n mn hc Phan ngc hy Ha du k53-QN

BO CO N
MN HC HO DU

QU TRNH CRACKING
XC TC

n mn hc Phan ngc hy Ha du k53-QN



Mc lc
Li m u .............................................................................................................. 4
CHNG I: Tng quan l thuyt ........................................................................... 5
I.Gii thiu chung v qu trnh cracking xc tc. ............................................... 5
I.1.S lc v lch s pht trin ca qa trnh cracking xc tc[1,106] ......... 5
I.2. Mc ch ca qu trnh cracking xc tc.[1,106] ..................................... 5
I.3.Vai tr ca qu trnh cracking xc tc v cc iu kin cng
ngh.[1,107] .................................................................................................... 5
II.Bn cht ho hc ca qu trnh cracking xc tc v c ch ca phn ng. .... 6
II.1.Bn cht ho hc ca qu trnh cracking xc tc. [2,97] ......................... 6
II.2. C ch phn ng cracking xc tc.[3,84] ................................................ 6
CHNG II: Nguyn liu v sn phm ca qa trnh cracking xc tc .............. 10
I.Nguyn liu dng trong qa trnh cracking xc tc.[1,124] ........................... 10
II.c tnh chi tit du Bch H.[5,101] ........................................................... 11
III.Sn phm thu c t qa trnh cracking xc tc.[2,102] ........................... 12
III.1. Sn phm kh cracking xc tc.[3,66] ................................................. 13
III.2. Xng cracking xc tc.[2,104] ............................................................. 13
III.3. Sn phm gasoil nh.[3,69]. ................................................................. 13
III.4. Sn phm gasoil nng.[2,105] .............................................................. 13
CHNG III : Cc dy chuyn cng ngh cracking xc tc .............................. 14
I. Cc dy chuyn cng ngh cracking xc tc. ................................................ 14
I.1.S lc v s pht trin h thng cracking xc tc. [1,131] ................... 14
I.2. Xu hng pht trin ca cracking xc tc.[4,25] ................................... 14
II. Phn tch la chn cng ngh cracking xc tc. .......................................... 15
III. S cng ngh xc tc lp si(FCC) vi thi gian tip xc ngn.[1,147].16
CHNG III : Tnh ton thit b .......................................................................... 18
I. Tnh l phn ng ............................................................................................ 18
I.1 Tnh cn bng vt cht. ............................................................................ 18
n mn hc Phan ngc hy Ha du k53-QN


I.2 Cn bng nhit lng ca l phn ng. ................................................... 20
I.3 Tnh ng knh l phn ng .................................................................. 25
I.4 Tnh chiu cao ca l phn ng. .............................................................. 26
II. Tnh ton ng ng....................................................................................... 27
III. Cyclon ca l phn ng ............................................................................... 28
Ti liu tham kho ................................................................................................. 30
Kt lun ................................................................................................................. 31


n mn hc Phan ngc hy Ha du k53-QN


4
Li m u
Trn th gii, ti bt k mt quc gia no xng du c coi l hng ho c
bit quan trng, l mu huyt ca nn kinh t quc dn v quc phng...
Ngy nay trong bi cnh Vit Nam ang khng ngng pht i mi v vn ln
con ng cng nghip ho v hin i ho t nc, vi cc my mc , thit b v
cng ngh mi. Vai tr ca xng du ngy cng c quan tm c bit hn.
p ng kp thi khi lng xng tiu th ngy cng ln ,ngi ta a ra
phng php cracking xc tc vo cng nghip ch bin du m,v do qu trnh
chng ct kh quyn, chng ct chn khng hay cracking nhit, khi lng xng thu
c vn khng p ng kp thi c nhu cu ca th trng.
tho mn nhu cu nhin liu ngy mt tng. Nghnh cng nghip ch bin
du m ra sc ci tin, hon thin quy trnh cng ngh , ng thi p dng nhng
phng php ch bin su trong dy chuyn sn xut nhm chuyn ho du th ti
mc ti u thnh nhin liu v nhng sn phm quan trng khc. Mt trong nhng
phng php hin i c p dng rng ri trong cc nh my ch bin du hin ny
trn th gii l qu trnh cracking xc tc.
Vi bn n chuyn ngnh thit k phn xng cracking xc tc nng sut
3.200.000 tn/nm m em c giao.Em hy vng rng mnh s b xung thm c
kin thc gp phn nh b vo cng cuc i mi t nc.
Em xin chn thnh cm n PGS.TS. L Vn Hiu tn tnh gip em trong
thi gian qua em c th hon thnh c bn n ny.
n mn hc Phan ngc hy Ha du k53-QN


5
CHNG I: Tng quan l thuyt
I.Gii thiu chung v qu trnh cracking xc tc.
I.1.S lc v lch s pht trin ca qa trnh cracking xc tc[1,106]
Qa trnh cracking xc tc c nghin cu t cui th k XIX, nhng mi
n nm 1923, mt k s ngi Php tn l Houdry mi ngh a qa trnh vo
p dng trong cng nghip. n nm 1936, nh my cracking xc tc u tin c
xy dng M, ca cng ty Houdry Process corporation. Ban u cn tn ti nhiu
nhc im nh l hot ng gin on v rt phc tp cho vn hnh, nht l khi
chuyn giao gia hai chu k phn ng v ti sinh xc tc trong cng mt thit b.Cho
n nay, sau hn 60 nm pht trin, qu trnh ny ngy cng c ci tin v hon
thin, nhm mc ch nhn nhiu xng hn vi cht lng xng ngy cng cao t
nguyn liu c cht lng ngy cng km hn (t nhng phn cn nng hn).

I.2. Mc ch ca qu trnh cracking xc tc.[1,106]8
Mc ch ca qu trnh cracking xc tc l nhn cc cu t c tr s octan cao
cho xng t hay xng my bay t nguyn liu l phn ct nng hn, ch yu l phn
ct nng hn t cc qu trnh chng ct trc tip AD (Atmotpheric Distillation) v
VD (Vacuum Distillation) ca du th. ng thi ngoi mc ch nhn xng ngi ta
cn nhn c c nguyn liu c cht lng cao cho cng ngh tng hp ho du v
ho hc. Ngoi ra cn thu thm mt s sn phm ph khc nh gasoil nh , gasoil
nng, kh ch yu l cc phn t c nhnh l cc cu t qu cho tng hp ho du.

I.3.Vai tr ca qu trnh cracking xc tc v cc iu kin cng
ngh.[1,107]
Qu trnh cracking xc tc l qu trnh khng th thiu c trong bt k mt
nh my ch bin du no trn th gii, v qu trnh ny l mt trong cc qu trnh
chnh sn xut xng c tr s octan cao. Xng thu c t qa trnh ny c dng
phi trn vi cc loi xng khc to ra cc mc xng khc nhau. Khi lng xng
thu t qu trnh chim t l rt ln khong 70-80% so vi tng lng xng thu t cc
qu trnh ch bin khc.
Lng du m c ch bin bng cracking xc tc chim tng i ln.V d
vo nm 1965, lng du m th gii ch bin c 1.500 tn/ngy th trong
cracking xc tc chim 800 tn ( tng ng 53%).
Qu trnh cracking xc tc c tin hnh iu kin cng ngh l :
Nhit : 470
0
C 550
0
C
p sut trong vng lng ca l phn ng : 0,27 Mpa
Tc khng gian th tch : 1 120 m
3
/m
3
. h
(ty thuc vo dy truyn cng ngh)
n mn hc Phan ngc hy Ha du k53-QN


6
T l xc tc/nguyn liu : 4 9/1
Bi s tun hon nguyn liu : C th cn hoc khng tu thuc mc bin
i:
Nu mc bin i thp hn 60% lng tun hon c th ti a l 30%
Khi mc chuyn ho cao trn 70% th phi gim lng tun hon thm ch
khng cn tun hon.
Xc tc cho qu trnh cracking thng dng l xc tc zeolit mang tnh axt.
Sn phm ca qu trnh l mt hn hp phc tp ca hydrocacbon cc loi
khc nhau , ch yu l hydrocacbon c s cacbon t 3 tr ln, vi cu trc nhnh.

II.Bn cht ho hc ca qu trnh cracking xc tc v c ch ca phn ng.
II.1.Bn cht ho hc ca qu trnh cracking xc tc. [2,97]
Cracking l qu trnh b gy mch cacbon cacbon (ca hydrocacbon) ca
nhng phn t c kch thc ln ( c trng lng phn t ln) thnh nhng phn t
c kch thc nh hn( c trng lng phn t nh hn ).Trong cng ngh du m,
qu trnh ny c ng dng bin i cc phn on nng thnh cc sn phm
nh, tng ng vi khong si ca cc sn phm trng nh xng, kerosen,
diezen.Qu trnh ny c th thc hin di tc dng ca nhit (cracking nhit) v
xc tc( cracking xc tc)

II.2. C ch phn ng cracking xc tc.[3,84]
Hin nay vn cha c s nht tr hon ton trong vic gii thch bn cht, c ch
ca cc phn ng cracking xc tc nn cn nhiu kin trong vic gii thch c ch
xc tc trong qu trnh cracking. Tuy vy, ph bin nht vn l cch gii thch cc
phn ng theo c ch ion cacboni. C s ca l thuyt ny da vo cc tm hot tnh
l cc ion cacboni. Chng c to ra khi cc phn t hydrocacbon ca nguyn liu
tc dng vi tm hot tnh acid ca xc tc loi Bronsted (H
+
) hay Lewis (L).
Theo c ch ny cc phn ng cracking xc tc din ra theo ba giai on sau:
Giai on 1 : Giai on to ion cacboni.
Giai on 2 : Cc phn ng ca ion cacboni (giai on bin i ion cacboni to
thnh cc sn phm trung gian ).
Giai on 3 : Giai on dng phn ng.

II.2.1.Giai on to thnh ion cacboni.
Ion cacboni to ra do s tc dng ca olefin, hydrocacbon parafin, hydrocacbon
naphten , hydrocacbon thm vi tm axt ca xc tc.
- T olefin
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7
Ion cacboni to ra do s tc dng ca olefin vi tm axt Bronsted ca xc tc.

Ion cacboni to thnh do s tc dng ca olefin vi tm axit Lewis ca xc tc:

hoc l
C
n
H
2n
+ H
+
C
n
H
2n+1

Trong nguyn liu ban u thng khng c hydrocacbon olefin, nhng olefin
c th to ra do s phn hu cc hydrocacbon parafin c phn t lng ln. Cc
olefin to thnh lp tc tc dng vi tm axit ri to ra ion cacboni.
Ion cacboni to thnh trong cc phn ng tun theo quy tc nht nh. Nh khi
olefin tc dng vi H
+
(xt) th xc sut to alkyl bc hai ln hn alkyl bc mt.

Khi olefin c lin kt i cacbon bc 3 th ion cacboni bc 3 d to thnh hn
cacbon bc hai.

- T hydrocacbon parafin:

Ion cacboni c th c to thnh do s tc dng ca parafin vi tm axt
Bronsted ca xc tc:
Ion cacboni cng c th c to ra do s tc dng ca parafin vi tm axit
Lewis:
+ H
+
(xt)
+
R
1
CH C R
2
+ (xt)
H
R
1
CH C R
2
H H
RH
+
R
+
H Al O Si
O
O
olefin
Al O Si
O
O
CH
3
CH
2
CH CH
2
+
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
+
dto thnh hn CH
3
CH
2
CH CH
2
H
+
(xt)
+
dto thnh hn
H
+
(xt)
+ CH
3
CH C CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
2
C CH
3
+
CH
3
CH
3
CH CH CH
3
+
+ H
+
R
1
CH
2
CH
2
R
2
(xt)
+
R
1
CH
2
CH R
2
H
2
+ + XT
n mn hc Phan ngc hy Ha du k53-QN


8

hoc l:

- T hydrocacbon naphten:
Khi hydrocacbon naphten tc dng vi tm axit ca xc tc hay cc ion cacboni
khc s to ra cc ion cacboni mi tng t nh qu trnh xy ra vi parafin.
- T hydrocacbon thm ngi ta quan st thy s kt hp trc tip ca H
+
vo
nhn thm:

Cc hydrocacbon thm c mch bn di th s to thnh ion cacboni cng
ging nh trng hp parafin.
Thi gian sng ca cc ion cacboni c to ra dao ng t phn triu giy n
hng pht. Cc ion cacboni ny to ra nm trong lp cc phn t hp ph, chng l
nhng hp cht trung gian rt hot ng i vi nhiu phn ng xy ra khi cracking.

II.2.2 Giai on bin i ion cacboni.[3,86]
Giai on bin i ion cacboni to thnh sn phm trung gian. Ion cacboni c
th bin i theo cc phn ng sau:

- Phn ng ng phn ho: chuyn ri ion hydro(H
+
) ,nhm metyl (CH
3
) to cu
trc nhnh.
R C C C C
+
C C
+
C C R
S chuyn di ion cacboni xc nh c bi n nh ca cc ion . Theo
nguyn tc:
RH
+
R
+
H Al O Si
O
O
+
Al O Si
O
O
R CH
2
CH CH
3
+
CH
3
R C CH
2
+
CH
3
R CH CH
2
+
H
+
CH
2
CH
3
+
CH
2
CH
3
H
+
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9
n nh ion cacboni theo bc gim dn nh sau :
C
3
+

bc 3 > C
3
+
bc 2 > > C
3
+
bc 1
bn ca ion cacboni s quyt nh mc tham gia cc phn ng tip theo
ca chng. V cc ion cacboni bc 3 c bn cao nht nn s cho php nhn hiu
sut cao cc hp cht iso- parafin.
ng thi cc ion cacboni nhanh chng li tc dng vi cc phn t trung ho
olefin ( C
m
H
2m
) hay parafin (C
m
H
2m +2
) to thnh cc ion cacboni mi.

Phn ng cracking : cc ion cacboni c s nguyn t cacbon ln xy ra s phn
hu v t mch v tr
mt phn t hydrocacbon trung ho v ion cacboni mi c s nguyn t cacbon nh
hn.

Vi ba v tr ( [A] ,[B],[C] ) trn th xc sut t mch v tr [A] ln hn
v tr [B] v cui cng l v tr [C]
Vi ion cacboni mch thng:

i vi ion cacboni l ng ng ca benzen, v d nh :

Nu p dng quy tc v tr | bnh thng th v tr rt bn vng. Ngi ta
cho rng proton c kt hp vi mt trong nhng lin kt CC trong nhn thm to
thnh nhng hp cht trung gian, sau mi phn hu theo quy tc nu trn. Khi
phn hu, in tch ion cacboni s dch chuyn theo s sau:

R C C C C C C
+
C
C
[A] [B]
[C]
|
|
|
+
|
CH
3
CH CH
2
R
+
R CH
3
CH CH
2
+
C
C C
+
C
C C
+
C
CH C
+
+
C
C C
C
+
H
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10
Nh vy trong hydrocacbon thm hiu ng tch in nhn thm l nguyn
nhn quan trng hn so vi nguyn nhn l s bin i ion cacboni bc hai thnh bc
ba.
Cc ion cacboni l ng ng ca benzen, mch bn cng di th tc t
mch xy ra cng ln v cng d. Ion cacboni izo-butyl benzen c tc t mch
ln hn 10 ln so vi izo-propyl benzen.
Cc nhm metyl, etyl kh b t ra khi nhn hydrocacbon thm (v nng
lng lin kt ln) v do kh to c CH
3
v C
2
H
5
. iu ny gii thch c ti
sao xng cracking xc tc hm lng hydrocacbon thm c mch bn ngn rt ln v
gii thch c ti sao trong kh ca qu trnh cracking xc tc c hm lng ln cc
hydrocacbon c cu trc nhnh.

II.2.3 Giai on dng phn ng.[3,87]
Giai on ny xy ra khi cc ion cacboni kt hp vi nhau, hoc chng
nhng hay nhn nguyn t hydro ca xc tc to thnh cc phn t trung ho.

CHNG II: Nguyn liu v sn phm ca qa trnh
cracking xc tc
I.Nguyn liu dng trong qa trnh cracking xc tc.[1,124]
Theo l thuyt th bt k phn on chng ct no ca du m c im si ln
hn xng u c th dng lm nguyn liu cho qa trnh cracking xc tc. Nhng
gii hn vic s dng cc phn on chng ct du m vo lm nguyn liu cho
cracking xc tc c mt tm quan trng rt ln. Nu la chn nguyn liu khng
thch hp s khng a n hiu qu kinh t cao hoc s nh hng n hot tnh
ca xc tc.
Ngy nay ngi ta thng dng cc phn on nng thu c t qu trnh
cracking nhit,cc ho chm,cc phn on du nhn trong chng ct chn khng v
du mazt tch nha lm nguyn liu cho cracking xc tc. trnh hin tng
to cc nhiu trong qu trnh cracking xc tc cng nh trnh nhim c xc tc,
nguyn liu cn phi c tinh ch s b trc khi a vo ch bin.
Ta c th dng cc phn on sau lm nguyn liu cho cracking xc tc:
- Phn on kerosen xola ca qu trnh chng ct trc tip
- Phn on xla c nhit si 300
0
C 550
0
C ca qu trnh chng ct chn
khng mazt.
- Phn on gasoil ca qu trnh ch bin th cp khc.
n mn hc Phan ngc hy Ha du k53-QN


11
- Phn on gasoil nng c nhit si 300
0
C 550
0
C
-
II.c tnh chi tit du Bch H.[5,101]
Cc c tnh Du Bch H
Du th
T trng.
0
API 38,6
Lu hunh,%tl 0,03 - 0,05
im ng c,
0
C 33
nht, 40
0
C, cSt 9,72
nht, 50
0
C, cSt 6,58
nht, 60
0
C, cSt 4,73
Cn cacbon,%tl 0,65 -1,08
Asphanten,%tl 0,05
Wax, %tl 27
Ap sut, % hi Reid 100
0
F,psi 2.5
V/Ni,ppm 2/2
Nit, %tl 0,067
Mui Nacl,mg/l 22
axt, mg KOH/g 0,05
Naphta nh (C
5
-95
0
C)
Hiu sut trn du th, %tl 2,3
T trng 15
0
C, Kg/l 0,6825
Lu hunh, %tl 0,001
Mercaptan,%tl 0,0002
Parafin,%tl 75,2
Naphten,%tl 18,4
Thm,%tl 6,4
N-parafin,%tl 42,0
Naphta nng (C
5
-149
0
C)
Hiu sut trn du th, %tl 10,1
T trng 15
0
C, Kg/l 0,7285
Lu hunh, %tl 0,001
Mercaptan,%tl 0,0002
n mn hc Phan ngc hy Ha du k53-QN


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Parafin,%tl 60,5
Naphten,%tl 31,3
Thm,%tl 8,2
N-parafin,%tl 34,9
Kerosen (149 -232
0
C)
Hiu sut so vi du th,
%kh.l
14,35
T trng 15
0
C,kg/l 0,7785
Lu hunh, %kh.l 0,001
axt, mg KOH/g 0,041
Chiu cao ngn la khng
khi,mm
35
Thm,%kh.l 13,0
Gasoil (232 -432
0
C)
Hiu sut so vi du th,
%kh.l
23,05
T trng 15
0
C,kg/l 0,818
Lu hunh, %kh.l 0,016
axt, mg KOH/g 0,01
Tr s xtan 47,6
Cn (342 550
0
C) Ti 550
0
C
Hiu sut trn du th,%V 14,2
Khi lng ring 15
0
C, Kg/l 0,811
Lu hunh,%Kh.l 0,07
Nit,ppm 1350
Asphanten,% Kh.l 0,05
Hp cht no,% Kh.l 58
Hp cht thm,%Kh.l 15

III.Sn phm thu c t qa trnh cracking xc tc.[2,102]
Hiu sut v c tnh ca cc sn phm trong cracking xc tc ph thuc vo
bn cht nguyn liu, cht lng xc tc v ch cng ngh. Sn phm chnh ca
qu trnh l xng, ngoi ra cn thu thm mt s sn phm ph nh kh, gasoil nng,
gasoil nh.
n mn hc Phan ngc hy Ha du k53-QN


13
III.1. Sn phm kh cracking xc tc.[3,66]
Hiu sut kh cracking xc tc chim khong 10 - 25% lng nguyn liu em
cracking.N c th giao ng ph thuc vo bn cht ca nguyn liu em cracking.
Hiu sut ny nhiu hay t ph thuc vo iu kin cracking.Nu cracking xc tc
iu kin cng ( nhit cao, tc np liu nh, bi s tun hon ln) th hiu sut
kh s ln,cn nu cracking iu kin mm th hiu sut kh s t.
Thnh phn ca kh cracking ph thuc vo bn cht ca nguyn liu, vo bn
cht ca xc tc. Nu nguyn liu c hm lng lu hunh cao th kh cracking xc
tc cha nhiu H
2
S.
Thnh phn ca kh cracking
xc tc:
% khi lng
C
1
,C
2

C
3

C
4

C
5

10-25
25-30
30-50
10-20

III.2. Xng cracking xc tc.[2,104]
y l sn phm chnh ca qu trnh cracking xc tc, hiu sut xng thng
dao ng trong khong t 30 -35% lng nguyn liu em vo cracking. Hiu sut v
cht lng xng ph thuc vo cht lng nguyn liu, xc tc, ch cng ngh.
- Nu nguyn liu c nhiu naphten th xng thu c c cht lng cao.
- Nu nguyn liu c nhiu parafin th xng thu c c tr s octan thp.
- Nu nguyn liu c nhiu lu hunh th trong xng thu c cng c nhiu lu
hunh (thng chim 15% tng lng lu hunh c trong nguyn liu.
-
III.3. Sn phm gasoil nh.[3,69].
Gasoil nh dng lm cu t pha cho nhin liu diezel, lm nguyn liu pha vo
mazut lm tng cht lng ca du mazut.
Gasoil nh cracking xc tc c c tnh nh sau :
T trng :0,84 -0,94.
Thnh phn ho hc: 1,7 -2,4% trng lng lu hunh, 30 -50% hydrocacbon
thm, cn li l naphten v parafin.
III.4. Sn phm gasoil nng.[2,105]
Sn phm gasoil nng l phn cn cn li ca qu trnh cracking xc tc, c T
s

trn 350
0
C, d
4
20
= 0,890 0,990. Sn phm ny cha mt lng ln tp cht c hc .
n mn hc Phan ngc hy Ha du k53-QN


14
Hm lng lu hunh cao hn trong nguyn liu ban u khong 1,5 ln. N c s
dng lm nguyn liu cho cracking nhit v cc ho, hoc lm nguyn liu t l,
lm nguyn liu sn xut b hng, hoc quay tr li qu trnh cracking.

CHNG III : Cc dy chuyn cng ngh cracking xc tc
I. Cc dy chuyn cng ngh cracking xc tc.
I.1.S lc v s pht trin h thng cracking xc tc. [1,131]
Nm 1936, dy chuyn cracking xc tc u tin c a vo cng nghip ch
bin du, hot ng theo phng thc gin on vi lp xc tc c nh do k s
ngi php Houdry thit k.
Nm 1941, xut hin qu trnh cracking vi lp xc tc chuyn ng thay th
cho qu trnh Houdry.Dy chuyn cracking xc tc loi ny Nga c tn l loi 43 -1
v 43 -102, cn cc nc khc c tn l TCC.Cc dy truyn cng v sau cng lin
tc c ci tin so vi cc dy chuyn ban u khu vn chuyn xc tc.
Nm 1942 dy chuyn cracking xc tc lp si FCC u tin c a vo
hot ng vi cng sut 12.000 thng nguyn liu/ngy.Loi dy chuyn ny c tn
l (Up Flow).Xc tc c a ra t nh ca l phn ng v ti sinh.
Nm 1944 dy chuyn mang tn l Down Flow model II.Dy chuyn c thit b
phn ng v thit b ti sinh c ng knh ln hn trc v qu trnh tch hi sn
phm c thc hin ngay trong thit b phn ng, ti sinh xc tc dng tng si v
qu trnh thi cng ngy cng c ci tin cho xc tc chuyn ng t pha di
v ly ra ngoi y thit b v y ngi ta cng ci tin c hnh dng ca xc
tc.
Nm 1947, hng UOP thit k loi FCC trong thit b phn ng v thit b
ti sinh chng ln nhau trn cng mt trc.
Nm 1951, loi Orthor Flow u tin ca M.W. Kellog xut hin. Sau hng
Standard oil thit k mt loi FCC mi l ci tin ca model II v n c p
dng trong cng nghip vo nm 1952.

I.2. Xu hng pht trin ca cracking xc tc.[4,25]
K t khi ra i cho n nay, cracking xc tc tri qua mt thi k di gn 40
nm ci tin v hon thin dn cc quy trnh cng ngh cng nh cc loi xc tc s
dng t thit b cracking xc tc u tin vi lp xc tc tnh hot ng khng lin
tc con ngi khng ngng ci tin thnh kiu cracking xc tc tng si hot ng
lin tc vi cht xc tc dng ht hoc dng bt trng thi chuyn ng. Dn dn
ngi ta thay th cc loi xc tc dng ht thnh dng bt c ln vo khong 20
-100 micron v thu c hiu sut cao, nng gi tr kinh t ca mt tn du th a
n mn hc Phan ngc hy Ha du k53-QN


15
vo ch bin. Ngy nay, cracking xc tc lp tng si l mt phng php hin i
nht v c p dng rng di trn th gii c bit l M, t l cracking xc tc
lp tng si chim vo khong 72% nm 1995 v 10 nm sau tng ln ti 82% so
vi ton b cracking xc tc, cn cc nc pht trin khc Ty u, t l ny
chim vo khong 79%.
Trong 10 nm gn y, xu hng vn tip tc xy dng phn xng cracking
xc tc lp si vi cng sut ln t 4,2 n 5,2 triu m
3
/nm. Do cng sut ln nn
vn u t cng nh chi ph sn xut cho 1 m
3
nguyn liu a vo r hn.

II. Phn tch la chn cng ngh cracking xc tc.
Qua lch s pht trin ca qu trnh cracking xc tc, ng thi qua phn tch
nh gi cc yu cu khc nh ch lm vic, nguyn liu xc tc... ta thy qu
trnh FCC c rt nhiu u im v thun li, h thng ny c s dng ngy cng
ph bin trong cng nghip du m, n c cc hng cng nghip hng u trong
lnh vc ny nh UOP, Kellogg, Shell, IFP, Exxon... nghin cu hon thin hn
nhm mc ich t nng sut hiu qu cao nht, s dng nguyn liu nng hn, tit
kim c xc tc... v phi l kinh t nht.
Qua thc t dng h thng cracking xc tc lp si s dng xc tc dng bi hay
vi cu, ngi ta thy n c nhiu u im hn h thng cracking xc tc trong lp
xc tc chuyn ng. Nhng u im l:
Cc thit b chnh ca qu trnh l thit b phn ng v thit b ti sinh u c
cu to rt n gin, so vi cc dng thit b khc ca qu trnh cracking thc t
chng l hnh rng.
S tun hon xc tc t thit b phn ng n thit b ti sinh v ngc li l nh
s vn chuyn lin tc ca hi v kh trong mt gii hn rng.
Do s khuy trn mnh m ca xc tc v hi nguyn liu dn n s ng
nht v nhit trong ton b th tch lp xc tc thit b phn ng cng nh thit
b ti sinh, khc phc c hin tng qu nhit cc b.
H thng ny c kh nng ch bin cc dng nguyn liu khc nhau, nh t
nguyn liu l phn on kerosen n nguyn liu nng l mazut, lm tng tnh vn
nng ca h thng.
H thng ny c cng sut lm vic ln v c thi gian tip xc ngn (thi gian
tip xc gia nguyn liu v xc tc l cc tiu) dn n vic t c hiu sut xng
cc i v olefin nh khng xy ra phn ng ngng t bc hai m to xng. ng
dng phng php ti sinh (chy hon ton CO trong thit b ti sinh) dn n t
hm lng ct cn rt thp trong xc tc.
Vi nhng u im n bt nn ta chn s cng ngh xc tc lp si FCC
vi thi gian tip xc ngn cho qu trnh cracking xc tc.
n mn hc Phan ngc hy Ha du k53-QN


16

III. S cng ngh xc tc lp si(FCC) vi thi gian tip xc
ngn.[1,147].
Thuyt minh s cng ngh:
Dy truyn cng ngh FCC gm cc b phn chnh sau :
- Thit b phn ng.
- L ti sinh v khi tn dng nhit ca kh khi.
- B phn phn chia sn phm.

1.Thit b phn ng.
Nguyn liu mi t b cha nguyn liu (1) c cho qua thit b trao i nhit
ng chm (2). Nguyn liu mi c th em trn vi mt phn tun hon HCO ( phn
on du nng ca qu trnh cracking xc tc ) v cn y thit b (3), sau cho
qua l t nng nguyn liu cracking (4) .Nguyn liu cracking c tip xc vi xc
tc nng ti sinh y ca ng ng (5), khi nguyn liu bay hi cng vi hn
hp ca hi nng v xc tc c i ln pha trn ti nh ca ng ng, ng thi
xy ra cc phn ng cracking xc tc. Hu ht nguyn liu u tham gia phn ng v
chuyn ho trong ng ng, cn thit b phn ng (6) c c dng nh mt thit
b tch xc tc v hi hydrocacbon. Mt b phn c thit k c bit, b tr gn
van chn, dng hi nc thi xc tc v du iu ny s hn ch mc ti a hin
tng trn quay tr li ca xc tc v hi kh lm vic.Sau khi tch khi xc tc,
hi sn phm nng c chuyn sang ct phn on (7). Xc tc lm vic c
cho qua vng tch hi ( cn gi l b phn ra xc tc) (8) bng cch thi hi nc
vo.B phn ra khng ch lm nhim v ui ht hydrocacbon hp ph trn xc tc
m cn lm ti cc ht xc tc chng khng dnh vo nhau trc khi sang l ti
sinh.Tc hi cn c iu chnh thch hp v cn phi kim tra cht ch thi gian
lu ca xc tc trong b phn ra trnh phi dng qu nhiu khng kh trong l ti
sinh. Ap sut trong thit b phn ng c khng ch bng b phn iu chnh p
sut ca ct phn on.

2.L ti sinh v khi tn dng nhit ca khi l.
Xc tc c cha cc c chuyn qua van iu khin (9) v khng ch bi
kim tra mc xc tc trong l phn ng,sau i vo l ti sinh (10). Xc tc vo
l ti sinh. Xc tc vo l ti sinh theo hng tip tuyn vi thnh l. Mc ch ca
ti sinh l t chy cc bm trn xc tc lm vic bng oxy khng kh, sn phm
to thnh l CO v CO
2
, hi nc do vy m tr li b mt hot tnh cho xc tc. Sau
khi nn khng kh t c a vo y l ti sinh, qua li phn phi trn c
hiu qu gia khng kh v xc tc.S chy cng xy ra trong lp si v t c
n mn hc Phan ngc hy Ha du k53-QN


17
iu th tc ca khng kh phi ln hn 1 m/s. Xc tc ti sinh c chuyn
vo ng ng sau khi ui sch kh qua mt van l (11) m s hot ng ca van
ny c khng ch, iu khin t ng nh b phn iu chnh nhit ca thit b
phn ng, ri sau xc tc c trn vi nguyn liu cracking v hon thnh mt
chu trnh. ng thi ta tin hnh tho xc tc bn gi ho ra v tip tc b xung
xc tc mi m bo hot tnh n nh ca xc tc trong qu trnh lm vic.
Kh ca qu trnh chy cc v cc ht xc tc chuyn ng t "pha c vo
pha long" nh l ti sinh, qua hai cp xyclon (12) gi li cc ht xc tcv kh
tch. Sau , kh khi c qua bung lng (13) tch tip bi xc tc, ri qua b
phn tn dng nhit (14), sau kh khi c lm sch bi xc tc bng lc in
(15) ri i ra ngoi theo ng khi (16).

3. B phn phn chia sn phm.
Hi sn phm c np vo ct phn on chnh chia thnh cc sn phm
khc nhau:
Xng v phn nh hn c cho qua b phn ngng t (17) ri vo thit b tch
kh (18). Sau khi tch kh, ta nhn c phn on C
1
,C
2
. Cc sn phm ny c th
c dng lm kh nhin liu cho dy chuyn. Phn on C
3
,C
4
cha nhiu propen
v buten c dng lm nguyn liu cho dy chuyn alkyl ho v sn phm tip theo
l xng kh butan.
T ct phn on chnh ta cn nhn c naphta nng , LCO, HCO. Phn HCO
c th cho tun hon li ng ng ca thit b phn ng v sn phm cui cng l
phn du cn c lm sch khi bn xc tc.

n mn hc Phan ngc hy Ha du k53-QN


18
CHNG III : Tnh ton thit b
I. Tnh l phn ng
I.1 Tnh cn bng vt cht.

Cn bng vt cht ca l phn ng
Tng lng vt cht vo l phn ng bng tng lng vt cht ra khi l phn
ng :G
vo
= G
ra
.
Phng trnh cn bng vt liu ca l phn ng c dng:

G
NL
=G
k
+G
c
+G
x
+G
gnh
+G
gn
+ G
mm

Trong :
G
NL
: Lng nguyn liu mi vo trong l phn ng( nng sut ca phn xng
) (T/h)
G
k
: Lng sn phm kh to thnh (T/h)
G
c
: Lng cc to ra (T/h)
G
x
: Lng sn phm xng to thnh (T/h)
G
gnh
: Lng gasoil nh (T/h)
G
gn
: Lng gasoil nng (T/h)
G
mm
: Lng mt mt (T/h)
Phn xng cracking xc tc c nng sut 3.000.000 tn/nm vi nguyn liu l
ly t phn cn ca du th Bch H. Ta coi thi gian lm vic ca phn xng trong
1 nm l 8000 h
Nng sut ca phn xng tnh theo gi s l : G
NL
=

= 400 (T/h)
Chn hiu sut xng ( tnh theo % trng lng nguyn liu mi ) l
X

= 45,1% trng lng nguyn liu mi

Chn hiu sut cc X
c
= 1,7% trng lng nguyn liu mi.
Chn hiu sut kh khi cracking l X
k
= 17,7% trng lng nguyn liu mi.
Hiu sut gasoil nh l : X
gnh
= 22% trng lng nguyn liu mi
GNL
Gk
Gx
Ggnh
Gc
Gmm
Ggn
n mn hc Phan ngc hy Ha du k53-QN


19
Hiu sut gasoil nng l : X
gn
= 12,5% trng lng nguyn liu mi
Coi lng mt mt l 1%.
Tng lng vt cht vo l phn ng G
vo
= G
NL
= 375 (T/h)
Lng sn phm ra khi thit b phn ng :
Lng kh cracking l:
G
k
= G
NL
.17,7 = 400. 0,177 = 70,8 (T/h)
Lng xng l :
G
x
= G
NL
. 0,451 = 400 . 0,451 = 180,4 (T/h)
Lng gazoil nh l :
G
gnh
= G
NL
. 0,22 = 400. 0,22 = 88 (T/h)
Lng gazoil nng l :
G
gn
= G
NL
. 0,125 = 400. 0,125 = 50 (T/h)
Lng cc l :
G
c
= G
NL
0,017 = 400. 0,017 = 6,8 (T/h)
Lng mt mt l :
G
m
= G
NL
0,01 = 400. 0,01 = 4 (T/h)
Vy tng lng sn phm v mt mt l:
G
ra
= G
k
+ G
x
+ G
gnh
+ G
gn
+ G
c
+ G
m

= 70,8 + 180,4 + 88 + 50 + 6,8 + 4 = 400 (T/h)
kt qu tnh ton cn bng vt cht cho thit b phn ng nh sau :
Bng 1: Kt qu tnh ton cn bng vt cht cho thit b phn
Cc thnh phn Trng lng , T/h % Trng lng theo
nguyn liu mi
u vo
Nguyn liu mi 400 100
u ra
Sn phm Kh 70,8 17,7
Sn phm Xng 180,4 45,1
Sn phm Gasoil nh 88 22
Sn phm Gasoil nng 50 12,5
Cc 6,8 1,7
Lng mt mt 4 1
Tng 400 100

n mn hc Phan ngc hy Ha du k53-QN


20
- Xc nh lng xc tc tun hon v tiu hao hi nc.
Vi h thng xc tc dng ht cu th bi s tun hon xc tc N = 4 9/1
Ta chn N = 6/1 nh vy lng xc tc s l :
G
Catalyst
= N. G
c
= 6.400 = 2400 (T/h)
Xc nh lng tiu hao hi nc.
Hi nc s dng trong qu trnh l hi qu nhit
iu chnh mt ca hn hp hi nguyn liu v xc tc trong ng vn
chuyn ta dng hi nc v n tiu tn khong 0,4 -2,0% trng lng tnh theo ti
trng ca l phn ng. Ta chn tiu tn hi nc iu chnh mt hn hp l
1,6% trng lng theo nguyn liu. Vy lng hi nc tiu hao trong trng hp
ny l :
G
n1
= 0,016 .400 = 6,4 (T/h.)
Hi nc dng tch hi sn phm cracking ra khi xc tc trc khi a vo
l ti sinh trong vng tch. Tiu tn trong trng hp ny vo khong 5 -10 kg
tch c 1 tn xc tc c dnh cc. Ta chn gi tr l 7 kg /1tn xc tc. Nh vy
lng hi nc tiu tn s l :
G
n2
= 7.2400 =16800 (Kg/h.)
Vy lng hi nc tiu tn tng cng l:
G
H2Ohv
= G
n1
+ G
n2
= 6,4 +16,8 = 23,2 (T/h.)

I.2 Cn bng nhit lng ca l phn ng.

Cn bng nhit ca l phn ng
Phng trnh cn bng nhit lng ca l phn ng c dng:
Q
NL
+ Q
H2Ohv1
+ Q
H2Ohv2
+ Q
Xtv
= Q
Xtr
+ Q
k
+ Q
x
+ Q
gnh
+ Q
gn
+Q
cc
+ Q
H2Ohr1
+
Q
H2Ohr2
+ Q
mm
+ Q
p
.
Trong :
QNL
QH2Ohv
Qk
Qx
QH2Ohr
Qgnh
Qc
Qmm
Qgn
Qxtv
Q
x
t
r
Q
p
u
(QH2Ohv1, QH2Ohv2, )
n mn hc Phan ngc hy Ha du k53-QN


21
V tri ca biu thc biu din tng nhit lng mang vo thit b tnh bng ,
Kcal/h.
Q
NL
: Nhit lng do nguyn liu mi mang vo
Q
H2Ohv1
: Nhit lng do hi nc a vo ng vn chuyn
Q
H2Ohv2
: Nhit lng do hi nc mang vo vng tch
Q
Xtv
: Nhit lng do xc tc mang vo
V phi ca phng trnh biu din tng nhit lng mang ra khi thit b phn
ng tnh bng (Kcal/h).
Q
Xtr
: Nhit lng do xc tc mang ra
Q
k
: Nhit lng do sn phm kh mang ra
Q
x
: Nhit lng do hi xng mang ra
Q
gnh
: Nhit lng do hi gasoil nh mang ra
Q
gn
: Nhit lng do phn gasoil nng mang ra
Q
H2Ohr1
: Nhit lng do hi nc mang ra khi ng vn chuyn
Q
H2Ohr2
: Nhit lng do hi nc mang ra khi vng tch
Q
mm
: Mt mt nhit vo mi trng
Q
p
: Nhit lng tiu hao cho phn ng cracking.
Da vo cc ti liu v thc t cng nghip ta chn nhit ca cc thnh phn
lc i vo thit b phn ng nh sau:
Nhit ca xc tc vo thit b phn ng l : t
xtv
= 600
0
C
Nhit ca hi nc a vo ng vn chuyn l: t
H2Ov1
= 600
0
C ( p sut 40 at)
Nhit ca hi nc a vo vng tch: t
H2Ov2
= 230
0
C ( p sut 2 at)

I.2.1 Nhit lng do kh sn phm mang ra.
Trong bng 2 di y theo ti liu [6,118] s ch ra thnh phn ca kh
cracking ( Ngi ta xc nh c bng cch phn tch sc k kh ca sn phm kh
nhn c khi cracking).
Vi gi thit l p sut trong thit b phn ng l tng i nh, v vy nh
hng ca p sut ln hm nhit l khng ng k. Khi bit thnh phn ca kh
cracking ta c th tm c hm nhit ca ring tng cu t sau ta c th tnh
c hm nhit ca hn hp cc cu t.
Tng hm nhit ring phn ca cc cu t s l hm nhit ca kh cracking
nhit cho. Nh ni suy ta c th xc nh c hm nhit ca kh cc nhit
trung gian.
Bng 2: Thnh phn ca kh cracking
Cu t
Hiu sut % trng
lng theo nguyn
liu
S lng
Kg/h Kmol/h
n mn hc Phan ngc hy Ha du k53-QN


22
H
2
S
H
2

CH
4

C
2
H
4
C
2
H
6

C
3
H
6

C
3
H
8

C
4
H
8

C
4
H
10

0,85
0,2
2,31
0,57
1,25
3,22
2,43
3,95
2,92
3187,5
750
8662,5
2137, 5
4687,5
12075
9112,5
14812,5
10950
93,75
375
541,4
76,34
156,25
287,5
207,1
264,5
188,79

Bng 3: Hm nhit ca cc cu t kh trong khong nhit 300
0
C -
500
0
C.
Cu t Thnh
phn %
trng
lng
Hm nhit
300
0
C 400
0
C 500
0
C
Ring Ring
phn
Ring Ring
phn
Ring Ring
phn
H
2
S 4,802 75,3 3,616 103,2 4,96 131 6,29
H
2
1,13 1035,0 11,67 1383,0 15,62 1733 19,58
CH
4
13,05 188,8 24,64 269,0 35,10 357 46,59
C
2
H
4
3,22 142,9 4,60 205,0 6,601 273 8,79
C
2
H
6
7,062 162,6 11,48 236,0 16,67 316 22,32
C
3
H
6
18,192 141,4 25,72 204,0 37,11 272 49,48
C
3
H
8
13,729 159,1 21,84 231,0 31,71 309 42,42
C
4
H
8
22,316 148,9 33,23 214,0 47,76 285 63,60
C
4
H
10
16,499 159,5 26,31 231,0 38,11 308 50,82
Tng 100 163,10 233,64 309,89

T bng trn ta xc nh c hm nhit ca kh cracking khi ra khi l phn
ng 500
0
C.
Hm nhit ca kh cracking 500
0
C c gi tr bng :
q
k
= 309,89 (Kcal/Kg.)
- Nh vy nhit lng do kh sn phm mang ra l :
Q
k
= 70,8.10
3
. 309,89 = 2,194 .10
7
(Kcal/h)

n mn hc Phan ngc hy Ha du k53-QN


23
I.2.2 Nhit lng do hi cc sn phm nng hn mang ra.
Hm nhit ca hi hydrocacbon c xc nh theo cng thc :
q
h
= ( 50,2 + 0,109. t + 0,00014.t
2
)*( 4 -
15
15
) -73,8 [6,120]
Trong :
q
h
: Hm nhit ca phn on trng thi hi (Kcal/Kg)

15
15
: T trng ca phn on lng
t : nhit phn on ,
0
C
Hm nhit ca hi sn phm ra khi thit b phn ng 500
0
C l :
q
h
= ( 50,2 + 0,109.500 + 0,00014.500
2
)*( 4 -0,76 ) -73,8 =378,83 (Kcal/Kg.)
- Nhit lng do hi xng mang ra khi thit b phn ng
Q
x
= 180,4 .10
3
. 378,83 =6,8341.10
7
(Kcal/h)
Nhit hm ca cc hydrocacbon lng c tnh theo cng thc :
q
l
= .
d
1
6 , 15
6 , 15
( 0,403. t + 0,000405 .t
2
) [6,120]
Trong :
q
l
: l hm nhit ca phn on hydrocacbon lng nhit t, Kcal/Kg
d
15,6
15,6
: T trng ca phn on
t : Nhit ca phn on .
0
C
Hm nhit ca gasoil nh 500
0
C l :
q
gnh
= ) 500 . 000405 . 0 500 . 403 , 0 .(
933 , 0
1
2
+ =313,43 (Kcal/kg)
( do t trng ca gasoil nh l :
15
15

= 0,933 )
Lng nhit do phn gasoil nh mang ra :
Q
gnh
= 88.10
3
. 313,43 = 2,7581 .10
7
(Kcal/h)
Hm nhit ca phn gasoil nng mang ra :
q
gn
= ) 500 . 000405 , 0 500 . 403 , 0 .(
9429 , 0
1
2
+ = 311,78 (Kcal/kg)
( t trng ca gasoil nng l :
15
15

= 0,9429 )
Lng nhit do phn gasoil nng mang ra l :
Q
gn
= 50. 10
3
. 311,78 = 1,5589 .10
7
(Kcal/h)
Hm nhit ca cc v xc tc c tnh theo cng thc :
q
cc
= C.t [6,120]
q
cc
: hm nhit ca cc hoc xc tc (Kcal/kg)
C : l nhit dung ring ca cc hay nhit dung ring ca xc tc v tng ng
bng 0,6 v 0,27 (Kcal/ Kg..)
t : Nhit ca xc tc hay cc.
Hm nhit ca xc tc i vo ng phn ng :
n mn hc Phan ngc hy Ha du k53-QN


24
q
xtv
=0,27. 600 = 162 (Kcal/Kg)
Nhit lng ca xc tc mang vo ng phn ng
Q
Xtv
= 2400. 10
3
.162 = 38,88.10
7
(Kcal/h)
Hm nhit ca xc tc ra khi thit b phn ng :
q
xtr
=0,27 .500 = 135 (Kcal/kg)
Lng nhit do xc tc mang ra khi thit b phn ng :
Q
Xtr
= 2400. 10
3

.135 = 32,4. 10
7
(Kcal/h)
Hm nhit ca cc mang ra khi thit b phn ng :
q
cc
= 0,6.500 =300 (Kcal/kg)
Lng nhit do cc mang ra l :
Q
cc
= 6,8. 10
3
.300 =0,204.10
7
(Kcal/h)
Hm nhit ca hi nc c xc nh theo [7,196]
Nhit dung ring ca hi nc 40 at , 600
0
C l : 0,5285 (Kcal/Kg.)
40 at ,230
0
C l : 0,293 (Kcal/ Kg.)
2 at ,500
0
C l :0,509 (Kcal/Kg.)
Hm nhit ca hi nc mang vo ng phn ng :
q
H2Ov1
= 0,5285 .600 = 317,1 (Kcal/ Kg)
Lng nhit do hi nc mang vo ng phn ng l :
Q
H2Ovl
= 6,4.10
3
. 317,1 = 0,2029.10
7
(Kcal/h)
Hm nhit do hi nc mang vo vng tch l :
q
H2Ov2
= 0,293.230 = 67,39 (Kcal/kg)
Nhit lng do hi nc mang vo vng tch l :
q
H2Ov2
= 16,8.10
3
. 67,39 = 0,1132.10
7
(Kcal/h)
Tng lng nhit do hi nc mang vo l :
Q
H2Ot
= (0,2029 +0,1132 ) .10
7
= 0,3161 .10
7
(Kcal/h)
Hm nhit ca hi nc khi ra khi thit b phn ng :
q
H2Or
= 0,590 .500 = 254,5 (Kcal/ Kg)
Lng nhit do hi nc mang ra :
Q
H2Ohr
= 23,2.10
3
.254,5 =0,5904. 10
7
(Kcal/h)
su bin i c xc nh: 100-22-12,5= 65,5% trng lng
tra th hnh 59 (ti liu[ 6,120]) ta c hiu ng nhit ca phn ng:
AH=62 (Kcal/kg)
Lng nhit tiu hao cho phn ng cracking:
Q
p
= 400.10
3
.62= 2,48.10
7
, Kcal/h
Lng nhit mt mt ta coi nh tnh bng 5% lng nhit cn bng:
( Q
mm
= 0,05 Q
vo
)
Tng lng nhit vo thit b phn ng :
Q
vo
= Q
NL
+ 0,3161.10
7
+ 38,88 .10
7

n mn hc Phan ngc hy Ha du k53-QN


25
=Q
NL
+ 39,1961.10
7
(Kcal/h)
Tng lng nhit mang ra khi thit b :
Q
r
=

2,194 .10
7
+ 6,8341.10
7
+ 2,7581.10
7
+ 1,5589 .10
7
+ 32,4.10
7
+ 0,204.10
7

+0,5904 . 10
7
+ 2,48.10
7
+ Q
mm

Q
r
= 49,0195 . 10
7
+0,05. Q
vo
(Kcal/h)
Q
vo
= Q
r
= 51,5994 .10
7
(Kcal/h)
Q
mm
= 0,05 . 51,5994. 10
7
= 2,5799.10
7
(Kcal/h)
Lng nhit do nguyn liu mi mang vo l :
Q
NL
= (51,5994 39,1961 ). 10
7
=12,4033.10
7
(Kcal/h)
Hm nhit ca nguyn liu q
NL
= (Kcal/ Kg)
Ta c bng cn bng nhit nh sau :
Bng 4: Bng Cn bng nhit lng ca thit b phn ng
Tn Nhit
0
C
S lng
T/h
Hm nhit
Kcal/Kg
Tng cng,
10
7
Kcal/h
Vo
Q
NL
375 310,2 11,63264
Q
Xtv
600 2250 162 36,45
Q
H2Ov1
600 6 317,1 0,19026
Q
H2Ov2
230 15,75 67,39 0,29636
Cng 394,125 48,56926
Ra
Q
x
500 169,125 378,83 6,4069
Q
k
500 66,375 309,89 2,057
Q
gnh
500 82,5 313,43 2,5856
Q
gn
500 46,875 311,78 1,4615
Q
xtr
500 2250 135 30,375
Q
cc
500 6,375 300 0,19125
Q
H2Ohr
500 21,75 254,5 0,5535
Q
p
500 62 2,325
Q
mm
2,61351
Cng 48,56926
I.3 Tnh ng knh l phn ng
ng knh l phn ng c xc nh theo cng thc sau :
D=1,128. S [6,122]
Trong :
n mn hc Phan ngc hy Ha du k53-QN


26
S : l din tch tit din ngang ca l phn ng (m
2
)
S c tnh bng : S=
e . 3600
V

Trong :
V : Th tch hi i qua mt ct ngang ca l phn ng (m
3
/h)
Vn tc cho php ca hi trong tit din t do ca l phn ng , m/s. i vi
thit b cracking xc tc th vn tc trung bnh ca hi trong tit din t do ca l
phn ng l 0,63 m/s. Khi V c xc nh theo cng thc :

t . 273
) 273 ( . 4 , 22
p
t
Mi
Gi
V
+
= [ 6,123]
Mi
Gi
: L lng hn hp hi trong l phn ng (Kmol/h)
t
p
: L nhit trong l phn ng (
0
C)
t : p sut tuyt i bn trn lp gi si ca l phn ng , ta ly bng 2 at
Trng lng phn t trung bnh ca kh cracking:
3
66,375.10
30, 2995
2190, 63
= (Kg/kmol)
Ta tnh c:
Mi
Gi
=
3
66,375.10
30, 2995
+
3
169,125.10
105
+
3
82, 5.10
200
+
3
46,875.10
340
+
3
21,75.10
18
= 5560 (Kmol/h)
Vy rt ra V l :
22, 4.5560 .(273 500)
176324, 7
273.2
V
+
= = (m
3
/h)
Tit din ngang ca l phn ng l :
176324, 7
77, 74
3600.0, 63
S = = (m
2
)
ng knh ca l phn ng l : D=1,128. S =1,128 . 77, 74 = 9,946 (m)
Trong cng nghip ngi ta thng s dng l c ng knh nm trong khong
2,5 m 12 m . Ta chn l c ng knh l D = 10 , m.
I.4 Tnh chiu cao ca l phn ng.
Chiu cao ton b l phn ng c xc nh theo cng thc sau :
H
tl
= H
1
+ H
2
+ H
3
+H
4
[6,124]
Trong :
H
1
: Chiu cao vng tch, thng chn H
1
= 6 (m)
n mn hc Phan ngc hy Ha du k53-QN


27
H
2
: Chiu cao vng t cyclon, n ph thuc vo kch thc ca cyclon v thng
chn l H
2
= 6,m
H
3
: Chiu cao nh l phn ng. Do nh l phn ng c dng bn cu nn ta
thng ly H
3
= 0,5 .D
= 0,5 . 10 = 5 (m)
Ta c: H
4
= H
N
+ H
T

H
N
: Chiu cao phn hnh nn ca vng chuyn tip
H
T
: Chiu cao phn hnh tr ca vng chuyn tip. Thng chn H
T
= 5 ,
(m).
Cho ng knh vng tch D
1
= 5 m v gc to bi phn hnh nn v thit b l
45
0
, ta tnh c:
H
N
=
1
D
2
D
=
9 5
2

= 2 (m)
Vy: H
4
= 2 + 5 = 7 (m)
Nh vy chiu cao ca l phn ng l :
H = 6 + 6 + 5 +7 = 24 (m)
II. Tnh ton ng ng.
Theo vic la chn cng ngh FCC thi gian tip xc ngn , ta chn thi gian
lu ca nguyn liu v sn phm trong ng ng l : t=2 (s)
Tc ca hi nguyn liu v sn phm ta chn gi tr v =15 (m/s
chiu di ng ng l : H
ng
= t.v = 30 (m)
Th tch ca ng ng l :
V

= H
ng
. S
Trong :
S : L din tch tit din ngang ca ng ng.
H
ng
: Chiu cao ca ng ng.
Ta c S =
2
.
4
d t

Trong :
d : l ng knh ng ng , m
n mn hc Phan ngc hy Ha du k53-QN


28
h'1
D1
h'3
h'2
D
d
h'4
Nh vy c : V

= H
ng
.
2
.
4
d t
.V t
d =
4.
.
ong
V
H t

Ta c thi gian lu : t =
ong
V
V
(s)
Trong :
V
ng
: Th tch ng ng (m
3
)
V : Th tch hi i qua mt ct ngang ca l phn ng (m
3
/s)
Suy ra V
ng
= .V t
Nh vy ng knh ca ng ng l :
d =
4. .
.
V
H
t
t
=
4.2.176324, 7
3,14.30.3600
= 2,04 (m)
Chn ng knh ng phn ng l d = 2 (m)
III. Cyclon ca l phn ng
Ta t cyclon trong l phn ng nhm mc ch thu hi bi xc tc b cun
theo hi sn phm phn ng. Mc lm sch c th dao ng trong khong 65
98% .Trong trng hp cn lm sch mc cao
hn ta c th dng cyclon hai hay ba bc. Trong
n ny ta ch gii hn vic tnh s lng v tr lc
thu lc ca cyclon.
tnh ton ta phi da vo tc quy c ca
dng hi sn phm i trong tit din t do ca
cyclon v tc quy c c xc nh theo
cng thc :
e
y
=
S
V
(m/s) [6,129]
Trong :
V : l th tch ca dng hi sn phm (m
3
/s)
S : tit din chung ca cc cyclon (m
2
)
Mc gim p sut trong cyclon c xc nh nh mt tr lc cc b :
A
p
== .
g
y
. 2
2
e
.
sp
= .
2
2
y
e
.
sp
(N/m
2
) [6,129]
n mn hc Phan ngc hy Ha du k53-QN


29
Trong :
: L h s tr lc

sp
: Trng lng ring ca hi sn phm (N/m
3
)
g : L gia tc trng trng (m/s
2
)

sp
: T trng ca hi sn phm (Kg/m
3
)
Ta chn
sp
p

A
=65 ,m ta tnh c
y
e theo cng thc :
y
e =
sp
g
.
. . 2 AP
(m/s)
Ta chn loi cyclon theo [6,130] c :
ng knh ng ra D
1
= 0,6 m
Chiu rng ng vo B =0,26 m
Chiu cao ng vo h
1

=0,66 m
Chiu cao ng ra :h
2

=1,74 m
Chiu cao phn hnh tr : h
3

= 2,26 m
Chiu cao phn hnh nn : h
4

= 2,00 m
Chiu cao chung ca cyclon : H =4,56 m
ng knh y hnh nn : d =0,25 m
H s tr lc thu lc : = 105 m
Thay cc ga tr trn vo ta tnh c
y
e =
105
65 . 81 , 9 . 2
=3,485 (m/s)
Tit din chung ca cc cyclon l :
S =
176324,7
3600.3, 485
= 14,054 (m
2
)
Nu ta dng cyclon c D =0,8 ,m th tit din ca mt cyclon s l :
s =
4
.
2
D t
=
4
8 , 0 . 14 , 3
2
= 0,5 (m
2
)
S cyclon cn dng l : n =
s
S
=
14, 054
0, 5
=28,109
Ta ly chn s cyclon l n = 28 khi tit din chung thc t ca cc cyclon l :
S = 0,5 .28 = 14 (m
2
).
n mn hc Phan ngc hy Ha du k53-QN


30

Ti liu tham kho

1. L Vn Hiu. Cng ngh ch bin du m; Nh xut bn KH v KT- H
Ni 2000.
2. PGS. TS. inh Th Ng. Ho hc du m; Nh xut bn KH v KT- H
Ni 2001.
3. B mn Nhin liu. Cng ngh ch bin du m v kh; Trng i hc
Bch khoa H Ni; 1983.
4. V Th Lin, L Vn Hiu. Cng ngh ch bin du kh. Trng i hc
Bch khoa H Ni; 1982.
5. Trn Mnh Tr. Ho hc v cng ngh ch bin du m. Trng i hc
Bch khoa H Ni; 1974.
6. Trn Mnh Tr. Du kh v du kh Vit Nam. Nh xut bn Khoa hc
v K thut H Ni; 1996.
7.Trn Quc Sn .Mt s phn ng ca hp cht hu c. nh xut bn Gio
Dc , nm 2001
8.on thin tch. Du kh Vit Nam ; nh xut bn i Hc Quc Gia
TPHCM 2001
9.B mn Nhin liu. Gio trnh tnh ton cng ngh cc qu trnh ch bin
du m; Trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni; 1972.
10. B mn nhin liu .Hng dn thit k cc qu trnh ch bin du m ;
Trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni; 1972.
11. Tp th tc gi . S tay Qu Trnh Cng Ngh Ha Cht ,tp 1; Nh xut
bn Khoa hc v K thut H Ni; 1992.
12. Tp ch Hydrocacbon Processing; November; 2000.
13.H-Minamil , Curent FCC Technologies , nm 1993.
14.Ch.Marcilly , Catalytic Cracking , nm 1991.
15. W. L. Nelsson. Petroleum rafinery engineering. New York; 1998.
16. D. Michael. Winfield the UOP processing guide; 1994.
17. H. Mianmi Current FCC technologies. Chiyoda Co., November, 1993.
18. Robert A. Mevus. Handbook petroleum Refining processes; 1986.
n mn hc Phan ngc hy Ha du k53-QN


31
Kt lun
Cracking xc tc l mt phng php ch bin su v c mt tm quan trng rt
ln trong cng nghip ch bin du m hin nay v n gp phn gii quyt v p
ng kp thi nhu cu tiu th nhin liu ca th trng v c s lng v cht lng.
Sau mt thi gian nghin cu v tm hiu, em hon thnh ti thit k phn
xng cracking xc tc c nng xut 3.000.000 tn/nm.
Qua bn n ny gip em hiu c c bn cc bc v qu trnh cracking
xc tc.
Bn n ny c hon thnh nhng v iu kin cn hn ch nn chc
chn khng trnh khi sai st. Vy em rt mong c s ch bo cng nhng kin
ng gp ca cc thy c bn n c hon thin hn.
Cui cng em xin chn thnh by t lng bit n ti cc thy c gio trong B
mn Cng ngh Ho du - Hu c v cc bn. c bit l thy gio PGS.TS. L
Vn Hiu tn tnh gip em hon thnh bn n ny.
Em xin chn thnh cm n!
H Ni, thng 6 nm 2005
Sinh vin thc hin

Phm Th Anh