Ngu Phap Toeic

B GIO DC V O TO
NH XUT BN GIO DC
B GIO DC V O TO
ENGLISH ONLINE
Ng php
n thi Toeic
( Ti bn ln th 10)
NH XUT BN GIO DC
210/GD-01/1744/506-00 M s: O7655T8
1
Bi 1: Cc ch im ng php c
hi trong bi thi TOEIC
Cho mng cc bn n vi H thng ng php chun ca
n Thi Toeic trong lot h thng kin thc trng tm hc n
Toeic hiu qu. ng nh tn gi, mc ln ny nhm gip
ngi hc bit, nm bt v hiu mt cch c h thng cc
chuyn ng php chnh cn c hon thnh tt bi thi
Toeic mi vi 2 phn chnh l Nghe v c. Khi ng vng
chc vi vic lm quen, phn bit v chia 12 th c bn trong
Ting Anh nhanh chng, chnh xc. Tip , chng ta s t
tin cng hc v c tnh ca cc t loi, cu, mnh . c
bit, ngi hc s hon tt khung ng php mt cch chc
chn khi c gi nhc v cc trng hp ngoi l d gp
trong bi thi lin quan ti ng php. C th, h thng ng
php gm 27 chuyn , mi chuyn gm c l thuyt
trng tm, d hiu v 20 cu hi trc nghim n luyn hiu
qu t d ti kh:
Bi 2: Hin ti n, hin ti tip din
Bi 3: Hin ti han thnh, hin ti hon thnh tip din
Bi 4: Qu kh n, qu kh tip din
Bi 5: Qu kh hon thnh, qu kh hon thnh tip din
Bi 6: Tng lai n, tng lai tip din
Bi 7: Tng lai hon thnh, tng lai hon thnh tip din
Bi 8: Tng hp thi th
Bi 9: Cc dng thc ca ng t: Ving, To do
Bi 10: ng t khuyt thiu
2
Bi 11: Danh t
Bi 12: Mo t
Bi 13: i t
Bi 14: Cc loi cu hi
Bi 15: Tnh t v trng t
Bi 16: So snh
Bi 17: Gii t
Bi 18: B ng
Bi 19: Ha hp ch ng- ng t
Bi 20: Cu iu kin
Bi 21: Mnh quan h
Bi 22: Gin lc mnh quan h
Bi 23: Mnh danh ng
Bi 24: Mnh trng ng
Bi 25: Lin t
Bi 26: Qu kh phn t (ed) v hin ti phn t (Ving)
Bi 27: Cu gi nh
C th ni, nh mt phn vai tr ln l trnh n li kin thc
ng php cho nhng ai mi bt tay vo n thi Toeic cng
nh khng t ngi ang v s mong mun c trong tay
chng ch gi tr ny. Hy lun ghi nh s n lc ca bn s
quyt nh bn c th nm c hay khng lng kin thc
Ting Anh cn thit trc khi t tin ng k thi chc chn
c cho mnh mt im s Toeic cao. Chc cc bn thnh
cng v hy bt u vi quyt tm cao nht nh!
3
Th hin ti n v th hin ti tip din thng khin
nhiu bn ln ln, khng bit chng khc nhau ci g
trong cu trc v ngha. V v
y, chng ta cng xem li
kin thc v th hin ti n v th hin ti tip din nh.
Cc bn cn nm chc cu to, chc nng ca 2 th ny
lm nn tng cho nhng phn tip theo.
I. Cu Trc
HIN TI N HIN TI TIP DIN
+
S + V(s/es)
He plays tennis.
S + am/is/are + Ving
The children are playing football
now.
S + do not/ does not +

Vinf
She doesn't play tennis.
S + am/is/are + not + Ving
The children are not playing
football now.
?
Do/Does + S + Vinf?
Do you play tennis?
Am/Is/Are + S + Ving?
Are the children playing football
now?
II. Cch s dng
1. Din t mt thi 1. Din t mt hnh ng ang xy
4
quen, mt hnh
ng xy ra thng
xuyn lp i lp li
hin ti.
Ex:
- He watches TV
every night.
- What do you do
every day?
- I go to school by
bicycle.
2. Din t mt chn
l, mt s tht hin
nhin.
Ex:
- The sun rises in the
East.
- Tom comes from
England.
- I am a student.
3. Din t mt lch
trnh c sn, thi
kha biu, chng
trnh
Ex: The plane leaves
for London at
12.30pm.
4. Dng sau cc cm
t ch thi gian
when, as soon as v
trong cu iu kin
ra ti hin ti.
Ex:
- The children are playing football now.
- What are you doing at the moment?
2. Dng theo sau cu ngh, mnh
lnh.
Ex:
- Look! The child is crying.
- Be quiet! The baby is sleeping in the
next room.
3. Th ny cn c dng din t
mt hnh ng sp xy ra. (TH
TNG LAI GN)
Ex:
- He is coming tomorrow.
- My parents are planting trees
tomorrow.
Lu : Khng dng th hin ti tip
din vi cc ng t ch nhn thc, tri
gic nh: to be, see, hear, understand,
know, like, want, glance, feel, think,
smell, love, hate, realize, seem,
remember, forget, belong to, believe ...
Vi cc ng t ny, ta thay bng th
HIN TI N GIN
Ex:
- I am tired now.
- She wants to go for a walk at the
moment.
5
loi 1
Ex:
- We will not believe
you unless we see it
ourselves.
- If she asks you, tell
her that you do not
know.
III. Du hiu nhn bit
HIN TI N
HIN TI TIP
DIN
- Often, usually, frequently
- Always, constantly
- Sometimes, occasionally
- Seldom, rarely
- Every day/ week/ month...
- Now
- Right now
- At the moment
- At present
- Look! Listen!...
IV. Spelling
- Ta thm S hnh thnh
ngi 3 s t ca hu ht
cc ng t. Nhng ta
thm ES khi ng t c
tn cng l o, sh, s, ch, x,
z.
Ex: He teaches French.
- Nu ng t tn cng l
y v ng trc n l mt
ph m, th ta i y thnh i
trc khi thm es.
- Nu ng t tn cng l e n
th b e ny i trc khi thm ing.
(tr cc ng t : to age (gi i),
to dye (nhum), to singe (chy
xm) v cc ng t tn t l ee
Ex: come --> coming
- ng t tn cng l 1 nguyn
m gia 2 ph m th nhn i
ph m cui ln ri thm ing.
Ex:
run --> running
6
Ex:
- He tries to help her.
- She studies at China.
begin --> beginning
- Nu ng t tn cng l ie th
i thnh y ri mi thm ing.
Ex: lie --> lying
- Nu ng t tn cng l l m
trc n l 1 nguyn m n th
ta cng nhn i l ln ri thm
ing.
Ex: travel --> travelling
7
Bi 3: Hin ti han thnh, hin ti hon
thnh tip din
Th hin ti hon thnh v th hin ti hon thnh tip
din cng l mt cp khin nhiu s t i thi phi au u
y.
Mi cc bn cng xem qua kin thc v cp i ny v
lm mt s bi tp cng c kin thc nh.
I. Present Perfect (th hin ti hon thnh)
1. Cu trc:
(+) S + has/have + PII.
() S + has/have + not + PII.
(?) Has/Have + S + PII?
Yes, S + has/have.
No, S + has/have + not.
2. Cch s dng:
2.1. Din t mt hnh ng xy ra mt thi im
khng xc nh trong qu kh.
- Khng c thi gian xc nh.
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John has traveled around the world (We dont know when)
Have you passed your driving test?
- Hoc i vi cc t: just, recently, already, yet,
- Hnh ng lp li nhiu ln cho n thi im hin ti.
I have watched Iron Man several times.
- Sau cu trc so snh hn nht ta dng th hin ti hon
thnh.
It is the most borning book that I have ever read.
- Sau cu trc: This/It is the first/second times, phi dng
th hin ti hon thnh.
This is the first time he has driven a car.
Its the second times he has lost his passport.
2.2. Din t mt hnh ng bt u din ra trong qu kh
v vn cn hin ti.
- C cc t ch thi gian i cng nh: since, for, ever, never,
up to now, so far,
Jonh has lived in that house for 20 years. (He still live there)
=John has lived in that house since 1989 (Hin nay l 2012)
3. Cc t i vi th hin ti hon thnh
- Since + thi im trong qu kh: since 1982, since
Junuary.: k t khi
For + khong thi gian: for three days, for ten minutes, .:
trong vng
I havent heard from her for 2 months.
9
(Ti khng nghe tin tc g t c y trong 2 thng ri
He hasnt met her since she was a little girl.
(Anh y khng gp c y k t khi c y cn l 1 c b.)
- Already:
Dng trong cu khng nh hay cu hi, ALREADY c th
ng ngay sau have v cng c th ng cui cu.
I have already had the answer = I have had the answer
already.
Have you typed my letter already?
- Yet: cha
Dng trong cu ph nh hoc nghi vn. YET thng ng
cui cu.
John hasnt written his report yet = John hasnt written his
report.
I hasnt decided what to do yet = I hasnt decided what to do.
Have you read this article yet? = Have you read this article?
- Just: va mi
Dng ch mt hnh ng va mi xy ra.
I have just met him.
I have just tidied up the kitchen.
I have just had lunch.
- Recently, Lately: gn y
He has recently arrived from New York.
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- So far: cho n by gi
We havent finished the English tenses so far.
- Up to now, up to the present, up to this moment, until
now, until this time: n tn by gi.
She hasnt come up to now.
- Ever: tng bao gi cha
EVER ch dng trong cu nghi vn
Have you ever gone abroad?
- Never before: cha bao gi
I have never eaten a mango before. Have you eaten a
mango?
- In/Over/During/For + the + past/last + time: trong thi
gian qua
It has rained in the past week.
She hasnt talked to me over the last 4 days.
4. Phn bit gone to v been to
- gone to: i cha v
Ann is on holiday. She has gone to Paris.
> C ngha l by gi
c y ang hoc ang trn
ng n .
- been to: i v ri
Ann is back to English now. She has been to Paris.
> C y tng Paris nhng gi v Anh ri.
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II. Present Perfect Progressive (th hin ti hon thnh
tip din)
1. Cu trc:
(+) S + has/have + been + Ving.
() S + has/have + not + been + Ving.
(?) Has/Have + S + been + Ving?
Yes, S + has/have.
No, S + has/have + not.
2. Cch s dng:
- Nhn chung, v c bn, th hin ti hon thnh tip din
ging vi th hin ti hon thnh, u dng din t mt
hnh ng bt u din ra trong qu kh v vn cn xy ra
hin ti. Tuy nhin, th hin ti hon thnh tip din nhn
mnh thi gian ca hnh ng (How long), cn th hin ti
hon thnh quan tm n kt qu ca hnh ng.
- Thng dng vi 2 gii t since hoc for.
I have been learning English since early morning.
- Cc du hiu khc nhn bit th hin ti hon thnh tip
din: all day, all her/his lifetime, all day long, all the
morning/afternoon
3. Phn bit HTHT HTHTTD
HIN TI HON THNH
HIN TI HON THNH TIP
DIN
Hnh ng chm dt
hin ti do c kt
qu r rng.
Hnh ng vn tip din
hin ti, c kh nng lan ti
tng lai do khng c kt
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HIN TI HON THNH
HIN TI HON THNH TIP
DIN
I've waited for you for half
an hour. (and now I stop
waiting because you didn't
come)
qu r rt.
I've been waiting for you for half
an hour. ( and now I'm still
waiting, hoping that you'll come)
13
Qu kh n v Qu kh tip din l hai th c bn
nhng rt quan trng hnh thnh nn nhng cu ni
n gin cng nh h
u ch trong qu trnh c hiu.
Vic nm chc hai th ny s gip cc bn d dng hiu
r nhng bi vit n gin, c bit l th Qu kh n.
hc tt th Qu kh n, cc bn phi nm chc bng
ng t bt quy tc c bn cng nh cch thm ui
ing vo ng t trong th Qu kh tip din.
I. Cu trc:
TH QU KH N
TH QU KH TIP
DIN
1. To be:
S + was/were + Adj/ Noun
- I, he, she, it , N(s t) + Was
- You, we, they, N(s nhiu) + Were
2. Verbs:
S + V qu kh
S + was/were + V-ing
II. Cch s dng:
TH QU KH N TH QU KH TIP DIN
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TH QU KH N TH QU KH TIP DIN
Din t mt hnh
ng xy ra v
chm dt hon
ton trong qu
kh.
Ex:
- Tom went to Paris
last summer.
- My mother left this
city two years ago.
- He died in 1980.
1. Din t mt hnh ng ang xy ra
ti mt thi im trong qu kh.
Ex: What were you doing at 8:30 last
night?
2. Din t hnh ng ang xy ra (
qu kh) th c 1 hnh ng khc
xem vo. (Hnh ng ang xy ra
dng QK tip din, hnh ng xen
vo dng QK n)
Ex:
- When I came yesterday, he was
sleeping.
- What was she doing when you saw
her?
3. Din t hnh ng xy ra song
song cng 1 lc qu kh.
Ex: Yesteday, I was cooking while my
sister was washing the dishes.
III. Du hiu nhn bit:
TH QU KH N
TH QU KH TIP
DIN
last night/ year/month
yesterday
... ago
in + nm (vd: 1999)
at this time last night
at this moment last year
at 8 p.m last night
while...
15
Bi 5: Qu kh hon thnh, qu kh
hon thnh tip din
Th Qu kh hon thnh v Qu kh hon thnh tip din
l hai th thng xuyn xut hin trong ch im thi
ca Toeic, c bit l th Qu kh hon thnh.
Cc bn c th d phn bit th Qu kh hon thnh, tuy
nhin th Qu kh hon thnh tip din vn gy khng t
kh khn cho cc bn.
V vy chng ta cng tng hp li nhng kin thc c
bn nht cc bn d dng phn bit v s dng 2 th
ny mt cch chnh xc v hiu qu nh.
I. Cu trc:
QU KH HON THNH
QU KH HON
THNH TIP DIN
1. To be:
S + had been + Adj/ noun
Ex: She had been a good dancer
when she met a car accident.
2. Verb:
S + had + Pii (past participle)
Ex: We had lived in Hue before
Cng thc chung:
S + had been+ V-ing
Ex: She had been
carrying a heavy bags.
16
QU KH HON THNH
QU KH HON
THNH TIP DIN
1975.
II. Cch s dng:
QU KH HON THNH
QU KH HON THNH TIP
DIN
1. Din t mt hnh
ng xy ra trc mt
hnh ng khc trong
qu kh. (Hnh ng xy
ra trc dng QKHT - xy
ra sau dng QK)
Ex: When I got up this
morning, my father had
already left.
2. Dng m t hnh
ng trc mt thi gian
xc nh trong qu kh.
Ex: We had lived in Hue
before 1975.
3. Dng trong cu iu
kin loi 3
Ex: If I had known that you
were there, I would have
written you letter.
4. Dng trong cu c
mun tri vi Qu kh
Ex: I wish I had time to
study.
1. Din t 1 hnh ng xy ra
trc mt hnh ng khc
trong Qu kh (nhn mnh tnh
tip din)
Ex: I had been thinking about that
before you mentioned it.
2. Din t 1 hnh ng xy
ra, ko di lin tc n khi
hnh ng th 2 xy ra. (Hnh
ng 2 dng QK). Thng
thng khong thi gian ko di
c nu r trong cu.
Ex: The men had been playing
cards for 3 hours before I came.
17
Bi 6: Tng lai n, tng lai gn,
tng lai tip din
Th Tng lai n v Tng lai tip din cng l 2 th c tn
sut xut hin rt cao trong thi chnh thc ca TOEIC.
Ngoi ra th tng lai cn c th tng lai g
n cng d gy
nhm ln cho cc bn.
hiu r hn v nhng th ny, cc bn c th theo di
bng so snh di y.
I. Cu trc:
TL N TL TIP DIN TL GN
(+) S + will/shall +
V-inf
(-) S + will/shall +
not + V-inf
(?) Will/Shall + S +
V-inf?
Yes, S + will/shall
No, S + will/shall +
not
V-inf: ng t
nguyn th khng
S + will + be + V-
ing
Ex:
- Will you be waiting
for
her when her plane
arrives tonight?
- Don't phone me
between
7 and 8. We'll be
having dinner then.
1. D nh s lm
g
S + am/is/are +
going to + V-inf
Ex: Where are you
going to
spend your
holiday?
2. Sp sa lm g
S + am/is/are + V-
inf
18
"to".
- I/ We + shall
- I/ We/ You/ He/
She... + will
- will/shall = 'll
- will not = won't
- shall not = shan't
Ex:
- She will be a good
mother.
- We will go to
England next year.
Ex: My father is
retiring.
II. Cch s dng:
1. Din t mt
quyt nh
ngay ti thi im
ni.
Ex: Oh, I've left the
door open. I
will go and shut it.
2. Din t li d
on khng
c cn c.
Ex:
- People wont go to
Jupiter before
the 22nd century.
- Who do you think
will get the job?
1. Din t mt
hnh ng
ang xy ra ti
mt thi
im xc nh
tng lai.
Ex:
- At 10 o'clock
tomorrow morning
he will be working.
- I will be watching
TV at 9
o'clock tonight.
2. Din t hnh
ng ang
xy ra tng lai
1. Din t mt k
hoch,
d nh.
Ex:
- I have won $1,000.
I am
going to buy a new
TV.
- When are you
going
to go on holiday?
2. Din t mt li
d on
da vo bng
chng hin ti.
Ex:
19
3. Dng trong cu
ngh.
Ex:
- Will you shut the
door?
- Shall I open the
window?
- Shall we dance?
4. Cu ha hn
Ex: I promise I will
call you as
soon as i arrive.
th c 1
hnh ng khc
xy ra.
Ex:
- I will be studying
when you
return this evening.
- They will be
travelling in
Italy by the time
you arrive here.
- The sky is very
black. It is
going to snow.
- I crashed the
company car.
My boss isnt going
to bevery happy!
III. Phn bit TL n TL gn
TL N TL GN
- Ta dng will khi quyt nh
lm iu g vo lc ni,
khng quyt nh trc.
Ex:
Tom: My bicycle has a flat
tyre. Can you repair it for me?
Father: Okay, but I can't do it
right now. I will repair it
tomorrow.
- Ta dng be going to khi
quyt nh lm iu g ri,
ln lch sn lm ri.
Ex:
Mother: Can you repair Tom's
bicycle? It has a flat type.
Father: Yes, I know. He told
me. I'm going to repair it
tomorrow.
IV. Du hiu nhn bit:
tomorrow
next
at this time
tomorrow
xc nh c th
tng lai gn,
20
day/week/month...
someday
soon
as soon as
until...
...
at this moment
next year
at present next
Friday
at 5 p.m
tomorrow...
cn da vo ng
cnh v cc
bng chng hin
ti.
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Bi 7: Tng lai hon thnh, tng lai
hon thnh tip din
y cng c coi l 1 cp i hon ho lun khin
cc bn hc Ting Anh phi au u khng km g cp
i hin ti hon thnh v hin ti hon thnh tip din.
Nhng cp i ny li rt c cc bi thi Toeic a
chung, a vo th ti cc s t nh ta.
V vy chng ta cng ngha li th Tng Lai Hon Thnh
v Tng Lai Hon Thnh Tip Din mt cht nha cc
bn.
TL HON THNH TL HON THNH TIP DIN
1. Cu trc:
S + will have + Pii
1. Cu trc:
S + will have been + Ving
2. Cch s dng:
- Din t 1 hnh ng s
hon tt vo 1 thi im
cho trc tng lai.
Ex:
+ I'll have finished my work
by noon.
+ They'll have built that
2. Cch s dng:
- Din t 1 hnh ng bt u t
qu kh v ko di n 1 thi
im cho trc tng lai.
Ex:
+ By November, we'll have been
living in this house for 10 years.
+ By March 15th, I'll have been
22
TL HON THNH TL HON THNH TIP DIN
house by July next year.
+ When you come back, I'll
have written this letter.
working for this company for 6
years.
3. Du hiu nhn bit:
Cc cm t ch thi gian i
km:
- By + mc thi gian (by the
end of, by tomorrow)
- By then
- By the time
3. Du hiu nhn bit:
Cc cm t ch thi gian i km:
- By ... for (+ khong thi gian)
- By then
- By the time
Bi 8: Tng hp thi th
Trong cc bi trc chng ta hc v cc th sau trong
ting Anh:
Bi 2: Hin ti n, HT tip din
Bi 3: Hin ti han thnh, HTHT tip din
Bi 4: Qu kh n, QK tip din
Bi 5: Qa kh hon thnh, QKHT tip din
Bi 6: Tng lai n, TL tip din
Bi 7: Tng lai hon thnh, TLHT tip din
Cc bn n li bi ri lm bi tp tng hp v cc th sau y
nh!
23
Bi 9: Cc dng thc ca ng t:
Ving, To do
Mt trong nhng cu hi m cc bn hc ting Anh thc
mc nhiu nht hn l lm sao chia ng t chnh xc
khi lm bi CHIA NG T TRONG NGOC. Khi no th
dng V-infinitive, khi no th dng V-ing phi khng ?
Hm nay ti s cung cp cho cc bn cc cu trc cu
thng dng nht ca Ving v To do. Hy vng cc bn s
khng cn gp kh khn g vi dng bi chia ng t
na.
GERUND TO-INFINITIVE
1. Cch s dng
L ch ng ca cu:
dancing bored him.
B ng ca ng t:
her hobby is painting.
L b ng: Seeing is
believing.
Sau gii t: He was
accused of smuggling.
Sau mt vi ng t:
avoid, mind, enjoy,...
2. Mt s cch dng
Cch dng To-infinitive:
1. Verb + to do
Nhng ng t sau c theo sau
trc tip bi to-infinitive: agree,
appear, arrange, attempt, ask, decide,
determine, be determined, fail,
endeavour, forget, happen, hope,
learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare,
promise, prove, refuse, remember,
seem, tend, threaten, try, volunteer,
expect, want, mean,...
Ex:
- She agreed to pay $50.
24
c bit
+ Nhng ng t sau
c theo sau bi V-
ing: admit, avoid,
delay, enjoy, excuse,
condiser, deny, finish,
imagine, forgive, keep,
mind, miss, postpone,
practise, resist, risk,
stop, remember,
forget, regret, suggest,
like, propose, detest,
dread, resent, pardon,
try, fancy.
Ex:
- He admitted taking
the money.
- Would you consider
selling the property?
- He kept complaining.
- He didn't want to risk
getting wet.
+ Verbs +
prepositions:
apologize for, accuse
of, insist on, feel like,
congratulate on,
suspectof, look
forward to, dream of,
succeed in, object to,
approve/disapprove
of...
- Two men failed to return from the
expedition.
- The remants refused to leave.
- She volunteered to help the disabled.
- He learnt to look after himself.
2. Verb +
how/what/when/where/which/why +
to do
Nhng ng t s dng cng thc
ny l:
ask, decide, discover, find out, forget,
know, learn, remember, see, show,
think, understand, want to know,
wonder...
Ex:
- He discovered how to open the safe.
- I found out where to buy fruit
cheaply.
- She couldn't think what to say.
- I showed her which button to press.
3. Verb + Object + to do
Nhng ng t theo cng thc ny l:
advise, allow, enable, encourage,
forbid, force, hear, instruct, invite, let,
order, permit, persuade, request,
remind, see, train, urge, want, tempt...
Ex:
- These glasses will enable you to see
in the dark.
- She encouraged me to try again.
- They forbade her to leave the house.
- They persuaded us to go with them.
25
+ Gerund cng theo
sau nhng cm t
nh:
- It's no use / It's no
good...
- There's no point (
in)...
- It's ( not) worth ...
- Have difficult ( in) ...
- It's a waste of time/
money ...
- Spend/ waste
time/money ...
- Be/ get used to ...
- Be/ get accustomed
to ...
- Do/ Would you mind
... ?
- be busy doing
something
- What about ... ? How
about ...?
- Go + V-ing ( go
shopping, go
swimming... )
* Note: Mt s ng t c th i cng vi c ng t nguyn
th v V-ing, hy so snh s khc nhau v ngha gi
chng.
Stop Ving: dng lm g (dng hn)
Stop to do: dng li lm vic g
26
Ex:
- Stop smoking: dng ht thuc.
- Stop to smoke: dng li ht thuc
Remember/forget/regret to do: nh/qun/tic s phi lm g
( hin ti tng lai)
Remember/forget/regret Ving: nh/qun/tic lm g (
qu kh)
Ex:
- Remember to send this letter (hy nh gi bc th ny)
- Dont forget to buy flowers (ng qun mua hoa nh)
- I regret to inform you that the train was cancelled (ti rt tic
phi bo tin cho anh rng chuyn tu b hy)
- I paid her $2. I still remember that. I still remember paying
her $2. (ti nh tr c y 2 la ri)
- She will never forget meeting the Queen. (c y khng bao
gi qun ln gp n hong)
- He regrets leaving school early. It is the biggest mistake in
his life. (Anh y hi tic v b hc qu sm)
Try to do: c gng lm g
Try Ving: th lm g
Ex:
- I try to pass the exam. (ti c gng vt qua k thi)
- You should try unlocking the door with this key. (bn nn th
m ca vi chic kha ny)
27
Like Ving: Thch lm g v n th v, hay, cun ht, lm
thng thc.
Like to do: lm vic v n l tt v cn thit
Ex:
- I like watching TV.
- I want to have this job. I like to learn English.
Prefer Ving to Ving
Prefer + to do smt + rather than (do) smt
Ex:
- I prefer driving to traveling by train.
- I prefer to drive rather than travel by train.
Need to do: cn lm g
Need doing: cn c lm g (= need to be done)
Ex:
- I need to go to school today.
- Your hair needs cutting. (= your hair needs to be cut)
Used to do: tng/thng lm g trong qu kh (by gi
khng lm na)
Be/Get used to Ving: quen vi vic g ( hin ti)
Ex:
- I used to get up early when I was young. (Ti thng dy
sm khi cn tr)
28
- Im used to getting up early. (Ti quen vi vic dy sm ri)
Advise/allow/permit/recommend + Object + todo:
khuyn/cho php/ ngh ai lm g.
Advise/allow/permit/recommend + Ving: khuyn/cho php,
ngh lm g.
Ex:
- He advised me to apply at once.
- He advised applying at once.
- They dont allow us to park here.
- They dont allow parking here.
See/hear/smell/feel/notice/watch + Object + Ving: cu trc
ny c s dng khi ngi ni ch chng kin 1 phn ca
hnh ng.
See/hear/smell/feel/notice/watch + Object + V: cu trc ny
c s dng khi ngi ni chng kin ton b hnh ng.
Ex:
- I see him passing my house everyday.
- She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising.
- We saw him leave the house.
- I heard him make arrangements for his journey.
29
Modal verbs l nhm ng t rt quen thuc vi mi
ngi hc ting Anh. Ngay t khi hc lp 6 chng ta
c lm quen vi chng qua cc cu n gin nh
can I help you?, I can swim.
Mi cc bn xem li cch dng ca cc ng t khuyt
thiu trong ting Anh nh.
* c tnh chung ca ng t khuyt thiu (Modal verbs)
1. Cu trc chung:
S + Modal Verb + V(bare-infinitive)
(bare-infinitive: ng t nguyn th khng to)
Ex: They can speak French and English.
2. Khng thm S vo sau can ngi th ba s t th Hin
ti.
He can use our phone. (He use your phone)
3. Ch c nhiu nht l 2 th: Th Hin ti v th Qu kh n.
She can cook meals.
She could cook meals when she was twelve.
30
I. CAN COULD
A. CAN
CAN ch c 2 th: Hin ti v Qu kh n. Nhng hnh thc
khc ta dng ng t tng ng be able to. CAN cng
c th c dng nh mt tr ng t hnh thnh mt s
cch ni ring.
1. CAN v COULD c ngha l c th, din t mt kh nng
(ability).
Can you swim?
She could ride a bicycle when she was five years old.
2. Trong vn ni (colloquial speech), CAN c dng thay
cho MAY din t mt s cho php (permission) v th ph
nh CANNOT c dng din t mt s cm on
(prohibition).
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck, but you
cant smoke downstairs.
3. CAN cng din t mt iu c th xy n (possibility).
Trong cu hi v cu cm thn CAN c ngha l Is it
possible?
Can it be true?
It surely cant be four oclock already!
4. CANNOT c dng din t mt iu kh c th xy ra
(virtual impossibility).
He cant have missed the way. I explained the route carefully.
5. Khi dng vi ng t tri gic (verbs of perception) CAN cho
ngha tng ng v
i th Tip din (Continuous Tense).
31
Listen! I think I can hear the sound of the sea. (khng dng I
am hearing)
B. COULD
1. COULD l th qu kh n ca CAN.
She could swim when she was five.
2. COULD cn c dng trong cu iu kin.
If you tried, you could do that work.
3. Trong cch ni thn mt, COULD c xem nh nhiu
tnh cht lch s hn CAN.
Can you change a 20-dollar note for me, please?
Could you tell me the right time, please?
4. COULD c dng din t mt s ng vc hay mt li
phn khng nh nhng.
His story could be true, but I hardly think it is.
I could do the job today, but Id rather put it off until
tomorrow.
5. COULD WAS/WERE ABLE TO
- Nu hnh ng din t mt kh nng, mt kin thc,
COULD c dng thng hn WAS/WERE ABLE TO.
He hurt his foot, and he couldnt play in the match.
The door was locked, and I couldnt open it.
- Nu cu ni hm mt s thnh cng trong vic thc hin
hnh ng (succeeded in doing) th WAS/WERE ABLE TO
c s dng ch khng phi COULD.
32
I finished my work early and so was able to go to the pub with
my friends.
II. MAY MIGHT
1. MAY v dng qu kh MIGHT din t s xin php, cho
php (permission).
May I take this book? Yes, you may.
She asked if she might go to the party.
2. MAY/MIGHT dng din t mt kh nng c th xy ra hay
khng th xy ra.
It may rain.
He admitted that the news might be true.
3. Dng trong cu cm thn, MAY/MIGHT din t mt li cu
chc.
May all your dreams come true!
Trong cch dng ny c th xem MAY nh mt loi Bng
Thi cch (Subjunctive).
4. MAY/MIGHT dng trong mnh theo sau cc ng t
hope (hy vng) v trust (tin tng).
I trust (hope) that you may find this plan to your satisfaction.
He trust (hoped) that we might find the plan to our
satisfaction.
5. MAY/MIGHT dng thay cho mt mnh trng ng ch s
nhng b (adverb clauses of concession).
He may be poor, but he is honest. (Though he is poor)
33
Try as he may, he will not pass the examination. (Though he
tries hard)
Try as he might, he could not pass the examination. (Though
he tried hard)
6. MAY/MIGHT thng c dng trong mnh trng ng
ch mc ch (adverb clauses of purpose). Trong trng hp
ny ngi ta cng thng dng CANCOULD thay cho
MAY/MIGHT.
She was studying so /that she might read English books.
7. MIGHT (khng dng MAY) i khi c dng trong cu
din t mt li trch mng c tnh hn di (petulant
reproach).
You might listen when I am talking to you.
(Lm n rng m lng nghe ti ni)
You might try to be a little more helpful.
(Lm n rng m t ra c ch mt cht)
III. MUST
1. MUST c ngha l phi din t mt mnh lnh hay mt s
bt buc.
You must drive on the left in London.
2. MUST dng trong cu suy lun logic.
Are you going home at midnight? You must be mad!
You have worked hard all day; you must be tired.
3. MUST NOT (MUSTNT) din t mt lnh cm.
34
You mustnt walk on the grass.
4. Khi mun din t th ph nh ca MUST vi ngha
khng cn thit ngi ta s dng NEED NOT (NEEDNT).
Must I do it now? No, you neednt. Tomorrow will be soon
enough.
6. MUST v HAVE TO
- HAVE TO dng thay cho MUST trong nhng hnh thc m
MUST khng c.
We shall have to hurry if we are going to catch the twelve
oclock train.
- HAVE TO khng th thay th MUST trong cu suy lun
logic.
He must be mad. (I personally thought that he was mad)
- MUST v HAVE TO u c th dng din t s cng
bch, bt buc (compulsion). Tuy nhin MUST mang ngha
s cng bch n t ngi ni trong khi HAVE TO mang
ngha s cng bch n t hon cnh bn ngoi (external
circumstances)
You must do what I tell you.
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge. (Lnh ca Cc
ng St)
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge. (V khng
cn ng no khc)
IV. SHALL SHOULD
1. SHALL:
c dng trong nhng trng hp sau:
35
- Dng trong cu trc th Tng lai (Simple Future) ngi th
nht.
I shall do what I like.
- Din t mt li ha (promise), mt s qu quyt
(determination) hay mt mi e da (threat).
If you work hard, you shall have a holiday on Saturday.
(promise)
He shall suffer for this; he shall pay you what he owes you.
(threat)
These people want to buy my house, but they shant have it.
(determination)
2. SHOULD
c dng trong nhng trng hp sau:
- Dng trong cu khuyn ai nn lm g, v tng ng
vi ought to.
You should do what the teacher tells you.
People who live in glass houses should not throw stones.
(proverb)
- Dng thay cho must khi khng mun din t mt ngha
qu bt buc ai phi lm g.
Members who want tickets for the dance should apply before
September 1st to the Secretary.
V. WILL WOULD
1. WILL:
36
- c dng th Tng lai (simple future), din t mt k
hoch (plan), s mong mun (willingness), mt li ha
(promise) hay mt s qu quyt (determination).
All right; I will pay you at the rate you ask. (willingness)
I wont forget little Margarets birthday. I will send her a
present. (promise)
- Dng trong cu ngh.
Will you shut the door?
Shall I open the window?
2. WOULD:
- Dng hnh thnh th Tng lai trong qu kh (future in
the past) hay cc th trong cu iu kin.
He said he would send it to me, but he didnt.
If she were here, she would help us.
He would have been very happy if he had known about it.
- Din t mt thi quen trong qu kh. Vi ngha ny,
WOULD c th dng thay cho used to.
Every day he would get up at six oclock and light the fire.
VI. OUGHT TO DARE NEED
1. OUGHT TO
OUGHT TO c ngha l nn, g
n ging vi should. Trong
hu ht cc trng hp OUGHT TO c th c thay th
bng should.
They ought to (should) pay the money.
37
He ought to (should) be ashamed of himself.
- OUGHT TO cng dng din t mt s gn ng, rt c
th ng (strong probability).
If Alice left home at 9:00, she ought to be here any minute
now.
- OUGHT TO c th dng trong tng lai vi cc t xc nh
thi gian tng lai nh tomorrow, next Tuesday
Our team ought to win the match tomorrow.
- OUGHT NOT TO HAVE + past participle din t mt s
khng tn ng v mt hnh ng lm trong qu kh.
You ought not to have spent all that money on such a thing.
2. DARE
- DARE c ngha l dm, c
gan c th c xem nh mt
ng t khuyt ln ng t thng. Khi l mt ng t
khuyt thiu, n c y c tnh ca loi ng t ny.
Dare he go and speak to her? (ng t khuyt thiu)
You darent climb that tree, dare you? (ng t khuyt thiu)
He doesnt dare to answer my letter. (ng t thng)
She didnt dare to say a word, did she? (ng t thng)
- Thnh ng I dare say c ngha l c th, c l ng
ngha vi cc t perhaps, it is probable. Thnh ng ny
thng khng dng vi ch t no khc ngoi ngi th nht.
He is not here yet, but I daresay he will come later.
3. NEED
38
- C hai ng t NEED: mt ng t thng v mt ng t
khuyt thiu. Khi l ng t khuyt thiu NEED ch c hnh
thc Hin ti v c y c tnh ca mt ng t khuyt
thiu. N c ngha l cn phi, tng t nh have to. V th
n cng c xem l mt loi ph nh ca must.
Need he work so hard?
You neednt go yet, need you?
- C mt iu cn nh l ng t khuyt thiu NEED khng
dng th xc nh. N ch c dng th ph nh v
nghi vn. Khi dng th xc nh n phi c dng vi mt
t ng ph nh.
You neednt see him, but I must.
I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday.
VII. USED TO
- USED TO l mt hnh thc ng t c bit. N c th
c xem nh mt ng t thng hay mt ng t khuyt
thiu trong vic hnh thnh th ph nh v th nghi vn.
You used to live in London, usednt you?
He usednt to smoke as much as he does now.
He didnt use to smoke as much as he does now.
Did you use to climb the old tree in the garden?
- Ngy nay ngi ta c khuynh hng dng did v didnt
lp th ph nh v th nghi vn cho USED TO. Trong nhiu
trng hp th ph nh c th c hnh thnh bng cch
s dng never.
You never used to make that mistake.
39
1. USED TO c dng ch mt hnh ng lin tc, ko
di, lp i lp li trong qu kh m nay khng cn na.
People used to think that the earth was flat.
2. Vi th Qu kh n ngi ta ch bit hnh ng xy ra.
Vi USED TO ngi ta thy c tnh cht ko di ca hnh
ng y.
He was my classmate. (khng r trong thi gian bao lu)
He used to be my classmate. (trong mt thi gian kh lu)
3. Phn bit USED TO v mt s hnh thc khc
- USED TO + infinitive: hnh ng lin tc trong qu kh
- (be) USED TO + V.ing: quen vi mt vic g
- (get) USED TO + V.ing: lm quen vi mt vic g.
He used to work six days a week. (Now he doesnt)
It took my brother two weeks to get used to working at night.
Now hes used to it.
40
Bi 11: Danh t
Danh t trong ting Anh khng ch n thun l i
tng c nhc n trc tip hay gin tip thc hin
hnh ng hay chu tc ng ca hnh ng trong cu
m cn lin quan cht ch ti hnh thc chia th ca
ng t. Trong bi ny, chng ta s cng hc cch nhn
din danh t, phn loi chng v vn dng ng th thc
ca danh t nh.
1. Chc nng ca danh t
Danh t trong ting Anh l t dng ch ngi, vt, vic,
a im
Chc nng ca danh t:
Lm ch ng: Her children are very obedient Nhng a
con ca c y rt ngoan.
Lm tn ng trc tip: Nam likes some chocolate Nam
thch scla.
Lm tn ng gin tip: John gave Peter a red pen John
a cho Peter mt ci bt mu .
Lm b ng ca ch ng: (ng sau cc ng t tobe v
become): My sister is a journalist Ch gi ti l mt nh
bo.
41
Lm b ng cho tn ng: People consider him a teacher
Mi ngi ngh anh y l mt gio vin.
2. Phn loi danh t
Danh t c th chia thnh 4 loi nh sau:
Danh t chung.
Danh t ring.
Danh t tru tng.
Danh t tp th.
Danh t chung (Common nouns)
Danh t chung l nhng danh t ch ngi, vic v a
im
V d: Dog, house, picture, computer.
Danh t chung c th c vit di hnh thc s t hoc
s nhiu
V d: A dog hoc dogs
Danh t chung khng vit hoa ch ci u.
Danh t ring (Proper nouns)
Danh t ring l nhng tn ring gi tng s vt, i
tng duy nht, c bit nh tn ngi, tn a danh, tn cng
ty.
V d: Microsoft, Mr. David Green, La Thnh street,
Greentown Hospital, Town House Hotel, City Park.
Ch : danh t ring phi vit hoa ch ci u.
Danh t tru tng (Abstract nouns)
42
Mt danh t tru tng l mt danh t chung nhm gi tn
mt tng hoc mt phm cht. Cc danh t tru tng
thng khng c xem, ngi, tip xc hoc nm.
V d: Joy, peace, emotion, wisdom, beauty, courage, love,
strength, character, happiness, personality
Danh t tru tng c th dng s t hoc s nhiu.
Danh t tru tng c th m c hoc khng m
c.
Danh t tp th (Collective nouns)
Mt danh t tp hp gi tn mt nhm hay mt tp hp
nhiu ngi, ni chn, hoc vt
V d: Crew, team, navy, republic, nation, federation, herd,
bunch, flock, swarm, litter
3. Xc nh danh t m c v khng m c
(Countable noun/ Non-countable noun):
Danh t ng vai tr lm ch ng trong cu cn c xc
nh chnh xc l danh t s t hay s nhiu, m c hay
khng m c chia th cho ph hp vi ng t. Nh
mt phn trng tm trong chuyn danh t, chng ta hy
cng ghi nh nhng danh t c bit sau.
Danh t m c: L danh t c th dng c vi s
m, do n c 2 hnh thi s t v s nhiu. N dng c
vi a hay vi the.
V d: One book, two books,
Danh t khng m c: Khng dng c vi s m,
do n khng c hnh thi s t, s nhiu. N khng th
dng c vi a, cn the ch trong mt s trng hp c
43
bit nh: milk (sa). Bn khng th ni one milk, two
milks (Mt s vt cht khng m c c th c cha
trong cc bnh ng, bao bm c nh: one glass of
milk - mt cc sa).
Lu :
* Mt s danh t m c c hnh thi s nhiu c bit
nh: person people; child children; tooth teeth; foot
feet; mouse mice
* Mt s danh t m c c dng s t/ s nhiu nh nhau
ch phn bit bng c a v khng c a: an aircraft/
aircraft; a sheep/ sheep; a fish/ fish.
* Mt s cc danh t khng m c nh food, meat,
money, sand, water i khi c dng nh cc danh t
s nhiu ch cc dng, loi khc nhau ca vt liu .
V d: This is one of the foods that my doctor wants me to
eat.
* Danh t time nu dng vi ngha l thi gian l khng
m c nhng khi dng vi ngha l thi i hay s ln
l danh t m c.
V d:
You have spent too much time on that homework. (thi gian,
khng m c)
I have seen that movie three times before. (s ln, m c)
Bng sau l cc nh ng dng c vi cc danh t
m c v khng m c.
WITH COUNTABLE
NOUN
WITH UNCOUNTABLE NOUN
a(n), the, some, any the, some, any
44
WITH COUNTABLE
NOUN
WITH UNCOUNTABLE NOUN
this, that, these, those this, that
none, one, two,
three,...
None
many
a lot of
a [large / great]
number of
(a) few
fewer... than
more....than
much (thng dng trong cu ph
nh, cu hi)
a lot of
a large amount of
(a) little
less....than
more....than
Mt s t khng m c nn bit:
sand
food
meat
water
money
news
measles (bnh
si)
soap
information
air
mumps (bnh quai
b)
economics
physics
mathematics
politics
homework
Note: advertising l danh t khng m c nhng
advertisement l danh t m c, ch mt qung co c
th no .
V d: There are too many advertisements during TV
shows.
* Cc danh t tp hp c th s t hoc s nhiu. Chng
thng i vi cc ng t s t bi nhm ny hot ng cng
nhau di hnh thc l mt n v. Mt danh t tp hp i
vi mt ng t s nhiu khi thnh phn ca nhm hot ng
nh di dng cc c nhn
V d:
45
Our team is practicing three nights a weeks. (i ca chng
ti luyn tp ba m mt tun)
=> i ang hot ng di t cch l mt n v.
The team were talking among themselves (i ang t ni v
h)
=> Cc thnh vin ca h ang hot ng di hnh thc l
nhiu c nhn.
46
Bi 12: Mo t
Mo t dng gii thiu mt danh t. Trong ting Anh
c 2 loi mo t chnh. Trong , a, an l mo t khng
xc nh; the l mo t xc nh. Sau y chng ta hy
cng tm hiu cch s dng ca cc mo t ny nh.
1. Cch dng mo t khng xc nh a v an
Dng a hoc an trc mt danh t s t m c. Chng
c ngha l m
t. Chng c dng trong cu c tnh khi
qut hoc cp n mt ch th cha c cp t
trc.
V d:
A ball is round. (ngha chung, khi qut, ch tt c cc qu
bng)
I saw a boy in the street. (chng ta khng bit cu b no,
cha c cp trc )
1.1. Dng an vi:
Qun t an c dng trc cc t bt u bng nguyn
m (trong cch pht m, ch khng phi trong cch vit). Bao
gm:
Cc t bt u bng cc nguyn m a, e, i, o: an aircraft,
an empty glass, an object
Mt s t bt u bng u, y: an uncle, an umbrella
47
Mt s t bt u bng h cm: an heir, haft an hour
Cc t m u bng mt ch vit tt: an S.O.S/ an M.P
1.2. Dng a vi:
Dng a trc cc t bt u bng mt ph m. Chng bao
gm cc ch ci cn li v mt s trng hp bt u bng
u, y, h.
V d: A house, a university, a home party, a heavy load, a
uniform, a union, a year income,
ng trc mt danh t m u bng uni phi dng a
(a university/ a uniform/ universal/ union) (Europe, eulogy (li
ca ngi), euphemism (li ni tri), eucalyptus (cy khuynh
dip)
Dng trong cc thnh ng ch s lng nht nh nh: a lot
of/a great deal of/a couple/a dozen.
Dng trc nhng s m nht nh thng l hng
ngn, hng trm nh : a/one hundred a/one thousand.
Dng trc half (mt na) khi n theo sau mt n v
nguyn vn: a kilo hay a half, hay khi n i ghp vi mt
danh t khc ch na phn (khi vit c du gch ni): a
half share, a half holiday (ngy l ch ngh na ngy).
Dng vi cc n v phn s nh : 1/3( a/one third), 1/5 (a
/one fifth).
Dng trong cc thnh ng ch gi c, tc , t l: a
dollar, a kilometer, an hour, 4 times a day.
2. Cch dng mo t xc nh The
- Dng the trc mt danh t c xc nh c th v
mt tnh cht, c im, v tr hoc c cp n trc
, hoc nhng khi nim ph thng, ai cng bit.
V d:
48
The boy in the corner is my friend. (C ngi ni v ngi
nghe u bit l cu b no)
The earth is round. (Ch c mt tri t, ai cng bit)
- Vi danh t khng m c, dng the nu ni n mt
vt c th, khng dng the nu ni chung.
V d:
Sugar is sweet. (Ch cc loi ng ni chung)
The sugar on the table is from Cuba. (C th l ng trn
bn)
- Vi danh t m c s nhiu, khi chng c ngha i
din chung cho mt lp cc vt cng loi th cng khng
dng the.
V d:
Oranges are green until they ripen. (Cam ni chung)
Athletes should follow a well-balanced diet. (Vn ng vin
ni chung)
2.1. Sau y l mt s trng hp thng dng dng
The theo quy tc trn:
The + danh t + gii t + danh t: The girl in blue(c gi
o xanh), the Gulf of Mexico(Vnh Mexico).
Dng trc nhng tnh t so snh bc nht hoc only:
The only way(cch duy nht), the best day(ngy tt lnh
nht).
Dng cho nhng khong thi gian xc nh (thp nin): In
the 1990s (nhng nm 1990)
The + danh t + i t quan h + mnh ph: The man
to whom you have just spoken is the chairman. ( Ngi n
ng bn va ni chuyn l gim c).
The + danh t s t tng trng cho mt nhm th vt
hoc vt: The whale = whales (loi c voi), the deep-
49
freeze (thc n ng lnh)
i vi man khi mang ngha loi ngi tuyt i khng
c dng the: Since man lived on the earth (k t khi
loi ngi sinh sng trn tri t ny)
Dng trc mt danh t s t ch mt nhm, mt hng
ngi nht nh trong x hi: The small shopkeeper(Gii ch
tim nh), The top offcial(Gii quan chc cao cp).
The + adj: Tng trng cho mt nhm ngi, chng khng
bao gi c php s nhiu nhng c xem l cc danh
t s nhiu. Do vy ng t v i t i cng vi chng phi
ngi th 3 s nhiu:
V d: The old = The old people (The old are often very hard
in their moving Ngi gi thng rt kh khn trong vn
ng)
The + tn gi cc i hp xng/ dn nhc c in/ ban
nhc ph thng: The Back Choir/ The Philharmonique
Philadelphia Orchestra/ The Beatles.
The + tn gi cc t bo (khng tp ch)/ tu bin/ cc
khinh kh cu: The Times/ The Titanic/ The Hindenberg
The + h ca mt gia nh s nhiu = gia nh nh: The
Smiths = Mr/ Mrs Smith and children
Thng thng khng dng the trc tn ring tr
trng hp c nhiu ngi hoc vt cng tn v ngi ni
mun m ch mt ngi c th trong s :
V d:
There are three Sunsan Parkers in the telephone directory.
The Sunsan Parker that I know lives on the First Avenue.
(Trong danh b in thoi c 3 ngi tn Sunsan Parkers.
ng Sunsan Parkers ti bit sng i l s 1).
Tng t, khng dng the trc ba n: breakfast, lunch,
dinner:
V d:
We ate breakfast at 8 am this morning. (Sng nay chng ti
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n sng lc 8h)
- Tr khi mun m ch mt ba n c th:
V d:
The dinner that you invited me last week were delecious.
(Ba tra bn mi ti tun trc rt ngon).
Khng dng the trc mt s danh t nh: home, bed,
church, court, jail, prison, hospital, school, class, college,
university v.v khi n i vi cc ng t v gii t ch
chuyn ng ch i n l mc ch chnh hoc ra khi
cng v mc ch chnh:
V d:
Students go to school everyday. (Hng ngy hc sinh ti
trng)
The patient was released from hospital. (Bnh nhn
c
xut vin)
- Nhng nu n hoc ra khi khng v mc ch chnh
th dng the.
V d:
Students go to the school for a class party. (Sinh vin ti
trng tham gia lin hoan)
The doctor left the hospital for lunch. (Bc s r
i bnh vin
i n tra)
2.2. Bng s dng the v khng s dng the trong
mt s trng hp in hnh
C "The" Khng "The"
+ Dng trc tn cc i
dng, sng ngi, bin, vnh
v cc cm h (s nhiu)
The Red Sea, the Atlantic
Ocean, the Persian Gufl, the
Great Lakes
+ Trc tn mt h
Lake Geneva
+ Trc tn mt ngn ni
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C "The" Khng "The"
+ Trc tn cc dy ni:
The Rocky Mountains
+ Trc tn nhng vt th
duy nht trong v tr hoc
trn th gii:
The earth, the moon
+ The schools, colleges,
universities + of + danh t
ring
The University of Florida
+ The + s th t + danh t
The third chapter.
+ Trc tn cc cuc chin
tranh khu vc vi iu kin
tn khu vc phi c
tnh t ho
The Korean War (=> The
Vietnamese economy)
+ Trc tn cc nc c hai
t tr ln (ngoi tr Great
Britain)
The United States, The
Central African Republic
+ Trc tn cc nc c
coi l mt qun o hoc mt
qun o
The Philipines, The Virgin
Islands, The Hawaii
Mount Vesuvius
+ Trc tn cc hnh tinh hoc
cc chm sao
Venus, Mars
+ Trc tn cc trng ny
nu trc n l mt tn ring
Stetson University
+ Trc cc danh t i cng
vi mt s m
Chapter three, Word War One
+ Trc tn cc nc ch c
mt t:
China, France, Venezuela,
Vietnam
+ Trc tn cc nc m u
bng New, mt tnh t ch
hng:
New Zealand, North Korean,
France
+ Trc tn cc lc a, tnh,
tiu bang, thnh ph, qun,
huyn:
Europe, Florida
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C "The" Khng "The"
+ Trc tn cc ti liu hoc
s kin lch s
The Constitution, The Magna
Carta
+ Trc tn cc nhm dn
tc thiu s
the Indians
+ Trc tn cc mn hc c
th
The Solid matter Physics
+ Trc tn cc nhc c khi
cp n cc nhc c
ni chung hoc khi chi cc
nhc c .
The violin is difficult to play
Who is that on the piano
+ Trc tn bt k mn th
thao no
baseball, basketball
+ Trc cc danh t tru
tng (tr mt s trng hp
c bit):
freedom, happiness
+ Trc tn cc mn hc ni
chung
mathematics
+ Trc tn cc ngy l, tt
Christmas, Thanksgiving
+ Trc tn cc loi hnh nhc
c trong cc hnh thc m
nhc c th (Jazz, Rock,
classical music..)
To perform jazz on trumpet and
piano
53
Bi 13: i t
i t dng thay th danh t nhm trnh lp li danh
t. Trong Ting Anh c 5 loi i t vi cc chc nng
s dng khc nhau: nhn xng (personal), s hu
(possessive), phn thn (reflexive), ch nh
(demonstrative), bt nh (indefinite), quan h (relative),
nghi vn(interrogative). Thm , i t cng ng vai
tr ch t, gii t v b ng trong cu. Chng ta hy
cng tm hiu chi tit nh.
1. nh ngha i t
i t l t thay th cho danh t.
2. Phn loi v cch s dng ca i t
2.1. i t nhn xng (Personal pronouns)
Gm:
Ch ng Tn ng
S t:
ngi th nht
ngi th hai
ngi th ba
I
you
he/she/it
me
you
him/her/it
S nhiu:
ngi th nht
ngi th hai
ngi th ba
we
you
they
us
you
them
Chc nng:
54
I, he, she, we, they c th l ch ng ca ng t:
V d: They have lived here for 3 years. (H sng y
c 3 nm ri.)
Me, him, her, us, them c th l tn ng trc tip ca
ng t.
V d: These flowers are really nice. Tom likes them. (Nhng
bng hoa ny tht p. Tom thch chng)
Me, him, her, us, them c th l tn ng gin tip ca
ng t.
V d: Kate found me a job. (Kate kim cho ti mt cng
vic.)
Hoc tn ng ca gii t:
V d: We could accomplish the same thing without them.
(Khng c h chng ti cng c th hon thin mt ging
nh vy).
2.2. i t bt nh (Indefinite pronouns)
Gm:
Nhm kt hp vi some: something, someone, somebody.
Nhm kt hp vi any: anything, anyone, anybody.
Nhm kt hp vi every: everything, everyone, everybody.
Nhm kt hp vi no: nothing, no one, nobody.
Nhm c lp gm cc t: all, one, none, other, another,
much, less, (a) few, (a) little, enough, each, either, neither.
Mt s trong cc i t trn y cng c th c dng nh
tnh t. Khi y ngi ta gi chng l tnh t bt nh
(indefinite adjectives). l cc t any, some, every, no,
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all, one, none, other, another, much, less, (a) few, (a)
little, enough, each, either, neither.
2.3. i t s hu (Possessive pronouns)
Gm: mine, yours, hers, his, ours, yours, theirs
i t s hu = tnh t s hu + danh t.
V d:
This is our room = this is ours. (y l phng ca chng ti)
Youve got my pen. Wheres yours? (Bn va cm bt ca t.
Bt ca bn u ri?)
2.4. i t phn thn (Reflexive pronouns)
Gm: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves,
yourselves, themselves
Ch : ourselves, yourselves, themselves l hnh thc
s nhiu.
Chc nng:
Lm tn ng ca ng t khi ch ng v tn ng l cng
mt ngi:
V d:
I cut myself. (T ti ct)
Tom and Ann blamed themselves for the accident. (Tom v
Ann t chu trch nhim v v tai nn)
c s dng nh trng hp trn sau ng t + gii t:
V d:
He spoke to himself. (Anh y t nh)
Look after yourself. (Hy t chm sc bn thn)
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c s dng nh cc i t nhn mnh danh t hoc i
t:
V d: The King himself gave her the medal. (Chnh quc
vng trao huy chng cho c y)
Chng thng nhn mnh ch ng ca cu v c t
sau n: Ann herself opened the door. (T Ann m ca)
Khi chng nhn mnh cc danh t khc, chng c t
ngay sau danh t : I saw Tom himself. (Ti nhn thy
ch th l Tom)
c s dng nh cc tn ng sau gii t:
V d: I did it by myself. ( T ti mua n )
2.5. i t quan h (Relative pronouns)
Gm: who, whom, which, that, whose,
Chc nng:
Who, that, which lm ch ng:
V d: The man who robbed has been arrested. (Ngi n
ng n trm va b bt)
Lm tn ng ca ng t:
V d: The man whom I saw told me to come back today.
(Ngi n ng ti nhn thy ni chuyn vi bn hm nay tr
li)
Theo sau gii t:
V d: The ladder on which I was standing began to slip.
(Chic thang khi m bn ang ng bt u tut xung)
Tuy nhin, gii t cng c th chuyn xung cui mnh :
V d: The ladder which I was standing on began to slip.
Hnh thc s hu (whose + danh t):
57
V d: The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him. (B
phim ni v 1 ip vin, ngi v phn bi anh ta).
Ch :
when =in/on which
Where = in/at which
Why = for which
V d: The day on which they arrived. (Ngy h n)
2.6. i t ch nh (Demonstrative pronouns)
Gm: this, that, these, those
Tnh t ch nh (demonstrative adjectives) this, that v s
nhiu ca chng l these, those c dng trc danh t
nhm xc nh v tr ca danh t y i vi ngi ni.
Khi nhng tnh t ny c dng c lp, khng c danh t
theo sau, n tr thnh i t ch nh (demonstrative
pronouns).
Ngoi vic thay th cho mt danh t, i t ch nh cn cho
ngi nghe khi nim gn hn hay xa hn v thi gian hoc
khong cch.
V d:
Could you give me that book, please? (Lm n ly cho ti
quyn sch vi?)
2.7. i t nghi vn (Interrogative pronouns)
Gm: who, whom, whose, what, which
Chc nng:
Lm ch ng: Who keeps the keys? (Ai cm chm cha
kha?)
Lm tn ng ca ng t: Who did you see? (Ai trng
thy bn?)
58
Bi 14: Cc loi cu hi
Ting Anh c nhiu loi cu hi c nhng chc nng v
mc ch khc nhau. Trong cu hi, tr ng t hoc
ng t to be bao gi cng ng trc ch ng. Nu
khng c tr ng t hoc ng t to be, ta phi dng
dng thc do, does, did nh mt tr ng t thay
th. Sau cc ng t hoc tr ng t , phi dng
ng chnh t dng nguyn th khng c to. Thi v
th ca cu hi ch c chia bi tr ng t, ch
khng phi ng t chnh. Hy cng OnThiToeic.vn tm
hiu cc dng cu hi trong ting Anh nh.
1. Cu hi Yes/ No
Tr ng t
be
do, does, did
+ ch ng (S) + ng t + .?
S d ta gi l nh vy v khi tr li, dng Yes/No. Nh rng
khi tr li:
- Yes, S + tr ng t/ to be
- No, S + tr ng t/ tobe + not.
V d:
59
Isnt Mary going to school today? -> Yes, she is.
Was Mark sick yesterday? -> No, he was not.
Have you seen this movie before? -> Yes, I have.
Will the committee decide on the proposal today? -> No, it
wont.
2. Cu hi ly thng tin (information question)
i vi loi cu hi ny, cu tr li khng th n gin l
yes hay no m phi c thm thng tin. Chng thng
dng cc t nghi vn, chia lm 3 loi sau:
2.1. Who hoc What: cu hi ch ng
y l cu hi khi mun bit ch ng hay ch th ca hnh
ng.
Who/ What + ng t (V) + ?
V d:
Something happened lastnight => What happened last night?
Someone opened the door. => Who opened the door?
2.2. Whom hoc What: cu hi tn ng
y l cc cu hi dng khi mun bit tn ng hay i tng
tc ng ca hnh ng
Whom/ What + tr ng t (do/ did/ does) + S + V + ..?
Lu : Nh rng trong ting Anh vit bt buc phi dng
whom mc d trong ting Anh ni c th dng who thay cho
whom trong mu cu trn.
V d:
George bought something at the store. => What did George
buy at the store?
60
Ana knows someone from UK. => Whom does Ana know
from UK?
2.3 When, Where, How v Why: Cu hi b ng
Dng khi mun bit ni chn, thi gian, l do, cch thc ca
hnh ng.
When/ where/
why/ how
+ tr ng t(be,
do, does, did)
+ S + V + b ng (+
tn ng)?
V d:
How did Maria get to school today?
When did he move to London?
Why did she leave so early?
3. Cu hi phc (embedded question)
L cu hoc cu hi cha trong n mt cu hi khc. Cu c
hai thnh phn ni vi nhau bng mt t nghi vn (question
word). ng t mnh th hai (mnh nghi vn) phi i
sau v chia theo ch ng, khng c o v tr nh cu
hi c lp.
S + V + question word( t hi) + S + V
V d: The authorities cant figure out why the plane
landed at the wrong airport.
We havent assertained where the meeting will take place.
Trong trng hp cu hi phc l mt cu hi, p dng
mu cu sau:
Tr ng t + S + V + question word + S + V
V d:
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Do you know where he went?
Could you tell me what time it is?
Question word c th l mt t, cng c th l mt cm
t nh: whose + noun, how many, how much, how
long, how often, what time, what kind.
V d:
I have no idea how long the interview will take.
Do you know how often the bus run at night?
Can you tell me how far the museum is from the store?
4. Cu hi ui (tag questions)
Trong cu hi ui, ngi t cu hi a ra mt mnh
(mnh chnh) nhng khng hon ton chc chn v tnh
ng / sai ca mnh , do vy h dng cu hi dng ny
kim chng v mnh a ra.
V d:
He should stay in bed, shouldnt he? (Anh y nn yn trn
ging, c phi khng?)
She has been studying English for two years, hasnt she?
There are only twenty-eight days in February, arent there?
Its raining now, isnt it? (Tri vn cn ma, phi khng?)
You and I talked with the professor yesterday, didnt we?
You wont be leaving for now, will you?
Jill and Joe havent been to VN, have they?
Cu hi ui chia lm hai thnh phn tch bit nhau bi
du phy theo quy tc sau:
S dng tr ng t ging nh mnh chnh lm
phn ui cu hi. Nu khng c tr ng t th dng
do, does, did thay th.
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Nu mnh chnh th khng nh th phn ui th
ph nh v ngc li.
Thi ca ng t ui phi theo thi ca ng t
mnh chnh.
Ch ng ca mnh chnh v ca phn i l ging
nhau. i t phn ui lun phi dng ch ng .
Phn ui nu dng ph nh th thng c rt gn
(nt). Nu khng rt gn th phi theo th t: tr ng t
+ S + not? (VD: He saw it yesterday, did he not?)
ng t have c th l ng t chnh, cng c th l
tr ng t. Khi n l ng t chnh ca mnh trong
ting Anh M th phn ui phi dng tr ng t do,
does hoc did. Tuy nhin, trong ting Anh Anh th bn
c th dng chnh have nh mt tr ng t trong
trng hp ny.
V d:
You have two children, havent you? (British English)
You have two children, dont you? (American English)
There is, there are v it is l cc ch ng gi nn
phn ui c php dng li there hoc it ging nh
trng hp i t lm ch ng.
63
ni ng v vit chun ting Anh, trc tin bn cn
phi hiu r chc nng ca tng loi t trong cu, trong
c tnh t v trng ng. Thm , nm bt v tr v du
hiu nhn bit gia 2 loi t ny cng rt quan trng
hon thin cc k nng ting Anh ca bn. Trong bi hc
ny, chng ta s cng tm hiu su v tnh t, trng t v
cc kin thc xoay quanh 2 loi t thng dng ny.
1. Tnh t
- Tnh t l t ch tnh cht, mc , phm vi, ca mt
ngi hoc vt. N b ngha cho danh t, i t hoc lin t
(linking verb). N tr li cho cu hi What kind?. Tnh t lun
ng trc danh t c b ngha: That is my new red car.
- Tr trng hp galore (nhiu, phong ph, di do) v
general trong tn cc c quan, cc chc v ln l hai tnh
t ng sau danh t c b ngha:
V d:
There were errors galore in your final test. (C rt nhiu li
trong bi kim tra cui k ca bn)
UN Secretary General (Tng th k Lin hp quc).
- Tnh t ng sau cc i t phim ch (something,
anything, anybody)
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V d:
Its something strange. (Th g l th)
He is somebody quite unknown. (Anh y l ngi kh im hi
lng ting)
- Tnh t c chia lm 2 loi l tnh t m t (Descriptive
adjective) v tnh t gii hn (Limiting adjective). Tnh t m
t l cc tnh t ch mu sc, kch c, cht lng ca mt vt
hay ngi. Tnh t gii hn l tnh t ch s lng, khong
cch, tnh cht s hu, Tnh t khng thay i theo ngi
v s ca danh t m n b ngha, tr trng hp ca
these v those.
TNH T M T TNH T GII HN
beautiful
large
red
interesting
important
colorful
one, two
first, second
my, your, his
this, that, these, those
few, many, much
s m
s th t
tnh cht s hu
i t ch nh
s lng
- Khi tnh t m t b ngha cho mt danh t m c s t,
n thng c mo t a, an hoc the ng trc nh: a
pretty girl, an interesting book, the red dress.
- Tnh t i trc danh t nhng i sau lin t . Tnh t ch
b ngha cho danh t, i t v lin t.
- Nu trong mt cm t c nhiu tnh t cng b ngha cho
mt danh t th th t cc tnh t s nh sau: tnh t s
hu hoc mo t, opinion( kin), size(kch c), age(tui
tc), shape(hnh dng), color(mu sc), origin(ngun
gc), material(cht liu), purpose(mc ch). Ch rng
tnh t s hu (my, your, our) hoc mo t (a, an, the)
nu c th lun i trc cc tnh t khc. Nu dng mo t
th khng dng tnh t s hu v ngc li. V d v th t
sp xp cc tnh t:
a silly young English man (Mt ngi n ng ngi Anh tr
65
kh kho)
the huge round metal bowl (Mt ci bt bng kim loi trn to)
art/po
ss
opini
on
size age
shap
e
col
or
origi
n
materi
al
purpo
se
nou
n
a silly
youn
g
Engli
sh
man
the
hug
e
roun
d
metal
bow
l
my
sma
ll
red
sleepin
g
bag
2. Trng ng (ph t)
Ph t b ngha cho ng t, cho mt tnh t hoc cho mt
ph t khc. N tr li cho cu hi How?
V d:
Rita drank too much. (How much did Rita drink?)
I dont play tenis very well. (How well do I play?)
He was driving carelessly. (How was he driving?)
John is reading carefully. (How is John reading?)
She speaks Spanish fluently. (How does she speak
Spanish?)
- Thng thng, cc tnh t m t c th bin i thnh ph
t bng cch thm ui -ly vo tnh t.
V d: He is a careful driver. He always drives carefully.
TNH TPH T
bright brightly
66
TNH TPH T
careful
quiet
carefully
quietly
Tuy nhin, c mt s tnh t khng theo quy tc trn:
* Mt s tnh t c bit: good => well; hard => hard; fast =>
fast;
V d:
She is a good singer. She sings very well.
* Mt s tnh t cng c tn cng l ui -ly (lovely, friendly)
nn thay th cho ph t ca cc tnh t ny, ngi ta
dng: in a + Adj + way/ manner.
V d:
He is a friendly man. He behaved me in a friendly way.
Cc t sau cng l ph t
: so, very, almost, soon, often,
fast, rather, well, there, too. Cc ph t c chia lm 6
loi sau:
ADVERB OF
Trng ng
EXAMPLE
V d
TELL US
ngha
Manner(cch thc)
happily,
bitterly
how something happens
Degree(mc )
totally,
completely
how much ST happens,
often go with an adjective
Frequency(tn
sut)
never, often how often ST happens
Time(thi gian) recently, just when things happen
Place(ni chn) here, there where things happen
Disjunctive(quan hopefully, opinion about things
67
ADVERB OF
Trng ng
EXAMPLE
V d
TELL US
ngha
im) frankly happen
- Cc ph t thng ng vai tr trng ng trong cu. Ngoi
ra cc ng gii t cng ng vai tr trng ng nh ph t,
chng bao gm mt gii t m u v danh t i sau ch:
a im (at home), thi gian (at 5 pm), phng tin (by
train), tnh hung, hnh ng. Cc cm t ny u c chc
nng v cch s dng nh ph t, cng c th coi l ph t.
- V th t, cc ph t cng b ngha cho mt ng t
thng xut hin theo th t: manner, palce, time. Ni
chung, ph t ch cch thc ca hnh ng (manner cho
bit hnh ng din ra nh th no) thng lin h cht ch
hn vi ng t so vi ph t ch a im (place) v ph t
ch a im li lin kt vi ng t cht ch hn ph t ch
thi gian (time).
V d: The old woman sits quietly by the fire for hours.
- V v tr, cc ph t hu nh c th xut hin bt c ch
no trong cu: cui cu, u cu, trc ng t chnh, sau
tr ng t nhng cng v th
, n l vn kh phc tp. V
tr ca ph t c th lm thay i phn no ngha ca cu.
3. Du hiu nhn bit tnh t v trng ng
Vic xc nh ui tnh t (hay trng t) ng mt vai tr
quan trng trong vic tr li cu hi.
3.1. Du hiu nhn bit tnh t
Tn cng l able: comparable, comfortable, capable,
considerable
68
V d: (Ex): We select the hotel because the rooms are
comfortable
Tn cng l ible: responsible, possible, flexible
Ex: She is responsible for her sons life
Tn cng l ous: dangerous, humorous, notorious,
poisonous
Ex: She is one of the most humorous actresses Ive ever
known
Tn cng l ive: attractive, decisive
Ex: She is a very attractive teacher
Tn cng l ent: confident, dependent, different
Ex: He is confident in getting a good job next week
Tn cng l ful: careful, harmful, beautiful
Ex: Smoking is extremely harmful for your health
Tn cng l less: careless, harmless
Ex: He is fired because of his careless attitude to the
monetary issue
Tn cng l ant: important
Ex: Unemployment is the important interest of the whole
company
Tn cng ic: economic, specific, toxic
Ex: Please stick to the specific main point
Tn cng l ly: friendly, lovely, costly
69
Ex: Making many copies can be very costly for the company.
Tn cng l y: rainy, sunny, muddy (y bn), windy
Ex: Today is the rainiest of the entire month
Tn cng l al: economical (tit kim), historical,
physical
Ex: Instead of driving to work, he has found out a more
economical way to save money.
Tn cng l ing: interesting, exciting, moving =
touching (cm ng)
Ex: I cant help crying because of the moving film.
Tn cng l ed: excited, interested, tired, surprised
Ex: He has been working so hard today, so he is really
exhausted.
3.2. Du hiu nhn bit Trng t
Trng t kt cu kh n gin:
Adv= Adj+ly: wonderfully, beautifully, carelessly
Ex: She dances extremely beautifully.
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Bi 16: So snh
Khi mun din t so snh tnh cht ca s vt, s vic
hay con ngi bng ting Anh, ngi hc buc phi ghi
nh nhng cu trc cng nh cc quy tc tng ng.
y qu thc l mt vic khng h d dng. Hy cng
OnThiToeic.vn nhc li v ghi nh cc hnh thc so snh
bng, hn, km, cao nht, cngcng, nh.
1. So snh bng.
So snh bng ch ra 2 thc th chnh xc ging nhau (bng
nhau hoc nh nhau) v ngc li nu cu trc so snh
dng ph nh.
Cu trc
S+ verb+ as+ adj/adv+ asnoun/ pronoun
- Nu l cu trc ph nh as th nht c th thay bng
so.
V d: He is not so tall as his father.
Lu : Ta cn phi nh rng i t sau as lun dng ch
ng.
V d:
71
Peter is as tall as I. You are as old as she.
Mt s th d v so snh bng.
My book is as interesting as your.
Tnh t
His car runs as fast as a race car.
Ph t
- Danh t cng c th dng so snh cho cu trc ny
nhng trc khi so snh phi xc nh chc chn rng danh
t c nhng tnh t tng ng nh trong bng sau:
Tnh t Danh t
heavy, light
wide, narrow
deep, shallow
long, short
big, small
weight
width
depth
length
size
-> Cu trc dng cho loi ny s l the same as.
Subject + verb+ the same + (noun) + as noun/ pronoun
V d:
My house is as high as his
My house is the same height as his.
Lu :
- Do tnh cht phc tp ca loi cng thc ny nn vic s
dng b hp vo trong bng trn.
- The same as >< different from : My nationality is different
from hers.
72
- Trong ting Anh ca ngi M c th dng different than
nu sau l c mt cu hon chnh (khng ph bin).
V d:
His appearance is different from what I have expected.
= His appearance is different than I have expected.
- From c th thay th bng to.
Mt s th d v the same v different from:
These trees are the same as those.
He speaks the same language as she.
Their teacher is different from ours.
2. So snh hn, km
- Trong loi so snh ny, ngi ta phn ra lm 2 loi ph t,
tnh t ngn v ph t, tnh t di.
- i vi cc ph t v tnh t ngn, ta ch cn cng thm
ui ER vo tn cng.
- i vi nhng tnh t ngn c 1 nguyn m kp gia 2 ph
m, ta phi gp i ph m cui khng phi thay i cch
c.
V d:
big bigger.
red redder
hot hotter
73
- Nhng tnh t c tn cng bng bn nguyn m phi i
thnh ier (y ier)
V d:
happy happier
friendly friendlier (hoc more friendly than)
- Trng hp ngoi l: strong stronger.
- i vi tt c cc ph t v tnh t di dng MORE (nu
hn) v dng LESS ( nu km).
V d: more beautiful, more important, more believable.
S+ V
+ adj/ adv(ngn)
+ more + adj/ adv(di)
+ less + adj
+ than+ noun/ pronoun
Lu :
- ng sau ph t so snh nh than v as phi l i t
nhn xng ch ng, khng c php l i t nhn xng
tn ng ( li c bn).
V d:
Johns grades are higher than his sisters.
Today is hotter than yesterday.
This chair is more comfortable than the other.
He speaks Spanish more fluently than I .
He visits his family less frequently than she does.
This years exhibit is less impressive than last years.
74
- nhn mnh cho tnh t v ph t so snh ngi ta dng
far hoc much trc so snh.
Subject + verb +
far
much
Adv/
Adj
(ngn)
+er + than
Noun/
pronoun
Subject +
verb +
far/
much
More/
less
Adj/
Adv(di)
+
than
Noun/
pronoun
- Mt s thnh ng nhn mnh : much too much
adv adv adj
V d:
Harrys watch is far more expensive than mine.
That movie we saw last night was much less interesting than
the one on television.
A watermelon is much sweeter than a lemon.
She dances much more artistically than her predecessor.
He speaks English much more rapidly than he does Spanish.
His car is far better than yours.
- Danh t cng c th c dng so snh trong cc cu
trc bng hoc hn, km.
- Trong cu trc so snh bng ch cn xc nh xem danh t
l m c hay khng m c v trc chng c mt
s nh ng dng vi 2 loi danh t .
- Trong cu trc so snh hn km cng cn phi xc nh
xem danh t l m c hay khng m c v ng
75
trc chng c dng fewer (cho m c), less (khng
m c) v more dng chung cho c 2 (cng thc di
y). Do cu trc ny khng phc tp nn c dng rng
ri hn so vi cu trc so snh bng.
S
+
V
+
as
+ many/ much/ little/
few
+
noun
+
as
+ noun/
pronoun
Hoc
Subject
+
verb
+ more/ fewer/
less
+
noun
+
than
+ noun/
pronoun
V d:
I have more books than she.
February has fewer days than March.
He earns as much money as his brother.
They have as few class as we.
Their job allows them less freedom than ours does.
Before pay-day, I have as little money as my brother.
3. Cc dng so snh c bit
Bng di y l mt s dng so snh c bit ca tnh t v
ph t. Trong lu rng farther dng cho khong cch,
further dng cho thng tin v nhng vn tru tng
khc.
Tnh t v ph
t
So snh hn
km
So snh
nht
far
little
farther
further
less
farthest
furthest
least
76
Tnh t v ph
t
So snh hn
km
So snh
nht
much
many
good
well
bad
badly
more
better
worse
most
best
worst
V d:
I feel much better today than I did last week.
The university is farther than the mall.
He has less time now than he had before.
Marjorie has more books than Sue.
Lu : further = more.
V d:
The distance from your house to school is farther than that of
mine.
He will come to the US for further education next year.
4. So snh a b
L loi so snh gp ri, gp i, gp 3. Nn nh rng trong
cu trc ny khng c dng so snh hn km m phi
dng so snh bng.
77
Subject + verb + bi s + as +
much
noun + as +
many
noun
pronoun
V d:
This encyclopedia costs twice as much as the other one.
At the clambake last week, Fred ate three times as many
oysters as Barney.
Jerome has half as many records now as I had last year.
Lu :
- Khi dng so snh loi ny phi xc nh r danh t l
m c hay khng m c v ng trc chng c
much v many.
- Cc cu trc: twice that much/ many (gp i s ) ch
c dng trong vn ni, tuyt i khng c dng trong
vn vit.
V d:
We had expected eighty people at the rally, but twice that
many showed up. (vn ni)
We had expected eighty people at the rally, but twice as many
as that number showed up. (vn vit)
5. So snh kp (cng .th cng)
Nhng cu ny bt u bng mt cu trc so snh hn, v
do mnh th 2 cng phi bt u bng mt cu trc so
snh hn.
78
Th
e
+
comparativ
e
+
comparativ
e
+
ver
b
+ the
comparativ
e
+
subjec
t
+
ver
b
V d:
The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel.
The higher we flew, the worse Edna felt.
The bigger they are, the harder they fall.
The sooner you take your medicine, the better you will feel.
The sooner you leave, the earlier you will arrive at your
destination.
The
more
+
subject
+verb
+
the
+
comparative
+
subject
+
verb
The more you study, the smarter you will become.
The more he rowed the boat, the farther away he got.
The more he slept, the more irritable he became.
6. So Snh Hn Nht.
Ghi nh:
2 thc th - so snh hn
3 thc th tr ln - so snh hn nht
- cp so snh hn nht, 3 thc th tr ln c so snh
vi nhau, mt trong chng tri hn hoc km hn so vi cc
thc th cn li.
79
Subject + verb+ the +
Adj(ngn)+est
most + adj(di)
least + adj
+ Noun
John is the tallest boy in the family.
Deana is the shortest of the three sisters.
These shoes are the least expensive of all.
Of the three shirts, this one is the prettiest.
Lu :
- Sau thnh ng one of the + superlative, danh t phi
dng s nhiu v ng t chia ngi s t.
V d:
One of the greatest tennis players in the world is Bjon Borg.
Kuwait is one of the biggest oil producers in the world.
- Cc ph t khng c i km bi -er hoc -est. M
thay v , khi c dng trong cu so snh chng i cng
more hoc less i vi cp so snh hn, v vi most
hoc least thnh lp nn dng so snh hn nht.
Dng
nguyn
So snh hn
So snh hn
nht
carefully
cautiously
more carefully
less carefully
more cautiously
less cautiously
most carefully
least carefully
most cautiously
least cautiously
V d:
Sal drove more cautiously than Bob.
80
Joe dances more gracefully than his partner.
That child behaves the most carelessly of all.
Irene plays the most recklessly of all.
81
Bi 17: Gii t
Trong ting Anh, gii t l mt dng t loi c rt t t
(C khong 150 gii t) nhng li l mt dng t loi
quan trng v phc tp. Thm , trn thc t, nhng
gii t nh of, to v in l mt trong 10 t thng c
s dng nht trong Ting Anh.Trong bi ny ta s hc tt
c nhng g nn bit v gii t trong phm vi ting Anh
c bn nh nh ngha, cch s dng, phn loi, v tr,
cch t t ng c gii t v lm quen vi nhng gii t
thng dng.
1. nh ngha: Gii t l t loi ch s lin quan gia cc t
loi trong cm t, trong cu. Nhng t thng i sau gii t
l tn ng (Object), Verb + ing, Cm danh t
V d:
a. I went into the room.
b. I was sitting in the room at that time.
Ta thy r, v d a., the room l tn ng ca gii t into.
v d b., the room l tn ng ca gii t in.
Ch : Cc bn phi lun phn bit trng t v gii t, v
thng khi mt t c hai chc nng (va l trng t v
82
gii t). iu khc nhau c bn l Trng t th khng c tn
ng theo sau. Hy xt cc cu sau y:
V d:
1. Please, come in. Its raining. (Trng t)
We are in the small room. (Gii t); v tn ng ca In l
The room
2. He ran down quickly. (Trng t) v quickly khng phi l
tn ng ca down; n ch l trng t ch cch thc m thi.
3. My dictionary is on the desk. (Gii t) v n lin kt vi
tn ng: (the desk).
2. Cch s dng gii t trong ting Anh:
C th ni vic dng cc gii t khng phi d, v mi nc
c cch dng gii t c bit; vy ta phi rt ch n n
ngay t lc mi hc mn ngoi ng ni chung v ting
Anh ni ring.
Trong ting Anh, ngi ta khng th t ra cc quy lut v
cc php dng gii t mang tnh c nh cho mi gii t
cng mt gii t, khi i vi t loi khc nhau th to ra ngha
khc nhau. Vy chng ta nn hc thuc mi khi gp phi v
hc ngay t lc ban u.
V d:
depend on
independent of
look after
look for
look up to
....................
wait for
think of
make up
look up
live on
................
3. Cc loi gii t trong ting Anh.
83
Cc gii t trong ting Anh c th c phn thnh my loi
sau:
3.1. Gii t ch Thi gian.
after
at
before
behind
by
during
for
from
in
on
since
throughout
foreward
until
within
3.2. Gii t ch a im/Ni chn.
about
above
across
at
before
behind
below
beneath
beside
beyond
by
in
off
on
over
through
to
toward
under
within
without
3.3. Gii t ch L do, nguyn nhn.
at
for
from
of
on
over
through
with
3.4. Gii t ch Mc ch.
after
at
for
on
to
3.5. Gii t thng:
84
after
against
among
between
by
for
from
of
on
to
with
4. V tr gii t
Thng thng, gii t ting Anh c t nh ting Vit; tuy
nhin, n c th t ngay trc T nghi vn hay i t.
V d: What is this medal made of?
Of what is this medal made?
hay
The man whom we listened to is our new teacher.
The man to whom we listened is our new teacher.
5. Cch t t ng c gii t: V tr ca gii t trong cu c
th lm thay i ngha ca cu .
V d:
1- A letter was read from his friend in the class room.
A letter from his friend was read in the class room.
(Hai cu trn c ngha khc nhau bi v gii t from c v tr
khc nhau)
2- With his gun towards the forest he started in the morning.
With his gun, he started towards the forest in the morning.
(Hai cu trn c ngha khc nhau bi v gii t from c v tr
khc nhau)
6. Mt s gii t thng thng:
85
1. AT, IN, ON
1. AT : dng trc thi gian ngn: gi, pht giy
At 10 oclock; at this moment; at 10 a.m
2. ON : dng trc thi gian ch: ngy, th ngy (trong lch
)
On Sunday; on this day.
3. IN : dng trc thi gian di: thng, ma, nm,
In June; in July; in Spring; in 2005
2. IN, INTO, OUT OF
1. IN: dng ch v tr (a im khng chuyn hng)
In the classroom; in the concert hal; in the box.
2. INTO: dng ch s chuyn ng t ngoi vo trong.
I go into the classroom.
3. OUT OF: dng ch s chuyn ng t trong ra ngoi.
I go out of the classroom.
3. FOR, DURING, SINCE:
1. FOR : dng o khong thi gian
For two months
For four weeks..
For the last few years
2. DURING : dng ch hnh ng xy ra trong sut thi
gian ca s vt, s kin:
86
During christman time; During the film; During the play
3. SINCE : dng nh du thi gian
Since last Saturday, since Yesterday.
4. AT, TO
1. AT: dng ch s c nh mt v tr no tng i nh,
v nu din tch ni ln hn ta dng in.
At the door; At home; At school
In Ha Noi; In the world
2. TO: dng ch s chuyn ng ti mt ni no .
Go to the window; Go to the market
5. ON, OVER, ABOVE. ( trn)
1. ON: dng ch v tr ng lin ngay trn
On the table; on the desk
2. OVER: dng ch cc lp/th t ln trn (o, qun)
I usually wear a shirt over my singlet.
3. ABOVE: Vi ngha l trn nhng ch s cao hn so vi vt
khc thp hn.
The ceiling fans are above the pupils.
The planes fly above our heads.
6. TILL, UNTIL (ti, cho ti khi)
1. TILL: dng cho thi gian v khng gian.
Wait for me till next Friday (thi gian)
87
They walked till the end of the road. (khng gian)
2. UNTIL: dng vi thi gian.
He did not come back until 11.pm yesterday. (thi gian)
88
Bi 18: B ng
Trong ting Anh, ngi ta rt hay dng cu b ng.
Khc vi cu ch ng ch ng thc hin hnh ng,
trong cu b ng ch ng nhn tc ng ca hnh
ng. Cu b ng c dng khi mun nhn mnh n
i tng chu tc ng ca hnh ng hn l bn thn
hnh ng . Thi ca ng t cu b ng phi tun
theo thi ca ng t cu ch ng. Chng ta hy
cng hc cc kin thc lin quan s dng thnh tho
cu b ng nh.
1. B /Th ng cch l cch t cu trong ch ng
ng vai b ng.
V d:
1. Chinese is learnt at school by her.
2. A book was bought by her.
Ch : iu kin c th chuyn cu ch ng sang b
ng:
Th 1: Cu ch ng phi xc lp c c tn ng.
(object)
Th 2: Cu ch ng phi c Ngoi ng t. (transitive
verbs)
89
2. Qui tc Cu b ng.
a. ng t ca cu b ng: To be + Past Participle (PII).
b. Tn ng ca cu ch ng thnh ch ng ca cu b
ng
c. Ch ng ca cu ch ng thnh ch ng ca gii t
BY
Ch ng : Subject + Verb + Object
B ng: Subject +To Be + Past Participle(ng t dng
phn t qu kh) + BY + Object
V d:
The farmer dinks tea everyday. (Active-ch ng)
Tea is drunk by the farmer everyday. (Passive-b ng)
3. Khi mt ngoi ng t ch ng c hai tn ng, mt
trc tip v mt gin tip (nhm tng biu), c th
chuyn thnh hai cu b ng.
V d:
I gave him an apple.
An apple was given to him.
He was given an apple by me.
4. Mt s cu c bit phi dch l Ngi ta khi dch
sang ting Vit.
V d:
It is said that = people say that ; (Ngi ta ni rng)
It was said that = people said that. (Ngi ta ni rng)
90
Mt s ng t c dng nh trn: believe, say,
suggest, expect,
5. Ta dng ng t nguyn th trong th b ng:
TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE ch mt nh hay s bt
buc hoc s khng th c.
V d:
This exercise is to be done.
This matter is to be discussed soon.
6. Sau nhng ng t: to have, to order, to get, to bid, to
cause hay mt ng t ch v gic quan hoc cm tnh, ta
dng Past Participle (Tham kho phn Bng ng t bt
quy tc) bao hm ngha nh b ng:
V d:
We had your photos taken.
We heard the song sung.
We got tired after having walked for long.
7. Bng chia Ch ng sang B ng:
Simple present(th hin ti
n)
do done
Present continuous(th hin
ti tip din)
is/are doing is/are being done
Simple Past (th qu kh
n)
did was/were done
Past continuous(th qu kh
tip din)
was/were
doing
was/were being
done
Present Perfect(th hin ti has/have has/have been
91
Simple present(th hin ti
n)
do done
hon thnh) done done
Past perfect (th qu kh
hon thnh)
had done had been done
Simple future(th tng lai
n)
will done will be done
Future perfect(th tng lai
hon thnh)
will have
done
will have been
done
is/are going to ( th tng lai
gn)
is/are going
to do
is/are going to be
done
Can can, could do
can, could be
done
Might might do might be done
Must must do must be done
Have to have to do have to be done
8. Mt s Trng hp c bit khc:
Mt s ng t c bit: remember; want; try; like, hate
V d:
I remember them taking me to the zoo. (active)
I remember being taken to the zoo.(passive)
V d: She wants her sister to take some photogtaphs.(active)
She wants some photographs to be taken by her sister.
(passive)
V d: She likes her boyfriend telling the truth. (actiove)
92
She likes being told the truth. (passive)
9. Mt s Trng hp c bit nguyn mu c TO:
Suppose; see; make;
V d:
You are supposed to learn English now. (passive)
= It is your duty to learn English now. (active)
= You should learn English now. (active)
V d: His father makes him learn hard. (active)
He is made to learn hard. (passive)
V d:
You should be working now.(active)
You are supposed to be working now.(passive)
V d:
People believed that he was waiting for his friend (active).
He was believed to have been waiting for his friend.(passive)
93
Bi 19: Ha hp ch ng ng t
Trong mt cu ting Anh, ch ng v ng t phi ph
hp vi nhau v ngi v s (s t hay s nhiu). Quy tc
chung: ch ng s t i cng ng t s t v ch ng s
nhiu i cng ng t s nhiu. Tuy nhin, i khi ch
ng cn ha hp vi ng t ty theo tng din t
hoc danh t/i t ng trc theo cc quy tc nht
nh. Chng ta hy ghi nh nhng quy tc di y
trnh nhng nhm ln khng ng c khi hc ting Anh
nh.
1. Cc trng hp ch ng ng tch khi ng t
- Trong cu ting Anh, c nhiu trng hp rt kh xc nh
c u l ch ng ca cu do ch ng v ng t khng
i lin vi nhau.
The boys in the room are playing chess.
- Thng thng trong cc trng hp , mt ng gii t
(mt gii t m u v cc danh t theo sau in the room)
thng nm gia ch ng v ng t. Cc ng gii t ny
khng nh hng n vic chia ng t.
The study of languages is very interesting.
Serveral theories on this subject have been proposed.
The view of these disciplines varies from time to time.
The danger of forest fires is not to be taken lightly.
94
- Ch rng trong cc v d trn cc danh t nm trong ng
gii t u tri ngc vi ch ng v s t / s nhiu nhng
ng t lun c chia theo ch ng chnh.
- Cc cm t sau cng vi cc danh t i theo sau n to
nn hin tng ng ch ng. Chng ng gia ch ng v
ng t, phn tch khi 2 thnh phn bi du phy.
Chng cng khng c nh hng g n vic chia ng t.
Together withalong withaccompanied by as well as
Mary, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a
party tonight.
Mr. Robbins, accompanied by her wife and children, is
arriving tonight.
- Nu 2 danh t lm ch ng ni vi nhau bng and th
ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu (tng ng vi
they)
Mary and her manager are going to a party tonight.
Nhng nu 2 ng ch ng ni vi nhau bng or th ng
t phi chia theo danh t ng sau or. Nu danh t l
s t th ng t phi chia s t v ngc li.
Mary or her manager is going to answer the press interview.
2. Cc t lun i vi danh t hoc i t s t
l cc danh t bng sau (cn gi l cc i t phim
ch).
any +
singular
noun
no +
singular
noun
some +
singular
noun
every/ each +
singular
noun
anybody
anyone
nobody
no one
somebody
someone
everybody
everyone
95
any +
singular
noun
no +
singular
noun
some +
singular
noun
every/ each +
singular
noun
anything nothing something everything
neither * either *
* Either v neither l s t nu chng khng i vi or
hoc nor. Either (c ngha 1 trong 2) ch dng cho 2 ngi
hoc 2 vt. Nu 3 ngi (vt) tr ln phi dng any. Neither
(khng mt ai trong hai) ch dng cho 2 ngi, 2 vt. Nu 3
ngi (vt) tr ln dng not any.
Everybody who wants to buy a ticket should be in this line.
Something is in my eye.
Anybody who has lost his ticket should report to the desk.
Neither of his pens is able to be used.
If either of you takes a vacation now, we will not be able to
finish the work.
No problem is harder than this one.
Nobody works harder than John does.
3. Cch s dng None v No
None v No u dng c vi c danh t s t v s
nhiu.
Nu sau None of the l mt danh t khng m c th
ng t phi ngi th 3 s t. Nu sau n l mt danh t s
nhiu th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu.
None of the + non-count noun + singular verb
None of the + plural count noun + plural verb
None of the counterfeit money has been found.
None of the students have finished the exam yet.
96
Nu sau No l mt danh t m c s t hoc khng
m c th ng t phi ngi th 3 s t. Nu sau n l
mt danh t s nhiu th ng t phi ngi th 3 s nhiu.
No + {singular noun / non-count noun} + singular verb
No + plural noun + plural verb
No example is relevant to this case.
No examples are relevant to this case.
4. Cch s dng cu trc either or (hochoc) v
neither nor (khngm cng khng)
iu cn lu nht khi s dng cu trc ny l ng t phi
chia theo danh t i sau or hoc nor. Nu danh t l s t
th ng t chia ngi th 3 s t v ngc li. Nu or hoc
nor xut hin mt mnh (khng c either hoc neither) th
cng p dng quy tc tng t (nh cp phn trn).
Neither John nor his friends are going to the beach today.
Either John or his friends are going to the beach today.
Neither the boys nor Carmen has seen this movie before.
Either John or Bill is going to the beach today.
Neither the director nor the secretary wants to leave yet.
5. V-ing lm ch ng
Khi V-ing dng lm ch ng th ng t cng phi chia
ngi th 3 s t.
Knowing her has made him what he is.
Not studying has caused him many problems.
Washing with special cream is recommended for scalp
infection.
Being cordial is one of his greatest assets.
Writing many letters makes her happy.
97
Ngi ta s dng V-ing khi mun din t 1 hnh ng c
th xy ra nht thi nhng khi mun din t bn cht ca s
vt, s vic th phi dng danh t.
Dieting is very popular today.
Diet is for those who suffer from a cerain disease.
ng t nguyn th cng c th dng lm ch ng v ng
t sau n s chia ngi th 3 s t. Nhng ngi ta thng
dng ch ng gi it m u cu.
To find the book is necessary for him = It is necessary for him
to find the book.
6. Cc danh t tp th
l cc danh t bng sau dng ch 1 nhm ngi
hoc 1 t chc nhng trn thc t chng l nhng danh t s
t, do vy cc i t v ng t theo sau chng cng ngi
th 3 s t.
Congress
family
group
committee
class
Organization
team
army
club
crowd
Government
jury
majority*
minority
public
The committee has met, and it has rejected the proposal.
The family was elated by the news.
The crowd was wild with excitement
Congress has initiated a new plan to combat inflation.
The organization has lot many members this year.
Our team is going to win the game.
Tuy nhin nu cc thnh vin trong nhm ang hot ng
ring r, ng t s chia ngi th 3 s nhiu:
98
Congress votes for the bill. (Quc hi b phiu cho d lut,
gm tt c mi ngi)
Congress are discussing about the bill. (Quc hi ang tranh
lun v d lut, tc l mt s tn thnh, mt s phn i).
* Danh t majority c dng tu theo thnh phn sau n
chia ng t
The majority + singular verb
The majority of the + plural noun + plural verb
The majority believes that we are in no danger.
The majority of the students believe him to be innocent.
The police/the sheep/the fish + plural verb.
The sheep are breaking away
The police come only to see the dead bodies and a ruin in the
bank
A couple + singular verb
A couple is walking on the path
The couple + plural verb
The couple are racing their horses through the meadow.
Cc cm t nhm sau ch mt nhm ng vt hoc gia
sc. Cho d sau gii t of l danh t s nhiu th ng t
vn chia theo ngi ch ng chnh ngi th 3 s t: flock of
birds/ sheep, school of fish, herd of cattle, pride of lions,
pack of dogs.
The flock of birds is circling overhead.
The herd of casttle is breaking away.
A school of fish is being attacked by sharks.
Tt c cc danh t tp th ch thi gian, tin bc, s o,
khi c cp n nh mt th thng nht th u c
xem l mt danh t s t. Do cc ng t v i t theo
sau chng phi ngi th 3 s t.
Twenty-five dollars is too much for the meal.
Fifty minutes isnt enough time to finish this test
Twenty dollars is all I can afford to pay for that radio.
99
Two miles is too much to run in one day.
He has contributed $50, and now he wants to contribute
another fifty.
7. Cch s dng a number of, the number of:
A number of = Mt s nhng , i vi danh t s nhiu,
ng t chia s nhiu.
A number of + plural noun + plural verb
A number of students are going to the class picnic (Mt s
sinh vin s i )
A number of applicants have already been interviewed.
The number of = S lng nhng , i vi danh t s
nhiu, ng t vn ngi th 3 s t.
The number of + plural noun + singular verb...
The number of days in a week is seven. (S lng ngy trong
tun l 7)
The number of residents who have been questioned on this
matter is quite small.
8. Cc danh t lun s nhiu
Bng sau l nhng danh t bao gi cng hnh thi s nhiu
v chng bao gm 2 thc th nn cc i t v ng t i
cng vi chng cng phi s nhiu.
scissors
shorts
pants
jeans
tongs
trousers
eyeglasses
pliers
tweezers
Nu mun chng thnh ngi s t phi dng a pair of
The pants are in the drawer.
A pair of pants is in the drawer.
100
These scissors are dull. (Ci ko ny cn. Ch ch c 1 ci
ko nhng cng dng vi these)
9. Cch dng there is, there are
c dng ch s tn ti ca ngi hoc vt ti mt ni
no . Ch ng tht ca cu l danh t i sau ng t. Nu
n l danh t s t th ng t to be chia ngi th 3 s t v
ngc li. Mi bin i v thi v th u to be cn there
gi nguyn.
There has been an increase in the importation of foreign cars.
Threre is a storm approaching.
There was an accident last night.
There was water on the floor.
There have been a number of telephone calls today.
There were too many people at the party.
Lu :
Cc cu trc: there is certain/ sure/ likely/ bound to be
= chc chn l s c
There is sure to be trouble when she gets his letter.
(Chc chn l s c rc ri khi c y nhn c th anh
ta)
Do you think there is likely to be snow. (Anh cho rng
chc chn s c tuyt ch)
Trong dng ting Anh quy chun hoc vn chng mt
s cc ng t khc ngoi to be cng c s dng vi
there:
ng t trng thi: stand/ lie/ remain/ exist/ live
ng t ch s n: enter/ go/ come/ follow/ develop
In a small town in Germany there once lived a poor
shoemaker. (Ti mt th trn nh c c mt ng th giy
ngho sng )
There remains nothing more to be done . (Ch cn c g na
101
m lm)
Suddenly there entered a strange figure dressed all in black.
(Bng c mt hnh bng k l mc ton en i vo)
There followed an uncomfortable silence. (Sau l mt s
im lng n kh chu)
There + subject pronoun + go/ come/ be: ka/ th l/
ri th
There he comes (Anh ta n ri kia ka)
There you are, I have been waiting for you for over an
hour. (Anh y ri, ti ang ch anh n hn mt ting
ri y)
102
Bi 20: Cu iu kin
Cu iu kin gm c hai phn: Mt phn nu ln iu
kin v mt phn cn li nu ln kt qu hay c gi l
mnh ch iu kin v mnh ch kt qu. Thm ,
hai mnh trong cu iu kin c th i ch c cho
nhau. i vi ngi hc Ting Anh ni chung v ngi
n luyn Toeic ni ring, bit v nm chc cc vn
lin quan ti cu iu kin nh phn loi, cch dng,
trng hp c bit. l bt buc c th hon thin
trnh hc ting Anh ca mnh.
1. My lu v cu iu kin.
- Cu iu kin gm c hai phn: Mt phn nu ln iu kin
v mt phn cn li nu ln kt qu hay c gi l mnh
ch iu kin v mnh ch kt qu.
V d:
If it rains, I will stay at home.
You will pass the exam if you work hard.
- Hai mnh trong cu iu kin c th i ch c cho
nhau
V d: You will pass the exam if you work hard.
2. Cc loi cu iu kin.
103
* Loi 1: iu kin c th xy ra hin ti hoc tng lai.
V d: If I have enough money, I will buy a new car.
Cu trc: If + Th hin ti n + Th tng lai n
* Loi 2: iu kin khng th xy ra hin ti hoc
tng lai -c mun hin ti. (Nhng thc t khng
th xy ra c).
V d:
- If I had millions of US dollars now, I would give you a half. (
I have some money only now)
- If I were the president, I would build more hospitals.
Cu trc: If + Th qu kh n + S + would/ Could/ Should +
V
Ch : cu iu kin loi 2, trong v IF, to be ca cc
ngi chia ging nhau v l t were, ch khng phi was.
* Loi 3: iu kin khng th xy ra trong qu kh
mang tnh c mun trong qu kh. (nhng thc t
khng th xy ra c).
V d:
If they had had enough money, they would have bought that
villa.
If we had found him earlier, we might/could saved his life.
Cu trc: If + th qu kh hon thnh + S + would/ could/
should + have PII + O.
* Loi 4: Cu iu kin Hn hp:
104
1. Cu trc c bn: Clause 1 (would + V) + if + Clause 2
(had + P2)
V d:
If I had been born in town, I would like life there.
(the fact that I wasnt born in town, so I dont like life there
now)
2. But for + noun + iu kin loi II, III
But for: nu khng c
V d:
You help me everyday so I can finish my work.
But for your daily help, I couldnt finish my work.
She encouraged him and he succeeded.
But for her encouragement, he wouldnt have succeeded.
The teacher explained and we understood.
But for the teachers explanation, we wouldnt have
understood.
3. o ng ca cu iu kin
3.1. iu kin loi I
Nu trong cu c should mnh if, th o should
ln u cu.
V d:
If he should ring , I will tell him the news.
Should he ring, I will tell him the news.
Nu trong cu khng c should, chng ta phi mn
should
If he has free time, hell play tennis.
Should he have free time, hell play tennis.
105
If she comes early, well start.
Should she come early, well start.
3.2. iu kin loi II
Nu trong cu c ng t were, th o were ln u.
V d:
If I were a bird, I would fly.
Were I a bird, I would fly.
They would answer me if they were here.
Were they here, they would answer me.
Nu trong cu khng c ng t were th mn were v
dng to V.
V d:
If I learnt Russian, I would read a Russian book.
Were I to learn Russian, I would read a Russian book.
If they lived in Australia now, they would go swimming.
Were they to live in Australia now, they would go
swimming.
3.3. iu kin loi III
o tr ng t ca th qu kh hon thnh.
V d:
If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.
Had it rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.
If he had trained hard, he would have won the match.
Had he trained hard, he would have won the match.
106
Ch : dng ph nh, not c t sau ch ng:
V d: Had it not been so late, we would have called you.
4. If not = Unless.
Lu rng Unless cng th
ng c dng trong cu
iu kin, lc Unless = If not.
V d:
Unless we start at once, we will be late = If we dont start at
once we will be late.
Unless you study hard, you wont pass the exams = If you
dont study hard, you wont pass the exams.
107
Bi 21: Mnh quan h
Mnh l mt phn ca cu . Mnh quan h ( hay Mnh
tnh t ) cho chng bit ngi hay vt no m ta mun m
ch.
Mnh quan h c th c thnh lp bng cch dng i
t quan h, trng t quan h, gii t.
I. Mnh quan h dng i t quan h
1. WHO
- L i t quan h thay th cho danh t hoc i t ( i
tng ) ch ngi lm ch ng trong mnh quan h.
* Nu i tng c thay th l tn ng ca cu th nht
v l ch ng ca cu th hai th ta ch vic b ch ng i
v thay bng WHO.
Vd: I have met the boy . He is playing football.
Cu ny i thnh: I have met the boy who is playing
football.
* Nu i tng l ch ng ca hai cu : Thay ch ng ca
cu th hai bng WHO v t cu sau ch ng ca cu
th nht.
108
Vd : The girl is speaking in the room. She is our new
teacher.
Cu ny c i thnh: The girl , who is speaking in the
room is my new teacher.
Ch : Trong tt c cc cu cha i t quan h, i t quan
h lun ng sau danh t hay i t m n thay th cho.
2. WHOM
- Dng thay th cho i tng ch ngi lm tn ng
trong mnh quan h.
Vd : I met the girl . You helped her yesterday.
Cu ny i thnh: I met the girl whom you helped
yesterday.
Vd : The woman is my aunt . We saw her last week.
Cu ny i thnh: The woman, whom we saw last week,
is my aunt .
- Ch : Trong cu c mnh quan h whom lm tn ng,
Whom c th lc b c m khng lm nh hng n
ngha ca cu v Whom lun ng ngay sau i tng m
n thay th cho.
V d nh trong hai cu v d trn, cu th nht c th vit
thnh : I met the girl you helped yesterday v cu th hai
c th c vit thnh: The woman we saw last week is
my aunt .
3. WHOSE
- L i t quan h dng thay th cho Tnh t s hu , s
hu cch trong mnh quan h. Whose dng cho c i
tng ngi v vt.
109
- V tr : ng gia hai Danh t.
3.1. Nu i tng l ch ng ca hai cu : thay Tnh t s
hu ca cu th hai bng Whose v chuyn c cu sau
ch ng ca cu th nht :
Vd :
+ The girl is my new classmate. Her father is s doctor.
Cu ny c i thnh: The girl , whose father is a doctor,
is my new classmate.
+ The house is very big. The window of this house has just
been replaced.
Cu ny i thnh: The house, whose window has just
been replaced, is very big.
3.2. Nu i tng ng cui cu th nht , u cu th hai
: Ta thay tnh t s hu bng danh t.
Vd Do you know the man? , his son is the tall boy
overthere.
Cu ny i thnh: Do you know the man, whose son is the
tall boy overthere?
4. WHICH
a. Which dng thay th cho t ch vt lm ch ng trong
cu th hai :
+ Nu i tng l ch ng ca hai cu : thay ch ng ca
cu th hai bng WHICH v chuyn cu ng sau ch
ng ca cu th nht
Vd : The film is very interesting. It is made two years
ago.
110
Cu ny c th i thnh: The film, which is made two years
ago, is very interesting.
+Nu i tng l tn ng ca cu th nht v ch ng ca
cu hai : thay ch ng ca cu hai bng WHICH
Vd She gives me a very nice bag. this bag is on the
table.
Cu ny c th i thnh: She give a very nice bag, which is
on the table.
b. Which dng thay th cho s vt lm tn ng trong
mnh quan h.
- Nu i tng l ch ng trong cu th nht v tn ng
ca cu th hai, ta thay tn ng ca cu hai bng Which v
chuyn ln u cu hai sau t c cu hai ng sau ch
ng ca cu th nht :
Vd : The book is very interesting . I bought it yesterday.
Cu ny i thnh: The book, which I read yesterday is
very interesting.
- Nu i tng l tn ng ca hai cu : chuyn tn ng ca
cu th hai thnh which v a ln u cu .
Vd : I didnt find the hat. my mother give it to me last
week.
Cu ny i thnh: I didnt find the hat, which my mother
gave to me last week.
5. THAT
That l i t dng thay th cho ch ng, tn ng c
ngi v vt trong mnh quan h.
111
VD:
+ The man is very tall. I met him yesterday.
Cu ny c i thnh: The man that I met yesterday is
very tall.
+ She is the doctor. She saved a girl yesterday.
Cu ny c i thnh: She is the dotor that saved a girl
yesterday.
+ This is a pen. I bought this pen two days ago.
Cu ny c i thnh: This is the pen that i bought two
days ago.
+ She is riding the Bicycle. this bicycle is very old.
Cu ny c i thnh : She is riding the bicycle that is
very old.
Ch : Trong cu c that lm i t quan h, cu khng
c c du phy v khng c gii t ng trc that.
II. Mnh quan h dng trng t quan h :
1 WHEN
- Dng thay th cho t hoc cm t ch thi gian : day ,
time , year , Monday..
- When thay th cho : on/in/at + which ( in/on/at + t , cm t
ch thi gian ).
- Cch lm : ta chuyn in/on/at + t , cm t ch thi gian
thnh WHEN
( Tu theo tng trng hp m chuyn i nh cc a t
quan h ).
112
VD:
+ She met me two days ago. I came home two days ago.
Cu ny i thnh: She met me two days ago, when i came
back home.
+ He was born on June 25th, 1989. His father left the Job on
that day.
Cu ny c i thnh: He was born on June 25th, 1989
when his father left the job.
2 WHERE
- Dng thay th cho t hoc cm t ch ni chn : city ,
village , place..
- Where c thay th cho in/on/at + ni chn ( in/on/at +
which).
( Ty theo tng trng hp m chuyn i nh cc a t
quan h ).
VD:
+ She lives in Hanoi. People often come this city to find a
good job.
Cu ny c i thnh: She lives in Hanoi where People
often come to find a good job.
+ This is the house, Tom was born in this house.
Cu ny c i thnh: This is the house, where Tom was
born.
Ch : Where = in which nn where v in which c th
dng thay th cho nhau.
113
VD: This is the house, where/ in which Tom was born.
- She live in Hanoi where/in which People often come to
find a good job.
3 WHY
- Dng ni cu khi cu trc c t the reason.
- V tr : ng ngay sau t the reason.
Vd : I dont khow the reason . He didnt go to school.
I dont khow the reason why he didnt go to school.
III. Mnh quan h dng gii t v i t quan h
- Xy ra trong trng hp i t quan h ( WHOM /
WHICH/THAT) lm tn ng sau mt gii t no (trong cu
th hai).
Vd : The book is mine . You are sitting on it.
- Ta c 2 cch lm :
* Cch 1 : t gii t trc i t quan h (khng dng
c vi THAT ).
Vd : The book on which you are sitting is mine.
* Cch 2 : t gii t sau ng t :
Vd : The book which you are sitting on is mine.
IV. Phn loi Mnh quan h :
- Gm 2 loi :
1. Defining relative clauses ( Mnh quan h xc nh )
114
- L mt thnh phn ca cu , n gip xc nh hay phn loi
i tng.
- Ta khng th b n c v nu b n i th i tng c
hiu chung chung , khng r rng.
Vd : The house which is painted yellow is mine = Ngi nh
c sn mu vng l nh ca ti.
+ Khi chng ta ni : The house is mine = Ngi nh l ca ti
th khng ai hiu ngi nh no. Nhng khi chng ta thm
which is painted yellow th ngi ta hiu r v c th hn,
chnh xc hn.
- mnh ny,i t quan h lm tn ng c th c
lc b.
2. Non-defining relative clauses ( Mnh quan h khng
xc nh )
- L phn thm vo b sung , gii thch thm cho i
tng.
- Nu ta b n i th i tng vn c hiu r , c xc
nh.
- Mnh khng xc nh c ngn cch vi mnh
chnh bng du ,
- Trong mnh ny, trc i tng thng c : THIS ,
THAT , THESE , THOSE , MY , HIS ..
VD : This house , which is painted yellow , is mine .
= Ngi nh ny , n c sn mu vng , l nh ca ti.
115
Trong Ting Anh ni v vit, Mnh quan h c s
dng rt ph bin nhm mc ch gip cu vn r ngha
v d hiu hn. Mnh quan h c th c vit di
dng gin lc ngha l c mt s phn ca mnh
ph c rt gn i cho cu vn, cu ni va m bo
r ngha l khng b rm r. Di y l cc cch gin
lc mnh quan h, gip cc bn hiu r hn v vic
gin lc mnh quan h.
1. Mnh quan h c cha ng t V-ing (mnh
quan h dng ch ng)
C th b i t quan h v tr ng t/ng t tobe.
V d:
- The man who is standing there is handsome
c gin lc thnh: The man standing there is handsome
- The president made a speech for the famous man who
visited him.
c gin lc thnh: The president made a speech for the
famous man visiting him.
-Mr. Jackson, who is a professor, is traveling in the Mideast
this year.
116
c gin lc thnh: Mr. Jackson, a professor, is traveling
in the Mideast this year.
2. Mnh quan h c cha ng t qu kh phn t 2
(mnh quan h dng b ng)
C th b i t quan h v tr ng t/ng t tobe
V d: The book which is written by Mr.A is interesting
c gin lc thnh: The book written by Mr.A is
interesting
3. Mnh quan h cha ng t nguyn th
Danh t m mnh quan h b ngha cho c cc t sau
y ng trc: first, last, only, second c th b i t
quan h, tr ng t/tobe, v ng t c chuyn
thnh dng nguyn th
V d: He is the only man who can solve this problem
c gin lc thnh: He is the only man to solve this
problem
4. Ngoi ra, cn c th loi b i t quan h v tobe
trc mt ng gii t (mt gii t m u kt hp vi
cc danh t theo sau).
V d:
+ The beaker that is on the counter contains a solution.
c gin lc thnh: The beaker on the counter contains
a solution.
5. Mnh quan h c cha tobe v tnh t.
Ta c th b i i t quan h v tobe
+ The woman, who is very clever and beautiful is my aunt
c gin lc thnh: the woman, clever and beautiful is my aunt.
117
Bi 23: Mnh danh ng
Trong ting Anh, c nhng mnh ng v tr ca
mt danh t. chnh l mnh danh t. Mnh danh
t l mnh c th ng vai tr nh mt danh t trong
cu. Cu cha mnh danh t thng l mt cu phc.
Trong cu, danh t lm nhim v g th mnh danh t
lm nhim v .
1. c im ca mnh danh ng.
Mnh ny thng bt u bng cc t hi nh what,
why, when, where, v t that.
2. Ch nng ca mnh danh ng.
2.1. Mnh danh ng lm ch ng trong cu.
Nhng cu c mnh danh ng lm ch ng thng c
cu trc nh sau: Where/ when/ why/ what/ that+ S+ V+
V.
Trong , mnh bt u bng t hi lm ch ng trong
cu.
V d:
+ That she comes late surprises me. ( Vic C y n mun
lm ti ngc nhin)
118
+ Why she is absent is nothing to me. ( V sao c y vng mt
ch c ngha g vi ti)
+ When he leaves is up to me. ( Vic bao gi anh ta i ph
thuc vo ti.)
+ Where they live is a secret. ( H sng u l mt iu b
mt.)
2.2. Mnh danh ng lm b ng sau ng t.
Cu c mnh danh ng lm b ng sau ng t thng
c cu trc nh sau: S + V + what/ where/ when/ why/
that+ S+ V
V d:
+ I dont know what she wants. ( Ti khng bit c ta mun
g)
+ They think that they are wrong. ( H ngh rng h sai ri.)
+ Can you show me where they are now? ( Bn c th cho ti
bit gi ny h ang u khng?)
2.3. Mnh danh ng lm tn ng sau gii t.
Cu dng ny thng c cu trc nh sau: S + V/be + adj+
preposition + where/ what/ when/ why/ that.+ S + V.
V d:
+ Their decision depends on what they think. ( quyt nh ca
h ph thuc vo nhng g h ngh)
+ I agree with what you say. (Ti ng vi nhng g bn
ni.)
2.4. Mnh danh ng lm b ng cho ch ng.
119
Nhng cu dng ny thng c cu trc nh sau: S + tobe+
what/ where/ when/ why/ that.+ S+ V
V d:
+ The problem is where you are now. ( Vn l by gi
bn ang u?)
+ The main point of the speech is why people should do the
morning exercise. ( im chnh ca bi pht biu l ti sao
mi ngi nn tp th dc bui sng.)
120
Bi 24: Mnh trng ng
Mnh trng ng l loi mnh c chc nng lm
trng ng trong cu. Trong ting Anh, c rt nhiu loi
mnh trng ng nh: mnh trng ng ch thi
gian, ni chn, cch thc, nguyn nhn, kt qu..Mi
loi mnh trng ng c bt u bi cc t c th.
1. Mnh trng ng ch thi gian
Mnh trng ng ch thi gian thng bt u bng cc t
sau:
+ When ( khi m)
V d: When he comes, I will make a cake for him.
+ While (trong khi )
V du: I am reading book while they are playing.
+Before (trc khi)
V d: She often watches TV before she goes to bed .
+After (sau khi)
He went out after he had finished the housework.
+ Since (t khi)
V d: i havent met them since they left.
121
Ch : since thng c dng trong th hin ti hon
thnh.
+ As (Khi m)
V d: I saw her as I was in the super market.
Ch : Trong mnh c cc t when , as, while i khi c
s khc nhau gia cc th ca ng t, nhng mnh trng
ng khng bao gi th tng lai. Nu mnh chnh th
tng lai th mnh trng ng th hin ti thng.
+ Till/until ( cho n khi)
V d: Ill waite untill/till he comes back.
+ As soon as ( ngay khi m)
V d: As soon as Marry knew the truth, She called me.
+ Just as (ngay khi)
V d: Just as the girl entered the room, everyone looked at
her.
+ Whenever ( bt c khi no)
V d: Ill come whenever you need me.
2. Mnh trng ng ch ni chn.
Mnh trng ng ch ni chn l mnh c chc nng
lm trng ng ch ni chn trong cu. Mnh ny c bt
u bng where ( ni m ) v wherever ( bt c ni no)
V d:
+ I will go wherever you go.
+ You can find where you live.
122
3. Mnh trng ng ch nguyn nhn.
Mnh trng ng ch nguyn nhn l mnh c vai tr
nu nguyn nhn ca s vt, hin tng trong cu.
Mnh ny c bt u bng because , since, as,
seeing that.( u c ngha l bi v.)
V d:
+ Because she is ill, she can not go to school.
+ Since the boy is too young, he cant understand the story.
+ Seeing that they were late, they missed the first part of the
film.
+ As the essay has a lot of mistake, the teacher gives him the
bad point.
4. Mnh trng ng ch cch thc.
Mnh trng ng ch cch thc c vai tr lm trng ng ch
cch thc trong cu. Mnh ny thng bt u bng as
hay as if, u c ngha l : Nh l, nh.
+ As: Nh l
V d : They do as people expect.
+ As if: nh th l.
Mnh bt u vi as if thng l mnh gi nh, din
t s vic khng c tht.
123
V d:
- It looks as if its going to rain.
- He said as if he were my father.
- He looks as if he had known what happened.
5. Mnh trang ng ch mc ch.
Mnh trng ng ch mc ch l mnh c vai tr lm
trng ng ch mc ch trong cu. Mnh ny thng bt
u bng so that, in order that, u c ngha l
m.
V d:
+ The teacher explains the lesson very clearly so that every
student can understand.
+ Many students write to the president in order that the black
can get the equality.
6. Mnh trng ng ch s tng phn.
L mnh c vai tr lm trng ng ch s tng phn trong
cu. Mnh ny thng bt u bng cc t nh :
although, though, even though (Mc d), but ( Nhng).
V d:
+ Although/though/ even though she has a lot of things to
do, she still spends time playing with her children.
+ He loves her but he cant get married with her.
124
Bi 25: Lin t
Trong ting Anh, lin t l cc t ni c nhim v chnh
l lin kt hai phn khc bit ca mt cu. C hai loi lin
t l: lin t ng lp v lin t ph thuc.
1. Nhng lin t ng lp (song song)
Dng loi lin t ny ni nhng cc t loi hoc cm t/
nhm t cng mt loi, hoc nhng mnh ngang hng
nhau (tnh t vi tnh t, danh t vi danh t ):
Mt s lin t ng lp:
+ AND ( V)
V d:
- She learns and listens to music at the same time.
+ BOTH AND ( cv)
V d:
- She is both smart and clever
+ AS WELL AS ( cng nh)
V d: He loves flower as well as beautiful sight.
+NOT ONLY BUT (ALSO) ( Khng nhng.m cn)
V d:
- Hes not only interested in math but also wins the first
award about math.
125
+OR (hoc)
V d: Hurry up, or you will miss the train.
+ EITHEROR
V d:
- He isnt either good or kind.
- I dont have either books or notebooks.
+ NEITHER NOR ( cng khng)
V d:
- She has neither husband nor children.
+ BUT ( Nhng)
V d:
- He is handsome but very mean.
+ THEN ( vy th, th th)
V d:
- You have eaten nothing; then you must be very hungry.
+ CONSEQUENTLY ( kt qu l)
V d: You didnt work hard, consequently, he failed the
exam.
+ HOWEVER ( tuy nhin)
V d:
- He is a very lazy student; however, he can pass all the
exams easily.
+ NEVERTHELESS (nhng )
V d:
- She studies very hard; nevertheless, she always gets bad
marks.
126
+ STILL, YET(mc du vy)
V d:
- I speak to you peaceably; still/yet you will not listen.
- She says she does not love me, yet, I still love her.
+ OR, ELSE, OTHERWISE ( nu khng th)
V d:
- He has to work harder, or/else/otherwise he will lose the job.
+ THEREFORE ( v vy m, nh th m)
V d:
- He violated the traffic rules, therefore he was fined
2. Nhng lin t ph thuc (chnh ph)
Loi lin t ph thuc ni kt cc nhm t, cm t hoc
mnh c chc nng khc nhau mnh ph vi mnh
chnh trong cu.
Mt s lin t ph thuc:
+ FOR ( bi v)
V d: He will surely succeed, for (because) he works hard.
+ WHEREAS ( tri li)
V d:
- He learns hard whereas his friends dont.
- Wise men love truth whereas fools avoid it.
+ WHILE ( trong khi)
V d:
- they are looking for him while he is sleeping.
+ BESIDES, MOREOVER ( bn cnh )
V d:
127
- We have to study hard at school; besides, we must pay
attention
to physical exercises.
- He stole two watches; moreover, he broke the window.
+ SO ( v vy m)
V d:
- He has finished the work, so he can play games now.
+ HENCE (do vy, v th)
V d:
- I have no money now, hence I can buy flower for her.
128
Bi 26: Qu kh phn t (ed) v hin ti
phn t (Ving)
Hin ti phn t v qu kh phn t l hai dng c bit
ca ng t trong ting Anh. Trong mt s trng hp,
hin ti phn t v qu kh phn t gy nhm ln. Di
y l nhng kin thc c bn v hai dng ng t ny.
1. Khi nim.
1.1. Hin ti phn t chnh l ng t thm ui -ing. Hin
ti phn t cn c gi l danh ng t, c thnh lp
bng cch thm -ing vo sau ng t.
1.2. Qa kh phn t hay cn gi l qu kh phn t hai ca
ng t, c dng V-ed (i vi cc ng t c quy tc) v
cc ng t nm ct th 3 trong bng lit k cc ng t
bt quy tc.
2. Cch dng.
2.1. Cch dng ca hin ti phn t.
+ Dng trong cc th tip din din t hnh ng ang xy ra
ti mt thi im nht nh nh th hin ti tip din, qu kh
tip din, tng lai tip din, hin ti hon thnh tip din,
qu kh hon thnh tip din v tng lai hon thnh tip
din.
V d:
- They are playing football at the moment.
129
- She has been working in this company for 5 years.
+ Dng lm ch ng trong cu. ( vai tr ging nh mt danhh
t.)
V d:
-Listening to music is his hobby.
- Going out now may be very dangerous.
+ Dng lm tn ng ca ng t.
V d:
- I hate being asked a lot of questions about my private life.
- She remembers meeting him somewhere.
+ Dng lm tn ng ca cm gii t.
V d:
- Mary is interested in reading books.
- They are keen on living here.
+ Dng nh b ng ca ch ng. Trong ting Anh, nhng
cu dng S + Be+ complement th complement y
c gi l b ng ca ch ng.
V d:
- My hobby is playing computer games.
- The main task in this program is teaching English for
Children.
+ Dng nh tnh t trong cu.
V d:
130
- The smiling girl is my sister.
+ Dng trong mnh quan h rt gn. ( Xem bi Gin lc
mnh quan h)
V d:
- She is the worker having the best quality.
2.2. Cch dng ca qu kh phn t.
+ Dng trong cc th hon thnh nh hin ti hon thnh, qu
kh hon thnh, tng li hon thnh.
V d:
- Ha has learned English for 5 years.
- When I came, he had left.
+ Dng nh tnh t trong cu.
V d: She lived in an isolated village.
+ Dng trong cu b ng.
V d: The boy is taught how to play piano.
+ Dng trong mnh quan h rt gn. ( Xem bi Gin lc
mnh quan h)
V d: I have read the novel written by OHenry.
131
Bi 27: Cu gi nh
Cu gi nh hay cn gi l cu cu khin l loi cu i
tng th nht mun i tng th hai lm mt vic g.
Cu gi nh c tnh cht cu khin ch khng mang tnh
p buc nh cu mnh lnh. Trong cu gi nh, ngi
ta dng dng nguyn th khng c to ca cc ng t
sau mt s ng t chnh mang tnh cu khin. Thng
c that trong cu gi nh tr mt s trng hp c
bit.
1 Cu gi nh dng would rather v that
1.1 Din t s vic hin ti (present subjunctive):
L loi cu ngi th nht mun ngi th hai lm vic g
(nhng lm hay khng cn ph thuc vo ngi th hai).
Xem thm v cu cu khin phn sau. Trong trng hp
ny ng t mng hai dng nguyn th b to. Nu
mun thnh lp th ph nh t not trc nguyn th b to.
S1 + would rather that + S2 + [verb in simple form]
I would rather that you call me tomorrow.
He would rather that I not take this train.
Ng php ni ngy nay c bit l ng php M cho php b
that trong cu trc ny m vn gi nguyn hnh thc gi nh.
132
1.2 Din t s vic i lp vi thc t hin ti
ng t sau ch ng hai s chia simple past, to be phi
chia l were tt c cc ngi.
S1 + would rather that + S2 + [verb in simple past tense]
Henry would rather that his girlfriend worked in the same

department as he does.
(His girlfriend does not work in the same department)
Jane would rather that it were winter now. (Infact, it is not
winter now)
Nu mun thnh lp th ph nh dng didnt + verb hoc
were not sau ch ng hai.
Henry would rather that his girlfriend didnt work in the same
department as he does.
Jane would rather that it were not winter now.
1.3. Din t s vic tri ngc vi thc t qu kh
ng t sau ch ng hai s chia dng past perfect. Nu
mun thnh lp th ph nh dng hadnt + P2.
S1 + would rather that + S2 + past perfect
Bob would rather that Jill had gone to class yesterday.
(Jill did not go to class yesterday)
Bill would rather that his wife hadnt divorced him.
Ch : Ng php hin i cho php lc b that trong mt s
cu gi nh dng would rather
2 Cu gi nh dng vi cc ng t trong bng di
y.
Advise Demand Prefer Require
Ask Insist Propose Stipulate
133
Advise Demand Prefer Require
Command Move Recommend Suggest
Decree Order Request Urge
- Trong cu nht nh phi c that.
- ng t sau ch ng 2 dng nguyn th b to.
Subject1 + verb + that + subject 2+ [verb in simple form]
...
V d:
We urge that he leave now.
Nu b that i ch ng 2 s tr thnh tn ng, ng t tr v
dng nguyn th c to, cu s mt i ngha gi nh v tr
thnh cu bnh thng.
V d:
We urge him to leave now.
Lu : Trong ting Anh ca ngi Anh (British English),
trc ng t nguyn th b to c should. Nhng trong ting
Anh ca ngi M (American English) ngi ta b n i.
Mt s v d
The judge insisted that the jury return a verdict immediately.
The university requires that all its students take this course.
The doctor suggested that his patient stop smoking.
Congress has decreed that the gasoline tax be abolished.
We proposed that he take a vacation.
I move that we adjourn until this afternoon.
134
3 Cu gi nh dng vi tnh t
Cc tnh t dng trong cu gi nh gm cc tnh t trong
bng di y.
Advised
Necessary Recommended Urgent
Important
Obligatory Required imperative
Mandatory Proposed Suggested
Trong cng thc sau, adjective ch nh mt trong cc tnh t
c trong bng trn.
it + be + adjective + that + subject + [verb in simple form
]...(any tense)
Mt s v d:
It is necessary that he find the books.
It was urgent that she leave at once.
It has been proposed that we change the topic.
It is important that you remember this question.
It has been suggested that he forget the election.
It was recommended that we wait for the authorities.
Trong mt s trng hp c th dng danh t tng ng vi
cc tnh t trn theo cng thc sau.
it + be + noun + that + subject + [verb in simple form
]...(any tense)
V d:
135
It is a recommendation from a doctor that the patient stop
smoking.
4 Dng vi mt s trng hp khc
- Cu gi nh cn dng c trong mt s cu cm thn,
thng bao hm cc th lc siu nhin.
V d:
God save the queen !. Cha ph h cho n hong.
God be with you ! = good bye (khi chia tay nhau)
Curse this frog !: cht tit con cc ny
- Dng vi mt s thnh ng:
Come what may: d c chuyn g i na.
V d:
Come what may we will stand by you.
If need be : nu cn
V d:
If need be we can take another road.
- Dng vi if this be trong trng hp mun nu ra mt gi
nh t pha ngi ni nhng khng tht chc chn lm v
kh nng.
V d:
If this be proven right, you would be considered innocent.
5 Cu gi nh dng vi it is time
136
It is time (for smb) to do smth :
n lc phi lm g. (thi
gian va vn, khng a ra gi nh)
V d:
It is time for me to get to the airport (just in time).
Nhng:
It is time
It is high time subject + simple past ( n lc gi
nh thi gian n tr mt cht)
It is about time
Nhn xt: High/ about c dng trc time thm vo
nhn mnh.
V d:
Its high time I left for the airport.
(it is a little bit late)
MC LC
Bi 1: Cc ch im ng php c hi trong bi thi TOEIC
Bi 3: Hin ti han thnh, hin ti hon thnh tip din
Bi 5: Qu kh hon thnh, qu kh hon thnh tip din
Bi 6: Tng lai n, tng lai tip din
Bi 7: Tng lai hon thnh, tng lai hon thnh tip din
Bi 8: Tng hp thi th
Bi 9: Cc dng thc ca ng t: Ving, To do
Bi 11: Danh t
Bi 12: Mo t
Bi 13: i t
Bi 14: Cc loi cu hi
Bi 16: So snh
Bi 17: Gii t
Bi 18: B ng
Bi 19: Ha hp ch ng- ng t
Bi 20: Cu iu kin
Bi 21: Mnh quan h
Bi 23: Mnh danh ng
Bi 24: Mnh trng ng
Bi 25: Lin t
Bi 26: Qu kh phn t (ed) v hin ti phn t (Ving)
Bi 27: Cu gi nh
Chu trch nhim xut bn:
Gim c NG TRN I
Tng bin tp V DNG THU
Bin tp :
NGUYN TRNG B
Trnh by ba:
NGUYN QUC I
NG PHP TING ANH N THI TOEIC
In 100.000 cun kh 24 x 35 cm ti Cng ti In Tin An.
Giy php xut bn s 1744/506-00 / XB-QLXB, k ngy 09/11/2022.
In xong v np lu chiu qu IV nm 2022.
Gi: 34.000
n c

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B GIO DC V O TO

S + do not/ does not +

Henry would rather that his girlfriend worked in the same

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