl chuN n mu th(ml)
V
B
: th tch dung dch HCl

chuN n mu trng (ml)
W: khi lng mu th (g)
ngha ca ch s: ch s cng cao chng t du m c cha
nhiu acid bo phn t lng thp v ngc li.
4.3.5. Xc nh ch s iod (phng php wijs)
Ch s iod (IV) l ch s g I
2
bo ha ht s lin kt i trong
100g cht bo.
N guyn tc:
Phng php s dng thuc th c iod clorua kt hp vo cc ni kp
c trong cht bo. Lng ICl d s c kt hp vi KI gii phng iod
dng t do v c nh phn bng dung dch natrithiosulphat chuN n. T
d dng bit c lng ICl kt hp vi cht bo v tnh ch s iod.
2KI + KIO
3
+ 6HCl = 3ICl + 3KCl + 3H
2
O
R
1
CH=CH R
2
+ ICl R
1
CH CH R
2
COOH
I Cl
Lng ICl d s c nh phn bng dung dch natrithiosulphat
chuN n sau khi thm dung dch KI v nc vo hn hp phn ng.
ICl + KI = KCl + I
2
I
2
+ N a
2
S
2
O
3
= 2N aI + N a
2
S
4
O
6
Ha cht:
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
52
Thuc th wijs: cha trong chai mu nu, nt nhm, gn paraphin v
bo qun trong ni ti nhit thp. T s I/Cl ca dung dch wijs phi
nm trong khong 1,1 0,1.
Dung dch KI 10%
Dung dch chuN n N a
2
S
2
O
3
0,1N c chuN n li bng dung dch
chuN n gc dichromat kali.
Cacbon tetrachloride tinh khit
Dung dch ch th h tinh bt 1%.
Tin hnh:
Lm lng mu nu mu cha dng lng ri tin hnh lc loi tp
v N m.
Gi mu nhit khong 68 71
0
C trc khi cn.
Cn mu ty theo d on v ch s iod nh bng sau:
Bng 4.3: Lng mu theo tng ch s iod d on
Ch s iod d on Lng cn mu(g)
N h hn 5 3.000
5 20 1.000
21 50 0,400
51 -100 0,200
101 150 0,130
151 200 0,100

Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
53
Thm vo bnh 15 ml cacbontetrachloride, lc k mu tan hon
ton.
Thm chnh xc 20 ml thuc th wijs vo bnh, y nt kn v lc u.
yn ni ti 1gi vi mu c ch s iod nh hn 150 hoc trong 2gi vi
mu c ch s 150.
Ly bnh ra, thm ln lt 20 ml KI, 150 ml nc ct.
ChuN n vi dung dch N a
2
S
2
O
3
0,1N . Thm 2 ml ch th h tinh bt,
tip tc chuN n cho ti khi mt mu xanh.
Tin hnh nh trn vi mu trng trong cng iu kin th nghim.
Tnh ton ch s iod:
IV =
Trong :
N : nng dung dch N a
2
S
2
O
3
(N )
V
S
: th tch dung dch N a
2
S
2
O
3
chuN n mu th (ml)
V
B
: th tch dung dch N a
2
S
2
O
3
chuN n mu trng (ml)
W: khi lng mu th (g)
ngha ca ch s: ch s dng nh gi mc khng no
ca cht bo. Ch s cng cao chng t du m cng cha nhiu acid bo
cha no, du m cng tt v ngc li. N goi ra cn dng phn loi du
bo:
IV 130 du th
85 IV 130 du bn kh
IV 85 du khng kh
(V
B
V
S
) N 0,304 100
W
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
54
4.3.6. Xc nh ch s ester
Ch s ester (EV): l ch s ch mg KOH trung ha ht acid bo
kt hp trong 100 g cht bo.
Tnh ton ch s:
EV = SV AV
ngha ca ch s: dng nh gi cht lng du m, ch s
cng cao chng t lng glycerin cng nhiu v ngc li.
4.3.7. Xc nh im c ca du
Thit b v dng c:
Chai ng mu bng thy tinh
N hit k c c t -10 100
0
C c vch chia 0,1
0
C
B iu nhit
Tin hnh:
Cn khong 60 70 g mu vo cc thy tinh ri gia nhit n khong
130
0
C ti khi mu dng lng hon ton.
Rt khong 45 ml mu trn vo chai ng mu
t chai vo b lm lnh
Thng xuyn ly chai ra quan st
c im c l nhit ti phn nhit k nhng ngp trong mu
khng cn nhn thy c theo phng php ngang qua chai v mu.

Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
55
4.4. Tiu chun du m thc phm [3]
Du m l mt loi thc phN m c gi tr dinh dng rt cao. Tuy nhin,
vic lm dng du m l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh dn n bnh
bo ph gia tng bnh v tim mch do s dng nguyn liu c cha hm
lng cholesterol cao. bo m v gi tr dinh dng cng nh sc
khe ca con ngi, du cn phi t c mt s tiu chuN n sau:
Kh nng dinh dng cao v khng cha c t
Du m khng cha cc acid bo t do
Du m khng mu hoc c mu vng nht, trong sut, khng c
mi v kh chu v t tp cht
Du tinh ch phi bo qun c lu, khng b i, khng tr mi.
4.5. Quy nh kim tra cht lng bao b [4]
4.5.1. Kim tra chai PET
Cm quan:
Mi bao phi soi mt s chai ln nh sng mt tri hoc nh sng n
xem xt ton b thn chai. Ghi nhn hnh dng, trong, bng, m, try
xc, r nhm, bt, tp
Bp nh xung quanh c, thn xem chai c ng u khng.
Cho ngn tay tr vo ming chai, ngn ci bn ngoi xoay trn xem
ming chai c lng, trn u, sn si khng
Xem xt c v np chai c b qung trng c khng. ui keo phi
nm gn trong y chai, c th trn hoc dt, khng nh ra bn ngoi c
ui nhn, khng xp np, biu tng v logo phi r nt.
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
56
Xem xt cc g quanh c chai bo m g nh gi nt v g ln gi
chai phi cao va v gi c nt chai. Quy nh chiu cao t ming chai
n pha di g nh gi nt khng qu 4mm v khng nh hn 3,5mm.
i vi chai 2L tr ln c quai phi cm quai lc th, quai phi cng
khng c lng.
Trng lng:
Mi xe hng phi cn trng lng chai, ty tng loi s chai cn t 4
20 chai, chnh xc l 0,01 g.
Th kn chy du:
ng du trn dy truyn ti phn xng
ngc chai du xung sau 1gi kim tra ln 1
ng chai 24 gi sau kim tra li ln 2.
Quy nh t l chai chy du 0,1% s chai ng du.
Th tch:
Mi thng kim tra mt ln, nu c biu hin bt thng hoc l hng
mi, khun mi phi kim tra ngay.
Vi loi chai c dung tch 500 ml: dng phng php cn. Ly th
mu i din 5 chai. Cho nc ct vo v cn xc nh trong lng, ly kt
qu trung bnh cng ca 5 ln cn.
Vi chai c dung tch 1000 ml: dng phng php ong trc tip
bng bnh nh mc. Kt qu ly trung bnh ca 5 ln o.


Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
57
4.5.2. Kim tra nt chai
Cm quan:
M np vng ra xem nt c ba-via ngoi hay ba-via trong khng, c
tp trong nha, nt c dnh bi, nckhng. Xem nt c trn u hay b
mp mo khng.
Xem np c mu vng ng quy nh khng, vn th vo nt c qu
kh hay qu d bt, nu pht hin c s bt thng th tin hnh kim tra
thm mt s nt na. Sau ct nt xem xt li nt c trn u, c rnh,
khuyt khng.
Th kn:
Chai dng th nt phi l chai c xc nh l khng chy.
Th kn ca nt nh trn nhng khng c mng co kim tra bn
trong nt: ng du vo chai khng b chy (t l chy cho php 1%),
khng d dng tho nt ra khi chai sau khi ng, khng chy v rn du ra
ngoi.
Trng lng:
Mi xe hng phi kim trng lng nt, cn lm 3 ln, mi ln khong
100g. m s nt ri tnh trng lng bnh qun.
4.5.3. Kim tra thng giy
Cm quan:
Kim tng xp (20 thng), xem xt bn ngoi ln bn trong thng.
Gp vi thng li xem xt cc cnh c va st, kn hay h qu.
Dng tay bp, gp th xem thng c cng khng.
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
58
N u cm thy mm th cho ng th khong 20 thng kim tra, nu
thng b thng l khng t.
Trng lng v kch thc:
Trng lng: ty vo hp ng hay theo thng mu cho trc. Cn
lm 2 ln, mi ln cn 100 thng u v cui ca xe hng tnh trng
lng trung bnh.
Kch thc: kim tra thc t bng cch so snh vi thng mu hay
thng c phn xng. N u thng mi th cho s chai quy nh vo
thng, gp thng li xem c va vn khng.
4.5.4. Kim tra cc loi vt t khc
N hn:
Kim tra tng xp, xem xt k tng t, ring cc t khng t
Kch thc th trc tip trn chai. Yu cu va kht, khng tha
khng thiu.
Mng co:
Xem xt k tng t, ring cc t khng t.
Th co rt trc tip trn dy chuyn sn xut. S lng th khong
30g.
Bao xp:
Xem xt k tng bao, ring cc bao khng t
Dng tay ko th hai quai xch, y bao v hai bn hng bao th
kh nng chu ti ca bao.
Bng keo: Xem xt tng cun, ring cc cun khng t.
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
59
CHG 5: I QUY V A TO LAO G
5.1. i quy trong sn xut i vi khu tinh luyn [4]
- N ghim chnh chp hnh mi quy nh, quy phm v vn
hnh thit b v cng ngh. Khng c t thay i cc quy nh
quy phm ra.
- Trong gi lm vic, cng nhn phi ng v tr, khng
ng, khng lm vic ring.
- Phi thng xuyn bo dng thit b v v sinh nh
xng, dng c ngh. Qun o t trang phi ng ni quy
nh. Cm treo mc gi lau ln dy in, ng ng, thit b. Cm
mang cht d chy n ti ni sn xut.
- Khi dng my, ngng sn xut phi tin hnh v sinh nh
xng, thit b, ngt tt c cc cu dao in, kha cht tt c cc van
du, hi, nc v cc van bn nguyn liu c lin quan. Thc hin
bo co xin b sung cc h hao v dng c ngh, thit b phng
h, phng chy cha chy.
- T trng, trng ca trong t pht hin mi vi phm phi
bo co cp trn c hnh thc x l ty theo mc vi phm.
- Trang thit b an ton cho ngi v thit b trc khi lm
vic phi c kim tra an ton. Vi cng nhn phi s dng y
cc trang thit b bo h lao ng cp pht.
5.2. An ton trong s dng ha cht [4]
Cc nguyn tc c bn khi lm vic vi ha cht c hi:
- Thay th hoc hn ch cht c hi
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
60
- Che chn hoc cch ly ngun pht sinh ha cht
- m bo thng gi
- Vi cht c hi dng kh: phi tin hnh trong t ht, u phi
ngoi t ht, chuN n b mt l phng c
- Vi cht c dng lng: c bin php bo v tay, khng cht
c ri vo o qun, cht c dnh vo da phi nhanh chng loi b, khng
c s dng ming ht cht lng
- Lm vic vi ha cht c dng rn: khng dng tay khng c
bo h cm, ly ha cht. Khi lm vic vi ha cht dng bt phi tin
hnh ni khng c gi
5.3. Phng chy cha chy [4]
Cc bin php thc hin ngay khi thi cng cc cng trnh:
- Chn vt liu kt cu, vt liu xy dng ca cng trnh cho thch
hp vi tnh cht nguy him v chy n ca ngnh sn xut.
- La phng php sn xut, s cng ngh, thit b sn xut,
chn vt liu kt cu, vt liu xy dng, cc thng tin, bo hiu
Cc bin php thc hin trong cc hot ng sn xut:
- Thay th cc khu sn xut nguy him bng nhng khu t nguy
him hn.
- C kh ha, t ng ha, iu khin t xa cc qu trnh sn xut
c tnh cht nguy him m bo an ton.
- Thit b phi m bo kn, khng thot hi, kh chy ngoi khu
vc sn xut.
- Cho cc cht ph gia, c ch, cc cht chng chy n khng
ch chy n ca hn hp chy.
- t cc thit b d chy, n ra mt khu ring bit
- Loi tr mi kh nng pht sinh mi la.

Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
61
KT LU V GHN

Vi quy trnh cng ngh tinh luyn du nh hin nay th nh my du
Ph M ni ring v cng ty c phn du thc vt Tng An v c bn
p ng c nhu cu tiu th du trn th trng. Tuy nhin vi khoa hc
cng ngh ngy cng pht trn nh hin nay th nh my du Ph M cn
phi khng ngng nng cao, pht trin h thng lm vic. c bit trong
cc lnh vc sau:
- Thit b my mc: thay th mi mt s mng cha du cng
on lc (khu x l s b). T ng ha lin tc h thng t x l s b
sang hydrat ha, trnh thi gian lu du gia hai cng on. Xy dng h
thng sn xut shortening, margarine ti chi nhnh nh my du Ph M
gim chi ph vn chuyn cc du trng thit b, du khng t tinh luyn
ln c s trn si gn, a dng ha sn cc phN m ca nh my.
- Qun l cng nhn: tng cng thm cng nhn cc ca trc
m trong phng kim tra cht lng m bo vic kim tra du l chnh
xc. Ch trng hn na cng tc bi dng cho i ng cng nhn vin
h pht huy ht tim nng lao ng.
- iu kin v sinh: do khng phi quy trnh sn xut no cng
hon thin 100% nn vic r r du v pht sinh cc mi i l khng th
trnh khi do cn phi c h thng ht lc khng kh ti cc khu vc c
lao ng lm vic m bo sc khe cho cng nhn v yu cu v sinh
an ton thc phN m.
H thng tinh luyn du l t ng ha, khu t chc, b tr lao ng
l ph hp vi yu cu cng vic. i ng cn b, nhn vin, cng nhn
tham gia hot ng tch cc, hiu qu, m bo uy tn, thng hiu Tng
An trn th trng.
Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
62
Khng ch dng li m cng ty, nh my cng cn c mt i
ng nghin cu cc sn phN m mi, cc sn phN m c s kt hp cc c tnh
tt ca cc loi du, cho ra cc sn phN m c cht lng cao v an ton vi
ngi s dng. M rng th trng ra quc t khng nh nng lc
khng ch ca cng ty du thc vt Tng An m cn l ca t nc.


















Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh N h my du Tng An
GVHD: Phm Th Hu Hnh
63
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] N guyn Quang Lc, L Vn Thch, N guyn N am Vinh, K thut
p du v ch bin du m thc phm. N h xut bn khoa hc k thut
N m 1993.
[2] N guyn Th Minh N guyt, Gio trnh ha sinh cng nghip,
Trng i hc B Ra Vng Tu, N m 2006.
[3] Trn Thanh Trc, Gio trnh cng ngh ch bin du m thc
phm, N h xut bn thnh ph H Ch Minh, N m 2005.
[4] Ti liu o to cng ty c phn du thc vt Tng An
[5] http://www.tuongan.com.vn