Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Submitted by
NITISH BHARDWAJ
Roll no.-RE3804B47
Reg no.-10808759
SUB:-DBMS
SUB CODE:-CAP301
Submitted by
AMANDEEP sir
Acknowledgement :-
I am extremely happy to present this term paper. I have divided the topics in small ways
so that the topics can be arranged & understood properly .the object of this term papers is to
bring out the subject matter in a most concise ,compact ,8 lucid manner.
We are thankful to the following colleagues for their adequate guidance and encouragement
during the preparation of the manuscript of this term paper like DBMS sir Amandeep ,friends
( shekhar, anand , rohit,mukesh etc),
Sir Amandeep give ideas about to thinking for making the term papers & tell about the pattern
of my topic. Amandeep sir say about the pattern of term papers.
2. Table of contents
7. E R Diagram
8. Command
9. Snap shot
11. conclusions
About Bus
A bus is a road vehicle designed to carry passengers. Buses vary in capacity from 8 to 300
passengers. Buses are widely used public transportation.
The most common type of bus is the single-decker bus, with larger loads carried by double-
decker buses and articulated buses, and smaller loads carried by midi
buses and minibuses. A luxury, long distance bus is called a coach. A bus is powered by a
combustion engine, although early buses were horse drawn and there were experiments
with steam propulsion. Trolleybuses use overhead power lines. In parallel with the car
industry bus manufacturing is increasingly globalised, with the same design appearing
around the world.
Type of Bus
• Single-deckers
• Double-deckers
• Articulated buses
• Low-floor buses
INTRODUCTION
Traveling is a large growing business in India and other countries also. It becomes very difficult to keep
records for large no. of items, customers and calculating bills. This project is very useful in the Bus reservation
system.
I observed the working of the Bus reservation system and after going through it, I get to know that there are
many operations, which they have to do manually. It takes a lot of time and cause many errors. Due to this,
sometimes a lot of problems occur and they were facing many disputes with customers. To solve the above
problem, and further maintaining records of items, seat availability for customers, price of per/seat, bill generation
OBJECTIVES
Objective of this software is to computerize any traveling company to manage data, so that all the
transactions become fast and there should not be any error in transactions like calculation mistake, bill generation
and other things. It replaces all the paper work. It keeps records of all the bills also, given to the customers, so that
user could update his daily accounts. allmost care and back-up procedures must be established to ensure 100%
Hardware Requirements :
• Color Monitor.
• Keyboard.
• Backend : PL/SQL
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
System analysis and design refers to the process of examining a business situation with the intent of
improving it through better procedures and methods. System development can generally be thought of as having
1. IDENTIFICATION OF NEEDS :
• Existing system is totally on book and thus a great amount of manual work has to be done. With the increase
of manual work in Bus services and information needs, automation was necessary.
• Needs a lot of working staff and extra attention on all the records.
• In existing system, there are various problems like keeping records of items, seat available, prices of per/seat
books thoroughly.
• Major problem was the lack of security check that was must to be applied.
2. STUDY METHODOLOGY :
System design is the process of planning a new system or replace or complement an existing system. But
before this planning can be done, we must thoroughly understand the existing system and determine how
computers can best be used to make its operation more effective. To obtain information about the current system
and determine the requirements of the new system, study of the current system has been carried out. System
analysis, then, is the process of gathering and interpreting facts, diagnosing problems and using the information to
recommend improvement to the system. In brief, we can say that analysis specifies what the system should do.
To develop a software, software engineer must incorporate a development strategy that encompasses the
processes, methods, tools and generic phases etc. This strategy is often referred to as a Process Model or Software
Engineering Paradigm.
Actually a paradigm specifies some activities that should be performed and the order in which they should
be performed. A Software Development Paradigm is chosen based on the nature of the project and application,
methods and tools to be used and the controls and deliverables that are required.
In this phase, all the information about the business functioning of the Restaurant is collected, how the data
and information is flow from one end to another end using the following questions:
The goal of business process engineering is to define architectures that will enable a business to use information
effectively.
In this project, I have determined three different architecture of business objectives and goals :
a. Data architecture.
b. Application architecture.
c. Technology architecture.
In this phase, the information collected in business modeling phase is refined into a set of data objects that
are needed to support the project. The attributes of each object are identified and the relationships between these
objects defined.
iii.) Process modeling :
In this phase, processing descriptions and functions like adding, modifying, deleting customer records,
opening of new account, closing account, withdraw amount deposit amount, printing reports, providing
The fourth generation techniques are used to generate application, like reusing the predefined functions or
v.) Testing :
Most of the functions are already tested, as they are predefined functions. However, new components or
In the project process emphasizes reuse, many of the program components must be tested and all interfaces
Modeling
Data
Business Modeling
Process
Modeling
ModelingApplicatio
Data n
Testing &
Modeling Generatio
n Turnover
Process
Modeling
Application
Generation
Testing
&
Turnover
Near about 180 days
4. FEASIBILITY STUDY :
Feasibility is the determination of whether or not a project is worth doing the process followed and making
this determination is called feasibility study. This determines whether a project can and should be taken. Once it
has been determined that a project is feasible, the analyst can go ahead and prepare the project specification which
finalizes project requirements. Generally, feasibility studies are undertaken within right time constraints and
normally culminate in a written and oral feasibility report. The contents and recommendations of such a study will
be used as a sound basis for deciding whether to proceed, postpone or cancel the project. Thus, since the feasibility
study may lead to the commitment of large resources, it becomes necessary that it should be conducted
This is concerned with specifying equipment, software and hardware that will successfully satisfy the user
requirement. The technical needs of the system may vary considerably, but might include:
In examining technical feasibility, configuration of the system is given more importance than the actual
make of hardware. The configuration should give the complete picture about the system requirements. What speeds
According to the definition of technical feasibility the compatibility between front-end and back-end is very
important. In our project the compatibility of both is very good. The degree of compatibility of visual basic and
PL/SQL is very good. The speed of output is very good when we enter the data and click button then the response
time is very fast and give result very quickset. I never find difficulty when we use complex query or heavy
transaction. The speed of transaction is always smooth and constant. This software provides facility to
The designing of front-end of a project is very important. So I have selected visual basic as front-end due to
At present scenario, a number of back-end tools are available, but I have selected PL/SQL because
• Security.
• Robust RDBMS.
With the help of above support we remove defect of existing software. In future, we can easily switch over
any platform to ensure that system does not halt in case of undesired situation or events. Problem affected of any
It is mainly related to human organizational and political aspects. The points to be considered are :
• What new skills will be required? Do the existing staff members have these skills?
At present stage all the work is done by manual. So, throughput and response time is too much. Major problem is
lack of security check that was must to be applied. Finding out the detail regarding any information was very
difficult, because data is stored in different books and each book at different places. In case of any problem, no one
can solve the problem until the master of this field is not present.
I have not changed the structure of organization. I have delivered a system that looks like a current structure
of organization. But, this system removes all the overheads. All the computational work will be done automatically
Now, we will explain the last point of operational feasibility. It is a shop of hardware and it appoints
engineer for hardware problem. So, he can’t face difficulty in hardware and all employees of company know about
Economic analysis is the most frequently used technique for evaluating the effectiveness of a proposed
system. It is commonly known as cost/benefit analysis: the procedure is to determine the benefits and savings that
are expected from a proposed system and compare them with cost. If benefits outweigh cost, a decision is taken to
design and implement the system. Otherwise, further justification or alternative in the proposed system will have to
be made if it is to have a chance of being approved. This is an ongoing effort that improves in accuracy at each
Functioning of topic
This software is working with its employee very easy.it has facility to save data in its
software.only write the command the data will save automatically.we can save record in
the daily basic work that a daily basic employee and monthly basic employee,purchage of
goods and parts.
This software is work on query that is perform by the user and perform by the
administrator.it is easy to query for database.
E R Diagram of BUS RESERVATION SYSTEM :-
Relation between Owner and Bus:-
Bus
no. name
Body no.
addre
nno.
ss
Rout
e ow
OWNE mobil
nam
BUS ner
shi e
e
p
R
Bus no.
Dept Owner
name govern
Linc name
enc OWNER
ment es
Owner
Owner address
no.
Relation between Bus and passange:-
p-no.
Tr
p- Passeng Bus
addres av
s er
el
A-address A-no.
O-phone
O-no. no.
Coll Agent
Owner ecti
on
A-phone
O-name O-address A-name no.
Database Structure :
Table creation :-
Bus table
agent table
create table agent(Aname varchar2(15),Aaddess varchar2(30),Ano
varchar2(40));
Government table
Desc bus;
Desc passanger;
Desc owner;
Desc agent;
Desc government;
TABLE:BUS:
NAME TYPE
Busno VARCHAR2(10)
Bodyno VARCHAR2(8)
Routename Varchar2(20)
TABLE: passanger:
NAME TYPE
Pno VARCHAR2(15)
Pname Varchar2(30)
ADDRESS VARCHAR2(30)
Routename Varchar2(23)
TABLE: owner:
NAME TYPE
Ownerno Varchar2(11)
NAME VARCHAR2(30)
Address VARCHAR2(40)
Mobileno number(10)
Busno VARCHAR2(10)
TABLE: agent:
NAME TYPE
Aname Varchar2(15)
Aaddress VARCHAR2(30)
Ano VARCHAR2(40)
TABLE:government
NAME TYPE
Deptname Varchar2(15)
Ownerno Varchar2(30)
Taxno Varchar2(40)
Query:
Output:
1 row created.
Insert record into table: passanger:
Query:
Output:
1 row created.
Query:
Insert into owner values (‘10802432’, ‘Anand shankar jha’, ‘17/2 noida’,
9988776655,’pb211234’);
Insert into passanger values (10802636, ‘Gaurav gupta’,’34, jawahar colony, jaladhar’,
‘ldh to jal);
Insert into passanger values (10806968, ‘sarabjit thakur’, ’23, rama mandi, jalandhar,
pujab’, ‘jal to phw’);
Output:
1 row created.
1 row created.
1 row created.
1 row created.
1 row created.
1 row created.
1 row created.
1 row created.
1 row created.
Insert record into table: agent:
Query:
Output:
1 row created.
1 row created.
CONCLUSION
This project is designed to meet the requirements of a Bus reservation system. It has been developed in visual basic
and the database has been built in PL/SQL only, keeping in mind the specifications of the system. Apart from MS-
Access we could have also implemented other database software like Oracle or SQL.
For designing the system we have used simple data flow diagrams and E/R diagrams.
1. Using system analysis and design techniques like data flow diagram and E/R diagram in designing the
system.
2. Understanding programming logic and language along with utilities like reports, forms,
queries etc. in Visual Basic and PL/SQL.