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Gio trnh: in t c bn H Nng Lm

GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng


Chng 7
Khuch i thut ton v ng dng ca chng

Ngy nay IC analog s dng rng ri trong k thut in t. Khi s dng
chng cn u thm cc in tr, t in, in cm ty theo tng loi v chc nng
ca chng. S u cng nh tr s ca cc linh kin ngoi c cho trong cc s
tay IC analog. Cc IC analog c ch to ch yu di dng khuch i thut ton -
nh mt mch khuch i l tng - thc hin nhiu chc nng trong cc my in t
mt cch gn - nh - hiu sut cao. chng ny ta xt cc khuch i thut ton v
mt s ng dng ca chng.

7.1. Khuch i vi sai
Khuch i vi sai l khuch i m tn hiu ra khng t l vi tr tuyt i
ca tn hiu vo m t l vi hiu ca tn hiu vo. Khuch i vi sai c s dng
khuch i tn hiu c tn s gii hn di nh ( ti vi Hz) , gi l tn hiu bin thin
chm hay tn hiu mt chiu. Ta c th coi di thng ca n l 0 f
C
. Nu s dng
khuch i RC khuch i loi tn hiu ny th cc t ni tng phi c tr s rt ln
nn bt tin. Khuch i vi sai thch hp cho loi tn hiu ny,ngoi ra ncn c nhiu
tnh cht qu bu m ta s ni ti sau ny. Khuch i vi sai l c s xy dng
khuch i thut ton nn ta xt l thuyt loi khuch i ny.

7.1.1. S nguyn l ca khuch i vi sai.
Xt s nguyn l ca khuch i vi sai trn hnh 7.1. y l mt cu cn
bng song song: hai nhnh ca cu l R
C1
v R
C2
, hai nhnh kia l hai transistor T
1
v
T
2
. Nu R
C1
= R
C2
v hai transistor c tham s ht nhau th cu cn bng.Mch c hai
u vo V
1
v V
2
, tn hiu ra U
ra
ly gia hai colecto ca T
1
v T
2
. Nu a vo hai
u vo hai tn hiu ging ht nhau c v bin v pha th tn hiu gi l ng
pha, cn bin nh nhau nhng ngc pha th gi l tn hiu ngc pha hay tn hiu
hiu.Xt phn ng ca mch i vi tn hiu vo ng pha v ngc pha.
V
V
R R
R
R
R
R
R
1
2
1'
2' E
C
C'
CC E
+
_
U
Ra
1
2

Hnh 7.1: Khuch i vi sai trn transistor lng cc
Nu coi mch hnh 7.1 hon ton i xng ( R
1
= R
1
, R
2
= R
2
, R
C1
= R
C2
, T
1
v T
2
ging ht nhau) th tn hiu vo ng pha s gy nn phn ng ht nhau c v tr
tuyt i v du ca cc dng emitter v colect ca T
1
v T
2
. Nh vy in p hai
colect s bin thin nh nhau v in p ra s bng khng, ging nh trng thi
tnh. Ni cch khc l mch ra ca khuch i vi sai l tng khng phn ng vi tn
Gio trnh: in t c bn H Nng Lm
GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng
hiu vo ng pha. Trong khi gia s ca dng emitter ca T
1
, T
2
s to nn trn R
E

mt in p hi tip m lm gim lng bin thin ca colect so vi trng hp R
E
=
0.
Khi tn hiu vo l ngc pha t vo hai base th cc dng bin thin nh
nhau v tr tuyt i nhng ngc chiu ( ngc du), tc l in p U
ra
s xut hin.
Lc ny in p hi tip m trn R
E
khng xut hin v dng emitter ca mt transistor
tng bao nhiu th dng emitter ca transistor kia gim i by nhiu. Nh vy khuch
i vi sai phn ng vi tn hiu vo ngc pha.
V khuch i vi sai l tng phn ng vi tn hiu vo ngc pha, khng
phn ng vi tn hiu vo ng pha nn tt c nhng bin thin do nhit , lo ho
linh kin, tp m, nhiu... c th coi l cc tc ng vo ng pha. Tc l khuch i
vi sai s lm vic n nh, t b nhiu tc ng.
Trn va phn tch tc dng ca R
E
ta thy R
E
cng ln th hi tip m s cng
ln, cng c tc dng nn cc tn hiu vo ng pha k sinh. Tuy nhin nu R
E
chn
ln th ngun E
CC
phi chn ln. Cn chn mt phn t c tr s in tr ln i vi
cc bin nhanh ( in tr xoay chiu ln), tr s in tr nh i vi cc bin thin
chm ( in tr mt chiu nh) thay vo in tr R
E
. Phn t nh vy chnh l
transistor T
3
trong s hnh 7.2a.

0
4
8
4 8
I
C
(mA)
U
CE
(V)
I
B
=20A
I
B
=80A
I
B
=60A
I
B
=40A
U
CE0
U
CE1
I
C0
C
I
CE
U

a) b)
Hnh 7.2: a) Mch khuch i vi sai c ngun dng
b) c tuyn ra ca transistor

c tnh ra ca transistor trnh by trn hnh 7.2b. T hnh ny ta thy in
tr mt chiu R
U
I
CEo
Co
= nh hn nhiu so vi in tr xoay chiu R
U
I
CE
C
~
=

.
Transistor T
3
c mc vo mch emitter nh hnh 7.2a lm tng thm kh nng
ng dng ca khuch i vi sai .
Khuch i vi sai c th c hai ngun c lp E
CC
v E
02
nh hnh 7.2a
hoc mt ngun chung. Cc in tr R
3
, R
4
, R
5
c chc nng nh trong cc mch
Gio trnh: in t c bn H Nng Lm
GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng
khuch i xt. Diode D mc thun vo phn p base ca T
3
nhm tng kh nng n
nh nhit, s ni n cc phn sau.
Xt cch a tn hiu vo v ly tn hiu ra mch hnh 7.2a. Tn hiu vo
c th a vo cc u vo k hiu V
1
, V
2
, V
3
v V
4
theo cc phng n sau:
- Tn hiu vo c th a vo hai cc V
1
v V
2
. Lc ny hai cc ca
ngun tn hiu hoc l phi cch in vi "mt", hoc l phi c cc tnh i xng qua
"mt". Cch a tn hiu vo nh vy gi l a vo i xng,cc u vo ny ca
khuch i vi sai gi l u vo i xng.
- Tn hiu vo c th a vo V
1
( hoc V
2
), lc V
2
( hoc V
1
) phi u
qua mt in tr nh hoc u trc tip xung mt. Khuch i vi sai trong trng
hp ny gi l c u vo khng i xng vi tn hiu vo khng i xng.
- Tn hiu vo c th a vo cc V
3

hoc V
4
v im "mt". Nu ngun
tn hiu c hai cc cch ly vi "mt" th c th a vo hai im V
3
v V
4
.
-Tn hiu ra ly hai im r
a1
v r
a2
- ly ra i xng hoc ly ra gia r
a1
hoc
r
a2
so vi "mt". Nu tn hiu vo a vo V
1
khng i xng th tn hiu ra r
a1
quay
pha 180
0
, lc ny r
a1
gi l u ra o, r
a2
gi l u ra khng o.


7.1.2. c tnh truyn t ca khuch i vi sai
Nu tn hiu vo i xng a vo V
1
v V
2
k hiu l U
h
th c tnh truyn
t s l s ph thuc ca cc dng colect vo tn hiu ny.
Nu u vo V
3
v V
4
khng a tn hiu no vo th T
3
c th coi l mt
ngun dng I
0
c ni tr R
0
ti im cng tc. in tr ny thc t c tr s kh ln so
vi cc in tr trong mch nn c th coi ngun dng I
O
l l tng. Ta tm c tnh
truyn t I
C
= f(U
h
).
Dng colect trong transistorr ch khuch i c biu thc:

BE
T
E E 0
U
U
I I e



=
(7.1)
Trong I
E 0
l dng emitter khi U
BE
= 0 v mt ghp colect phn cc
ngc. U
T
- in p nhit ( 0,25mV), lc ny:

BE1 BE2 BE1
T T
0 E01 E02 E01
U U U
U U
I I I I e 1 e




= + =






+ (7.2)
in p vo U
h
= U
V1
- U
V2
= U
BE1
- U
BE2
v I
C
I
E
nn

( )
0
C1
h T
I
I
U U
1 e
/
=

+
(7.3)

0
C2
h
T
I
I
U
U
1 e
=



+
(7.4)
Gio trnh: in t c bn H Nng Lm
GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng
C 0
I / I
C T
U / U

Hnh 7.3: c tuyn truyn t ca KVS


tin c th quy chun I
C
theo I
O
v U
h
theo U
T
th th (7.3) v (7.4) c dng
nh hnh 7.3
C th xc nh h dn ( dc) ca c tuyn truyn t hnh 7.3

h
T
h
T
U
U
C1 0
1
U
h
U
T
dI I e
S
dU
U 1 e

= =


+


(7.5)
V I
C1
+ I
C2
I
O
= const m theo (7.3) v (7.4) th dI
C1
= - dI
C2
nn

C2
2 1
h
dI
S S
dU
= = (7.6)
C th d dng xc nh S
1 (2)
t max ti U
h
/U
T
= 0 v:

0
T
I
S
1(2) max
4U
= (7.7)

7.1.3. Phn tch ph ca tn hiu ra trong khuch i vi sai .
Vi c tnh truyn t khng phi l ng thng nh hnh 7.3 th r rng
khuch i vi sai s gy mo phi tuyn, c bit khi U
h
> U
T
. Ta xc nh cc thnh
phn hi ca dng colect khi tn hiu vo l dng hnh sin
U
V
(t) = U
0
+ U
m
cost (7.8)
Trong U
0
- in p nh thin ( base)
Thay (7.8) vo (7.3) v (7.4) ta c:

0 m
T
o
c1
U U cos t
U
I
i (t)
1 e
+

=
+
(7.9)

0 m
T
o
c2
U U cos t
U
I
i (t)
1 e
+

=
+
(7.10)
Cc hm (10.9) v (10.10) l hm chn nn phn tch thnh chui Furrier
s c:

o
C1 0 n
n 1
a
i (t) I a cos n t
2

=

= +

(7.11)

o
C2 0 n
n 1
b
i (t) I b cos n t
2

=

= +

(7.12)
Gio trnh: in t c bn H Nng Lm
GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng

0 m
T
2

n
U U cost
0
U
cos nt
a dt

1 e
+



=
+

(7.13)

0 m
T
2

n
U U cost
0
U
cos nt
b dt

1 e
+


=
+

(7.14)
T (7.13) v (7.14) c th thy a
n
+ b
n
= 2.

n
n sin
nn n = 0 th a
0
+ b
0
= 2,
n 0 th a
0
+ b
0
= 0 nn a
n
= b
n
. Nh vy vi n 0 th cc thnh phn hi dng
colect ca T
1
v T
2
trong khuch i vi sai hnh 7.2a c tr s nh nhau v pha ngc
pha nhau .
U
ra
U
vo
0
Tn hiu vo
v(t)
t
U
vo
U
ra
t
v(t)
0
0
Tn hiu ra

Hnh 7.4: Ch hn bin ca khuch i vi sai

Cn ch mt c im ca khuch i vi sai l nu U
0
= 0 th trong cc dng I
C1

v I
C2
s khng c cc hi bc chn. Mt khc nu thay i cc tnh ca U
0
th pha ca
cc hi chn s bin i mt lng l 180
0

, cn pha cc hi bc l vn gi nguyn.
Cc kt lun trn rt ra t vic phn tch cc biu thc (7.11 7.14). Thc t khi U
h
=
(5 6)U
T
th cc dng i
C
c dng nh hnh 7.4, tc l tng khuch i vi sai lm vic
nh mt mch khuch i - hn bin.
tng tuyn tnh ca khuch i vi sai , tc l m rng di thng ca n ngi ta
thng gy hi tip m bng cch mc vo mch emitter ca T
1
, T
2
cc in tr r
E1
v
r
E2
nh hnh 7.2a.

7.1.4. Ngun dng trong khuch i vi sai .
Nh ni trn T
3
trong khuch i vi sai hnh 7.2a ng vai tr ca ngun dng.
C th phn tch mch hnh 7.2a xc nh tr s ca ngun dng I
0
( dng
colect ca T
3
) nh sau:
Gio trnh: in t c bn H Nng Lm
GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng

) R R ](
R R
R R
r )( ( r R [
R ) U U ( ) U E ( R
I
B E
BE BE
4 3
4 3
4 3
3 3 3 5
3 3 0 3 02 4
3 0
+
+
+ 1 + +
+
= (7.15a)
Trong
3
- h s truyn t dng emitter ca T
3
, U
BE3
- in p emitter -
base ca T
3
, U
D
- st p thun trn it ,r
E3
- in tr phn b min emitter T
1
, r
E3
-
in tr khi base T
3
. Thc t th R
5
chn kh ln so vi cc thnh phn trong du
mc ca (7.15) v U
D
chn xp x bng U
BE3
b nhit c hiu qu cao nn:
I
0

) R R ( R
) U E ( R .
BE
4 3 5
3 02 4 3
+

(7.15b)
T (7.15b) ta thy ngun dng I
0
s n nh khi ngun E
02
n nh, ngun E
01

khng nh hng n ngun dng I
0
.

7.1.5. Tnh khuch i ca khuch i vi sai .
Xt c tnh khuch i ca khuch i vi sai vi mt s phng n a tn
hiu vo v ly tn hiu ra nh sau:
a. Vo i xng - Ra khng i xng:

h
ra
v v
ra
h
ra
v v
ra
U
U
U U
U
K ;
U
U
U U
U
K
2
2 1
2
2
1
2 1
1
1
=

= =

=
Trong U
ra1
v U
ra2
in p ly colect ca T1 v T2 so vi "mt". C th
thy ngay rng
K
1
= + S
1
R
'
t (7.16a)
K
2
= - S
2
R''t (7.16b)
S
1
, S
2
- h dn ca c tnh truyn t ti im cng tc , R't, R''t - in
tr ti tng qut ca T
1
v T
2
:
R't = ;
R R
R . R
v c
v c
1
1
+
R''t = ;
R R
R . R
v c
v c
2
2
+

R
v1
, R
v2
- in tr u vo ca cc tng tip theo mc vo mch colect
ca T
1
v T
2
( khng c trong hnh (7.2a)).
Trng hp khng ti hoc R
v1
>>R
C
, R
v2
>>R
C
th R't = R''t Rc v mch i
xng hon ton S
1
= - S
2
th K
1
= - K
2
. Du tr ni ln in p ra hai colect ca T1
v T2 l ngc pha nhau.
b - Vo i xng - ra i xng .
t R S
U
U U
U U
U U
K
h
ra ra
v v
ra ra
1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 =

= (7.17)

Rt , R
Rt , . R
t R
c
c
5 0 +
5 0
=

, Rt in tr ti mc gia hai colect ca T


1
vT
2
Khi Rt = th K = 2K
1
= - 2K
2
.
c - Vo khng i xng - ra khng i xng.
Xt trng hp tn hiu a vo V
1
, u V
2
ni vi R
b
~ =
2 1
2 1
+ R R
R R
xung
mt, tn hiu ra ly Ra1 l colect ca T
1
.Vi gi thit l R
t
= R
V1
= th
K
11
=
U
U
ra
v
1
1
= - S
11
R
C
(7.18)
Gio trnh: in t c bn H Nng Lm
GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng
vi S
11
=
~ Rb ) ( I U
I
dU
dI
T BE
c
1 + 4

=
0
0
1
1

V |S
11
| < | S
1
| nn |K
11
| < | K
1
| . Khi R
b
~ 0 th |S
11
| | S
1
| v |K
11
| | K
1
|
Trng hp ny ng vi mc ba z ca T
2
qua mt t tr s ln xung
mt ,sao cho tn s bin di
t
th:

C t
1
<< R
b~

Trong khuch i vi sai ngi ta cn a ra h s khuch i ng pha K
Cm
.
Tn hiu no ng pha l trung bnh cng i s ca hai tn hiu vo :
U
Cm
=
2
+
2 1 v v
U U

Khi U
V1
= U
V2
, tc l U
h
= 0 th c ch khuch i tn hiu ng pha . H
s khuch i tn hiu ng pha c nh ngha l

cm
ra
cm
U
U
K
1
= hoc =
cm
ra
U
U
2
(7.19)
Nu R
E
cng ln th Kcm cng nh. Khi R
E
th Kcm 0
Trong khuch i vi sai, do tnh i xng l tng khng tuyt i nn xy ra
hin tng " tri im khng". Ngha l mc d cc u vo V1 v V2 khng c tn
hiu vo (v d u thng V1 v V2) nhng vn tn ti mt in p ra khc khng (o
c ) gia hai colect T
1
v T
2
, l mt hm ngu nhin ca bin thi gian. l mt
hin tng to tn hiu gi (nhiu) u ra, c bit c hi trong cc my o lng.
C th gim bt tri im khng bng cch chn T
1
v T
2
c tham s cng ging nhau
cng tt, cc in tr trong mch chn loi c sai s nh v cng mt h s nhit.

7.2 .Khuch i thut ton

N
P
-
+
V
S+
V
S-
V
Out
-V
In
+V
In

Hnh 7.5: a) K hiu ca khuch i thut ton
b) S chn ca khuch i thut ton 741
c) Hnh tht ca khuch i thut ton 741

Khuch i thut ton (KTT) ngy nay c sn xut di dng cc IC tng
t (analog). C t "thut ton" v ln u tin ch to ra chng ngi ta s dng chng
trong cc my in ton. Do s ra i ca khuch i thut ton m cc mch t hp
analog chim mt vai tr quan trng trong k thut mch in t. Trc y cha
c khuch i thut ton th tn ti v s cc mch chc nng khc nhau. Ngy nay,
nh s ra i ca khuch i thut ton s lng gim xung mt cch ng k
v c th dng khuch i thut ton thc hin cc chc nng khc nhau nh mch
hi tip ngoi thch hp. Trong nhiu trng hp dng khuch i thut ton c th to
Gio trnh: in t c bn H Nng Lm
GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng
hm n gin hn, chnh xc hn v gi thnh r hn cc mch khuch i ri rc
(c lp bng cc linh kin ri ) .
Ta hiu khuch i thut ton nh mt b khuch i l tng : c h s
khuch i in p v cng ln K , di tn s lm vic t 0 , tr khng vo
cc ln Zv , tr khng ra cc nh Zr 0, c hai u vo v mt u ra. Thc t
ngi ta ch to ra KTT c cc tham s gn c l tng. Hnh 7.5a l k hiu ca
KTT :
u vo (+) gi l u vo khng o P(positive), u vo (-) gi l u vo
o N (negative), (V
S+
) in p ngun dng, (V
S-
) in p ngun m v mt u ra
(V
Out
).
KTT ngy nay c th c ch to nh mt IC hoc nm trong mt phn
ca IC a chc nng .

Hnh 7.6: S khi bn trong khuch i thut ton

7.2.1 Cu to ca KTT. t c cc ch tiu k thut gn vi dng l tng
cc hng in t trn th gii ch to cc IC KTT kh a dng nhng nhn chung u
tun th s khi nh hnh 7.6
c u vo i xng tng u tin bao gi cng l tng khuch i vi sai
i xng c dng tnh nh, tr khng vo ln, cho php mc thm mch b tri .
Tng th hai l tng khuch i vi sai cho php chuyn t u vo i xng
sang u ra khng i xng.
Cc tng trung gian nhm khuch i tn hiu ln ln c th kch thch
cho tng cui.

Hnh 7.7: S nguyn l bn trong khuch i thut ton 741

Gio trnh: in t c bn H Nng Lm
GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng
Tng cui tc tng ra phi m bo c dng ra ln, in p ra ln v in tr
ra nh. Mch ny thng l khuch i y ko c b km theo mch chng qua ti.
Trong KTT ghp gia cc tng thc hin trc tip (colect ca tng trc
ni trc tip vi base ca tng sau) v vy cc transistor n-p-n cng v sau cng c
im cng tc tnh y dn v pha cc gi tr dng ngun.V vy phi c mt mch
dch mc y li im tnh v pha m nm trong mt mch no ca KTT.
V d ta xt KTT hnh 7.7.KTT y c th phn thnh 4 tng nh sau:
Tng th nht l tng KVS i xng trn T
1
v T
2
. tng tr khng vo
chn dng colect v emitter ca chng nh, sao cho h dn truyn t nh. C th
thay T
1
v T
2
bng transistor trng tng tr khng vo T
3
, T
4
, R
3
, R
4
, v R
5
to
thnh ngun dng tng t nh hnh 7.2a ( y T
4
mc thnh it b nhit )
Tng th hai l KVS u vo i xng, u ra khng i xng: emitter ca
chng cng u vo ngun dng T
3
. Tng ny c h s khuch i in p ln.
Tng th ba l tng ra khuch i y ko T
9
T
10
mc colect chung, cho h
s khuch i cng sut ln, tr khng ra nh.
Gia tng th hai v tng ra l tng m T
7
,T
8
nhm phi hp tr khng gia
chng v m bo dch mc in p. y T
7
l mch lp emitter, tn hiu ly ra trn
mt phn ca ti l R
9
v tr khng vo ca T
8
. Tng T
8
mc emitter chung. Chn R
9

thch hp v dng qua n thch hp s to c mt ngun dng a vo base ca T
8

s cho mc in p mt chiu thch hp base ca T
9
v T
10
m bo c in p
ra bng 0 khi khng c tn hiu vo . Mch ngoi mc thm R
10
, C
1
, C
2
chng t
kch.
7.2.2. Cc tham s ca KTT
-H s khuch i hiu Ko c xc nh theo biu thc:

0 =
0 =
=

= =
N
p
r
p
N
r
N p
r
h
r
khiU
U
U
khiU
U
U
U U
U
U
U
Ko (7.20)
Theo l thuyt Ko = , thc t Ko = 10
3
10
6

- c tnh bin tn s : Theo l thuyt th c tnh bin tn s s l K
0

trong sut di tn s t 0 . Thc t c tnh tn s s gc xung tn s
f
C
do tn ti cc in dung k sinh to thnh nhng khu lc RC thng thp
mc gia cc tng. Tu theo tng loi KTT m di thng c th t 0 ti vi
MHz hoc cao hn.

Hnh 7.8:
- H s khuch i ng pha K
Cm

Nu t u vo thun P v u o N cc in p bng nhau:
U
P
= U
N
= U
Cm
0 th U
h
= 0. Theo nh ngha:
Gio trnh: in t c bn H Nng Lm
GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng
U
r
= K
0
(U
P
- U
N
) (7.21)
Th U
r
= 0 . Tuy nhin thc t khng nh vy m quan h gia K
cm
v U
cm
c
dng nh hnh 7.8.
H s khuch i ng pha c nh ngha l :
K
Cm
=
cm
r
U
U

(7.22)
K
Cm
ni chung ph thuc vo mc in p vo ng pha. Gi tr cc i ca
in p vo ng pha cho trong cc s tay ca IC cho bit gii hn ca in p vo
ng pha cc i h s khuch i ng pha khng vt qu phm vi cho php. L
tng K
cm
= 0 ,thc t K
Cm
lun nh hn K
0

- in tr vo hiu, in tr vo ng pha:
in tr vo hiu r
h
v in tr vo ng pha r
cm
c nh ngha theo (7.23)
v (7.24):

p
p
h
N
N
U
khi U 0
N
I
r
U
khi Up 0
I

(7.23)
r
Cm
=
N
N
p
p
I
U
I
U

khi U
N
= U
p
= U
Cm
(7.24)
in tr ra ca KTT nh gi s bin thin ca in p ra theo ti :
r
r
=
r
r
I
U

(7.25)
- Dng vo tnh, in p vo lch khng :
Dng vo tnh trung bnh I
t
l:
I
t
=
2
N
I Ip +
vi U
N
= Up = 0 (7.27)
Dng vo lch khng l I
0:

I
0
= Ip - I
N
khi U
N
= Up = 0 (7.28)
Thng thng I
0
= 0,1 I
t
.
Dng vo lch khng l dng ph thuc vo nhit . Nhit thay i lm
tri dng lch khng.
Trong KTT thc t th khi U
N
= Up = 0 vn c Ur 0. Lc ny Ur 0 l
do in p lch khng u vo gy nn. V vy ngi ta nh ngha in p lch
khng U
0
l hiu in p cn phi t gia hai u vo c in p ra bng khng
U
0
= Up - U
N
khi U
r
= 0 (7.29)
7.2. 3. Cc s mc c bn ca KTT
Khi s dng KTT trong cc mch in ngi ta thng s dng hi tip m
m khng dng hi tip dng v hi tip dng lm cho khuch i lm vic ch
bo ha. Trong mt s trng hp c th dng c hi tip m v hi tip dng vi
hi tip dng lun nh hn hi tip m. V u vo , c th s dng mt hoc c hai
u vo .
7.2.3.1. Cc s khuch i o
+ S bin i in p - in p

Gio trnh: in t c bn H Nng Lm
GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng
N
P
-
+
V
S+
V
S-
U
R
U
V
I
N R1
R
N

N
P
-
+
V
S+
V
S-
U
R
U
V
I
N R1
R
N
R2 R3
U
R

a) b)
Hnh 7.9: Khuch i thut ton mc o

Mch mc nh hnh 7.9a.V K
0
nn in p u vo N l U
N
U
h
0 , im N
c th coi l im t gi U
r
U
RN
,Uv U
R1
. nh lut Kic-khp 1 vit cho nt N
l :
v ra
1 N
U U
0
R R
+ v dng I
N
= 0 (do tr khng vo rt ln r
h
).T ta c :
U
r
=-
N N
1 1
R R
Uv hay K
R R
=
(7.30)
T (7.30) ta thy in p U
v
c bin i thnh U
r
=-
N
V
1
R
U
R
; h s khuch
i
N
1
R
K
R
= ; in p ra ngc pha so vi in p vo. in tr R
N
gy hi tip m
song song theo in p lm cho h s khuch i t K
0
gim xung cn l
N
1
R
R

Tr khng vo : Rv=
1
=
R / Uv
Uv
Iv
Uv
=R
1
(7.31)
Nhc im ca s hnh 7.8a l c
1
= = R
I
U
Z
V
V
V
nh. khc phc
nhc im ny ta mc mch nh hnh 7.8b.
Vi nt N c phng trnh:
V 3
1 N
U U
R R
= . (7.32)

Nu chn R
N
>> R
3
th U
3

r
3
2 3
U
.R
R R

+
nn:

N 2 3 N 2
r V r V
1 3 1 3
R R R R R
U U . hayU U (1 )
R R R R
+
= = + (7.33)
Vy
N 2
1 3
R R
K (1 )
R R
= + (7.34)
Theo (7.38) mun c h s khuch i K ln th phi chn R
1
nh. Nu chn
R
1
= R
2
th:
)
R
R
R
R
( K
N N
3 1
+ = ( 7.35)
Gio trnh: in t c bn H Nng Lm
GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng
N
P
-
+
V
S+
V
S-
U
R
I
V
I
N
R
N

Hnh 7.10: S bin i dng in thnh in p

tng tr khng Z
V
= R
1
c th chn R
1
ln tu , khi h s khuch i s
c xc nh bi
3
R
R
N
.
+ S bin i dng in - in p hnh 7.10
S ny bin i dng in u vo thnh in p u ra t l vi
n.Tng t nh trn v K
0
= ; U
N
U
P
0, r
h
nn dng I
N
= 0 nn nh lut
Kic-khp I vit cho nt N s l:
I
U
R
V
r
N
= hay
r N V
U R I = (7.32)

7.2.3.2 Cc s khuch i khng o.
+ Xt s mch thng dng in p - in p hnh 7.11a.
Vi K
0
, r
h
nn U
h
= 0 ngha l U
N
= U
V
v dng vo bng khng.
Do vy: U
U
R R
R U
N
r
N
V
=
+
=
1
1
. .
T c:
K
U
U
R R
R
R
R
r
V
N N
= =
+
= +
1
1 1
1 (7.33)
Z
V
= R
d
= .
N
P
-
+
V
S+
V
S-
U
V
R1
R
N
U
R

a) b) c)
Hnh 7.11: a) S khuch i thut ton mc khng o
b, c) S khuch i thut ton mch lp li

Cc mch hnh 7.11b,c l cc mch khuch i lp (in p): v U
d
= 0 nn
U
N
=U
P
, v I
N
= 0 , dng qua R
N
bng 0 v th im ra bng th im N nn:
Gio trnh: in t c bn H Nng Lm
GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng
1 = =
V
r
U
U
K .
7.2.3.3. Cc mch b tri v c tnh tn s trong KTT.
a. Cc mch b tri.
Khi dng KTT khuch i tn hiu mt chiu nh ,cc sai s ch yu s
do dng in tnh, in p lch khng v hin tng tri gy ra. Cc dng in u
vo I
N
v I
P
u vo ca KTT chnh l cc dng base tnh ca KVS u vo.
Dng tnh I
N
v I
P
xp x bng nhau, gy nn st p cc u vo.

N
P
-
+
V
S+
V
S-
U
R
U
V
R1
R
N
R2

Hnh 7.12:

Do tr khng u vo N v P khng ng nht nn cc st p ny cng khng
bng nhau. Hiu in th u N v u P chnh l in p lch khng. cho in
p lch khng nh ngi ta khng u u P ( khng o) trc tip xung t m u
qua in tr R
2
nh hnh 7.12. in tr R
P
c tr s bng in tr ca vo o N:

1 N
P
1 N
R .R
R
R R
=
+
(7.36)


a) b) c)
Hnh 7.13:

Lc p mt chiu trn u vo N v P l I
N
.( R
1
// R
N
) v I
P
.(R
1
// R
N
); I
P
=
I
N
nn hai in p ny xp x nhau. Tuy nhin do dng I
N
I
P
nn I
0
= I
P
- I
N
s gy
nn mt in p lch khng u vo l U
0
= ( I
P
- I
N
) (R
1
// R
P
). in p ny s gy
nn mt in p lch khng u ra:

0
1
+ 1 = U )
R
R
( U
N
o
r
(7.37)
Gio trnh: in t c bn H Nng Lm
GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng
trit in p lch khng u ra U
R
ngi ta mc ngun c hai cc tnh nh
hnh 7.13. hnh 7.13 a,b chnh trit p P v pha ngun + hoc - tu theo cc tnh
ca U
0
= U
P
- U
N
l m hoc dng. Trng hp cn s dng c hai ca vo th mch
b c mc ca khc c lin h vi ca vo nh hnh 7.13c. Trong cc s trn
phi chn R
3
>>R
2
mch b khng nh hng n hot ng bnh thng ca mch.
Thc t R
2
c vi K, R
3
c vi trm K.

b. Mch b c tnh tn s .


Hnh 7.14: Cc dng mch b thng dng

Trong KTT cc tng c ghp trc tip nn cc in tr cng vi cc in
dung k sinh s to thnh cc t lc thng thp RC. Truyn qua mi t nh vy th
in p tn hiu s b quay pha i mt lng nht nh . mt tn s no th
lng quay pha t u vo n u ra ca KTT c th l , ngha l vai tr ca cc
ca s i ch cho nhau, ca vo o thnh ca v khng o v ngc li. Nh vy
hi tip m tn s n y s tr thnh hi tip dng.Nu tho mn c iu kin cn
bng bin v iu kin cn bng pha th KTT s b t kch.
Mun KTT khng b t kch ngi ta thng ph v iu kin cn bng pha bng
cch mc mch RC, gi l mch b pha, vo gia cc tng. Cc mch b pha thng
dng c dng nh hnh 7.14. Tr s cc linh kin mch 7.14 v cch mc chng vo
chn cc IC KTT cho trong cc s tay ca IC tuyn tnh.

7.3 Mt s mch tnh ton v iu khin tuyn tnh trn KTT.
KTT c s dng nh mt mch a chc nng. Thay i cc linh kin
trong mch hi tip c th thc hin c nhiu php tnh ton v iu khin nh
KTT. Xt mt s mch n gin.
7.3.1. Mch cng v mch tr.
a. Mch cng o

Hnh 7.15: Mch cng o

Mch hnh 7.15 c thc hin cng v o pha cc in p u vo.
V K
0
nn im N l t o v
Gio trnh: in t c bn H Nng Lm
GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng

N V1 V2 Vn
N
N 1 2 n
U U U U
I ( .... )
R R R R
= = + +
T ta c:

) U .... U U (
)
R
U R
....
R
U R
R
U R
( U
Vn n V V
n
Vn N V N V N
r
+ + =
+ + =
2 2 1 1
2
2
1
1

Hay
Vi i
n
i
r
U U

=
1 =
(7.38)
Trong
i
N
i
R
R
= .

Hnh 7.16: Mch tr 2 in p

b. Mch tr
Xt mch tr hai in p vo trn hnh 7.16. Cng l lun gn ng tng t
nh trn
N
V2 v1 r
P p N R ra N r
2 p 1 N
U U U
U .R ; U U U .R U
R R R R

= = + = +
+ +

Nhng U
p
U
N
(V U
h
= 0) nn :
v2 V1 r V1 r N
p N r N r
2 p 1 N 1 N 1 N
V1 N V1 1
N r N r
1 N 1 N 1 N 1 N
v2 V1 1 N
r p N
2 p 1 N 1
U U U U U R
.R .R U .R U
R R R R R R R R
U R U R
.R U (1 ) .R U ;
R R R R R R R R
U U R R
Hay U ( .R .R )
R R R R R

= + = + =
+ + + +
+ = +
+ + + +
+
=
+ +

t
N P
N P
1 2
R R
;
R R
= = th
p V2
N V1 N
ra N p V2 N V1
P N P
U
U 1
U ( )(1 ) U U
1 1 1

+
= + =
+ + +
(7.39)
Chn
N
=
P
= th U
r
= (U
v2
- U
v1
) (7.40)
7.3. 2. Mch cho php chn in p ra c cc tnh thay i .
Xt mch hnh 7.17.Mch chn R
1
=R
N

Up =
v
p v
p
U
. R U
R
= ;
U
N
= U
v
+
v
Ur U
2

=
v
Ur U
2
+

Gio trnh: in t c bn H Nng Lm
GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng
V Up = U
N
nn U
V
=
v
Ur U
2
+

U
r
= (2 - 1)U
v
(7.41)
Theo 7.41 th khi = 0,5 , U
r
= 0 ; khi > 0,5 , U
r
cng du vi U
V
; khi < 0,5 , U
r

khc du vi U
V
.
H s : 0 1.
N
P
-
+
V
S+
V
S-
U
R
U
V
I
N R1
R
N
P
R
P

Hnh 7.17: Mch cho in p ra c th thay i cc tnh

7.3.3. Mch bin i tr khng.
a) Mch to in tr m (NIC)

N
P
-
+
V
S+
V
S-
U
R
I
P
R
P
R
R
N
I
1
U
I
N
I
2
U
N

Hnh 7.18: Mch NIC

Nu dng c hi tip dng v hi tip m nh mch hnh 7.18 s to c
in tr vo c tr s m . Tht vy :
Theo tnh cht ca KTT th I
N
v Ip 0 ,U
N
= U
p
nn t hnh 7.18
I
1
=
p r
p
U U
R

;
P 1 p r
U I R U = +
I
2
=
r N
N
U U
R

;
N r 2 N
U U I R =
V Up = U
N
nn I
1
R
P
=-I
2
R
N
hay
I
1
= -
2 N
p
I R
R
(7.42)
Theo 7.42 th nu U
P
c cc tnh dng th dng I
2
s l dng v dng I
1
s
l m, in tr u vo R
V
= U
P
/I
1
s l m.


Gio trnh: in t c bn H Nng Lm
GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng
b) Girato :

M
1
U
R
2
I =
M
2
U
R
1
I =

a) b)
N1 P1
-
+
V
S+
V
S-
U
3
R
M
I
1 I
2
N2 P2
-
+
V
S+
V
S-
R
M
R
M
R
M
R
M
R
M
U
4
U
1
U
2

c)
Hnh 7.19: a) K hiu girato; b) S tng ng girato; c) Girato trn NIC

Girato to ra phn t in cm L t cc phn t tch cc, thng dng ngy nay l
KTT. Girato c k hiu nh hhnh 7.19a. H phng trnh truyn t ca gi rato phi
tho mn:

2
1
M
1
2
M
U
I
R
U
I
R

(7.43)
R
M
-tham s bin i .
T h phng trnh (7.43) c s tng ng ca girato nh hnh 7.19b.
Girato c xy dng trn NIC c dng nh hnh 7.19c.Lp cc phng trnh cho
cc nt P
1
, N
1
, P
2
v N
2
s c :
I
2
+
3 2 2
M M
U U U
0
R R

= ;
3 2 2 1
M M
U U U U
0
R R

=

2 1 4 1
1
M M
U U U U
I 0
R R

+ = ;
4 2 1
M M
U U U
0
R R

=
Loi U
3
, U
4
ra khi h trn s nhn c
I
1
=
M R
U
2
; I
2
=
M R
U
1


By gi mc ti R
t
cho Girato vo u 1 nh hnh 7.20, tm tr khng vo u 1 l
Z
V2
:
U
1
= I
1
R
t
;

Gio trnh: in t c bn H Nng Lm
GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng
I
2
=
1 t 2 t 1
2
M M M
I R U R U
R R R
= = ;

Z
V2
=
2
2 M
2 t
U R
I R
= (7.44)

Hnh 7.20: Girato mc ti

Nu mc ti R
t
vo u 2-2 th :
I
2
= -
2
t
U
R
; I
1
=
M R
U
2
= -
2 t 1 t
2
M M
I R U R
R R
= v
Z
V1
= -
2
1 M
1 t
U R
I R
= (7.45)
Nh vy mc vo 1-1 hoc 2-2 th tr khng vo u kia s l
2
M
R
Rt
.
Gi s ta mc ti t C vo th tr khng vo u kia l :
Z
V
=
2
2 M
M
R
j CR
Zt
=
Giarato cho mt in cm tng ng L = C
2
M
R .V d R
M
= 100k ,
C=1F , th L = (10
5
)
2
. 10
-6
= 10
4
H.
l mt in cm c tr s ln to t hai KTT, 6 in tr v mt t in
(Hnh 7.19c).Nu mc song song vi girato mt t in s c mt khung cng
hng song song khng c tn hao, tc l c h s phm cht rt ln.

7.3.4. Mch vi phn v mch tch phn.
a. Mch tch phn .

N
P
-
+
V
S+
V
S-
U
R
U
V
R
C

Hnh 7.21: Mch tch phn

Mch in hnh 7.21 l mt mch tch phn thng thng v:

r C C V
1 1
U U i dt U dt
C RC
=


Gio trnh: in t c bn H Nng Lm
GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng
Chuyn sang tch phn xc nh:
) ( U dt U
RC
U
r
t
V r 0
0
+

1
= (7.46)
Mch phn tch tng: Mch in hnh 7.22 thc hin phn tch tng:

1 2 n
r
1 2 n
U U U 1
U ( ... )dt
C R R R
= + +

( 7.47)
+ Mch tch phn hiu: Hnh 7.22b.
Phng trnh dng in vit cho im nt N v nt P l:

1 N r N
N
1
V P P
P
2
U U d(U U )
C 0
R dt
U U dU
C 0
R dt

+ =

+ =

Cho U
N
= U
P
, C
N
R
1
= C
P
R
2
= RC s c:

r 2 1
1
U (U U )dt
RC
=

(7.48)
N
P
-
+
V
S+
V
S-
U
R
U
Vn
Rn
...
U
V2
R2
U
V1
R1
C

N
P
-
+
V
S+
V
S-
U
R
U
V1
R1
U
V2
R2
C
N
C
P

a) b)
Hnh 7.22: a)Mch tch phn tng; b) Mch tch phn hiu

b. Mch vi phn
Mch hnh 7.23a l mt mch vi phn thng thng cho:

V
r RN N N N
dU
U U R I R C
dt
= = = (7.49)
Nu U
V
= U
Vm
sint th U
r
= - R
N
C U
Vm
cost
Nh vy h s khuch i
r m
N
Vm
U
K R C
U
= = ph thuc vo tn s. V vy
tp m tn s cao ln, tr khng Z
V

1
j C
s gim i khi tn s tng.
c mch vi phn tt hn dng mch hnh 7.23b. Mc thm t R
1
C
1
th
tc dng vi phn ch thc hin tn s <<
0
=
1 1
1
C R
, lc ny c th coi C
N
h mch
v tn s thp tr khng ca n nh,in p ra l
V
r N 1
dU
U R C
dt
= . tn s cao th
hi tip m trn C
N
cng ln. Nu chn R
1
C
1
= R
N
C
N
th khi >
0
h s khuch i
s gim tn s khi tn s tng (Hnh 7.23c)

Gio trnh: in t c bn H Nng Lm
GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng
N
P
-
+
V
S+
V
S-
U
R
U
V
R
N
C

N
P
-
+
V
S+
V
S-
U
R
U
V
R
N
C1
R1
C
N

a) b)
logK

0
<
0
>
0

c)
Hnh 7.23: Mch vi phn

7.3.5. Mch so snh tng t.
Mch so snh c nhim v so snh mt in p vo U
V
vi mt in p chun
U
Ch
.Trong mch so snh, tn hiu vo tng t s c bin thnh tn hiu ra di
dng m nh phn, ngha l s c mc ra l thp (L) hoc cao(H). B so snh thc hin
trn khuch i thut ton lm vic ch bo ha nn cc ra thp v cao chnh l
cc mc dng v m ca ngun. ( nhng b so snh chuyn dng th hai mc ny
ng vi cc mc logic).

a. in th ng ra bo ha.
Ta xem mch hnh 7.24

Hnh 7.24: Mch ng ra bo ha.

E
d
l in th khc nhau gia 2 ng vo v c nh ngha :
E
d
= (in th ng vo dng (+) in th ng vo m (-)).
Do mch khng c hi tip m nn:
V
Out
=A(V
1
-V
2
) = A.E
d
; Vi E
d
=(V
1
-V
2
).
Trong A l li vng h ca op-amp. V A rt ln nn theo cng thc trn V
Out
rt
Gio trnh: in t c bn H Nng Lm
GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng
ln.
Khi E
d
nh, V
Out
c xc nh. Khi E
d
vt qu mt tr s no th V
Out
t n tr
s bo ha v c gi l V
Sat
. Tr s ca E
d
ty thuc vo mi op-amp v c tr s vo
khong vi chc V.
- Khi E
d
m, mch o pha nn V
Out
=-V
Sat

- Khi E
d
dng, tc V
1
>V
2
th V
Out
=+V
Sat
.
in th ng ra bo ha thng nh hn in th ngun t 1 volt n 2 volt. l
|+V
Sat
| c th khc |-V
Sat
|.
Nh vy ta thy in th E
d
ti a l:
Sat
dMax
Sat
dMax
V
E
A
V
E
A
+
+ =

=

b. Mch so snh mc 0: (tch mc zro)
* So snh mc zro khng o
N
P
-
+
V
S+
V
S-
V
Out
R
L
V
ref
=0
E
i

Hnh 7.25: Mch so snh mc zro.

in th ng vo (-) c dng lm in th chun v E
i
l in th mun em so snh
vi in th chun, E
i
c a vo ng vo (+).
Khi E
i
> V
ref
=0 th V
out
=+V
sat
.
Khi E
i
< V
ref
=0 th V
out
=-V
sat
.
Th d khi E
i
c dng tam gic th dng sng ng ra V
out
c dng nh hnh 7.26.

0
t
V
Out
+V
-V
0
t
E
i
+V
-V
+V
Sat
-V
Sat

Hnh 7.26: Dng sng tn hiu u vo v u ra ca mch so snh
mc Zro khng o.

Mch so snh mc zro o:
in th ng vo (+) c dng lm in th chun v E
i
l in th mun em so
snh vi in th chun, E
i
c a vo ng vo (-).
Khi E
i
> V
ref
=0 th V
out
=-V
sat
.
Gio trnh: in t c bn H Nng Lm
GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng
Khi E
i
< V
ref
=0 th V
out
=+V
sat
.


N
P
-
+
V
S+
V
S-
V
Out
R
L
V
ref
=0
E
i

Hnh 7.27: Mch so snh mc zro.

Th d khi E
i
c dng tam gic th dng sng ng ra V
out
c dng nh hnh 7.26.


Hnh 7.28: Dng sng tn hiu u vo v u ra ca mch so snh
mc Zro o.
c. Mch so snh vi 2 ng vo c in th bt k:
* So snh mc dng o v khng o:
- So snh mc dng khng o:
in th chun V
ref
>0V t ng vo (-). in th so snh E
i
a ng vo (+).
Khi E
i
>V
ref
th V
Out
=+V
sat
.
Khi E
i
<V
ref
th V
Out
=-V
sat
.

Hnh 7.29: Mch v dng sng mc dng khng o

- So snh mc dng o:
in th chun V
ref
>0V t ng vo (+). in th so snh E
i
a ng vo (-).
Khi E
i
>V
ref
th V
Out
=-V
sat
.
Khi E
i
<V
ref
th V
Out
=+V
sat
.


Gio trnh: in t c bn H Nng Lm
GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng

Hnh 7.30: Mch v dng sng mc dng o

* So snh mc m o v khng o:
- So snh mc m khng o:
in th chun V
ref
<0V t ng vo (-). in th so snh E
i
a ng vo (+).
Khi E
i
>V
ref
th V
Out
=+V
sat
.
Khi E
i
<V
ref
th V
Out
=-V
sat
.
N
P
-
+
V
S+
V
S-
V
Out
R
L
V
ref
E
i

Hnh 7.31: Mch v dng sng mc m khng o

- So snh mc m o:
in th chun V
ref
<0V t ng vo (+). in th so snh E
i
a ng vo (-).
Khi E
i
>V
ref
th V
Out
=-V
sat
.
Khi E
i
<V
ref
th V
Out
=+V
sat
.


Hnh 7.32: Mch v dng sng mc dng o

Gio trnh: in t c bn H Nng Lm
GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng
Bi tp chng 7
1. Khi qut s nguyn l khuch i vi sai s dng transistor lng cc
2. Trnh by s , cu to v cc thng s ca khuch i thut ton
3. Trnh by s mch khuch i o, nu cc thng s ca mch v cc ng dng
c th ca mch
4. Trnh by s mch khuch i khng o, nu cc thng s ca mch v cc
ng dng c th ca mch
5. Trnh by s mch b tri v nu, thng s ca mch v cc ng dng c th
ca mch
6. Trnh by mch cng v tr tn hiu in tng t s dng Op-Amp v cc ng
dng c th ca mch
7. Trnh by mch cho php chn in p ra c cc tnh thay i
8. Trnh by mch bin i tr khng v cc ng dng c th ca mch
9. Trnh by mch vi phn v mch tch phn, cc thng s ca n v cc ng dng
c th ca mch
10. Trnh by mch so snh tn hiu tng t s dng Op-Amp v cc ng dng c th
ca mch
11. Xc nh U
Out
trong mch theo U
v1
v U
V2


12. Xc nh U
Out
trong mch theo U
v1
v U
V2


N
P
-
+
V
S+
V
S-
U
V1
R1
R
N
U
V2
N
P
-
+
V
S+
R3
R
N
R2
U
Out

13. Xc nh I
N
v U
out
trong mch.Thay R
N
=5k, tnh li I
N
. Mch trn l mch g?

Gio trnh: in t c bn H Nng Lm
GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng
14. Xc nh V
out
trong mch theo R1, R2, R3 v R
gain
. Mch trn l mch g?

15. Thit k mch khuch i tn hiu cm bin nhit PT100
16. Thit k mch khuch i tn hiu cm bin Loadcell
17. Thit k mch iu khin nhit s dng IC Op-Amp.

Gio trnh: in t c bn H Nng Lm
GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng

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