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The 100
A Ranking of the Most Influential Person in History
MICHAEL H. HART
typed by KMT99, proof by thanthannaing, pdf by lucky82
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World Fa mous Books in Outline AA A
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AAU AA
AA
The Home Library Club

Conducted under the point ma nagement of
The Times of India-the Statesman
Associated Newspapers of Ceyan Ltd.
() A A A
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A A
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U A A
D.Lit A A

A A
Madame Bernolt A AA
Burma, Rangoon
Mubyne (Bombay), Bejing
(Peking), Melborn (l ), Greenwich (w ), Sa-v-di, Sa-id,
(Rome) U (Europe) A (Spa in) I (Isreal)
(Paris) (Korea) A
A A

A AU A
U A A A
AA
Page 4
A
Michael H.Hart Cornell University New York Law School L.L.B
Adelphi University M.S. Princeton University Ph.D. A System and Applied
Science Corporation in R iverdale
Maryland A

A A
A A
A A A () A
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A (Michael H.Hart)
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AA A

A A A

A ( A) A A
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Page 6
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(Deng Xiaoping) AA

A A A
A U

A
O
A
AAA
(decade)
(Communist
Move ment)
AA
A
(Marx) (Lenin)
(Stalin) AA O A
A A A
(Communist
System)
A (Marxism)
A AO
AA A
UA (Eastern Europe) A (Soviet Empire)
A (Ethiopia)
(Mongolia) A
A (Soviet
Union) A (Independent
Republics)
AA

(Vietna m) (North Korea) (Cuba) (Laos)
(Peoples Republic of China) A AA
Page 7
AA
A AO

A AA A ( Thomas
Jefferson) A (Adam Smith) A
A U O
A A
(Mikhail
(-)
Gorbachev)
A
A (Cold War) A A A
A A A
A A A A A
()
A A
A A
A (Willia m Sha kespeare) A
(Stratford-on-Avon)
A A (Edward de Vere)
A
A A
A A A A A
A
A A

A
A
A A A A
A A A
A (Charlton Ogburn) A
(Mysterious
Willia m
Sha kespeare)
A A A A
Page 8
A A A A (Earnest
Rutherford) (Henry Ford)
AA A
A
AO

A
A A (Atomic Theory) A () (Niels Bohr)
(radioactivity) A
(Becquerel) A A A A
A A
A A (
A A )

(Ford)
A A
A A
(Niels Bohr) (Pablo Picasso) A

(Antoine Henri Becqerel) U
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Michael H.Hart.

Page 9
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AAA
AA
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AA A A UA
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A A
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Page 11
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Page 12
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A A
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U U A (Orvile)
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A A A

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A
A A
(Radio)
Page 13
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Page 14
()
( - )
MUHAMMAD (570 632)
(Muha mmad) OA
AO

AA

AA A AA
A O
A O
AA
A A A
A A A A
(Arabia) (Mecca)
AAA A (Isla m)
AUAA
A AA AA

(Arab)
(Jew) (Christian)
A
A (Allah)
(Archangel Gabriel) A A

A A
A A
A A A AA
AAA
(Medina) A AAU
Page 15
(Hegira) A (Prophet)
AA

A A
AA
A A A (Arab
tribes)
A A
A
(Bedouin)
A A U U A
A A
A (God) A A
A (Arab)
A A O
A U
A A (Sassanids) A (NeoPersian Empire) A (Constantinople)

(Byzantine) A A A A
A U U
A (Mesopotamia)
(Syria) (Pa lestine) A
(Egypt)
A (Persia) (Qadisiya)
(Nehavend) A A

A A (Abu Bakr)
UA A
(Umaribn
al-Khattab)
A A
U (Gibraltar)
(Spain) (Visgoths)
U A
(Muslim)
(Tours) A A

(Franks)
A (Prophet)
Page 16
A A AA
AO
AA A AA
A A
A AA (Prophet) A
AA
A A A
AU
AA A
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AA
A
AAA
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A A
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U U
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A A
(Judaism)
AA (New Testament)
A
(St. Paul)
A
A U
A
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(Koran)
AAUA
AA
AU
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Page 17
AA
A AA (Christ)
AA AA
(Bible) A A
AO
A A
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()
OA

A UA
(Simon
A
Bolivar)
(U)
A A
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(dialects)
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AA
Page 18
UA A AA A
OA
*****
()
A ( - )
ISAAC NEWTON (1642 1727)
U
U
A
(Alexander Poe)
A O A A
(Woolsthorpe) A (Isaac Newton) A A
O A A (Galileo)
University)
A (Cambridge
A A
A
A A
(Te lescope)
(Francis Bacon) (Rene Descarte)

U A (Aristotle)
A

Page 19
U (Law of Motion)

(Willia m Harvey) U
(Johannes
Kepler)
A A
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(Copernicus)
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[ (Pure Science) A (Applied Science)

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A A A
A U A A
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A A
A A
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(Telescope)

(A )
A (British Royal Society) A A
Page 20
A ()
(pure Mathe-matics)
AA
A A
A A Integral Calculus A
A
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A A

AA A
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AA A A U
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U ( F = ma ) A
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of
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Gravitation)
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A U A
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A (motion) A U
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Page 21
AA A A
A

AA
(index)
(Le ibniz )
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AA
A (Laplace)
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(Principia)
(Lagrange)
(Genius)
A A (Ernst Mach)
() U A A
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A
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(hodgepodge)
AA
AA

UU
A A
A AU A A
A
(thermodyna mics)
AA
A (acoustics) A AA
(mome ntum)
AA (angular
(binomia l)
momentum)
A
A
A (The Great Alexandra)
(George Washinton)
(Jesus Christ) (The Buddha Gotta ma)
A A
Page 22
A A
A A (A.D 1500) A
(1500 B.C) A (Modern
Science)
A A
A A
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A A
A A
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U O A

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A A (West minster Abbey)
24, February, 2000.
*****
()
( ) ( - A )
JESUS CHRIST (c.6 B.C c. 30 A.D.)
() A
A
OA A ()

A
A
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A U
A (Isla m) (Christian) (Jesus) (St. Paul)
U
UA
Page 23

A A

(New Testament)
A
(
) A
() AA

(Jew)
A AA
(A
AA
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UA
AU
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U UA (Culture Heritage)
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A A
(Aristotle)
(Euclid)
A A
Page 24
(Renaissance)
A AA A
AA
AA U A

(Yehoshua) (AA Joshua)
AA
AA
(The New
Testament)

U (Matthew) (Luke)
(The Old Testa ment)

A (Hebrew
Prophet) U A
AA A
(Charismatic)

A
AA
AA O
AA AA
AA AA
AA U (Golden Rule)
U AA
Page 25
A U
(1st century B.C) (Rabbi )
(Hillel) U (Judaism) AA
A (Western World)
(Confucius) A (500 B.C) A

(Mahabharata)
(Hindu)
A U

AA
-

A
A
A UA
AA ( )
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Page 26
A A
*****
()
( - )
BUDDHA (563 B.C. 483 B.C.)
(Gotama Buddha) A A
A
(Nepal) A A
(Gota ma) A (Sakya) A A A
(Lumbini)
(563
B.C)
A A

A A A A

UA

A A A
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Page 27
A A ( - Central
India)
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A U
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AE A ( - )
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AA (South-east Asia) (Malaya) A A (Indonesia)
Page 28
(Tibet)
A A A (Afghanistan) A (Central Asia)
( China) (Korea ) (Japan)
A A A
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U (Religious
Page 29
War)
AA
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(Kung
Fu-tes
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AA
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A A A
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*****
()
( - )
CONFUCICUS (551 B.C. 479 B.C.)
(Kung Fu-tse ) AAA
AA U AAU
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A A
A (Shantung) (Lu)
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AAA A AA
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Page 30
A AA A

A A
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(jen)
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AA
AA
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A A A A
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(Golden
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A
A (Chou)

AAAA (211
B.C.) (Chin) A A
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(Han) ( A ) AA

Page 31
AA
AA A A
E (Civil Service Exa mination)
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AA AA (culture)
AA AA O
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Page 32
AA A
AA
A U
3, March, 2000.
*****
()
( ) ( A - A )
ST.PAUL (c. 4 A.D. c.64 A.D.)
(Paul)

(Saul) ( Turkey ) (Cilicia)
(Tarsus) U A A
A
(Jerusale m) (Rabbi )
(Ga malie l)

(Da mascus)
A (Vision) A A
A
A A A A
A
A
A A
A A A
A A
A A
A A
A A
A A A
Page 33
(Apostle to the Gent iles)

A
A A A

( A) A
AA
A
()
()
(The
New
Testament)A A
() A

A A A A
(Paul)
(Divine) A(Sin) A A
A
(Salvation)
A
A
A AA
( O -)
U
AA U (Mosaic Code) A
(circumcision)
AA UA
AA
AA
Page 34
A A
AA A
( O - Corinthians- -)
A
AU
AA A A
A U E
(O -Timothy- -)
A A

( O -)
AA
AA A
(divine)
AA
A
AAA
AA O (Augustine) A (Aquinas)
(Luther) (Calvin) A A
A A
O
A
3, March, 2000.
*****
Page 35
()
( A )
TSAI LUN (fl.c. 105 A.D.)
(Tsai Lun)
A A
A U
E (Emperor Hoti) (
Official History of the Han Dynasty)

A A
A A
A A
A
A (Sa makhand) (Baghdad)
(Guttenberg)
(parchment)
(Arab
World)
A
A
A A
A A A A A
A A
A A (Greek) (Rome)
Page 36
A (Egypt) (papyrus)

AA
() A A A A
U AO

()

() A
(block)
A
U A
A A U
UA
U A
A AU
A
AAA A AAA

AA
A
AA
AA
()
Page 37
A
A U
AA
A
A
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(A
AA
A)
A A A
AA (Compass) (Gunpowder)
(Block Printing)
A A A
A
AA
(Marco
Polo)
U A
U
A AA
A
U AA
A A
A A
AA
AA
AA
AA

Page 38
( )
A A

AA A
A
AA
6, March, 2000.
*****
()
( - )
JOHANN GUTENBERG (1400 1468)
(Johann Gutenberg)
A

A A
A
A
A A
A A A A
A A A
A (woodcut)
(plate) A
A
(movable
type)
(Pi Sheng)

A
A U
A A
Page 39
A A A
A A
A A
() A
()
() A
()
A () A
A A A
A
A (Mould)
A U
A
A
AA AA
A A
(rifle)
(device)
(Mass
AU
Production)
(Gadget)
AA
(complete
manufacturing process)
A (Mainz)
A
A
AA
(bible) A
AO
A
AA
AAA
(Johann Fust)

Page 40
A A U
U A AAA
A U

U U A
AA A U
AA

A (Alexander Graha m Bell) A A
A
6, March, 2000.
*****
()
( - )
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS (1451 1506)
A A A
A A (America)

(exploration)
(colonization)
(New
World)
UA
A A
UA A
A U A

A
(Western
He mishpere)
Page 41
(Old World) AA
A A A
(Genoa)
A A A (Atlantic
Ocean) A A
(Castile)
A (Queen
Isbella)
A A
O A
(Canary) A
A
A
A
A
A
A A A
A
A A A
A U A
A A
A A
A
--
U (Viking) A
(Leif Ericson)
A A A
Page 42
AA
AA
(Europe)
A A
AA A
U AU AA
A
A A
A A (Indies)
A U (Europeans) A
A A
AA
A
A
U
A
A )
A U A

A
AA A
A
A A A A
A A
*****
Page 43
()
AA ( - )
ALBERT EINSTEIN (1879 1955)
A A
Einstein)
U A
A
(Theory
A A
A A
of
Relativity)
(Albert
A A
A UA

A A
UA

A U (Law of Gravitation)
A A
A U
U A
A A
A
A
A A
A A
A A A
A A
A A
A A A A A
A
() U (Spaceship X)
(Earth)
A () U (Spaceship Y)
() U U A A
A () U
U

Page 44
AAA
AA
A A (A
A A) A AA
AA
A AA A A
U A (Theory of Relativity) (Ivory Tower)
U
(Hiroshima) (Nagasaki)
A A
UA (Matter) A (Energy) A
A (Formula) E = Mc2 A E A M
c A c c2(c c
) A A
AA AAA
A (Atomic Bomb) A (Nuclear Power Plant) E = Mc2
A A (Atomic Power)
A
U (Roosevelt)
A A (Atomic Weapon) A
A UA (Manhattan Project)
A (Atomic Bomb)
A U (Specia l Relativity) A
A
A A
A
A
A UUA

Page 45
(General Theory) A A (Space)

(Curvature)
A
A A A

A A
(Solar
Eclipse)
A A
A UA
(general theory
of
relativity) U
A A AA (Careful
Experiment) A (Greek)
A (Medieval Scholastics)
( A (Empirical
Outlook) ) A

AA
AUA
A
AA
A
A A
A A AU
A A
(Approximately
Va lid)
A A A
A A
A A A A
A

(Noble Prize) A A A
(explaining the photoelectric effect) A
A
(interference)
U A
(Obvious) A
A
A
A A A A (quantum theory)
A
A
Page 46
(Issac
Newton) U A AA
A AA (genius)
A
A
AA
A
A AA
AU
U A A
(Paradox)
A
A A A
A A
A AA A (Correct)
A A A
AA A A (Techanology) A
(ground-mark) A A
A U
A
U A AA
A AU A

A
(Elun)
(Switzerland) A A
(Zurich)
(Ph.D)
AA
A (Photoelectric Effect) (Theory of Brownian

motion) A
A A A
AA
A A (Darwin)
A
AA
(Kaiser Wilheim
Page 47
Institute of Physics) A (Prussian Acade my of Science)

A A
A (Research)
A A A A A A
A A
A
A
A A A
(New Jersey) (Princeton)
(Institute
for
Advanced
Study)
A A
U A A
(Zionism)
Let mortals rejoice that so great an orna ment to the human race existed!
( A ) A

23, March, 2000.
*****
()
( - )
LOUIS PASTEUR (1822 1895)
(Louis Pasteur) A A A A A
A A A A A
Page 48
(Inoculation)
A
A (Eastern France) (Dole) A
A
(genius)
AA
A
(tataric acid) A (Mirror-Image Isomers)
A

A (Fermentation) AU
A (microrgranisms)
A
A A
A
A A
A
(Girola mo
Fracastoro) (Friedrich Henle)

A A
A
(Antiseptic) A A
(Joseph
Lister)
(pasteurization)
A A
A A
(anthrax)
A A
Page 49
(bacillus)
A A A (mild form)
(Anthrax) A A
A A A A O
A
(rabies) A

(Vaccine) A
(typhus) (poliomyelitis)

A A
A A
A (anaerobiosis)
A (free oxygen) A
A
(Chicken
cholera)
(silkworm)
A A

A A
(Edward Jenner)
A A
A

U A A

A A A ( )
A A A
Page 50
()
AA
24, April, 2000.
*****
()
( - )
GALILEO GALILEI (1564 1642)
(Scientific Method) A
A
A (Pisa) (Galileo Galilei)
A
(Padua)
A A A A
(machine)
A A A A A A
A
(Aristotle)
A (velocity) A A
A
(retardation) (U (Leaning
Tower of Pisa) A UA
)
A
A
(square) A A (distance traversed)
A A (A acce leration A )
A
(Significant)
(mathe matical
method)
(mathematical
formula)
A A
Page 51
U AU (Law of Inertia)
A A
A (Frict ion)
A
(retarding
force)
(The First Law of Motion) A

AA A (Principles)
(Astronomy)
(Copernicus)
(heliocentric theory) A
A
(geocentric theory) A
A A
A A
A
A A
A A
A A
A A A A A
A
A
(Crator)
(Celestial Objects)
A A
UA
(Milky Way) (nebulous)

A A
(planets)
(Jupiter)
A
(astronomica l bodies) A (sunspot)
A (
A A
) A
(Venus)
A A A
(Moon)
Page 52
A (Earth)

A
(telescope)
AA
A O AA
(Church Circles) A
A A (Pope)

A A A (Urvan VIII)
AA
AA
(The
Dialogue
Cocerning the Two Chief World Systems) A

(Imprimatur) A A
A (Inquisition)
A
A
A U
(Current Church Law) A A AA
A
(Arcetri)
A A
(house
arrest)
UA E
A
A
(recant) A A A A
(A A A

A ) A A
(A )
A A A
A A A U (Law of
Inertia)
(telescope)
(astronomical
observation) A (Copernican hypotheses) A

A A A
(methodology)
A A
Page 53
AAA
(qualitative observation) AA AA (Catergorizing the

phenomena) AAA
AA A (Scientific
Research) AA
(e mpirical attitude) A
A
(experiments) A
(maystic)
(mediaeval)
A U
A
A
AA

A
AA A A A A
AAA A
A
24, April, 2000.
*****
()
A ( - )
ARISTOTLE (384 B.C. 322 B.C.)
A (Aristotle) A
A A (formal logic) A A
(Philosophy)
A A A
Page 54
AAA
A AA AA A
AAA A AA
AA
A
A
A U
(e mpirica l)
U A
A U
AU
AA A
A (Macedonia) (Stagira)
A
(Plato) A (Acade my) A
(Practical
Science)
(Biology)
A U
(philosophical speculation) A
A A
A (Alexander the Great)
U
A A
A A A (Athens)
(Lyceum)
A A
A A
U A A A
A A
A A A
A A A
A
A
Page 55

Athenians)
(Socrates)
A (
A O
A A
()
A O A
A A
(encyclopedia)
(astronomy) (zoology) (embryology) (geography)
(physiology)
A A A
A
A A
A A

A
(speculative
philosophy)
(ethics)
(metaphyics)
(psychology) (economics) (theology)
(politics) (rhetoric) (aesthetics) A
(education) (poetry) A (barbarian customs) A
A (Athenian Constitution)
A U (Comparative Study)

A A
(the
(logic)
theory
of
logic)
A A A
U A A A
A A
A A
Page 56
AA (definition) A (category) A
AA
UA
AAA
(encyclopedia of thought) A A
(foslish error)
A AAA A
A A A
A
AO

(Byzantine)
A AO
A
A
AA
AA
AA
UAA
O A A (Averroes) A A
(Synthesis)
A A A A OA
(Maimonides)
(Synthesis)
(Judaism)
A (St. Thomas Aquinas) A (Summa Theologica)
A
A A O A
(Idotatry) A A
(strait jacket)
A A A

A A A A A A (reactionary)
A A A (
A )
A A U
Page 57
(A )
A AO
O A AA
A
U ()
2, May, 2000.
*****
()
( A )
EUCLID(fl.c. 300 B.C.)
A O (Euclid)

(Napolean)
A (Alexander the Great) (Martin Luther)

U
A A A A
A (Egypt) A (Alexandria)
A
A A
(The Ele ments)

(The
Ele ments)
A
A A
A A
(postulates)
A A
(axiom)
(A
(insight) ) A
A A
A UA
(missing steps)
(Logic)
Page 58
(missing proofs)
(The
Ele ments)
(Plane
and
Solid
geometry)
AA A A (Algebra) A (Number Theory)

A
A (Text book) A A
A A A
A O A A
A (Greek)
A A
(Gutenberg)
A A
A A
A
(treatises
in
Logic)
(deductive structure)
A
A A A
A A
A A A
(experimentation)
A (deductive reasoning)
U A
A A
A A (Orient)
U (Europe) A
A
A U
(Greek
rationalism)
A
A U
Page 59
O AA
A AA
A AUA
A A
(The Principia)
(The Ele ments) A O
A AU
AA A

(Bertrand Russell) A (Alfred North White Head)
(Spinoza)
A U
A
(theoretical
structure
of
mathe matics)
(O A
(deductive sche me)
A
O (deductive scheme of geome try) A
A A A
A
A
A U
A
Euclidean)
(non
A (theory of relativity) A O
A U
(vicinity
of
black
holes)
(Gravitational field) A A A O
A
A A
Page 60
AA AA A

A AA A
A
A (Logica l Fra mework)

A
*****
()
( )
MOSESS (fl. 13th c. B.C.)
(Hebrew) (propfet) (Mosses) A
A
A
AA (Exodus) (Ranses II)
A
(The
Book
of
Exodus)
AA
AU
A A A
A
A
(Muha mmad) A AA A (Isle m)

A
(Egypt)
AA
(Mosle m)

A (Christians) (Mosle m)
(Agnostics)
A A A
U A
A A A
A A
A A A
(pharaoh)

(The Old Testament) A A
Page 61
AAA
(Miracles)
A A
A (Exodus)
A
(avalanche)
A
A
A A
(The
Old
(Myths)
Testament)
(bulrush)
A (Babylon) -
A A( Akkad) (Sargon) A A

A A
A A
A (Bible) U (Genesis)
(Exodus)
(Deuteronomy)
(Leviticus)
(Numbers)
U A
(Torah) U (Mosaic Code)
Commandment)
A U
(Ten
A A
A U A U
A A A

A A A
A

A A
A A
(Monotheism)
A (Abraham) A U
Page 62
A A A A

(Moses)
AA

6, May, 2000.
*****
()
( - )
CHARLES DARWIN (1809 1882)
(organic evolution) (natural selection)
(Charles Darwin) A (England)
(Shrewsbury) ( A )
A A (Edinburg University)
(anatomy)
(Cambridge)
A

(H.M.S
Beagle)
(Exploratory voyage) (naturalist)

A
(South A merica)
A (Galapagos
Islands) A (Indian Ocean)
A
A O A (Primitive
tribes) (fossils)
A A
A A A A A
Page 63
A AA A A
A
AA A
(Biologist)
A A

(Geologic history)
A A

(Thomas Malthus) U AA (An Essay on the Principle of
Population) A A
A

(Principle
of
natural
selection)
A A A A
A A
A A
A
(hypothesis)
U
A
A U (outline) A

(Alfred Russel Wallace) A ( A A

) UA
(Theory of Evolution)
A A A

A
A A A A
A A
A U ( ) A

A A A
(The Origin of Species)
A A A A
A A A A A
A (On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Page 64
Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life)

AA (The Descent of Man and
Selection in Re lation to Sex) A A
A
A
(ape)
A
A AA
AA AA U (
A A Chaga disease ) A
A AA
(evolution) A (Thomas H.huxley)
AA

(Zean Lamarck) A A
(Erasmus Darwin) A A
A
(Mechnism) A U
A
A (Darwins Theory) A A A
A AA
A (Gregor Mendel)
AU (Laws of heredity) (epohmaking) A U

A
U AU (laws of
genetic inheritance) A A
O
(biology) A
A U (anthropology)
(sociology) (Polotical Science) (economics)
Page 65
(religious
thought)
(
agnostic )
A
A A (natural sche me)
(Heraclitus)

(There is nothing permanent except change)
UA (evolution theory)

) ( The Struggle for

existence) A (The survival of the fittest)
U
A E
(Wallace) A

(anthropology)
(biology)
9, May, 2000.
*****
()
( - )
SHIH HUING TI (259 B.C. 210 B.C.)
E (Shih Huing Ti)
A A AA
A A
A A
Page 66
() E
(Chou)
O
A A AA
A U
AU A (Chin)
AAA A A
A UA A
A
U AA U A
AA A
U A AA
OA
AA
(Chang)
A ( Wang) A
E
E A A
(Chou)
(civilian
governor)
U A
A
OA
AU
A U
A
Page 67
A E (HsienYang)
A
A
AA A
(standard
weights and measures) (A) A A
(coinage)
(axel)
AA
A U

E AU
A
(Legalist)
( AA) A
(Draconian decree) A
A
(Confucius)
AA
AA A
E

A A
A A
(The
AA
Great
of
China)
Wall
AA
AA A
Page 68
A (Erh Shih Huang Ti) A A

AA
(Chin)
(Han)
AA
E A A A
A U
UA (Leaglist Philosophy)
AO
U U (Europe) U
U A

AA
A U
(Sui Wen Ti) A A
A
A
A
E
(Li Tsu)
A
A
A E )
A

AA
AA
A O (Augustus
Ceasar) U
A A
OA
Page 69
A
A O
10, May, 2000.
*****
()
O ( - )
AUGUSTUS CAESAR (63 B.C. 14 A.D.)
A
(Augustus
Caesar)
(Pivotal figures) UA A
(Roman Republic)
(Civil War)
A A ( )

A (Octavian) A O A
A (Gaius Octavius)
A A ( Julius Caesar -
) (Rome) A A
A A A
A ( ) A
A A A
A A
A A (A - )
(legions) (Caesar) A
U A (Mark Antony)
A A A
A
U

A A
(Cleopatra)
U A (Actium)
( ) A A A
Page 70
AA
A
A
A A
A A A
AA A (Romans) A
U (benevolent despot) A A

A
AA
AAOA
A (Senate) A
AA
)
(dictator)
(King)
(princeps
(monarchy) A
A A
(statesman)
(Conciliatory policies) A
A A
O A A A U
(Roman Armies)
(Galatia
A )
A
(Ba lkans)
(empire)
- (Rhine-Danube) UA
A
Page 71
A O A (civil service)
AA
A (Permanent navy)
(Praetoria Guard)
(e mperor) AA
A A A
O
AA AAA A
A
O
(Old
Roman
Religion)
AU
A A U
A
(Golden
A
Age)
A (Virgil) A
(Horace)
(Livy)
O A

(Tiberius)
A
A ( A
Caligula Nero
A (Pax Romana)
A
A (Roman
Culture)
A (Roman Empire) A
A
(Civilization)
A A
A (A Rome Babylonians
Jews
Greeks
A A
A A U (Western Europe) A
Page 72
A (Charisma)
A
AA
O AA
O
O
A A
AA
A
A
A O
(George
Washington)
U AAA
O
A A A
A UU O
12, May, 2000.
*****
()
( - )
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473 1543)
(Nicolaus Copernicus, Mikdaj
Kopernik) (Poland) (Vistula) (Torun)
(Cracow)
A A
A (Bologna) (Padua) U
(Ferrara) U( doctorate of
canon law)
A A A A (Frauenburg)
Page 73
A
A
A U (Sa mos) (
) A (Aristarchus) A
(Idea)
(heliocentric hypothesis)
A A
A (On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres)
A A
A A A

A A
A U
(Rome)
A A
(Pope)
A
A A

A A A (axis)
A A
A A A (Solar System) (Sca le A )

(orbit) (circles)
(epicycles)

A (Denmark) (Tycho
Brahe) A
A (observational data)
(Johannes Kepler) (planetary motion)

A
A (Aristarchus)
Page 74
A A A

A A
(Earth) (Universe) A U
AA AA A

( ) A
(television
set)
(automobile)
A (
A )
A
A (Galileo)
(Capler)
A A
U
(Laws
of
mot ion
and
gravitation)
A A A
A A A
*****
()
A ( - )
ANTOINE LAURENT LAVOISIER (1743 1794)

(Antoine Laurent Lavoisier) A A U

(chemists) A A A
A A ()
A A
(e le ments)

A (phlogiston)
Page 75
AA
(Joseph
Black)
(Joseph
Priestley)
(Henry Cavandish) - A
A A (oxygen) (hydrogen)
(nitrogen)
(carbondioxide)
(che mical substance) A
(dephlogisticated air)
UA
( A
) A
AA A
AA AA A
A(chemical
theory)
A
(substance)
substance)
AA
(Combustion)
(burning
(water) A (ele mentary substance) A
(air)
A
A A
A
(chemists)
(Ele ments of Chemistry) A

A (text book) A
AA (younger
generation)
(ele mentary substances) A

A A (Chemical Ele ments)
A
( Bertholle Fourcroi Guytonde Morveau
)
(che mical
nomenclature)
A (AA )
Page 76
A
UU A
(Chemical Reaction) (conservation
of mass)
AA
AAU
AA
AA
AA
AA
A (Physiology)
AA ( Laplace
A
A)
(Respiration)
(slow
combust ion)
AA
AA A (Organic
material) A A A (energy)
(discovery)
(Circulation
of
the
(Harvey)
blood)
AA
A
AA
A A
A U U

A
A A
A
U
A
A A
A A
Page 77
A AA
(geniuses)
(The
Republic has no need of Geniuses)

(Lagrange) A A A

14, May, 2000.
*****
()
( - )
CONSTANTINE THE GREAT (c. 280 337)
(Constantine the Great)
E
(e mperor)
A A
A A
U (Europe)
A Na isus (A
Nis) A E A
(Emperor
Diocletian) (Nicomedia)
A

(Constantius)
A E
(Maxentius) A
(Milvian Bridge) A
A A A (Western Half of the Empire)
A (Licinius) A
A A
A
(Roman Empire)
E (e mperor)
Page 78
A A
A A
U A (the Edict of
Milan)
A A
UA
A AA
(Church)
AA
A A
U (Christian Europe)

(state religion)
U A A
AA
(Privilege)
A (Church of the Nativity in

Bathelehem) (the Church of the Holy Sepulchre)

A E A
A A A

(Constantinople)
AA
(Byzantium)
A(Istanbul)
A A
(AA A) A A
A
A (Ottoman Empire)
(U
(Arius)
(Athanasius) (the council of Nicaea)

A (the first council of the church)
Page 79
(orthodox church doctrine) A A (the Nicene

Creed)
A AU (Civil Legislation)
A (U A butchers bakers) A
()
AA (Colony) (Serfs)
AU
AA
A U
(death-bed) A
A
A A A
A

A E A (Emperor Diocletan 283-305)
A A
A A
A

A
O
A A (Constantine empire) AA
AA
A A
(Alexander
the
Great)
(Napolean)
(Hit ler)
14, May, 2000.
*****
Page 80
()
( - )
JAMES WATT (1736 1819)
(James
Watt) A

(Industria l Revolution)
A
(Steam
Engine)
(Hero) A (Alexandria)
(Thomas Savery) A
AA (Thomas Newcomen)

A A
(Watt)
AAA
A
A
A A
A A
A (steam cylinder) A
(double-acting engine) A A
A
A
A A A
A A
( ) AAA A (rotary motion)

(gear)
(Centrifugal governor) A A AA
Page 81
AA A (pressure gauge)
(counter)
AA

(throttle
valve)
(indicator)
AA
(Matthew Boulton)
() A A
(firm)
(other inventions)
A (metallurgy)
(fly shuttle) ( John Kay 1733)
(James
Hargreares)
AA AA
A A
A
(windmill) (waterwheels) AA
AA
AA
A A A
A
AA

(factories)
A A A (the
Marquis de Jouffroy dAbbans)
A A (Locomot ive)
(Richard
Trevithick)
( ) A
A

Page 82
(Political
Revolution)
A AA A
(James Watt) O A
16, July, 2000.
*****
()
( - )
MICHAEL FARADAY (1791 1867)
(Age of Electricity) (The Space Age)
A ( The Nuclear Age)
A A
A A
A
A
(Charles
Augustine
de
Coulomb)
A (Count Alessandro Volta) O (Hans

Christian Oersted) A A (Andre Marie A mpere) A A
A
A
U

U A
A
A (Newington)
A A
(Sir Humphry Davy)
Page 83
AA
A
A
A O (Oersted) A (ordinary magnetic
compass) A A (wire) A
(needle) AA A

(hunch)
(electric
motor)
()
A
A
A A (magnetism) A
(electricity)
AA A
() A A
(wire loop) A
A
(electromagnetic
(Faradays
induction)
Law)
AA
(discovery) A A A
(electromagnetism) A A
A (electromagnetic induction)
(electric currents) A A

(electric
dyna mo)
A A
A A
Page 84
(chemistry) A (gases)
(benzene)
A(liquefying)
AA
AA
(chemical
effects)
(electroche mistry)
AA (electrolyte)
AA A UA
(anode)
(cathode)
(electrode)
A(iron)
AA
A (magnetic lines of force) A (electric
lines of force) A
(equations)
A (polarized light) (magnetic
field)
(polarization)
A (light) (magnetism)

AA
AU
(the British Royal Society) A
A A
26, July, 2000.
*****
()

( - )
JAMES CLERK MAXWELL (1831 1879)
A A
A
(Ja mes
C lerk
Maxwell)
A A
A A
Page 85
AA
A A
(AA ) A
AA AA A A
AA
( ) A
A (Applied Science)
A A
A A
(General)
(Equation)
A A
A A A A
A A
A (electromagnetic
field) A A A
(periodic oscillation)
(electromagnetic waves) A
(Space) A
A A ,
A (light)
A A

(basic
laws)
(optics)A A A
A A A
A (visible light) (electromagnetic
radiation) A
A A
(wavelength)
A A
(theoretical
conclusion)
(frequency)
A OA (He inrich Hert z )
(predict)
(Guglielmo

Marconi)
A (wireless communication) A
A A

Page 86
(X-ray) (Gumma rays) A (Infrared rays)

(Ultraviolet rays)
A (Maxwells equation) A
AA
(astronomical
theory)
(A
A A A
(Kinetic theory of gases) (molecules of a gas)
A
(extremely
high
speed)
A AA (Fraction of the molecules)

A (Velocity) (Formula)
A (scientific equation) AA
A (Maxwells
Distribution)
(Scot land) A (Edinburgh)
AA (precocious) A
AA
(Ediburgh
Royal
Society)
A
A A
A A
A
(cancer) A
2, August, 2000.
*****
()
( - )
MARTIN LUTHER (1483 1546)
(Martin
Luther)
A A
(Protestant Revolution)
A (Eisleben)
Page 87
() U U
A O (Augustinian)
(Doctor of Theology) (Wittenberg)
A A A (faculty)
A
A
(Roman
Clergy)
(indulgence) ( A

A A ) A
(Ninety-five Theses)
A A A
A A A A A
(Mainz)
A A
Pope
O A A A
Church
Council)
(General
A A
A A
A (recant) A (Diet of Worms)
U (Outlaw)
A

A
A A
A A
A A
(Church) (Priests)
Page 88
AA
A A
A (Salvation)
(God se lling indulgences)
A A U
AUA
AA (raison detre)

AA U - A A
( clergy) A
(nun)
(protestant)

(Jan Hus) (Bohe mia) A
(John Wycliffe)
A (Peter Waldo) A
A
A A
A AA
AA
AA
UA
A
(Reformation) A A (Protestant Sect)
A A (Protestantism)
AA
AA A
AA
AAA

AA
AA
( )
(Thirty
Years
War)
Page 89
A
U AA

AU
AA
AA
(heretics)
AAA A
A

AA
AA AA A
AA A
AA A
U
()
AA

A A AA A
A

AA
A A A AA
A
(Anti-Semitic)
A

A A A
A
(Church)
A A A
U A
(reformation)
A
Page 90
(absolut ion)
AA A A AA
U A A A
UU
(U A (Sunni) A
(Shiite)
) A
AO
A A
AA

AA
A A

A

A A
(Luther) UA
UA
3, August, 2000.
*****
()
( - )
GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732 1799)
(Virginia) (Wakefield) (George Washington)
A
A
A A
A A
Page 91
(Martha Dantridge
Custis) ()
(The First Continental Congress A

A
) A AA
AA
UA A
AA
A U A
AA U
(A
A AA
A
A U
A
A
A
AA (Mount Vernon) A

A
A (A merican War
of
Independence)
A (Alexander the Great) (Julius

Caesar) A
A
A A
A A A
A A A A A
A
(Constitutional
A U
Convention)
Page 92
A A
U O A AU E
A
AA
A A
U AA
A AA
AAA
AAA
A AA A A
AA AUA
(Thomas Jefferson) (James Madison) A (Alexander

Hamilton)
(Benja min Franklin)
A A
A
A

A A A A A
A
A
A
A A
A A
()
(Culture) (Times)
A A
Caesar)
A
U
O (Augustus
A A
Page 93
AA
A A

9, August, 2000.
*****
()
( - )
KARL MARX (1818 1883)
(Scientific
Socia lism)
(Karl Marx) (Trier)

(Born University)

(Berlin
University)
(Jena University)
(Journalist)
(Rhe inische
A A
Zeitung)
A
A
A A
(Cologne)

A (Friedrich Engels)
A A

U
A
A A
A A
UU
(Brussels) A
(The Poverty of Philosophy) A
A A
(Communist Manifesto) A
A (London)
A
Page 94
AA
(AA
AA A (Das Kapital)
(Socialism)
AA
( )
A A A
AA
AA
A A A
A A ()
(disaster)
AA

(Lenin) (Stalin) (Mao Zedung)

A A

A

AO
AA
AA
(Soviet)
AA(Hegelian dialectic) AA (Surplus Value of labour)

A
U
(policies)
A)
Page 95
A
AA A AA

A
(proletariat) A (capitalist) A
AA AA AA
(stupid) A
AA

A A
()()
(comparative)
()A
(Socia lust
System) U A
()
() A (Communist
Party) A A A
A
A A
A (the dictatorship of the proletariat)
A (Lenin) (Stalin)
A A
O

(window
dressing)
()
A A
Page 96
A (Main Policies) A AA
AA
interpretation
of
history)
(Communism)
(economic
A U
AA
U
A
( )
U
AAA
(1
Billion)
AA
(anti-Communists)
AA A

(Communism)
AA
(ideology) A A A
() A O A U
A A (Russia) AA
AA

A A A
A
AAU
A (Napolean) (Hitler)
A
AA AA U
25, August, 2000.
*****
Page 97
()
A ( - )
( - )
ORVILLE WRIGHT (1871 1948)
WILBUR WRIGHT (1867 1912)
(Wright) A A
(Wilbur
Wright)
A (Idiana) (Millvile) A
(Orville Wright) AA (Ohio) (Dayton)
A A ()
(Bicycles )
A A (aeronautical
research)
(Otto
Lilienthal) A (Octave Chanute) (Sa muel P.Langley)

A

A
A A
AO
A A A
AA
A U (a
powered airplane) A (paradoxical)

U
(gliders) A
A )
(North
Carolina)
(Kitty
Hawk)
(A)
(glider)
Page 98
AA
( A
AU
A A A A
A U (aircraft)
AA
A
A U A
AA
A
(wing design) A
A
A (wind tunne l)
(wing surface) A A
A A (air pressure)
(wing shape) U

A
A
AU
AA
AA () A (internal combust ion engines)

A A A A
U AA
A A A
AA
(Propellers)
AA A
Page 99
U A (Kill Devil Hill)

AA AA
A U () (FlyerI) (A Kitty Hawk )
A A
U (Washington D.C.) A
(National Air and Space Musseum)
A A
() A A (Ohio)
(Dayton)

U () (Flyer II)
A U
A U () (Flyer III)
A A A U U
(Paris) ( ) (Herald Tribune- )
(Flyer or Liars A )
A
A A
U
A A A
A A A U
(contract) (Federal
Budget) (Army Aviation)
A A A A (Patent
Litigation) A
A )
A A
(Typhoid-
Page 100
A U AA (financial interests)
A A
A A
A A A
A U U A A
U
A A
AA
(printing
press)
(steam engine) A A U
A
A A A
(space travel)
A A A
() AU (Arabian Nights)

A
(genius)
(Wrights) A A
26, August, 2000.
*****
()
( - )
GENGHIS KHAN (c. 1162 1227)
(Mongol) A
(petty chief)

(Te mujin)
A A
A A
A A
A A (Collar)
A A A U
A A
Page 101
AU
AA
AA (Toghril)
(Mongol tribes) A A

AA A (military powers)
A (diplomacy)
ruthlessness)
A
(organizational
ability)
AAA E A (Genghis Khan)

A
AA
A (His Hsia) A E
(Chin Empire) (Persia) A (Centra
Asia)
(Khwarez m Shah
Muna mmad) A A
A A
(Afghanistan)
A (Nothern India)

A (Ogadai)
A A A

U
A
U
(Polish) (German) (Hungarian)
(Budapest)
A A U
A A
A A (A )
(Mangu Khan) (Kublai Khan)

(Khan) A
Page 102
(China) A A
A (Land Empire) A
(Doma in) A A
AA
(Korea)
AA A
(Tibet)
successor)
AA
AA
(Mongol

A (Batu)
(The
Golden
Hordo)
(Mongol
Kingdom
of
Russia)
A (Crimea Khanate)

(Timur)
(Ta merla ine)
A (great-great-grandson)
(Berber) A (Mogol, Mongol)
(Mogol)
AA
A A

(A)
A A
A(Alexander
(Napolean
The
Bonaparte)
A
U
Great)
A (Megalomaniacs)
(Genghis
(Adolf
Khan)
Hitler)
A (Idea) (Armies)

A
O
A
A
27, August, 2000.
*****
Page 103
()
A ( - )
ADAM SMITH (1723 1790)
A
(Adam
Smith)
(Scotland) (Kirkcaldy)
U A (Oxford) - A
(Glasgow)
A A (Theory of Moral Sentiments) A

A A A
A (An
Inquiry
into
The
Nature
and
Causes
of
The
Wealth
of
Nations)
A A
A

A A A
A
A A
A U A A A
A
UA
(the
Wealth of Nation) A

A A A A A A
A (older mercantilist theory) A
A A
A A
A A
A (Physiocrats)
A (labour) A A A A A A

(division
of
labour)
A A
market)
(free
A A
A A
A U
Page 104
A
A
AA
A AA A
A A
AA

AA A
AA A
( A- A- )
AA
(free
competit ion) AA AA
AA A (high tariff)
AA (free market)
AA
(A)
(laissez-faire)
AA
A AA
A U A (monopolize business)
A AA
A
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
(Thomas Malthus) (David

Ricardo)
(AA
A (Classical Economics)
A A
AAA A
Page 105
(The Wealth of Nations) A U

(over
population)
U (subsistence level)
A U (iron law of wages)

AA A
U(legislations)
A A (tariffs) A
A (free trade)

A A A

AA
AA
A A
A

2, September, 2000.
*****
()

A ( - )
EDWARD DE VERE better known as
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE (1550 1604)

A A
)
(William Shakespeare)
A
A
(A
A A
(Shakespeare)
A (Ha mlet) (Macbeth)

Page 106
(King Lear) (Julius Caesar) O

(Othello) AA
(Sonnet) A
A AO A
A
A O ( )
A
AA
AA
A A

A A
A

A
A A A AA A
U A U
U AA
UA
A A
AA A
A AA
A O A A A
A U (Romeo and Juliet)
Page 107
A
AA
A
(Monalisa)
(Chaucer) (Virgil) (Homer)

AA
A
AA
A
A U

A A
(A
A AA

AA

AO

()
A A
A

(AA
AUA A (Strat Ford- on- Avon)
A A
Page 108
AA
A
A
A (the 17th Earl of Oxford) A (Edward de Vere)
(Shazpere) (Sha kspeyr)
(Shagspere) (Shaxbere) A
A (e) A
A
A A A (de Vere)
()
AU
A (folio)
A (editor)
AA () A (Avon) (Stratford)

A
(Jonh)
A A (Willia m)
U A (Anne
()
Hathway)
A A
A
A A

A A
A
(Sonnet) A
Page 109
A A

A
A
A
A
A A
AA A AA (monument)
A
(Susanna) U A

( ) A A
U
AA
(Stratford
Grammar
School)
AA
A A
A A
A
AA

A A (Queen
Elizabeth)
AA
AA
A AA
Page 110
AA
(genius)
(generation)
A AA
A AA

(Francis Bacon) A (Queen Elezabeth)
(Ben Jonson) A (Edmund Spancer) A
A AA (John Lyly)
A A
U
(Isaac
Newton)
(A
) A
AA
( ) (Ga lileo) A
A A (Michel Angelo
) (Boccaccio ) A

(- ) A
A A
(Richard Burbage)
(Ben Jonson) A A
A A A U A
A
(Party)

( )
A A A A (Stratford-onAvon) A A
Page 111
AO

AA

AA
A
AA
A AA U (diary)
A
AA
(A )

AA
A
A

A
A
A ( )
A
A A (eulogies)
A
(Ben Jonson)

Page 112

A A

A
AA
A) (Latin)
(French)
AA
UAA
(A )
U
()
A ( - fox hunting, falconry)

(Court

Life) A
(O
Charlton Ogburn The
Mysterious Willia m Shakespeare

AA()
) A
AA
A AA A
Page 113
A
A
(Stratford-on-Avon) A
A A

(Shakspere)

(Francis
Bacon)
A A A (Edward de Vere)
A A A
A A

A A A
A A
(aristocrat) A (Earl of Oxford) A A
A A ( A )
A
(Norman
Conquest)
(French)
(Latin)
(Cambridge)
A (Oxford) A U
A (Grays Inn) U
A (Edward) A A A A
A
A A (Guardian) A
A (Lord Treasurer of England) (Willia m Cecil)
A
A A
(Privy
Council)
OA
(A A
A
A
Page 114
A
A
(Anne
Cecil)
A (Kid sister)
( Cymbeline
(Posthumus
Leonatus)
A A A
A
(de
Vere)
A
A A (English Channel) A
A A
( Ha mlet )
A A A (Anne)
A

A A
A Alls well that ends we ll. (Cymbe line) A (Winters

Tale) O (Orthello) A A
)
U
A (Tower of London)
A U
A
( Romeo and Juliet )
A
A
A
Page 115
AA A
A A
AA
A A
AA
A
A - (King Ja mes I)
A AA
A U (
AA A A
A
(taboo)
)
A A A
AA

A
A
AUA
A A
A
A
A A (Hackhey) A
Page 116
(A AA A
)
A A (Edward de Vere)

A U
AA
AA
AA
(A (taboo) )
AA (gentle man)
AA
(AA
)
A AAAA

A AA )
A
() A A
(taboo) AA
() AA
A (A
A ) A A
A U

Page 117
()
(Sonnet)
A
()
A U
A A A
A
A
(U
U A A
)
AA

(Shakspere)
A
( ) (hoax)

( ) A A
(hoax)
(Scandle)
) A
A (fraud)
A A
AA (folio) A A
(Ben Jonson) A ( A)
A A A
Page 118
(A
) A A
(
(Willia m
Rowe)
6, September, 2000.
*****
()
( - )
JOHN DALTON (1766 1844)
(John
Da lton)
A A A
(Che mistry) A A
A A
A
A A
(Atom)
A A
(De mocritus) ( - )
A A A A U
A (Epicurus)
(Lucretius) (De rerum matura nature On the

Nature
of
Things)
A (Aristotle) A (Middle Ages) A

A A A
U
A A
(A
(Speculation)
Isaac
Newton
A A
A A )

A A (quantitative
theory)
A A
A (Laboratory) A A A

Page 119
A AA
A (atoms)
(che mica l
(molecules)
compounds)
(ele ments)
A A AAA

A AA (types of atom) U A A
A AA
(species)
(ele ments)
AA
A AA
A
A A A
AA
AA
AA
U A
AA
(mass)
(same
AAA
(sophisticated
modern

experiments)
(che mica l ele ments)
specie)
(isotopes)
A A (Che mica l Properties)

A A
A
A A A (quantitative atomic theory)

(key feature)
AA (Chemical Compound) A A
A )
(U
nitrogen
A
A
nitrous
A A
oxide
oxygen
U (law of definite proportions)

(Joseph Louis Proust)
AA A AA A
A

UA A
AA
(relative
atomic
weight)
A AA A
(Chemists) A (progra mme) A
AA A
A AA (hypothesis) A
AA A
Page 120
A (physics) AAA (A)
A A
A (northern England) A (Eaglesfield)
A
AA (precocious) A
A
(Kendal)
(Manchester)
(tutor)
A A
(meteorology)
AA
A A (gases)
AA
AA A
A U
U
(temperature)
AA
( A
U
Charles
Law
) U
(Daltons La w) A (partia l pressure)
A A
A(weight)
A (A New
System of Chemical Philosophy) A A
A
A
(Delton) A (colour blind)
A A A
A (Colour
Blindness) A U
2, October, 2000.
*****
Page 121
()
A ( - )
ALEXANDER THE GREAT (356 B.C. 323 B.C.)
A
(Alexander
the
Great)
A (Macedonia) (Palla)
(Macedon) (Philip II) A A
A A
A
(Greece)
(City-States)
(federation) A A

A A
A A
A A
A
A A A (Aristotle)
A
(Greece)
A A A
A
A (Persia) A
(Meditarranean) A (India) A
(Persia)
A A A OA
A A A A A A
A A
A
U
A A
A
A A
A A A A
Page 122
A (Philip)

A
A A
A
A A
A
A

A AA A (Asia Minor)
(Syria)
A (Issus) A A A
A A A
A (Lebanon) (Tyre) (Phoenician)
U A
A A (Permanio)
A

A A A A
(Gaza)
(Egypt)
(Pharaoh) (a god) A
A A A (Arbela)
A A A A A (Persia)
A
A A (Bebylon) (Persia) (Susa)
(Persepolis) (Darius III)
A A
( Darius The Great

) A A A
A A
(eastern
Iran)
(central
Asia)
Page 123
A (Persian Empire) A
A
A
AA
(Afghanistan)
(Hindu
Kush)
A A A (Western India) A
A
A A
A A A

A A
(Greek
Culture)
(barbarians)
(Civilization)
A
A (barbarians) A
U U
U A (Graeco-Persian)
A
(Greek) (Macedon) A
A
A A (The Marriage of East and West)

A A
A
A U
A (Arabia) A (Persia Empire)
A
(Rome)
(Carthage)
(Western
Mediterranean)
(Babylon)
A
A
A
A
Page 124
AU A A
A
O A U
A
AOA
(Legends)
AA
A A
AA

A
A
A (vision)
AA
AO
A
A A
A A
AA
A (Cleitus)
(Napolean) (Hitler) A A
A
O AA U
AA A AA U
A
A
AUA
AA
(Mesopotamia) (Syria) (Judea) A (Egypt)

A
A A A
A A A
O (Cultural influence) (one way traffic)

AAA
(Hellenistic
Age)
(A
Page 125
AA
A)
(religious
ideas)
(Greek
A
World)
AO
(Oriental
influence)
A A A
A A
A
(Egypt)
(Alexandria)
(learning and culture) A

A
(Heran) (Kandahar) A
A O
A O O A
A
O A A
3, October, 2000.
*****
()
( - )
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE (1769 1821)
E
(Napoleon
Bonaparte) (Corcica) A (Ajaccio)

(Napoleon Bonaparte)
U A

A (French)
A

A A
(French
Revolution)
A ( ) (Toulon)

(A A
A A )
A A (Brigadier General)
A A (Italy)
Page 126
A A - AO
A AA
(Paris) A
A
(Lord Nelson) A (British Navy)

(French Fleet) A A

A A
A A A A

A A (Abbe Sieyes) A A
(coup detat, ) A UA U
(first consul) A A U (elaborate constitution)
A (popular plebiscite) A
A A A U
A
A A
O
A A
A A
A A
A A

A
(French
administration)
U (French legal system) A

U (financial structure) U
(Bank of France) (University of France)
A
A A
(Civil Code) A (Code Napoleon)
(Ideals)
U A A A A A
A U A
(Code)
U
U
Page 127
AU
AO
A

A
(French
Emperor)
(French
Republicans)
AA
AA
A A (A miens) A
A
A A
A A A A A
A (Trafalgar) A
U A A A A A
(O
A )
Austarliz
peninsular,
A
Spa in
and
Portugal)
(Czar)
(Russia)
(Iberian
(Tilsit)
U
(Grande Armee)
A
A A
(Moscow)
Page 128
(Russian
Winter)
(Russian Army)
(rout)

O (Austria) (Prussia) U A
A
A A (Leipz ig)
A
A A
(Elba)
A A
A A A U (European Powers)
A A (Waterloo)
A A
(south
Atlantic)
(St.Helena)
A U

(Paradox)
AO
A
A A A A A
(grand strategy) A A U
A A
U A A A
A
A A
A A A A
A

A A
A A

(Napoleon) A A (egomaniac)
(Hitler)
Page 129
AA
(Nazi) (Concentration Camp)

(short-term)
A
(A Napoleon Wars (French
Soldiers) (German) A
) AAA
A
O (long-term influence)
A A A
AA
AA
AA
A A
(Napoleon
era)
AA
(French
bourgeoisie)
A A (French monarchy)
AA
(ancient
A
regime)
AA AA
A
A
U
A A
A (Latin A merica) A A
(Spain)
A A (defacto) A A
(autono-my)
A
Page 130
A (USA)
A A A
(Louusiana
Purchase)

continatal
size)
(USA)
EA
A U
A
(near
A A
U A A A
A
(Napoleon Bonaparte)
U
4, October, 2000.
*****
()
A ( - )
THOMAS EDISON (1847 1931)
A A A (Thomas Alva Edison)
A A (Ohio) (Milan) A
(retarded)
A (Electric vote-recorder)
A A
(stock ticker system)
A A
A A (Phonograph)
A A
(incandescent bulb)
Page 131
(electrical
lighting
system)
A (electric arc
la mp)
A (bulb) A
(electric power distributor) A A
(New
York
C ity)
A A A
A
(Private
home)
A A AA (enormous industry)
A A T.V A A A
AA AA A
(network) AA
A (ca mera)
(projector) ( A
A A ) A
(telegraph)
A
(dictating machine) (mimeograph ma chine)

A (battery) A A
AA AO

A AOA
A A (New Jersy)

(Menlo
Park)
(research
laboratory)
(prototype)
A A
(team
work)
A

A A
AA
A (G.E.C General Electric Company)
Page 132
(pure
scientist)
A (near-vacum) (electric
current)
AA (phenomenon) A (Edison effect) A

AA
AA A
(vaccum tube) A
AO
A (
) A
(New Jersey) AA (West Orange)

A AA
A
A
AO
AA
AA
U
A
(incandescent
(fluorescent
light
light)
bulb)
A
U

(phonograph) U
A A
A
AA
A A A A (Guglielmo
Marconi) A (Alexander Graha m Be ll) A
4, October, 2000.
*****
Page 133
()
A U ( - )
ANTONY VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632 1723)
A ( microbes) A A U (Antony
van Leeuwenhoek) (the Netherlands ) (Delft)
A A
U
A A
(microscope)
A
A
A A
A U
A (lens) A
A A
A A
A (A ) (microscope) A
U
A A A A (lens)
A A A U A
A A
A A
A A
(se men)
(muscle fibres) A (Specimens)
A
A A
A A A
A A A (The Royal Society of England)
U A A (
Dutch A )
Page 134
(fellow)
A (The Acade my of Sciences in Paris) A

U A

A A A A A
(Czar of Russia, Peter the Great) A
A A
U
(Spermatozoa
corpuscles)
A )
(red
blood
A A (spontaneous generation) A
A (flea) A
(propagate) A
A A A (microbes)
A A (great
seminal
discoverys)
A A A
(an
entire
new
world)
A A
A A
A (animalcules) A
U A
A A (protozoa) A A
(bacteria ) A
U
(Pasteur)
A
A
A
(microbes)
(microbiology)
microscope)
A A
A (A
Page 135
micro organisms) A A
A
A

A A
A (protozoa) (bacteria)
AA
U
AA
7, October, 2000.
*****
()
( - )
WILLIAM T.G. MORTON (1819 1868)
(Willia m Thomas Green Morton)
A A (surgery)
(anaesthesia)

A A
A
A A A A A
A
A A
(Massachusetts) (Charlton)
(Ba ltimore
College)
-
(Horace We lls) A
Page 136
(laughing
gas)
A (Nitrous oxide)
(Connecticut)
(Hertford)
A (Boston) A AAA
A A (A)
A
(Charles T.Jackson) A (ether)
(A alche mist) (Paracelsus)

A
A (reports)
AA (surgica l operation) A
(pet dog)

A A (Eben Frost)
A A A
A

A
A
(Senior
Surgeon)
(Dr. John C. Warren) A A

U
A
A (Gilbert Abbot) A
A (neck) A (tumor)
Page 137
A AAA
A
(anaesthesia) AA
A
AUA
AA AA
(royalty)
AA
A A
(litigation)
(New York) A A
(dentistry)
AA
A
(Horace Wells) (Charles Jackson) (Georgia)
(Crawford W.Long) AA
A
A A

AA
A A
AAA
(ether)
AA
A A
A A A (nausea)
(infla mmable) A
AA
AA
AA AA
(-)
A A A
Page 138
A AA A A
(Mecica l World)
AA
AA A
A
A (Gilbert Abbot) (operating
table)

(Joseph Lister) U
A A
A A
(A A
antiseptic
surgery)
A A A A
(antibiotics) A (antiseptic measures)
A A A
()
A A

(William T. G. Morton)
A A
A

Inventor and revealer of anesthetic inha lation,
Page 139
By whom pa in in surgery was averted and annullet;

Before whom surgery was at all times agony,
Since whom science has control of pain.
9, October, 2000.
*****
()
( - )
GUGLIELMO MARCONI (1874 1937)
(Guglielmo Marconi) A (Italy) (Bologna)
(He inrich
A A
Hertz)
AA

AA
A A A A
A

A A
AA

A U

A A

AA
A A
(Marconigra m)
Message)
AA
(Wireless
A A A
A
(New
foundland)
AA
A
(S.S.
Republic)
(Radio

message) AA
Page 140
A
A AA A

Morse code) A A A (dot-and-dash) A

A (radio broadcasting)
()
A AA A
A AA A A
UA
(short wave)
(microwave)
AA
A ()
AA
A A
(wireless
communication)
AAA
(telegraph)
U (spacecraft) A
(Graha m Bell)
(telephone) (wireless) A
A (Edison) (Marconi)
A
Page 141
A
(Miche l Faraday) (James Clark Maxwell)

5, November, 2000.
*****
()
A ( - )
ADOLF HITLER (1889 1945)

A (Adolf
Hit ler)
A A
A O
O (Austria) (Braunau) A
UA
A U
(German
Army)

A A
(Munich) A
A (National Socialist German Workers Party)
(A Nazi Party )
A
(Munich Beer Ha ll Putsch) A

A
Page 142
A A (Chanceller)
A A A A AA

AA
(dictatorship)
AA
A
AA A
AA
(Treaty
of
Versailles)
( ) (Rhine land)
A
A ( ) O
( ) (Czechoslovakia)
(International Agreement
Munich Pact) A
A A A
A A
A
A A A
A A A O
(Stalin) A (non-aggression)
U (offensive alliance)
(Poland) A U
(Soviet
Union)
Page 143
A AA
A
AA
AA
(Denmark) (Norway)
(Holland) (Be lgium) (Luxembourg)
A A (Battle
of
Britain)
A A
(German Airforce) A A A
A

E (Yugoslavia)
A A

A
A A
A A (USA)
A (Pearl Harbour)
A A
A A
A A A
A A
A A
(Egypt)
A A (El Ala mein) (Stalingrad)

A A

A
U
E

A A (Genocide Policy)
A
A A
(Jew) U A A
A
A
(Large
Concentration Camps) A A A
Page 144
A AA
()
(regime)
A A (Russians) A
A
(Gypsies)
A A
AA
Ca mp)
AA
AA
(Death
AA
A A
(fuel)
A

AA A
A (Nero) (Caligula)
AA A
AA
A AA
AAA
AA A A A A
A
O ) AA
A
AA AA AA AA
AO
Page 145

A A O
A
A AAAA

AA O A U

Charles
Darwin
Simon
Bolivar
) AA U AA
(Se mite)
A
A A
A
(Hitler
era)
AA

A U AA
A (Marx) (Lenin)
(Stalin) AA
(National
Socia lism)
A
O
(Hitler
influence)
A
AA
AA
Page 146
A A A
A
(Jewish
State)
AU A A
O AA (De mocracy)

A A
A A
O A
O
A U A
A U
A O
A U
1, December, 2000.
*****
()
( - )
PLATO (427 B.C. 347 B.C.)
(Plato)
(political
philosophy) (ethical) (metaphysical)

A A
A A A A A

A
(Socrates)
A A
A A A
A
Page 147
A A
(Aceda my)
A A
A A
A (Aristotle) A
A
(theology) A
A A
A A A
A (The Republic) A A (an ideal
society)
A
A
(Aristocracy)
U A A
A A
A A (coopt) A
A (guardida m class) A
A U
A A A
A A A A
U A
A A A A
A
A
(A ) A A A

A A
Page 148
A A
A A A
A A A AA
A A
A
A
A A
(mates
in common)
(Philosopher- Kings)
A A
AA
A AA
A UA AUA
A
AA
A
A

U A (civil government)
U
A (medieval church) (elite)

AA
AA (A
) A A A
A A
(United
States)
AAA UA
(A merican Constitutional
Convention) A A (polit ical idea)
Constitution)
A U
A
(United
States
Page 149
AA
AA
AA
A A A
AA
(ethics)
(metaphysics)
A A A
A
(Thomas Jefferson) (Voltaire)

A O
O
1, December, 2000.
*****
()
A ( - )
OLIVER CROMWELL (1599 1658)
A A AA
A (Oliver Cromwe ll) AA

AA
A A A
(Hunt ingdon)
A A A
U
(absolute
monarchy)

A
O U (Parlia ment) A
A
(Charles
I)
U AA (Scots)
A A
A A
A
(arbitrary)
Page 150
(Carvalry)
A A (
) (Marston Moor) AA (
) (Naseby)
A AA
AA
A (Parlia mentary side)

AU
A AA
A
A (Common wea lth) U
(a council of State) A
A (Ireland) (Scotland)

AA A
A A A AAU
(Constitution) A
AA
constitution)
(new
(A ) A (A)

A
(Representative) AA ( Rump)
Page 151
A U UA
(Rump) A ( E ) A

U
A AAA A AA
A
AA A AA

A A (workable government)
(Lord Protector)
(religious toleration) A
( A Edward I A A A )
A
(Richard
Cromwell)
(Charles II)
A (hung from the gibbet)
A
U A
A A
U (Constitutional Monarchy)
A A A
A (hypocrite)
A
(devious)
Page 152
A AA A

A
A
A A
A U U
A
AA
AA
(French Enlightenment) (French Revolution)

AU
AA
(obvious) A AA
(Canada)
(Australia)
A
A
A
A A
(John
Locke)

A A A A
A A
A A
(Parlime ntary
forces)
15, December, 2000.
*****
()
A
( - )
ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL (1847 1922)
A (Alexander Graham Bell)
(Scotland) A (Edinburgh)
A
Page 153
A A
A (vocal physiology) (Speech
correction)
(teaching
of
the
deft)
A A
(Massachusettes)
(Boston)
(AO
A Elisha
Gray
)
A (Philadelphia)
A A
A A
(Western
Union
Telegraphic
Company)

A (The
American Te lephone and Telegraph Company) A
A A A AT & T A (private
corporation)
A A ( A
A A
A A
( A
A A
Page 154

U
A
(United
States
Citizen)
(Marconi)
AA
AA (U U
)
A A
A AA A

A
17, December, 2000.
*****
()
A ( - )
ALEXANDER FLEMING (1881 1955)
A
(Alexander
(Scotland) (Loch Field)
(London)
Fle ming)
(St.
Marys
Hospital)
(Penicillin)
A (immunological research)
A A A A
Page 155
(wound
infections)
AA
(antiseptic)
(A
microbes)
(cells) A
(A
microbes)

A
(Lyso zy me) A
(mucus)
(tears)
AAA
A A A
(laboratory)
(staphylococcus)
A (mold) AA
(bacteria) A
AA
A A A
( pencillium notatum)
A
A
A

A U (Howard Walter Florey)

A
(Ernst
Boris
Chain)
A
A
A A AO
A AA
A
AAA A (Pharmaceutical Companies)

Page 156
A A
A
(anti-biotic)
A A
A (miracle-drugs) AA
A
A
A A (micro organism)
(drug)
()
ganorohea
()
blood poisoning
()
syphilis
() A
scarlet fever
()
meningit is
()
arthritis
()
bronchitis
() A
pneumonia
() A
boits
() A
diphtheria
() A A
bone infections
() A
gangrene
A A AA
A
A (ill effects)
A A
A
A A

U
AA A (Florey)
(Chain)
AUA A
Page 157
AA
(Fle ming)
A (F lorey)
(Chain)
18, December, 2000.
*****
()
( - )
JOHN LOCKE (1632 1704)
AA
AA
(John
Locke)
A (enlightenment)
A (England) (Wrington) A
(Oxford University)
A A (The Royal Society)
AA (Robert
Boyle) A
A (Issac Newton)
(Earl
of
Shiaftesbury)
AA
(liberal)
AA AA
(King
Charles
(Holland)
II)

(James II)
Page 158
A A A

A (An
Essay Concerning Huma n Understanding, 1690) A
A A
A A
UA
(Francis Bacon) (Rene Descarte)
A A
A A
(Bishop George Berkeley) (David Hume) A

(Immanuel Kant) A A A

A A

(A
A
A A
(Protestant)
A A
A U
(A )
A A
A A (Pagan)
A
(Catholics)
A A A
A A
A A A
A A
A A (Two Treatises of
Government, 1689)
A A A A UA
UA A A A A (English-speaking
world) A A
A A
U A A A
Page 159
AAA
A A AA AA
(A)
A A
AA
A A
AA
AAA
UA (Thomas Hobbes)
- U
AA
(A)
U
A A
A U U

AA
A A A A U
(legislature)
(A
(judiciary)
A U A
A AA
A AA U A
A A A (No
taxation without representation)
AA
AA U
(French
Page 160
Revolution)
A A
(Voltaire)
A
A
AA
(Locke)
10, January, 2000.
*****
()
( - )
LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN (1770 1827)
A (Ludwig van
Beethoven) (Germany) (Bonn)
A A A
A (Vienna) A
(Mozart)
(Haydn)
( A ) A
A
A A
A O

A A A
A
U
A A
(misanthrope)
Page 161
A A

A A A

A
A A A
A
A
A
AU
(U
A
A (symphonies) (piano
sonata) (piano cnocertos) A
(sonatas)
AA
AA
AA
A
AA
(symphony)
AA
A (classical) A
(romatic)
A (Brahms) (Wagner)
(Schubest) (Tchai Kovsky) (Berloiz)
(Gustar Mahler) (Richard Strauss) A
Page 162
(Johamn Sebastian Bach) A U

O
A A (Michel Angelo) U A
A
A A
A A
11, January, 2000.
*****
()
( - )
WERNER HEISENBERG (1901 1976)
A
(Werner
(Nobel
Karl
Prize)
Heisenberg)
A (Quantum mechanics)
A
A A
A A U A

(A atom)
U
(subatom)
(A )
A A A
(Newton)
A A A
A
Page 163
(microscope)
A AA (atomic dime nsions)
(uncertainty
principle)
A

A (Theoritica l limits) A
AU
(implications)
AAA
AA
A A
AA
A (predictions)

(trillion)
(million)
(radium atom)
(ga mma ray)
A
A A
AA
(statistical method)
A A A A
A A A (basic
philosophy of science)
A
A
(Einstein)
AA
Page 164
A (theoretical point of view) A

A (relative theory) AAA (Physical world)
A (basic concept) A A

(electron microscope) (lasers) (transistors)

A (nuclear physics) AA (atomic
energy) AA U (astronomy)
(che mistry) A (helium)
A
(ferromagnetism)
AAA
(Germany)
(University of Munich) A (theoretical physics)
- A (Copenhagen) (Denmark) A
(Niels
Bohr)
(quantum
A
mechanics)
A

A AA

AA
(Max
Planck)
AA (Albert Einstein) (Nie ls Bohr)

(Louis de
Broglie)
A A O (Austrian)
A (Erwin Schrodinger) A A (Englishman) A A (P.A.M

Dirac)
A A
A A A
18, January, 2000.
*****
Page 165
()
( - )
LOUIS DAGUERRE (1787 1851)
(Louis Jacques Mande Daquerre)
(Cormeilles)
A
AAU
(Diora ma)
AAO
A
A
A (Camera)
(Joseph Nicephore Niepce)
A
A (Daguerrotype Camera)
A
A
AA A
AA
A A A
A A
A
A AA A A
(me mentos) (souvenirs)
Page 166
(cine matography) A A A
A A
U
A A
(pinhole ca mera) A (camera obsura)
A A (Girola mo
Cardano) AA A A
U
A A A A

(Johann Schulze)
(silver
salts)
A A A A

A
(Partner)
(Niepce) (Judea)
A ( asphalt) A
A AA A A

AA (plate coated with silver iodide)

A AA A A A
AA (silver iodide) A A (silver bromide)
A

(Willia m
Henry
Fox
Talbot)
AU
(negative
print)
(daguerreotype) AO

Page 167

A A
A (wet-plate process) A (dry-plate process) A
(modern roll film) (colour photograph) (motion picture)
(polaroid photograph) (AA )
(xerography
-)
AA AA A
A
(daguerreotype)
A
18, January, 2000.
*****
()
( - )
SIMON BOLIVAR (1783 1830)
(Simon Bolivar) A (George Washington)
A ( Columbia
Venezuela A Ecuador Peru Bolivia ) A
A
(Caracas)
A (French Enlightenment) A A (ideas and

ideals)
A (John Locke) (Rouusseau)

(Voltaire) (Montesquicu)
Page 168
U U AA A (Avertine
Hill)
A
(Napoleon Nonaparte)
A A A
A
A
(Francisco Miranda)

A
A (Andes)

A A (Boyaca) O A
A
A A A A
(Argentina) (Jose de San Martin) A A
(Argentina) (Chile) (Peru) A
A (Ecuador) (Guaya Quil)
(San Martin) A
A A A
A A A (
Bolivia)
(Federation)
(Republic of Greater Columbia)
A A
(centrifugal
tendencies)
Page 169
A (Congress of Spanish A merica

States) A
A
U
A
E ()
A A
A A
A A (Spanish A merica) A
A
A A

A ( A O )
A A
A A
A
A
A A (Julius Caesar)
(Sharle magne)
(Adolf
Hitler)
A
A
(Napoleon)
(Alexander
A
The
Great)
(South
America)
A A
Page 170

AA AAA
AA

A
A
AA
UA
A A
AA
A A
A A
A
A
A A
19, January, 2000.
*****
()
( - )
RENE DESCARTES (1596 1650)
(Rene Descartes)
(LaHaye) A
(La
Fleche)
(Jesuit)
(Poitiers)
A A
UA
Page 171
AA (Holland)
(Bavaria)
(Hungary)
A (Italy) (Poland) (Denmark)

AAA A
A
A A
AA
(Paris)
AA
(Rules of the Direction of the Mind)
A ( A

A (Anatomy)
(Physiology)
(disection)
A (optics) (meterology) (mathematics) A

(various science) U A A
(Le Monde)

A
(Copernicus)
A (Galileo) A
O
A A A
(A
Discourse on Method)
(Discourse) (Classical Education)
A (Latin)

() A (Optics) A A (refration
of light) U A A (Willebrord
Page 172
Snell) A A
A AA (Theory of light)
A A (Wave Theory) A A
(Christian Huygens formula)
()
A
A (internal
(meteorology)
(rainbow)
A A (heat)
motion)
A (
Francis Bacon A )
() O (Geometry) A
AA A O (analytic geometry)
AA
(Newton)
(Calculus)
AA
A A AA U A
A A
AA

A A (anything)
AA
A A AA
AA
AA A
AA A

Page 173
O (St. Augustine)

A AA A
A A
A
AA AO

AA A
AA
AA (
A
AA
AA
U A A A
AA
AA
AAA
AA
()
O
A (St. Anselm -)
Page 174
(Meditation)
AA A (Principle of
Philosophy)
AA
AO
A (AA A
)

AA

AA A (Catholic Index of
Forbidden books)
(atheist) A
(Sweden) (Christina)
(Stockholm) A A
A
UA
AA A A AA

A
A A
A A A U
UAA A AA
() AA
() AU
()
() AA
() AA (episte mology) A
Page 175
A O (analytic geometry)
A (Voltaire)
(Rousseau) (Francis Bacon)
15, March, 2001.
*****
()
A ( - )
MICHAEL ANGELO (1475 1564)
A
(history
of
visual
art)
A (Renaissance )
A (Michael Angelo Buonarroti)

U A (
)
A (Italy) (Florence) (Caprese)
A A A A

(Ghirlandair) A A A
(Magnificient
(Medici)
Lorenzo)
A A
A
A A
(Rome) A
A
A
(Leonardoda Vinci)
A A
Page 176
AO
A
AAA
O
(The
Sistine
Chapel)
AO
AA
(frescoe)
A

A
A U
(David) (Moses) A (Pieta)

A
AA A
(Medici
Chapel) A
AA
A A A
(Sonnet
AA ) A

(Shakespeare)
A A (Michael Angelo) A

*****
()
A ( - )
POPE URBAN II (1042 1099)
A (Pope Urban II)
A
Page 177
A (Mosle m) (The Holy Land)

A (Crusades)
(Odode
Lagery)
(Chatillon-sur-Marne)

(Raime) (Arch deacon) A A

A A
(Cluniac
monk)
(Cardinal-bishop)
(prior)
(Pope)
A
A A A
A
A A
(Clermont) A A
(Seljuk Turks) (The

Holy Land) (Christian) A A
A A A
(Crusade) A A A
(The Holy War) A A
A A
(Crusade)
A A
A A
A A A
A A
A A
A (First Crusade)
(A
A A ) A A
Page 178
(Jerusle m)
AA
A
AA AU A
A (Byzantine) A (Isla mic) U
A UU (Modern European
Civilization) A (Renaissance)

A
AA
AA
A A AA
AA A
U
A A
AA
A A (U E
Turks A English Knights
A ) AU
O
A (all western Christendom)
A UAA

A A
A A (Urban II)
O A
22, March, 2001.
*****
Page 179
()
U A A- ( - )
UMAR IBN AL-KHATTAB (586 644)
(Mosle m) (caliph - Muhammad )
OA
A (Prophet) (Mecca)

A U(Umar) A A
U A (Isla m) A A
A A
(
U
A A A
U
A A (Abu Bakr)
A A
(Caliph)
A A
U
A U
A A
(Medina)
(Persian) A A A
U
A (Othman) (Caliph)
A
U (Umar) (Caliph) A A (Arabs) A A
U (Umar) A
(Syria) (Palestine) A A
(Byzantine Empire) A A (Yormuk, 636)
A A A
(Da mascus) (Jerusalem)
A A A (Palestine)
(Syria)
(Turkey)
A A (Egypt)
Page 180
A
A (Iraq) (Sassanid Empire) AA
U (Umar) A AA
AA (Qadisiya, 637) U A
AA A (Persia)
(Neha mend, 642) E
A U A (Iran)

A
AA
A (North Africa)
U
()
A A
A A A A A
A A A A
A A O
U
A A
(garrison cities)
A (A A ) A A A
A A
A A
A A (A A A
A (Holy War)
A )
U
AO

A A A A
A A A A A
A
A A (A Arab )
O A

U
A A
A A
A U A
U (Umar) A A

(Charle magne)
(Julius
Caesar)
Page 181
AO

UA
AA A A
A
22, March, 2001.
*****
()
A ( - )
ASOKA (C. 300 B.C C. 232 B.C.)
A (Asoka) A A A
(Mauryan dynasty)
(Chandragupta Maurya) A A
(Alexandra The Great) A A
A
A
A A
A A (A O Orissa ) (Kalinga) A A
A A A
U A
A A
() A A A
A
A A A
A
UU A
U
A A
A
()
() A
Page 182
AA
AA
A

AA
A
A
Empire)
AA
(Mauryan
A AAO A
AA
A (Asoka) A A
A A A
A A
22, March, 2001.
*****
()
O ( - )
ST. AUGUSTINE (354 430)
A
(Roman
Empire)
(Augustine)

O (A Algeria A A Souk Ahris )
(Tagaste) (A A A Annaba )
(Hippo)
U
A A
AO

(Carthage)
A U A
(Philosophy)
(Mani)
(Manichacism)
OA A
Page 183
O A
A (Milan) A
(Professor
of
Rhetoric)
(Plato)
(Plotinus)
(Neoplatonism) A
A A (St. Aubrose) O A
A A A A
A
A A
O A A

O
A A O
A
A
O A

A A
A A
A
A A
A A (The City of
God)
(Confessions)
O A (Manichaeans) ()
(Donatists) A A A (Pelagians)
A A
O A A
Page 184
AA
(Salvation)
AA
OA
AA
AA
AA

O A
(Church)
AA
AA
A
(St. Thomas Aquinas) (John Calvin)
O (doctrine of predestination)
A
(sex)
(sex)
( ` (sex relation)
)
(Confessions) A
A A
A A A A O A

A (original sin) (sexual desire)
O A A (Roman Empire) A A
A A (Alaric) U (Visigoths)
A (Roman pagans)
A UA
A A
(The City of God)

A A A
A A
U
O
(Heavenly City) A
(Church)
Page 185
E
(Pope) (Church) A
O
E
(Pope)
(Medieval
Popes)
AA
UA
A AA
(Neoplatonism)
AA
O (Descartes)
A AA
O
A A
(Dark
(Middle
(Latin
Ages)
Church)
Age)
A A A A O
(Catholic Theologians) A

A (Luther) (Calvin) A
O A
O A

(Vandals)
A O (Cathedral)
23, March, 2001.
*****
Page 186
()
( - )
WILLIAM HARVEY (1578 1657)

(Willia m Harvey) A (England) (Folkestone)
(An Anatomical
Treatise on the Move ment of the Heart and Blood in Animals)
AA
A U
A A
()
()
()
(arteries)
()
A (vital spirits)
()
(veins) (arteries) AA
A
A
(Glen)
A
(blood circulates)
A
(Aristotle)
AAU
()

A A
A
(aorta)
Page 187
AA
A A
(hypothesis) AA
A
(arteries)
(veins) A A
(microscope) A
(capillary) A
( A A
(Malpighi) )
A
(artery)
(pump)
A AA
(essentially
correct)
(experiments)
AA A AAA
A
AA

(Embryology)
AA
A A (On the
Generation of Anima ls) (modern study of
embryologys) A
A
A A
A A
(preformation)
A A
A A
(hypothesis)
A A A
A
A A (Ca mbridge
University) (Caius College)
A
(Padua
University)
A A A ( U
Galileo A A )
A A
(Physician)
A A A A
(James I) (Charles I)
Page 188
(Francis Bacon)
(College of Physicians) (Anatomy) A
(president of the college) A A ( A
) A (St. Bartholomew)
A A
A U (Europe)
(London) A
23, March, 2001.
*****
()
A ( - )
ERNEST RUTHERFORD (1871 1937)
A (Ernest Rutherford) A (experimental physics)
(radio
activity)
A (nuclear
physics)
AA
UA
A
AA
(nuclear weapon) A (nuclear power plants)

AA (radioactive tracers)
(radioactive dating) O
A
(New
Zealand)
(Canterbury College) B.A., M.A., B.Sc. A
(Cambridge
University)
(England)
(J.J.
Thomson)
A (Canada) (Mc Gill University)

A
(Manchester University) A
(Cavandish
Laboratory)
A A
Page 189
A (Antoine Henri Becquerel)

(Uranium compound)
A A ( Marie Pierre Curie

(Polonium)
(Radium)
A
(radioactive emission)
A (alpha rays)
(beta
rays)
A A A A (gamma
rays) A
A A A
A A A
A A A A (Atomic energy)

A A )
Frederick
Soddy
A U
(lead) A
(half
life) A A
()
A (geology)
(archaeology) (astronomy) A
A A
A ( Soddy
) A A
A A (A
A A (gold
atom) (billiard ball) A
Page 190
A (alpha particle) A
(jelly)
( Ge iger Marsden )
A (gold foil) A A
AAA
A A
A
(Nucleus)
A
AA
AA
A A
A (Niels Bohr) A
(solar system) A A
(Quantum mechanics)
(Heisenberg) (Schrodinger) A
(matrix mechanics) (wave mechanics)
(nitrogen nuclei) A (oxygen nuclei)

A A (alpha)
A
( )
AA
A
A
(nuclear

(atomic
weapon)
transformations)
(Larger than Life)
Page 191
A
A

24, March, 2001.
*****
()
( - )
JOHN CALVIN (1509 - 1564)
U
(Protestant)
A (John Calvin)
A A
A
O
( Jean Cauvin) (France) (Noyon)
(Paris)
(Collegede Montaingu) O (University of O

rleans)
U (Borges) U
A A (Martin Luther)
(Wittanberg)
()
A (Protestant Reformation)
(Catholic)
(Protestantism) A
A (Switzerland) (Basel)
A A
A A A

A (The
Institutes
of
The
Christian Re ligion)
A A
A A A A A
A A
(Geneva)
A A
Page 192
A A
(A )
(A)
(A)
U A
O
AA A
U
AA A
A
U (ecdesiastical regulation)
A U
U A A
A
( A ) AA
A A ( A
)
UA
(University of Geneva)
(Michael
Sevetus)
A (the doctrine of the Trinity)
Page 193
A A ()
AA A A A
AA
(The Bible) AA A
AA (Luther) O (St.
Augustine) (St. Paul) A A (Sinmen)
(Sa lvation) A

(predestination)
A (reprobation) () A
A
A
()
A

A A A A (Germany)
(Scandinavia)
(Poland) (Hungary)
(Scotland)
(Presbyterians) (France)
(Huguenots) A (England) (Puritans)
A A
(A A )
A A () A
UA
(Theocracy)
(Calvinism) A A
A (Calvinism Church)
()
Page 194

AA AA A (Protestant
work ethic)
A (Capitalism)
U (Dutch)
A A
A A )
A A
U O AU A A
A O ()
U (Jesus) (St. Paul)
(Luther)
(Protestant Reformation) AA
A
(Martin
(Calvin)
Luther)
A (Voltaire)
(Rousseau)
O AA
AA
25, March, 2001.
*****
()

( - )
GREGOR MENDEL (1822 1884)
AU (Basic Principles
of
Heredity)
(Gregor Mende l)
A
(Czechoslovakia)
O A (Austrian Empire) A (Heinzendorf)
Page 195
A O (Brunn) A
O
(Augustine)
A (Biology)
(Geology) A A
(Vienna
University)

A (substitute teacher)
A A A A (plant breeding)
A U (laws of heredity) (Brunn)
A
(Natural
History
Society)
A A (A ) A A
(Experiments
with
Plant
Hybrids)
(Nageli)
A A
A A
A (chapter) (Abbot)
A A
A A A
A A A

(Dutch) (Hugo de Vries) (German) (Carl Corrents)
(Austrian)
(Erich
von
Tschermak)
A U
U
(A A )
U A A A
(Willia m Bateson) (A A )
Page 196
A (organism) A
(basic units) AA (Gene AUA) AA
AA
A A
AA U A A (genes)
AA
(trait) A (U
A ) A A
(ga mete) (sperm)

U (egg ce ll) (one pair) (genes)
AA (ga mete)
U
(Genetics)
A
A AAA
A
A A
(experiments) A (statistical analysis)

A A A ()
(analysis) U
U (laws of heredity) A A
AA
AA

U U U
(A
) A A (Leif
Ericson) A (Aristarchus) A (Ignaz Se mmelweiss)
(Columbus) (Copernicus) (Joseph Lister)

A A A (de Vries)

(Correns) (Tschermark)
Page 197
(A
(bibliography)
AA
W.O.
Focke)
(heredity)
A U U (Mendels Laws)
U
A (Hervey) (blood
circulation) A
26, March, 2001.
*****
()
( - )
MAX PLANCK (1858 1947)
(Max Planck) A A (radiant energy
A A ) A U A A
(quanta) A A
(electromagnetism)
A (quantum theories)
A A A
A A
(matter) (radiation)
A
(Germany) (Kiel) (Berlin)
(Munich) (A A summa cum
laude) A (Munich University)
A A
(Berlin
University)
A A
A A
(electromagnetic)
(reflect)
(radiation)
Page 198
A A
AA
A A A
AA A A
A
A
UA A A A

AA UA
AA A (radiation energy)
AA A (ele mentary unit) A
(quantum)
AA
A (quantum magnitude) A (light frequency)

(Physical quant ity) A (proporation)
(Plancks
constant)
AA AA
A
A
A (formula)
A (Hypothesis) A A

A A
A
()
AA
AA A (Einstein)
A A A A A (Niels Bohr)
AA (theory of atomic structure) A
A A (Nobe l Prize) A
A A A A A
A (anti-Nazi Views) (Hitler era)

AA A A U
A
A A A
Page 199
A (theories
of
AA
relativity)
AA h A AA
A
A A (He isenberg)
A A A
AA
AA
(quantum
mechanics)
A A
A AA
A
29, May, 2001.
*****
()
( - )
JOSEPH LISTER (1827 1912)
(antiseptic)
(Joseph Lister) A A (Upton)

(University College, London)
(Glasgow
Royal Infirmany) (surgeon) A A
AA
A AA
A
(block) A
U A
(gangrene) A
A
(miasmas
noxious
vapours)
Page 200
(Louis Pasteur) A
A (the germ theory of disease) A A ( )

A A
A
(Carbolic
Acid)

A A A
A (spray)
A -
A A
A A A A
A
(Edinburh
University)
A A
() A
A
A A
(Kings
College)
A A

A A

A
A (Royal Society) U A A (Queen

Victoria) A
A (England) (Walmer)
A A
A A
A A A
U A A A A U (chest

cavity)
Page 201
A A

AA (Pasteur) U (Leeuwonhoe k) (Fle ming)

(Lister) A
A A
(Hungary)
A
(Ignaz
Semme lweiss 1818-1865) (Vienna General Hospital)

AA (obstetrics) AA A

(Joseph Lister)
AA

11, June, 2001.
*****
()
O O ( - )
NIKOLAUS AUGUST OTTO (1832 1891)
O O
(Nikolaus
August
Otto)
A A (fourstroke
internal combustion engine)
A A
A A
A A
A A
U A A ( U
Jet
Plane
A A
O (otto cycle) A A A A
A U A
Page 202
(Siefried Marcus 1875) E (Eteinne

Lenoir 1862) (Nicolas Joseph Cugnot 1769)
A A
O
AA
(Karl Benz)
(Gottlieb Daimler)
A A A U
A A
A)
AA
AA
A
U (penicillin)
U
A
A A
A A
A
AA
AU
AA
AAA
AA
Page 203
AA
EA
A A
A
A A
A
OO (Germany) (Holzhausen)
AA
(Frankfurt) A
O
(gas
engine)
E (Et iane Lenoir - )

AA O A A (Liquid
fuel)
AA
(gas outlet) A
O
(carburetor)
A
A
A
A
A
O
AA
(ignit ion) A
(gas) A
(atmosphere engine)
(Eugen Langen)
A A
A
AA
Page 204
A (Gottlieb Daimler)
AA
A
() A O
A A
A A AAA
A
O (German Patent)
A (Alphonse Beau de
Rochao)

A

A O
A
A A A
(ignition) (A A A )
A A (O A
A A
U (automobile) (Karl Benz)
U OA
A A A
(automobile)
(Henry
Ford)
Page 205
A A
(automobile)
(internal
A O
combustion
engine)
AU
A
A
O A O
A O
O A
OO
A U
18, June, 2001.
*****
()
( - )
FRANCISCO PIZARRO (C. 1475 1541)
(Spain) (Francisco Pizarro) (Peru)
A E (Inca Empire) (Trujillo)
A (Hernando
Cortes) A A U A (New World
A ) A (Ha ity)
(Dominican Republic) (Caribbean Island)
A (Hispaniola)
(Vasco Nunez de Balboa) A
(Panama) A A
A (Pascual de Andagoya) A E
A A

A A E A (Lla ma)
A A (Indian)
E U (Emperor Charles
V)
A A

A A
Page 206
AA
(Cajamarca)
(Andes)
(Atahualpa)
A

A (Atahualpa)
A A A A
A A

A A
U
A
A UA
A A A

A
A U A A

A (Indians)
A
A A A A A
A (Cuzco)

A A
A A
Page 207
A A A

A A
A A (Diego de Almagro)
A
(Jesus)
OA A
A
A A A A (Israel) A A
A A A A (Arab) A
A O

A
A
A (Napolean) A (Alexander The Great)

(GenghisKhan)
U A A A
E
A O
A A (Cortes) U
A U
A A
A A A
A A
Page 208
(Harquebus)
A A (Indian or A marindian) A

A A A A (
) A
A

A
A A (Peru) A (Equcador)
(Northern Chili) (Bolivia) U
A (South A merica) U A
U A A A
A
A A
A A
U A A
A
A
A
U E
A A A A A A
( Gulf of Mexico
Cuba
A A
A
(Aztecs)
A A
A A
A
()
A
A A
U A
U
A A
(Italy)
(Ethiopia) A
A A A A A
Page 209
(Nepal) A (Afghanstan) A (Iran)

U A
A U A A
U
A A A
A
A A
U A A A
E
A
U U
*****
()
( - )
HERNANDO CORTES (1485 1547)
(Mexico) A (Hernando Cortes) (Spain)
(Madelin)
U
(Sala manca
University) U
A A A (Western He misphere)
U A (Hispaniola)
(Don Juan) A
(Cuba) A
E (Diego Velasquez)
A A (Santiago)
(Ve lasquez)

A
A (
A A ) A A
A (Veracruz) A (Easter) A
(A
Good
Friday
(Aztec)
Page 210
A A A
A
(Indian,
Amerindian
A A
A A
A Indian A A
A Amerindian
A )
A A
()
A A
A A A
A
A A
(Tlexcalans)
(Cholula) A A A (Montezuma)
A

UA
(Tenochtitlan)
A A
(Panfilode
narvaez)
A A U
A
(Tlexcala)

( New Spain)
Page 211
A
A
U
A
(Francisco
Pizarro)
AA
A A
A
A
(A
E AA
A ) A A
A A AA

AA
AA A A
A
(Quetzalcoatl) A A
AA
(Gulf
of
Mexico
A)
A A
A
(Montezuma)

A A
AA
AA
A
A AA

A A A
A A A (Marquis
) A
Page 212
A (Seville)
A
A A
A AA
AA
AA
A A A
AAU
AA
A A
( )
A
AA U
UO (Simon Bolivar) O
A A A A
U
A
AA
AA A A
Page 213
AA A AAA
A
A
A A
21, June, 2001.
*****
()
( - )
THOMAS JEFFERSON (1743 1826)
A
(Shadwell)
A A A
E (College of Willia m and Mary)
A
U
A

A A U

()
UA
UA
A U (the statute of Virginia for Religious

freedom) A A U (Bill for the more
Diffusion of Knowledge) A
A A
Page 214
A A

AA
(State) (Church) A
(A A A )
A
UA
UA
AAUA
A AA
A A A
(Notes
A
on the
state
of
Virginia)
AA
AAAA A

(A
A
A
A A
(a decimal system) A
AA
AA
AA

(A A A
)
AAA (Benja min Franklin)

A A A U
AA
UA
AA
(Alexander
A
Hamilton)
A A
(Federalist
A
A
Party)
Page 215
(De mocratic Party)

A A A (John Ada ms)
A
UUA
A A
A A A A
A A A A UA
A A A
A A
A A
U
A A A
A A
A (Robert Livingstone)
A A A A
A A
A )
A A
A
(U
A UA
A A A A
( A
Charter ) A
A
A A
Page 216
AA
(natural
science)
AA
A
A
AU
A
A U
AA
A
(John Locke)
AA

A
(Revolutionary War) (Laxinton) E
( )
AA
AA
AA

U (Continental Congress)
A
(R ichard Henry Lee)
(Great
Britain) A A A
A ( U
A A ) A
U
(AA )
Page 217
AUA A
UA
AA
AA
U
UA
A A AAU (Bills of Rights)
A

AAU
(the
Rights)
AAU
AA
AAU A A
A
Federal
Bill
of
AA
A (James Madison)
U A A

A
A
AA
A
AA
A AA A

AA
A U
()
A
AA A
A A AA
A U AU
A
A AA
U (the Supre me Court) U A
Page 218
AA A
AA
A
A AA
A A
A (Preeminent
Spokesman)
AA
AA
A AA A
A U
A (Thomas Jafferson)
A
23, June, 2001.
*****
()
A
() ( - )
QUEEN ISABELLA (1451 1504)
(Castile) A A
A A
A U
A A A
A
A A

Page 219
/U
A (Spain)A (Castile) A
A A
AA
A A A
A A A

A A AA
A A
A A
AA
A A
(Aragon)
A A
A
A A
A A
A
UA
A
A

A A
(Granada)
A (Iberia) A
A A A A
E A ( A
)
A A (Spanish Iquisition)

A )
Page 220
AA A
AA
AA
A (Tomas de
Torque mada) A
(Pope)

A ()

A A
A
(a centralized and absolute monarchy)

A

(Jews) (Mosle ms) (nominal converts)
AA
() A A A
A A
A
A

A
A
(Granada)
(Moors)
AA
Page 221
A A A A
AA
AA
A
(A
)
A
(Juana)
(Philip I the Handsome) O (Austrian Hapsburg)

E (Burgundy) A
A
A
UE

A A E A

O A (A )
()
A
A A
A A
A U A

E A
U OA A
A O A A
(Moors)

(Jews)
A A
A A /
A ()
A A
Page 222
AA AU

AAA

U AA
AA
A
A
A A
A
A
A
AA AA A
AU A
A
AO

A

A (Iberian )
A A

AA
AA
A A
A
A A AA
A
A
A O A
24, June, 2001.
*****
Page 223
()
( - )
JOSEPH STALIN (1879 1953)
A (Iosif Vissanionovich Dzhugashviti)
(Stalin) AA A A A
(Caucaous) (Gori)
(Georgion)
AA A

(Tiflis)
(theological
school)
A A
A
AA (
A A
) A
(Stalin )
A
A AA
AA
A
AA
AA
(Lenin) (Leon Trotsky)
A U
(Lenins Testa ment) AA
UA (politburo) A (Lev Karmenev)
(troika) A UA
UA
Page 224
AA
A A U
A

(assassination)
(Sergi
A
Kirov)
A A
A

A A
(Lenin)
(A)
AA

(U)
A U
(Czar)
U
(Central Committee) A (Purge)
A A AA

(Secret Police) A
A A
A A
A A A
A
UA
AA A U
(Stalin)
Page 225
A A
A
AA

A A
AA AA
A)
UU
A A (Latvia)
(Lithuania) A (Estonia)
A AA
AA (Rumania) AA
(Finland) A
A A
A

A
AA

AU
AU
A A
(Cold
War)
AA
O
A A
A
AA
U A
Page 226
A (Kre mlin) A
A
AU
A
A
(Jacob)
AU
A U
A AA A
(Svetlana) A
AA

(paranoia)
UA
AA
AA
AAO A A
O A U
O A
A A
U
A A A ( A
A ()

U O
Page 227
AU
OAA
AAA
AU A
(Policies)
(USSR)
AA
AA
AA
A AA
AA A A
A

AA
A A
U A
A
A
A (Cold War) A (Stalin)
A
(Lenin)
Page 228
17, July, 2001.
*****
()
( - )
JULIUS CAESAR (100 B.C 44 B.C)
(Gaius Julius Caesar)
(Rome) A
(Punic)
A A
AA
A A
A
A A A
( Marius Sulla )

A A A
A
AA
(Old patrician fa mily)
U
AA
A
A
(Cisalpine Gaul ) A A
(Narbonnese Gaul) A A A (Rome
legion) -
Page 229
- A
A A A
A U
A A
A A (Rhine River) AA

AA
O
A A A
A A -
A A
(Senate) A
(Mumda)
A
A A A A
A
AA A
A A
AA
A A AA
A
AA A
A Roman citizenship
A
A
(Codification)
AA
AAU
AAA
AAU
Page 230
A
AA
A A
A
()
(Debalo Gallico)
AA
A
AA A A
A
(
A A )
A A
AA

A E (Kaiser)
E (Czar) (Caesar) A

A A A
AA
A A

A A
A A A A A A
(Romanized) U (Roman Laws)
(Custom)
Page 231
AA
(Colloquial Latin)
A
A
A
A A A

A A A
UA
A A
A
AA A
(Caesar) (Celtic)

25, July, 2001.
*****
()
A ( - )
WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR (C. 1027 1087)
(Normandy)
A A A U A
A A
(Falaise)
A (Robert)
Page 232
(Duke)
U
A
A
A A
A
(Guardian)
AA
(Henry
I)
AA
AA
OA
AA

A A A
(Brittany)
AA AA
A A (Edward the Confessor)
A A
A AA A
AA
A A A A
(Harold Godwin)
AA A
AA
AA
A A
A
(Witan)
Page 233
A A AA A
A
(Harold
Hardrade)
(North
Sea)
(the Battle
of Stamford Bridge)
A
A

A
A
(Hasting Battle)
A
(Anglo-Saxon)
A A
A
A
A A
A
A A
A A
(A A A
A
A A
)
A A A
A A U A A
A A
(Domesday Book) A
A A
Page 234
A A

(Rouen) A A A

()
AA
AA
A A (Nomen
Invasion)
AA
A
A A
AA
A
A A
A
A A (teuton)
(Viking)
A
)
AA

A A
A AA A (Knights)
AA A AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
A A
AA
Page 235
AA
AA
A
(Normen)
A A (English Gra mmar)

A
(Low German) (Dutch)
U
( A A A
A U AA
A
A
AA
A A
A
AUAAA
AA
A A
A
A U A
A
AAA
AA
A A

A
A A
A
A
A A
A A
A
AA A A
Page 236
AA A A
AA
AA
U A U A A

A
(Willia m
the
Conqueror)
1, August, 2001.
*****
()
( - )
SIGMUND FREUD (1856 1939)
A
A
(Freiberg)
OA
(neurology)
(Jean Charcot)
(Josef
Breuer)
(Studies
in
Hysteria)
A
A (Interpretation of Dreams)
U A A A A
A A A

A U A
Page 237
AA (Alfred Adler) A (Carl Jung)

U
A
A
A A O

A

A A
A UA

A A U
A U
A A
A A
(psycho analysis)
(Castration Complex)
(Sublimation)
A A
A
A
( A A
A A
A ( ) A A
A A A A
Page 238
AA
U A (id) A (ego) A (superego) A

A (death wish)

AA
AO
A
AA
A A

6, August, 2001.
*****
()
A
( - )
EDWARD JENNER (1749 1823)
A A A
A
A A
UA
A
A
U A A
Page 239
A
A AA

A U A A (Lady
Mary Wortley Montagu) AA
AA
AA
A AA
A
A (Berlca ley)
AA
A A
A A

AA
A A
(
A)
U AAA
A A
AA
(Ja mes
Phipps)
(An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinal) A
A A
A A
Page 240
A A
A

A
A A AA
A A
U A
AA
AA
A
UA
AA
A A
A A

8, August, 2001.
*****
()
( - )
WILHELM CONRAD RONTGEN (1845 1923)
A
(Lennep) A
A A A A
Page 241
A A
A
(Cathode
rays)
A (electron)
A (electrode) A A
(Voltage) A
AA
(Fluoresent
Screen)
AO

(barium
platino
cyanide)
AO
A X
A
A A A
A A () A
A ()
A A A (Opaque)
AA A A A

A AA () A

A
A AA
A A AA
A A
Page 242
A (Antoine Henri Becquarel) A

A A A A
(Light
wave)
A A A A
A A A
(ma lignant
tumor)
A A
A A U A
A A
A A A A
A A
U
A A
A A
A O
A
A A

A A
A ( )
A A A A A
A

(Rontgen)
A A

16, August, 2001.
*****
Page 243
()
( - )
JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH (1685 1750)
AUA
AUA
AU
A
A A A A
UU A
(Eisenach)
AA

A A
A
AA
(Luneburg) (St. Michaels School)

A
AA A
A A
A
(Leipz ig) A
A A
AU
A

)
A A
Page 244
AA
(A A A Weimar
A AA A
AU
A
A
AA
Cantatas
Fugues/ pre lude ( the wellTempered clavier ) Preludes

( harpsichord A) Concerto A
Overture / Sonatas Masses Oratorio
A
A
AAA
A U (
Haydin Mozart
Beethoven
AA )
A
A

AU
AA A A
A
O A

A
A A
Page 245
AAA U
U

A
AA
AA
A U
AA
AO

()
A
)
AA

O A AA
A
A
17, August, 2001.
*****
()
( )
LAO TZU (fl. 4th C.B.C)
A A
(Tao Te Ching) A A U (Classic
of the Way and Its Power) (Taoism)
A A
(The Road) (The Way) A
(Tao) A A
(Tao)
Page 246
AA
AA
(Tao)
A

A AA
AA
)
( AA A) A A
A
AA
AA AU
A UA U U
A

AUA
AA U
AA
) A A

A

AUA
AA
()
() A

()

A ( - ) ( )
( - )
Page 247
A A (Chuang Tsu)
A A
AA
AA U AA

(Chou
dynesty)
A A
(Tsung) (Wei) A A
AA
A
AA A O A
O A
( U AA
A ) A
U A A A

A (Confucius)
A A
(Bible)
A AAA

A
A (Zen)
AA
17, August, 2001.
*****
Page 248
()
( - )
VOLTAIRE (1694 -1778)
A (Francois Marie Arouet) A A

A U
(Jesuit College ) --
(Louis-Le-Grand) U
A
A
AA

U A (Henriade) (epic poe m)

AA
OE
(O
edipe)
AA
AA
( ) A A
A
(the
Chevalier
de
Roham)
AA A
(Bestille)
(France)
A A (England)
A
AA
A A (John Locke)
(Francis Bacom) A (Isaac Newton)
Page 249
(Willia m Sha kespeare) A A

A
AO
A A

A
(e mpiricism)
AA
A A A (Writ of haleas corpus)

A A (the Letters
philosophi ques) AA (the
Letters
on
the
English)
A A AA A
A A
A (French authorities)

A(Eastern France) (Cirey) A
A (Mada me
du Chateley) A
(Prussia) (Frederick the Great)
(Potsda m) A

A (Geneva) AU
A A A
(Switzerland) -
(Ferney)
E
A
AO
A A A
Page 250
A A AA
AA A

A
A
A
A
AA
AA A AA
A A
A
A A

AA
A A
A
AA A

(Paris
Pantheon)
AA

AA
A A A A
AA
A
A
A

A A
A
A
A
Page 251
AAA
AA
AA
AAU
O A

A AUA
18, August, 2001.
*****
()
( - )
JOHANNES KEPLER (1571 1630)
(Wel der Stadt)

A
(De
revolutionibus
orbium
coe lestium)
(Tubingen)
A A A
A A
(Graz)
A A A
U ( ) A
A A
A A (Tycho Brahe)
A A
Page 252
A
AA
EA

A A

AA
A
A
A A AA

A U
A A
A
AA
A U U
U A A
U U A
A
U
AA
AA (Cube)
U AA A
AA
A
U
Page 253
AAA
A ( E
E )
A
AA AA

AA
A )

A A
AU
AA
A
U
Page 254
AAE
A A
AA
AA
A A A
(Regensburg)
U A
AA
18, August, 2001.
*****
()
A ( - )
ENRICO FERMI (1901 1954)
A A (nuclear reactor) A (Enrico Fermi)
A (Italy) (Rome)
(Ph.D) A (Pisa) A
A A A A A
A (quantum statistics) A (Fermi)

(Fermion) A A
A (electron) (proton) (neutron) A

(fermion) (Fermi)
A (atom)
(nucleus)

A A A
(British) (James Chadwict) (neutron)
A (subatron) A
A A A
(radioactive)
A A
Page 255
AA / A
A
AA
(moderator)
AA
(Novel Prize) AA A A
A
(Jewish)
AA U (anti-Se mitic Law)

A A
AA
(Mussolini)
(Stockholm) A
(Newyork) (Columbia University) A

A A A
(US citizen) A
(Lise
Meitner)
(Otto
Hahn)
(Frits
Strassmann) A A (Uranium atom)

A
()
A (Uranium atom)
AA
()

A A
A A A (Albart Einstein)
(Roosevelt) A A A A A
A A
A A
A A
A
(Chicago)

A A A
A (the atomic age)
A A ( Chicago
A (Washington)
Page 256
A ( A
A AA) A
AA (Manhattan Project)
(Chicago
University)
A
A (Fermium)
A AA A
AA
U A A A
A
(nuclear
reactor)
A A A
A A
A A
A A

AAA
AA
A
()
AA
(radioisotope)
A A
(Plutonium)
A
AA
(AAA) A
19, August, 2001.
*****
Page 257
()
( - )
LEONHARD EULER (1707 1783)
AAA
AA AA
(Euler) A
A A A A
AU A A
( ) A A AA
A U
(Laws of the motion of fluids) U
(Hydrodynamics) AA
A
AA
AA (theory of elasticity)
AA AA

AA A

A (The wave theory of Light)
A U (Joseph Louis Lagrange)

Page 258
(Lagrange equation)
AA - (the Euler Lagrange equation)
(Jean Baptiste Fourier) A
(Fourier anvalysis) -
(Euler-Fourier formulas) A A
(acoustic) (electromagnetic) AA A
A (Calculus) A (differential
equation) AU (infinite series) A
AA A
A (Calculus of variations) (complex
numbers)
(pure
mathe matics)
AA
A (applied mathe metics) A

ei= cos + i sin (trigonometric function)
(imaginery numbers) A (negative
numbers)
(Logarithm)
A O (analytical geometry)
AO (differential geometry) O (ordinary geometry)
A
A A A
AA
AA (topology)
A A
AA
U A A (Greek) A

AA
(Switzerland) (Basel)
AA A
A (Basel University)
A (Russia)
(St.
Petersburg)
(Catherine I)
(Academy)
Page 259
(Danie l Bernoulli) A
A
AA

(Prussia) E (Emperor Frederick the Great)
A (Berlin) A (Acade my of Science)
(me ntal
A A
arithmetic)

A
A A A
(Leonhard Euler) A
A A
A A UA (Index) A A
Euler angles (rigid body motion)

Eulers constant (infinite series)
Euler equations (hydrodynamics)
Eulers equations of motion (dynamics of right bodies)
Euler formula (ornplex varialtes)
Euler numbers (infinite series)
Eulers polygonal curves (differential equation)
Eulers theore m in homogenius functions
Eulers transformation
The Bernoulli Euler Law
The Euler-Fourier formula
The Euler-Lagrange equation
The Euler-Maclaurin formula
A A A
A
Page 260
A (Harvey) (Ronitgen) (Gregor

Mandel)
(Euler)
19, August, 2001.
*****
()

( - )
JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU (1712 1778)

(Jean
Jacques
Rousseau)
(Switzerland) (Geneva)
A
A
A A
A A
A A
(Therese
Levasseur)
A
( A Therese )
A
A (Dijon Academy)
A A
A
() (La
Nouvelle
Heloise) ()
(Emil) ()
(Social Contract) () (Confession) ()

A A A
A (Les muses ga lantes)
(Les devindu village)
A A A
A (Denis Diderot) (Jean dAle mbert)
A A A (Voltaire)
A A U
Page 261
A A
AA
A
AA
A
AA
AA A
(Ermenonville)
U A AAA
A A
AA
A AA
A (noble savage)
A
U A
AA A
(John Dryden)
A
U
AA

(Socia l Contract)
(John Locke) A
(Thomas Hobbes) AAA

A
A
A
A
A AA
Page 262

A
A U

AO

U A AA
A AA
(
A A AA
)
AA
A
AA

AA
AA
AA
(
A

AA
(A)
A U
AA
AA
AA
Page 263
A A

AU
AAA A
UAA AA

( ) A
A AA
A AA
25, September, 2001.
*****
()
( - )
NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI (1469 1527)
A
A A A (Italian)
(Niccolo Machiavelli)
A
A A

A A
A A O

A (Florence) A
U A
(Renaissance) (France) (Spain) A
Page 264
(England)
A AA
A
AA (Medici) A
(Lorenzo) A

A
A
A A A
A
A AAU
A A
(San
Casciano)

A AA A

(The
Prince)
(The Discourses upon the first Ten Books of Titus Livius)

(The Art of War) (History of Florence) A
(La Mandragola) (The
Prince)
A
A A
A A A A
A A A
A A
A A A A A
A A A
A A
Page 265
UA A A
A
A
A A

A
A A
AA
AA A A AA
A A A
A A AA
A
A AA
UU

AA A
A

AA
A A A

AA
AA
Page 266
AA A
(Cesare Borgia)
(Benito
Mussolini)
A
A AA A
A
A
O (Plato) O (St.
Augustine)
A A
A A
A
A A
(Machiavelli)
5, October, 2001.
*****
()
( - )
THOMAS MALTAUS (1766 1834)
A A (Thomas Robart
Maltaus)
UA A
A (An Essay on the Principle of Population it Affect the

Future Improve ment of Society) A
A A
A
U O (geometrica l)
A

Page 267
A A
A U
A
AA
AA
AAA
AA
AA AA A U

A
A U
AA
AA
A
A A
AA A (Francis Price - )

A (Dr. Charles Knowlton)

AA A (Malthus
League) A U

(neo Malthusians)
A
()
AA
AA
AA
A (David Ricardo) A
Page 268
A A A
A A U (iron law of wages)
(Karl Marx) A (theory
of surplus value) AA AA
AA
(Charles
Darwin) UU (Essay in the Principle of Population)

A U A (Theory of evolution)
A
A (Surrey) (Dorking)
(Ca mbridge University) (Jesus College)

A (Anglican)
(Senate) A
(Fellow)
A A
()
A (Ha ilevhary) A A (The East India

Company)
A (The Principle of Political Economy)

A A A A
(John Maynard Keynes) A
A A (Bath) A

A
A A
A
A A
A A
A A
Page 269
A U
AU

A A A
A AA
AA
A
6, October, 2001.
*****
()
( - )
JOHN FITZGERALD KENNEDY (1917 -1963)
(Massachusetts)
(Brookline)
(John F itzgerald Kennedy) A

A (Texas) (Da llas)
A A
A A
A A
A
A
(The
Peace
Corps)
(The Alliance of Progress) A (The Bay of Pigs)

A A A A U
A A (John F. Kennedy)
A
U A
A A A A
Page 270
A
A A
A
A (Neil Armstrong) A A (Ederin Aldrin)
A A
A A U
A A O
(Apollo.
11)
A
( U) A

(Wermher Von Braum) A A
(Konstantin
Tsiolkovsky) A (Robart H. Goddard) O (Herman Oberth)

A A (Apollo Project)
A U UA
A A
A A
A A
A
A A
() A
A A
U
A U
(United States Congress) A (Apollo Progra mme)
U A (Eisenhower) A
A A
A
A
A A
Page 271
A A
A NASA (budget)
UU
A A A A UA
()
A A
A A (national holiday) A
(Columbus Day) A A
A A
A
(Apollo
Project)
A A A
A A A (Atlantic)
(Columbus) A (Apollo 11)

U A

A U
23, October, 2001.
*****
()
( - )
GREGORY PINCUS (1903 1967)

U
(Gregory
Pincus)
Page 272
A A AA
(USA) A A A A
A A A A
A A
A A A
A A A
E
(Enovid)

A
U
A A A
(diaphragm) A A
A A
A A A
(A
E (Enovid) A

A
A A A A A
(A
A A
A A
A A )
A A
A A A A

A A (A.W. Makepeace) A
(G.L. Weinstein)
A A
(M.H.Friedman)
(A )
Page 273
(Progesterone)
A (ovum) A A AA

AU (Family Planning)
(Margaret
Sanger)
A A (Metabolism)
(Ma mmals) A A A
(Shrawbary) (Worcester
Foundation) A (Biology)

U (Min-Chuch Chang)
A (ovulation)
A A
AA
(Russell Ma ker)
A
(Dr. John Rock) A A
A (human fema le)
AA
A
A
(Steroids)
A (G.D. Searle)
(norethynodrel) A
Page 274
A
(Searle)
(mestranol)
(G.D. Searle) E (Enovid)

A A E
(Pueto
Rico)
(SanJuan)
A A (Dr. Edris Rice-Wray)

A A
A
(Food
and
Drug
Administration)

A A
(Frank Colton)
A A A
A - (Dr. Celso
RamonGarcia) A (Dr. Rice Wray)
(Margaret
A A
Sanger)
A A A
A
A
U A
(New Jersey) (Wordbine)
(Russian-Jewish parents)
(Cornell) (Harvard)
(Cambridge) A
A (Clark) A A
(Biology) A (Worcester Foundation)
Page 275
(The
Conquest
A
of
Fertility)
A
AA A
(Boston) A A
A A

A A
24, October, 2001.
*****
()
( - )
MANI (216 276)
(Mani)
A (Manichacism) A
U
A A A (Middle East)
A A (Atlantic) A A
(Pacific) A A A
(Mani)
()
A (Zoroaster) (Buddha) (Jesus) (Prophets)

A A A A

A (A )
A
A A A
A A A A
A A A

A A
Page 276
A A A

A A
U
A A
AA
A (Wine)
A )
(Cathari)
AA
(Mesopota mia) A
A (Persian Empire) A (Arsacid) (Parthian)
A
A A A
A A
A A A A
A
A A
A A
(Persia) (Shapur I) UA

A A
A (Persian Empire) A (A
A A (Sassanid Empire)
A )
(Hormizd I) E
A A A A
A A A
A A A A A
A
Page 277
(Bahra m
I)
U

AA
A (Aramaic)
(Semite) A A (Syriac)
A
A
U A

A A U
A
UA
A A
(O
A A
A A
A A
A A A
(Mesopotamia) A (Iran) A A
A
(Central Asia)
(Turkestan) A
(China) A
A A A A (Uighurs)
A A (Mongolia) A
A A A (Taiwan)
(Isla m)
A A A
(Baghdas) A (Abbasid)
A A
(Caliphs)
A A A

A A U A (Paulicias)
A (Byzantine Empire) (Bogomils)
(Balkan) A A A A
U (A Albigensian
(Albi)
A
A
(Cahtari)
Page 278
(Orthodox Christians)
A (Innocent III)
A A AA
(Crusade)
A AA
A A

A A AO A AA

A
AA
(
O )
A A

AA
A
A A A U
A
AA AA A
A A
(Jainism)
A
A
A A
A
AA
A A O A
A
7, November, 2001.
*****
Page 279
()
( - )
LENIN (1870 1924)
(Communism)
(Vladimia
Ilyich
Ulyanor)
(Lenin) (Russia)
AUA A A
(Karl Marx) A
U AAA
(Marx)
AAA U

AA
AO
A
U
A U (Ulyarnorsk) (Simbirsk)
AU
A(Alexandar) (the Czar)

A
A (Czarist Government)
(Siberia)

A
A
A U
A A U
(Russian Socia l De mocratic Party)
A (Bolsheviks)
A A A
A A
A A
A
A A A
A A (Communist Party) A
Page 280
AA A A

A
A A AA
AA A A
(Socialistic economy)
AA
A
(Capitalist socia list economy)
A (The Soviet Union)
A A
A A A
AA
(Moscow)
(Red Square)
(Mausoleum) A
AA
A A
AA
AA A
(Communist Power) A A U
A (Communist Rule) A
A A AA A
A
AA
AA
AA
A A AA
A
U A U
A A
Page 281
(Soviet
Government)
AA
AA
(AA A) A A
AA
AA
A AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
A
A
AA
AA A
AAA
AU A
O
A
AA
A A
(Joseph Stalin)
U U
A A A A A
(Socia lism) UA
A
(Soviet Union) A
A AA A
A A

Page 282
AA U
(Communist
Progra mme)
AU A
A (Gulag Archipelago) A U
A A A A
A
U
(Macedon) (Philip II) A (Alexander the Great)

A A U
A A
A A A
A A
A A A A A

A A
O
A )
A U
(USSR) A
A
A A
A A
A A A
A (Ca mbodia) A (Pol Pot)
A
U A A
A U
A A A A
A A
Page 283
(A)
(Marxist/Leninist)
A A
A
(Peter the Great) U A
O A
10, November, 2001.
*****
()
( - )
SUI WEN TI (541 604)
E (Sui Wen Ti) A (Yang Chien)
A
A A A A
A A A
U U U (Europe)
AA (Middle East) A
A
(Shih Huang Ti)
(Chin)
A A (Han)
AA
A (Romen Empire) UA (Dark Age of Europe)

A U
O A
A A
E
A
A A
EA A E
A A U
Page 284
A
A
(Hwang
Ho
E A
(Grnd
Canal)
(Yangtze)
AA
AAA
A A
AA A A A A A
A AA A
( Han
A A )
A A
A
AA A A
A

AA A

A
AA
A
A
E
A A A

(Tang) A A A
AA
Page 285
AA AA
AA A )
A E U
(Europe) A (Charlemagne) U U
U
AU
A A
O
A U A A A

A A
A
A
A A
(Carolingian Renaissance)
A
A
A A U
A AAA
A U (Sui Wen Ti)
A
*****
()
( - )
VASCO DA GAMA (1460 1524)
(Portuguese) (Vasco da Ga ma) U A (Africa)
A (India)
(Henry - )
A
(Bartolomen Dias)

(Good
Hope)
A
A
Page 286
(Indies)
AA AA
(Portugal) (Sines) (Vasco da
Gama) U
A (Arabic) A A A
A
A (Cape Verde Islands) A A (Dias)
A A (Atlantic
Ocean)
A
(Cape
Hope)
of
Good
(Columbus)
A

(da
Ga ma)
A A
(Kenya) (Musle m) A (Momvasa) (Malindi)
A A
A A (Arabian Sea) A (India)

(Calicut) A A A

(Za morin) A E
A A
(Musle m)
A A
A A
A A A
(Seurvy)
A

A A
Page 287
(Lisbon)
AAA
AA A
A A (Pedro Alvares Cabral)

(Cabral)
(Brazil)

A A
A
A A
A A
A A

A
A A
A A A (Colony)
A A A
A A A
A A A
A A
A
U A A
A A A A
A
A

U A
(Indian
Ocean)
A A
A (India) A (Indonesia)
(Madagascar) A (Africa)
A
(Brazil) A A
Page 288
A
A A
(Musle m)
AA
A
AA A A U
A
A
A
(Ottoman
Venice
Turks)
A
A
A
A U AA (West Asia
A A Middle East) A A A
(Southeast Asia) (A A A )
A U A
U
A A
UU
A A
A A
(European
UOA
Civilization)
UO
(A A
)
A
U U (Christofher
Columbus)
A A O

( A
The New World
A A
) A A A
A
Page 289
AA
UA
AAA A
A
AA
A UA A (A merica)
EA
U A
A A A
O
A (Queen Isabella)
E A A U

A A
A
U
A A UA U
A
A
(Western
Ha misphere)
A
U A
(Far
East)
A
A
A A
A U
A A U
A A
(Henry the
Navigator) A A A A
Page 290
(Bartolomeu
Dias)
( A Francisco Almeida) A A (Alfonso de

Albuquerque) A
A A
A
UA A A
A A A
30, December, 2001.
*****
()
( - )
Cyrus the Great (590 B.C. 529 B.C.)
A (Persia Empire) (Cyrus the Great)
A (Iran) A A
A
A A
(Medes)
(Lydians) (Babylonians) A
A A (Middle East) A (Mediterranean Sea)
A A (India) A
(Kurush) A A (A
Fars ) (Persis) A A
(Persis)
(Medes)
A A A
A A (Greek) A (Oedipus)
UA
A (Astyages)
A A
A A
A A

A (Harodotus)
A
(Cambyses
I)
Page 291
A A

U
A
A
(Asia Minor) (Lydian) A A A
(Croesus)
A A
() A
A A A
A A (A Syr Darya) A
A (Babyloniann
Empire) A A O
(Fertile Crescent) (Nabonidus)
A

A A A
A A
(Syria)
(Palestine)
A A
A
(Caspian Sea) A
(Massagetae)
A A
(Cambyses)
A (Massagetae) A
A (Passargadae)
A (Egypt)
A A A A A A
A
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U A A (Assyria)
U (Judea)
A
A A A
A A E
A A
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A A

A A
(Seleucus
A
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Empire) A A A
A (Arasacid) (new Persian
Dynasty) (Sassanids)
A (Achae menids) A
A
A A
(Sumeria) A U A A
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(Sumeriaus) (Semitic)
A A A A
A
A (A )
U
A (Se mitic People) O
(Fertile Grescant) A A

AU
(Indo-European)
(Macedonians) (Greek) (Parthian)

A (Roman) (Sassanid)
AA
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A A
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AA
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A A
A A AA

30, December, 2007.
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( - )
PETER THE GREAT (1672 1725)
(Russian Czars) (Peter the Great) A (Czar)
AA
(Russia)
AAA
A (Zar Alexis) (Natalia Narshkina)

U (Moscow) A
A (Alexis)
AA A
(Peter)
A A AA A (Sophia)
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A UU
AU
(Europe)
A A (Serf)
AA A
UA
(Renaissance
(Reformation)
A AU (Western Europe)
(Newton)
(Principia)
(Medieval)
AU - A
A
A (Grand
Embassy)
(Pyotr Mikhaylv) (Pseudonym)
Page 295
(Holland) AA (Dutch East India

Company) A (England)
(Royal
Navy)
A (Prussia)

(Parlia ment)
A A (Culture)
(Science) (Industry) A (administrative techniques)

AA A
A
AA
A A AA
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(bourgeoisie)
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AA (Russian Navy) AA
(army) AA
(Uniforms)
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AAU
A A (
A ) (A)
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(Russia Newspaper)
Page 296
AA AA A
(Turkey) A A A (Azov)
(Black Sea) (Turks)
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(Sweden)
A (Danmark) (Saxony)
A A ( Poland
) (Narva) A
A A A
(Poltava)
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Sea)
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Leningrad A )

A U
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A A
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A A
A A
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Page 297

A (Eudoxia) A
A A
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A (Alexis)
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)
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A A A
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A A A
Page 298
AA U
(Sultan)
A A AA (Soviet Central Asia) A

(A Mosle ms
)

A A
A
A A
A (Queen Elizabeth I)
A
A A A
A A A
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31, December, 2001.
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( - )
MAO ZEDONG (1893 1976)
(Mao
Zedong)
A A
A A A
A A A

A A
A
EA A
A

Page 299
AA
AA
AAA
AA

A
AA
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AA
A AA
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(Deng Xiaoping)
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Page 300
AA
A A A
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A U
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Page 301
A A
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A A

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20, January, 2002.
*****
()
( - )
FRANCIS BACON (1561 1626)
A A
U
Page 302
A U
A A AA
A A U
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A A A
A O AA
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Page 303
A A
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Page 304
( )
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U AAA
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AA
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AA
AA
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Page 305
AA
AA
AUA A
A A
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A A
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(Napier)
(Logarithms)
(Kepler) AA
A ()
A A
AA (Corpernicus)
A
A

A
A
Page 306
A A
A A
AA
AA U
A O
A A A
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A (Diderot) (dAle mbert)
A A
A
A A A A
*****
()
( - )
HENRY FORD (1863 1947)
A A U (Henry Ford)
A
A A A A
A
A
A
(Michigan)
(Deerborn)
A A
(Detroif)
A A (Karl
Benz)
(Gottliev
Daimler)
(
)
A A A
Page 307
AA
A A A
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AA A A
A A
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AAA A
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A AA A
Page 308
A (Eliwhitney)
A AA
AA
(Frederick Winslow Taylor)

AA
AUA
AO
A (Model T)
A A

A
A A
A A AO AA
A (A A )
A
A A
A A (middle class)
A A A A
AA
AA
A
A A
A
A
(Anti Se mit ic propaganda) A
A A
Page 309
A A
A A A

*****
()
( - )
MANCIUS (371 B.C. 289 B.C.)
A A

(Confucius) A
(Mancius) A A (Shantung)
(Tsou)
A A
A A A A A
A UA A

U U
Mencius A
A A
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A A
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Page 310
(Confucius)
AA
OA
AA
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A A A
AA AA
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( John Locke ) AA A
A A
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A
A
(Lao
Tzu)
(Tao
Te
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Page 311
A U
A (Libera ls)
(Conservatives)

AA AA
U
A A
(A A)
(Machiavelli)
AO
A A A (St. Paul)
A A AA O
AA
AA
U
O
*****
()
A
( )
ZOROASTER (c.628 b.c c.551 b.c)

A Iranian prophet A Zoroaster
(Zoroastrianism)
A A A A (Gathas)

A (A A A ) A
A A A A
A A

Page 312
A A (Vishtaspa) A
A (Iran) A A A
AA UA A
A

A U (Zoroastrian theorogy)
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A AA
AA
A (Ahura Mazda) O (Ormuzd)

A () A
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( A Ahriman)
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A A
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(Zoroastrianism)
A A
U (Cyrus the Great)
A A (Persian)

A
(Alexander
A
A
the
A A
Great)
(Persian
Empire)
A (Hellenistic) O A A
( - (Sassanid dynasty)
A A A
Page 313
A (Arab) A
(Isla m)
(Musle ms)
A A
A (Zoroastrians) A (Persian Gtulf)
(Hormuz)
A (India)
(Hindus) A A
(Parsees) U A
A (Bombay)
A A
A
A A A A A

(Mormons) (Christian Scientists)
(Mormonism)
A A
(Joseph
Smith)
A (Mary Baker Eddy)

A A A A (Judaism) A
(Christianity) A O A A A
A (Manichae ism) A
A A
A
A A
A
A A A
A A A
A A A A
A A A
A U
*****
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()
A ( - )
QUEEN ELIZABTH I (1533 1603)
A
A A
A A
A A A A A A
O A
A A
A
A (Greenwich) A
A
(Reformation)
A (Anne Boleyn) A
A A
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A A A A A A
A A
A A (Queen Mary I)
(Pope)
A A
A A A (
)
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A
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A A A A A
Page 315
A A A
A
(Puritan) A

AAU
AAA
A A U A
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(Gregory) A A
AAA
AA
A
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A A
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(Nethaland)

(Dutch) A
Page 316
A A
A
A A A A
(Philip
II)
(Spanish
Armada)
A A
A
A
A A U A A
A A A
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A A
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A (-) A
(Edward de
Vere)
A A
(Willia m
Shakespere) A A
A A

A A
A (Martinfrobisher) (John Davis)
A
(Sir Francis Drake) (-)

A A (California)
(Sir Walter Raleigh)

Page 317
A AA A
AA
A (A A
(Mary)
A AA
A
A A A
A (A)
(Charles I)

A A
A A
AA
()
(Lord Durghley, Willia m Cecil) A
A
A A A
A A A A
( - U
AAA
) A
A A
AA
AA A A
A A A A

A

A A
Page 318
A A A
AAU
(Palia ment) OA O
A A
U A (De mocracy)
A A (Empire)
AA
A AA
(Britain) A
A A A
AA
A
AA
AAA A (Atlantic)
( ) A A
A A A
A
A A A
(A ) A A
A
A U
(Holland)
A A
A A
A A
(Peter the Great) U

A
A A A
Page 319
*****
()
( - ......)
MIKHALL GORBACHEV (1931 - ......)
AA AA AA
A
AA
AA A
AO
A
AO

(Starropol) (Privolnoe)
A

A A (Joseph Stalin)
AA A (Andrei) AU
AU
A A
A A A

A
AA
(Komsomol)
(Moscow
State
University)
U UA (
) A A
(Raisa Maximovna Titorenko)
A (Irina) A
U
A A
(Stovropol)
Page 320
A A A AA
A) U ( Politburo) A (Candidate me mber)

A A
A (-) A A (Soviet Union)
(Leonid
Brezhnev)
(-)
(Chernenko) (-) A A A
()
A (Secretary General)
(Viktor Grishin) A
(
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A (
A A )
AA

AA
AA
A
A (Ronald Reagan) (Summit
Meeting)
(Geneva) (Reykjavik)
(Washington) (Moscow)

(Neuclear)
(Missiles) A
(Afghanistan)
Page 321
(Brezhnev) A
A A A
(Stingar)
A A A
A A A (Andropov)
(Chernanko) A
(
)
A
A A A
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A
(Marx) (Lenin) A A
A A A
A A A
A A A

(Stalin) A
A A A
(Policy)
A A
(USSR)
A A A
A Parlia ment A
A
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A A
Page 322
A A
AA

A A
AO

AU
(USSR)

(Bulgaria)
(Rumania) (Poland) (Hungary) (Czecholovakea)

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(East
Germany)
AA
A
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AA A AU
AA
AA

A A (Berlin Wall)
A A AA

A A
AAA
AU
A
AAA
A A
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Page 323
A A
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AA AA A
(East Berlin) AA
()
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AA A A
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(Berlin Wall) A A

AA A A
AA
AA
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AU
AA Bastille AU

A
A
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(Todor Zhivkov) AA

(Prague)
(Gustav Husa k)
Page 324
AA
(Jaclav Havel)
AA A AA
AA
AA AA
AA A
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A AA
A A (Egon Krenz) AA AA

(Krenz)
A A
AA AO
(Romania) A A
(Nicolae Ceausescu)
A (Timisoara)
A

AU
AA
()
()
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A
A (Marxism) ()
A AA

AA
A AA
AA
(Old Russian Empire)
A (Czar) A
Page 325
AA
)
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(Glassnost)
(Estonia)
(Latvia)
(Moldavia)
(Lithuania)
(Secession)
AA
UA A
AA
A

AA
AA A
AA (
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AAA
Page 326
A AA

() AA
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(Boris Ye ltsin) A
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Page 327
A A
A A
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A (Cold War) A (Ronald
Reagan) A AAA
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(Cold
War)
A A
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A A AA A
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(A)
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OA
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A A A A
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A AAA
A
A AA
AA
Page 328
( )

( A )
A (Arthur Koestler) (Whitaker
Chambars) A A A
(Andrei
Sakharov)
A (Alexander Solzhenitzen)
A A A
(Harry
True man)
A A
A
A A A
A A
(Lenin) A
A
A A
A A
*****
()
( A )
MENES (fl:c. 3100 B.C.)
(Menes) A (First Egyptian Dynasty) A
(Egypt)
A A
A (Egyptian Kingdom) A
U
Page 329
(Manes) AA
AA
A A
A A (Nile Delta)
(Nile Valley) A A A

A (Lower Egypt) AA
(Upper Egypt) AA A A
A A A A
A A
( Narmer ) A (Thinis)
AA
(Me mphis) A
A A (Cairo)
A A
A

A (Egypt Culture)
(Sumer) AA A A (Iran) A
A
AA
A
A
AAAA
(Hieroglyphic
writing)
A AAA
A A (Sumeria) A
Page 330
AA
A AA A AA
A A A
(Pharaohs)
AA
AA
A A A
A A
*****
()
( - )
CHARLEMAGNE (742 814)
(Charles the Great) (Franks)
(Charle magne)
(Saxony) A (Holy Roman Empire)

U
A A (Archan) A
(Pepin the Short) A
(Tours)
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(Charles Mantel) (Pepin) A A
A (Merovingian) A
A (Carolingian)
A (Frankish Kingdom)

(Carloman)
A U
A A A U A A
A (Frankish State) (France)
(Belgium) (Switzaland) A (Holland) (Germany)
A A A A

(Lombard) (Desiderata)
Page 331
A A

AA
(Saxsony)
AA
A
(Saxon)
A
A
(Baptism)
AA
AA
AA
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A (Avars) A A (Hum)
A (Hungary) (Yugoslavia)
(Bavaria) A
A
(Croatia)
A (Spanish March) O (
A U
A A
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A
(Popecy)
A (Pope)
A ()
Page 332
AAA
(Christmas Day) (Rome) A (Leo)

(Pope) E
AA
AA
(Augustus Caesar) A
E A
A A A
A A
A A A
A A A A A
A A O A A
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(Teutonic)
Germanic)
(Dialeat)
(Latin)
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A A A
A (Aachan)

A U
(Louis the Pious) A
( ) (Verdun)
A A A A A A
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A U A
Page 333
A AA
A A
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A A A
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A A (Alps) A

A A A

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A
(Scandinavia)
A A
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A (Vikings) (Norse man) A
(Magyar)
U A U
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UU U
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Page 334

(Shi Huang Ti) (Genghis Khan)
A
(Asoka)
(Sui Wen Ti) U

E
A U
A
U
(Le mbard)
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(Saxony) A A A
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A A
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( A
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A A
A
UU
(Julius
Caesar)
(Gaul)
A A A

*****
()
( )
HOMER (FL. 8th c.B.C)
A (Homer)
I (the Iliad) O (the
Page 335
Odyssey)
AA
I O
AA
A A
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A A ()
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( )
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(Greek) A A
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A A
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AA
AAA
AA (Ionia) A (Aegean Sea) A

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Page 336
A
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AA
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(Bartlett)
(Benja min Franklin) A (O mar

Khayyem) AA (Penny)
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AA
AA
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A I
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(Sophocles) (Euripides) A (Aristotle)
A A
Page 337
A AA
(Virgil)
A A (the Aeneid) I O
(Sophocles)
(Virgil)
O
A
A A
(Tolstoy) O
A A
O
A A
*****
()

( - )
JUSTINIAN I (483 565)
E (the Emperor Justinian) A
U (Roman Law)
A
(the
Code
of
Justinian)
A U
A A U
(Yugoslavia) (Tauresium)
(Thracian)
A A (Eastern Roman Empire)

A
(Justin
I)
UA A A A
A (Justin)
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A A A
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Page 338
AA (The Western Roman

Empire) A
(Constantinople)
AA
A
A AA A
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A A
U A A
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(Code
of
Imperia l
Law)
AU
AA
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A A
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A (Pandects)

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U A (The Institutes)
U A A
(The
Novellae)

A A
(The Corpus Juris Civilis)
U (Tribonian) A A
AAA
AA
(The
Hagia
AA
Sophia)
AA
AAA
A A AAA
Page 339
A (The
Nika riots) E

E A A
A AA
AA (Theodora) A
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Civilis)
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A
UA
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A U AAO
(The Justinian Code) AA

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U (Contract)
Page 340
AA
UU
(Church)
A
AA

*****
()
( - )
MAHAVIRA (599 527 B.C.)
()
A A
A ()
A A
A A A

A A
A A A
A A A

( ) A
A A
A
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Page 341
AA
A-AA
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A A
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A
AA
AA
A A
UA

AA AA
AA AA AAA
A U (1867-1900)
A
AA
AA O
AA
AA
29, October, 2002.
*****
Page 342

( - )
PABLO PICASSO (1881 1973)
AU
A A

A A A
A A
A
AA A A
( ) A
A
A
(Cubism)
AO

A A A AA A

AA
AA
A
AA
(Pablo RuiZ Picasso)
A
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(Paris)
A
A A

AA A
Page 343
A (Mougins)

AA
(Ballet)
() A A
A
A
(Guernica)
()
AA
AA

A A A

A
A
AA
U AA
OAA A U
A
*****
A ( - )
ANTOINE HENRI BECQUEREL (1852 1908)
A (Antoine Henri Becquerel)

A
A
Page 344
A
A (Wilhe lm Rontgen) (X-ray)
(Cathode-ray tube) A (X-Ray)
X-Ray
(Potassium) (Uranium) (Sulphate)

A A
A AA
A

A
(X-Ray) A A
A A
AA A
AA A

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AO

(X-Ray)
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AO
A (Mari Curie)
(Thorium)
(Pierre) A (Polonium)
(Radium)
( radio activity )
Page 345
A (Ernest Ruther Ford) (Frederick Soddy)
AA
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(Alpha rays) (Beta rays) (Ga mma rays)
A A
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A OA
A A A
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(Le Croisic)
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Hiroshima
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A A
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Page 346
(A A Enrico
Fermi
A
A
*****
( - )
NIELS BOHR (1885 1962)
A (Nie ls Henrik David Bohr)
(Copenhagen)
A A A
(Cambridge) (J.J Thompson) A (Electron)

A (Ernest Rutherford) A
A (Atomic Nucleus) A A
A A A A A
A A A A A
(Atomic Structure) A A A

A A A A
A A A A
A A A

A (A Einstein
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A A A
A
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A A A A A
A A
A A
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Page 347
(Institute ForTheoretical Physics)

AA
AA
A
A AA A
A A A
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(Warner
Heisenberg)
A AA
A UA A
AA
(Denmark)
A (Sweden) A
A A A A A

UU
AA A

A A A AA
AA
A A
Page 348
A A
*****

A
AA
A
AA A
A - A
-
A
Abraham
Aesop
Howard H.Aiken
Susan B. Anthony
St. Thomas Aquinas
Archimedes
Aristarchus of Samos
Richard Arkwright
Neil Armstrong
Charles Babbage
Antoine Henri Becquerel
Jeremy Bentha m
Otto von Bismark
Niels Bohr
Louis de Broglie
Nicolas Sadi Carnot
Cheops (Khufu)
Winston Churchill
Karl von Clausewitz
Rudolf Clausius
Page 349
Marie Curie
Gottlieb Da imler
AA
Dante Alighieri
King David
Democritus
Mary Baker Eddy
Rober C.W Ettinger
George Fox
Benja min Franklin
Frederick the Great
Betty Friedan
Galen
Mohandas K. Gandhi
Karl Friedrich Gauss
Hammurabi
George Wilhe im Friedrich Hegel
(A )
Henry VIII
Henry the Navigator
Theodor Herzl
Hippocrates
Thomas Hobbes
James Hutton
Ikhnaton
I
saiah
A A
Joan of Arc
I
mmanuel Kant
Kema l Ataturk
John Maynard Keynes
Har Gobind Khorana
Martin Luther King, jr
Alfred C. Kinsey
Gustav Pobert Kirchhoff
Kubla i Khan
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
Etienne Renoir
da Vinci
Abraham Lincoln
Liu pan (Han Kao Tsu)
Page 350
Louis XVI
James Madison
Ferdinand Magellan
The Virgin Mary
Meijo Tenno(Emperor Mustsuhito)
Dmitri Mende leev
Montesquieu
Maria Montessori
Samue l Morse
Mozart
Muawiya I
Gerard K. ONeill
Blaise Pasca l
Ivan Pavlov
Pablo Picasso
Marco Polo
Ptolemy (C laudius Ptole maeus)
Pythagoras
Ronald Reagan
Rembrandt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Sankara
Erwin Schrodinger
Wilhayn B. Shockley
Joseph Smith
Socrates
Sophocles
Sun Yat-sen
Willia m Henry Fox Talbot
Tamurlane
Edward Teller
Henry David Thoreau
Charles H. Townes
Harry S. Truman
Alessandro Volta
Selman A. Waksman
James D. Watson & Francis Crick
Robert A. Watson Watt
Page 351
Mary Wollstonecraft
Frank Lloyd Wright
Boris Yeltsin
Vladimir Zworykin
*****
A
( - )
ST. THOMAS AQUINAS (c. 1225 1274)
A A A
A A
A A A
A
A A A
A A
A
A
A A
A A
A
A
*****
A
( )
ARCHIMEDES (287 B.C 212 B.C)
A A
(Lever) A
A
A A
Page 352
AA
A
A
AA A

A A A A
A A
A
AA
AA
*****
( - )
CHARLES BABBAGE (1792 1871)
A A

A A A

A A
A
A (Howard H. Aiken)
IBM A A A
A U A A
A A (ENIAC) A
A A
A
A A
A
A A
A ENIAC
A A A A
Page 353

A (Binary)

A A A
A A A
A A
*****

( )
CHEOPS (fl. 26th c. B.C)
A ( )
AA
A A A
AAA
A A
A AA A

()
AAA
AO

AA
()
A AA
()
A AAU
A A AA

A
AAA

AA
A
A
AA
Page 354
A AAAA AA
AA A

A A A
AAA A
A A
A U
A
A AA
A
( A A U
) A A
U
*****
( - )
MARIE CURIE (1867 1934)

A A UA
A O

(A )
A A U A
A A
A
A A
A
(Antoine
Henri
Becquerel)
(Pierre) A A
(Radium)
A A (Polonium)
(Poland)
Page 355
A AO
AA
A
A A
(Noble) A
A AOA
A (Irene) A A
(Jean Frederic Joliot) A
(Artificial)

A (Eve)
(Leuke mia)
*****
( - )
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1706 1790)

A
AO

(Leonardo
da
A A
Vinci)

A (Philade lphia)
A
A
A A
A A A A A
Page 356
A A A A
AA
(poor Richardd Almanae) O

A
A A
UA A
A )
A A A
A A
A A
U
A A A
A
A A

A ( ) A
( ) A (
) A
A
A A A O
A

A A A A
A O
A A A A A
A A
A A A A
A U
()
*****
Page 357
( - )
MOHANDAS GANDHI (1869 1948)
AA A U
AA A

U
A
A A
A A
AA AA
A
AA
AA
AA
( ) (Thoreau)
(Tolstoy) (The
New Testa ment) A

AA
A AA
(Portugal) A (Goa) - A
A
AA
AA
AA
A A
AA
(Pakistan)
A
AA
Page 358
AA A
A (Jesus) AA
A A (Nazareth)
(Jesus)
() A (Confucius) O
AA
*****
A
( - )
ABRAHAM LINCOLN (1809 1865)
A

A
A
A
A A A
A
A A

A A
A
U
A A
A A A A

A A
A

(

A A
Page 359
AAA
AA
(A)
*****
( )
FERDINAND MAGELLAN (C 1480 1521)
(Portugal)
A A

A U
A
A A
A A A
A
A A A
*****
Page 360
( - )
LEONARDO DA VINC I (1452 1519)
A A
AA
AA

O A
A U
AA
A
U

A U A (Thomas Edison)
(James
Watt) (Wright
brothers)
A
A
AA
AU
A A
A
AA
(Re mbrandt)
(Raphael) (Van Gogh) A (El Greco)

(Picasso)
A (Michael Angelo) O
AA
Page 361
A
AA (Mona Lisa)
A A
AAA
A
A
*****
()
A
A A U ( -
(AU
)U
AO
A )
()
A
A
A A A
A
A)
A A
A A
A
Page 362
U () A
AA

A A ()
AA
U AA
A A ()
A
A AO
A A U
A
AA
(A
)
AA
AA

A
A A
A
AA A
A AA
*****
()
A

AA
Page 363
AA
A A
*****
()
A
A
AA
Page 364
*****
()
A

AA
*****
Page 365

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