CC CHT C HI

SINH RA DO THC PHM

B BIN CHT
PGS. TS. DNG THANH LIM
B mn Dinh dng ng vt
Khoa Chn nui Th Y
Trng i hc Nng Lm, TP. HCM
Nguyn nhn gy bin cht thc phm
1.Do vi sinh vt lm h hng v bin cht thc phm:

1.Vi sinh vt a gi lnh
2.Vi sinh vt chu nhit
3.Vi khun lm tiu Lipid
4.Vi sinh vt lm tiu protein
5.Vi sinh vt a mui
6.Vi sinh vt tiu cht pectin
7.Vi sinh vt sinh acid
8.Nm men v nm mc
9.Vi khun hiu kh sinh nha
Bo a nhit trung bnh

10.Vi khun k kh sinh nha bo
a nht trung bnh
11.Vi khun hnh thnh nha bo
gy chua l
12.Vi khun hnh thnh nha bo
chua l a nhit
13.Vi khun k kh a nhit
14.Vi khun c nha bo sinh H
2
S
2. Do oxy ha cht bo v cc cht sinh hc khc.
3. Qu trnh ln men lm bin cht tinh bt v ng.
4. S hnh thnh cht c hi trong qu trnh ch bin.
Cc giai on i thiu phn hy protein
Giai on 1: S ln men glucid hnh thnh cc acid hu c,
lm cho mi trng tr nn acid. Qu trnh ny, hnh
thnh cc acid nh acid lactic, acid axetic, acid butyric,
acid glycolic ... cc loi ru, CO
2
, nc v cc
hydrocacbua. Vi sinh vt gy thi b c ch. Tht cn dng
c.

Giai on 2: Men mc tiu th cc acid lm cho mi trng
tr nn trung tnh, sinh vt ln men thi bt u pht trin
chuyn ha protid thnh pepton, polypeptid, peptid, acid
amin ... v cui cng thnh cc cht n gin, bay hi c
mi v kh chu nh amoniac, hydro sunfua, indol, scatol,
phenol ...Thng thng cc vi khun hiu kh phn hy
cc acid amin thnh cc acid hu c v amoniac
Cc yu t khc c nh hng n qu trnh
ln men lm i thiu tht
- Ging ng vt cho tht: Loi tht c nhiu nc, cu trc
mm, d v (tht c) rt d b h hng; k n l tht gia
cm v gia sc; cui cng n tht chim rng v d th.
- Tui ca sc vt: Tht ca sc vt cng non th cng d b
hng do cu trc m v cu trc ca phn t cht m n
gin hn.
- Phng php chc tit sc vt l m: Mu l mi trng
tt cho vi sinh vt pht trin. Tht sc vt sau khi chc tit
cho chy ht mu d bo qun, kh b nhim vi sinh vt
hn.
- Tnh trng sc khe ca sc vt khi m: Sc vt trc khi
m m b nhim bnh hoc b mt th tht ca chng sau
khi m d b nhim vi sinh vt hn.
- Phng php m: M xong cn ly ph tng ngay trnh
s xm nhp ca vi sinh vt trong rut, ph tng vo bn
trong tht.
Ng c do thc n giu m b ln men, i thiu
Thc n giu m (tht, c...) b i thiu, ty theo c ch phn
hy, cc acid amin c th chuyn ha thnh cc acid hu
c, NH
3
, H
2
S, indol, scatol, phenol c mi kh chu. Ngoi
ra n cn to thnh cc amin nh: putresxin, tyramin,
tryptamin, betain... c tnh gy ng c. C 2 nhm in
hnh gy ng c thc phm:

1. Nhm cc methylamin, gi chung l betamin, l nhng cht
gy bi tit nc bt, gy co git ng kinh.
2. Nhm amin c mch vng gi chung l Protamine, gy ng
c vi nhng cn au bng rt c bit, km theo l
nhng triu chng khc nh co thc mch mch mu
(tryptamin), gy d ng (histamin). Trong thc thc tin
thng gp nht l ng c histamin.

Bnh xy ra do mt loi protein c
bit sau mt thi gian bnh thch hp

-- Charles Richet, 1902
Khi nim d ng: t ngt, d di, tai ha, phn ng d ng h
thng xy ra b mt tng vng ca c th (nh l da, ng
h hp, ng tiu ha, v h thng tim mch).
Nguyn nhn: Thc phm, lng nga cn trng, thc, nha m...
Sir Henry Dale,
discovered histamine
N
N
N H
2
H
1
5
4
3
2
Histamine
histamine gin tip gy ra triu chng d
ng bi v n gn vo mt vi receptor
histamine trn t bo
N
N
N H
2
H
1
5
4
3
2
Histamine
Phn ng lin kt gia H1-receptor vi histamin Phn ng lin kt gia H1-receptor vi histamin
Ng c do Histamin
Nhng vi liu lng 8 n 40 mg, ty theo tng ngi c th
c triu chng ng c nh: bng mt, nga mt v c,
c khi chy nc bt, nc mt do tnh cht kch thch ca
histamin ti cc tuyn nc bt, tuyn nc mt. Cc hin
tng ny thng khng c ngi ta ch v nhm ln
tng l yu gan.
Triu chng xut hin ngay trong ba n v cng mt i sau
mt vi gi. Khi n phi 1,5 n 4 g histamin, ngoi nhng
triu chng trn, bnh nhn cn thy chong vng, nht
u, au bng, tiu chy, nhit xung thp, mt l, bi
hi lo lng.
Mch p c th rt nhanh, th gp, ni ban. Bnh gim i
sau vi gi th khi. Ng c histamin c khi xy ra hng
lot vi nhiu ngi do n c bin sng hoc ng hp, tm
tp, s hn...
iu tr bng thuc chng d ng.
Chn la c ti trnh ng c do histamin
Link Video Clips
Cc hp cht d b oxy ha trong thc n:
1. Cc vitamin nhy cm (c nhiu ni i
trong cu trc), v d: E, C, A, D...
2. Cc sc t tin vitamin trong thc n nh:
-,-,-caroten, lycopen, zeaxanthin,
cryptho-, asta-xanthin...
3. Cc acid bo c cha nhiu ni i nh:
Linoleic, linolenic, arachydonic, DHA...
Tt c cc hp cht trn l thit yu cho c th.
2. S oxy ha acid bo trong thc n v
nhng nh hng xu ca n
Cc kiu phn ng oxy ha
Lipid trong thc phm
1. Phn ng thy phn lipid hnh thnh A.bo
2. Phn ng oxyha A.bo hnh thnh peroxyd
3. Phn ng hnh thnh cc aldehyd
4. Phn ng hnh thnh cc acid hu c
H
2
C
HC
H
2
C
OCHO
OCHO
OCHO
R
1
R
2
R
3
Lipase
R
1
,
2
,
3
COOH
+
H
2
C
HC
H
2
C
OH
OH
OH
H
2
C
HC
CHO
O
+
2 H
2
O
Lipid
Fatty Acid
Glycerin
Epialdehyd
Oxydase
1/
2
O
2
+
Acid bo
Peroxyd
Aldehyd
Acid
CH CH ...CH
2
CH
2
...
O
2

+
CH CH ...CH
2
O O
CH
2
...
CH ...CH
2
O
HC
O
CH
2
...
+
O
2

+
...CH
2
C
O H
O
2
Phn ng oxyha cht bo hnh thnh
peroxyd, aldahyd v acid
Din bin qu trnh oxy ha cht bo
trong thc n v thc phm
Ba hp cht c hi sinh ra
do qu trnh oxy ha cht bo
1. Hp cht peroxyd, cn gi l gc t do FR:
Oxyha rt mch cc hot cht sinh hc. Lm h
hng mng t bo, b gy DNA, m ng cho
cc cht c tn cng nhn t bo gy ung th.
2. Aldehyd: Gy mi rt kh chu, lm mt tnh
ngon ming ca gia sc i vi thc n, lm h
hng cc acid amin qua lin kt amin vi formol,
c ch men tiu ha rt mnh.
3. Acid: Kch thch nim mc rut gy tiu chy,
thc y qu trnh oxyha kh ph hy cc hot
cht sinh hc trong thc n h nhanh hn.
nh hng ca cc peroxyd n
s tn thng DNA trong t bo.
TBA :Thiobarbituric Acid
S ph hy cc vitamin bi oxy v peroxyd
CH
2
OH
CH
3
C H
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
O H
CH
2
CH
3
C H
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
Vi tri noi doi de bi oxyhoa
S h hng mi v thc n do hnh thnh
carbonyl (aldehyd) t s oxyha cht bo
Cc loi carbonyl Nng gy mi (ppm)
2-Decenal
2-Undecenal
2-Nonenal
2-Octenal
Hexanal
2-Heptenal
Heptanal
Nonanal
Octanal
2,4-Decadienal
4 cis-Heptenal
4 trans-Heptenal
2 trans, 6-trans Nonadeinal
2 trans, 6-cis Nonadienal
5,500
4,200
0,100
1,000
0,150
0,630
0,042
0,320
0,068
0,280
0,001
0,320
0,001
0,002
Ngun ti liu: Frankel, E.N. (1984).
nh hng ca cht bo b oxy ha
n tnh ngon ming th th nghim
Cc loi thc n th nghim
Tnh ngon
ming
(%)
Gi tr TBA
Gi tr
peroxid
Thc n cn mi 92 0,02 0,13
Thc n d tr lu ( b
oxyha)
8 0,34 2,62
Thc n d tr lu c cht
chng oxyha
75 0,06 0,58
Thc n tr lu khng c
cht chng oxyha
25 0,34 2,62
Ngun ti liu: Research & Department, Kemin Industries, Inc. (1976).
nh hng ca peroxyd n
sc sn xut ca gia cm
Mc peroxid
trong thc n
(meq/kg)
Trng lng trung
bnh
(kg/con)
Ch s bin
chuyn thc n
(kg T/kg th
trng)
0
2
4
7
1,635
1,639
1,609
1,532
2,09
2,10
2,11
2,19
Ngun: Cabel, M.C., P.W. Waldroup, W.D. Shermer v D.F. Calabotta (1989)
Khi nim v s chng oxy ha bn ngoi
v s chng oxy ha bn trong c th.
1. S chng oxy ha bn ngoi: Phn ln ngi ta ng dng trong
vic bo qun thc n trnh s oxy ha lm h hi cc hot
cht sinh hc, nht l cc vitamin, acid bo cha no. Thc
cht ca qu trnh ny l s cp oxy bi cc cht chng oxy
ha, hoc n li phn ng oxyha theo s xc tc sinh hc.
2. S chng oxy ha bn trong, phn ln cc qu trnh oxy ha
xy ra trong c th l do cc peroxyd, hay cn gi gc t do
FR vo bn trong c th, oxy ha ph hy cc mng t bo
gy hoi t thoi ha t chc. Vy chng oxy ha bn trong
thc cht l s tiu dit cc peroxyd hin din trong c th.
3. S lo ha t bo, s pht trin khng kim sot c ca t
bo ung th u c cn nguyn su xa t cc gc t do RF
trong c th gy ra.
C ch chng oxyha bn ngoi vi
BHA c p dng bo v thc n
chng li s oxyha ca oxy
OCH
3
OH
C(CH
3
)
3
+
R
OCH
3
O
C(CH
3
)
3
+
RH
BHA Free Radical
Vitamin E c vai tr chng oxyha rt mnh
va chng bn ngoi va chng c bn trong c th
O
HO
C H
3
CH
3
CH
3
OH
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
O
* O
C H
3
CH
3
CH
3
OH
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
Hm lng cht chng oxy ha (ppm) nn c
bo qun thc n c mc cht bo v thi
gian tr thc n khc nhau.
Thi
gian
tr
(tun)
Hm lng cht bo c trong thc n (%)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 0 40 60 80 100 120 120 120 120 120 120
4 0 40 70 90 110 130 130 130 140 140 140
6 0 60 80 100 120 140 140 140 160 160 160
8 0 80 90 110 130 150 150 150 180 180 180
10 0 90 100 120 140 160 160 170 180 180 180
12 0 100 110 130 150 170 170 180 180 180 185
Hm lng vitamin E (UI/kgT) ti thiu nn c
trong KP thc n bo v mng t bo trnh khi s
tn cng ca cc peroxyd. Vitamin E v Se l nhn t
quan trng chng bnh trng c v r nc quy tht.
45 40 35 30 Gia cm
30 25 20 15 Heo
6% 5% 4% 3%
Mc cht bo %trong khu phn
Loi th
bo v acid bo cha no trong c th chng li s oxyha
mng t bo, c tng ln 1% cht bo phi cng thm 5 UI
vitamin E vi nhu cu ti thiu mc 3% cht bo trong KP.
Hu qu ca s oxy ha acid bo l peroxyd sinh ra nhiu trong
thc n gy thiu ht vitamin E v tng nhu cu Selenium. Nu
khu phn c gii hn vitamin E v Selenium th s gy ra s
thoi ha hoi t c. Bnh trng c (White muscle disease)
C i b teo v c nhiu si hoi t trng,
biu hin triu chng thiu vitamin E v Selenium
S sn sinh gc t do qu trnh oxyha cht bo
Link Video Clips
3. Qu trnh bin cht ca cht bt
Nu mi trng c nhiu oxy:
(C6H10O5)n + n C6H12O6 6 CO2 + 6H2O + 674 Cal
Nu mi trng c t oxy:
(C6H10O5)n + nC6H12O6 2nC2H5OH + 2nCO2 + 24Cal
v C2H5OH + CH3COOH

Hin tng ny lm cho cht bt gim dn, m tng ln
(hin tng ny gi l qu trnh t sinh nhit).
Khi m, nhit ca ht tng ln ti mc ti thch ( m
15%, nhit 30oC) th enzyme oxydase cng hot ng
mnh, s h hp cng mnh, vi sinh vt pht trin nhiu.
Cui cng enzyme thy phn ca vi sinh vt v ca bn thn
ht ng cc phn gii cht dinh dng lm cho n b h hng
(ln men ru, ln men chua).
4. S hnh thnh cht c hi
trong qu trnh ch bin
3-MCPD c to ra t phn ng gia chlorine (c th t
chlorinate trong nc hoc trong mui n) trong thc
phm hay nguyn liu lm thc phm c cha cht bo.
3-MCPD c coi l mt hp cht c th gy ung th
trn ng vt th nghim, n gy c hi n gen,
gy t bin gen.
Cc nc trong khi EU thng nht a vic kim tra
cht 3-MCPD trong thc phm nh l ch tiu bt
but phi cng b, v phi theo mc qui nh mi
c giao lu mua bn cc sn phm thc phm c
nguy c nhim cao 3-MCPD.
3-Monochloro propane 1,2-diol (3-MCPD)
Nhng bnh tch xy ra sau khi cho chut n cht 3-
MCPD trong 2 nm th nghim
1/49 1/47 0/48 0/45 Ung th biu m
1/49 1/47 0/48 0/45 Dng u tuyn
10/49** 2/47 0/48 0/45 Dng u si tuyn vu
43/49*** 24/47*** 6/48 2/45 Tng sinh tuyn vu
Tuyn vu
3/50 0/50 0/50 0/50 Ung th TB Leydig
47/50* 50/50*** 43/50* 38/50 U tuyn TB Leydig
0/50*** 4/50*** 27/50* 39/50 Tng sinh TB Leydig
Dich hoan
28 5.2 1.1 0
a

Liu (mg/kg th trng/ngy)
Bnh tch
Ngun: WHO FOOD ADDITIVES SERIES, 2010
http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v48je18.htm#2.2
Nhng bnh tch xy ra sau khi cho chut n cht 3-
MCPD trong 2 nm th nghim
2/11 1/16 0/13 0/5 Ung th
5/11 6/16 2/13 1/5 U tuyn
Preputial glands
b

1/48 0/50 1/50 0/48 U hn hp
0/48** 2/50* 0/50** 8/48 Ung th TB Islet
0/48*** 7/50* 9/50 16/48 U tuyn TB Islet
1/48*** 5/50* 8/50 14/48 Tng sinh TB Islet
Tuyn tuy
5/50 1/50 0/50 0/50 U ng dn tiu
34/50*** 15/50** 6/50 3/50 Tng sinh ng dn tiu
49/50*** 45/50* 40/50 36/50 Vim thn
Thn
28 5.2 1.1 0
a

Liu (mg/kg th trng/ngy)
C quan v bnh tch
Nhng bnh tch xy ra sau khi cho chut ci n
cht 3-MCPD trong 2 nm th nghim
9/50** 0/50 1/50 0/50 U tuyn ng dn
31/50*** 20/50*** 4/50 2/50 Tng sinh ng dn tiu
48/50*** 42/50*** 23/50 24/50 Vim thn
Kidneys
35 7.0 1.4 0
a
Chut ci
Liu (mg/kg th trong/ngay) C quan va bnh tich
Ngun: http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v48je18.htm#2.2
Cu trc ha hc v tn gi cht 3-MCPD
Cc ng phn thay i v tr Cl ca
hp cht 3-MCPD
www.bezpecnostpotravin.cz/attachments/ Prezentace_Velisek_PowerPoint.pdf
Cc ng phn quang hc khc ca
hp cht 3-MCPD
Cc ester vi acid bo ca 3-MCPD
Nhng ester ca 3-MCPD
Nhng dn xut 3-MCPD con lin kt vi 1 hoc 2 acid beo th
gi l mono- hoc di- ester 3-MCPD. N khng phi l 3-
MCPD t do, nhng khi ngi ta n n vo ng tiu ha th
enzyme lipase, hoc mt yu t no thy phn n tr thnh
3-MCPD t do vi y tnh c hi ca cht ny.

Xc nh nhng ester ca 3-MCPD trong nhiu loi thc phm c
lin quan n cht ny l iu cn thit v rt quan trng
giup phong trnh nhim c 3-MCPD.

Xc nh nhng loi thc phm c nguy c nhim cao v nhng
yu t nh hng n s hnh thnh cc ester ca 3-MCPD rt
cn thit giup chung ta kim sot c c t ny trong
thc phm.
C ch phn ng ha hc ca cc dn xut
ha hc chuyn ha hnh thnh 3-MCPD
1
2
1. Cc sn phm thuy phn cht beo
2. Giai on c s dung ion Clor (NaCl)
3. Cht 3-MCPD t do vo c th
3
Cc phn ng ha hc xy ra trong
qui trnh cng ngh sn xut nc chm
TAG: Tri-Acid-Glyceride; DAG: Di-Acid-Glyceride; MAG: Mono-Acid-Glyceride
Nhng thc n c nguy c nhim
hp cht 3-MCPD
Mn chin rn Php
Bnh m nng, Vo bnh m nng
Bnh rn
Bnh qui gion mn
C ph rang
Lua mch rang, malt en rang (khng c cht 3-
MCPD-ester trong beer)
C ph creamer
C trch ngm chua
Nc chm thy phn: Mar-ri, x du
Mc qui nh v s an ton i vi hp
cht 3-MCPD trn th gii v Vit nam
Mc c th chp nhn hng ngy TDI
(Total Daily I ntake):
Theo SCF th TDI = 2g/kg th trng
chu u, c, New Zealand th TDI =
0,02mg/kg.
Canada, i Loan TDI = 1 mg/kg.
Vit Nam, quy nh TDI = 1 mg/kg (Q ca B
Y t cui thng 3/2005).
Cc mi nguy cn kim tra v v sinh
an ton thc phm




- Tn d thuc Th Y
- Cc cht b cm s dung
- Thit bao b hp
- 3-MCPD
- Cht nhim thc phm
- Cc cht cn b c hi
- Tn d thuc tr su


- Vi cht thay th
- GMOs
- Dn nhn qung co
- Loi TP mi
- Hormone
Other Hazards
- Rc bn
- Su mc
- Vt hu hnh l
Physical Hazards
Chemical Hazards
- Vi trng gy bnh
Microbiological Hazards
http://www.deltha.cec.eu.int/bic/download centre/TREATI/mr. sommart.ppt
Tnh hnh nhim cht 3-MCPD
trong nc tng TP. HCM
Link Video Clips
Phng vn B Y t v cht 3-
MCPD
Link Video Clips
Cc hp cht acrylamide
Acrylamide l hp cht ha hc c s dng tng hp ra
cht liu cng nghip polyacrylamide. Polymer ny c s
dng trong cng nghip l ch yu.
Trong polymer ny c cha acrylamide, c coi l cht c hi
cho sc khe con ngi. Gn y cc nh khoa hc Thy in
pht hin n cng c trong thc phm.
C H
2
CH
C
O
NH
2
Acrylamide
Acrylamide Phn t linh hat
L mt polymer tan trong
nc, c s dng nh l mt
cht ph gia cng nghip cho:
CH
2
=CHCONH
2
CAS No. 79-06-1
X l nc,
Thu hi trn du,
Cht gy kt khi,
Tr giup trong sn xut giy,
L cht chn kht,
Ci thin trng thi t xy dng,
X l nc thi v cht thi.
Dng trong ch bin qung, v
kt cu cng trnh chu lc nen.
Acrylamide vi sc khe
Thng 4 nm 2002 cc chuyn gia v thc phm ca Thy
in thng bo rng: c s hin din ca acrylamide
vi mc cao trong cc loi thc phm giu tinh bt c
ch bin di nhit cao.

FDA ca M cp n s xut hin acrylamide trong
thc phm giu tinh bt ching, rn c th gy nguy hi
cho sc khoe con ngi.

Acrylamide l cht c hi thn kinh (neurotoxin) i vi
con ngi. Ngoi ra n con l tc nhn gy ung th trn
chut qua th nghim, v iu c th cho ngi.

Ngi ta tm thy acrylamide c hm lng cao trong cc
chp khoai ty ching vi hm lng khong 1200 ppb
Acrylamide - toxicology
L hp cht c hi thn kinh (neurotoxic compound)
c quan st trn ng vt v trn ngi. nh hng
bit c ca n qua triu chng ng l m, o gic, ln
ln, cm gic khng bnh thng, au c, khng phi hp
c cc ng tc.
L hp cht c hi gen (Genotoxic compound) vi tm
nng nh hng ln t bo mm t dn ti s bin i
di truyn.
L hp cht gy ung th trn ng vt th nghim (chut)
Nhng nghin cu trn ngi (vi 8000 cng nhn nhim
acrylamide Trung Quc) h u c phn ng dng
tnh trn s sai lch nng lc thn kinh (neurotoxicity
failed), ngoi ra con thy c lin quan vi ung th trn
ngi (tuy nhin s thng k con t?)
Gii thiu qu trnh nghin cu cng b
v tnh c hi ca Acrylamide
Oxford University
Safety Data Sheet
ng hm Halland v
s ng c Acrylamide
Nm 1997, trong thi gian u ng hm Thy in,
ngi ta c s dng acrylamide lm cht liu xy dng
(nh l thnh phn ca cht va xi mng):

C n 23 ti liu c chng c vng cht ch ra rng:
chc nng thn kinh ngoi vi b suy yu c lin quan n
bnh ngh nghip do acrylamide gy ra.

nh hng mi trng luc by gi l s nhim
acrylamide vo trong nc ung, t pht sinh ra mt
s triu chng thn kinh trn nhng bo ci v gy cht c
trn sng.
Nhn bit c nhim c nh th no?
... C th bit c phi nhim acrylamide
mt ngi no khng?
Acrylamide gn vi haemoglobin!
To ra marker sinh hc
Biomarker: AA-Hb adduct
Mc AA-Hb adduct c th phn nh s
phi nhim acrylamide trn 4 thng cui
trc khi cht.
http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/jecfa/acrylamide/luetzow/Luetzow.ppt
Kt qu nghin cu I
lm sng to vn , ngi ta nghin cu cho
thy c mi quan h gia mc Hb-adduct trong globin
v hi chng thn kinh ngoi vi (PNS symptoms).
39% ca nhng ngi ny c mc Hb-adduct vt
qu 1 nmol/g globin, c triu chng nga rang tay
v chn.

23 cng nhn c chng c r rng h b suy yu thn
kinh ngoi vi c lin quan n acrylamide.
Tt c 2 nhm ngi c triu chng trn c phc
hi sc khoe tr li khi h ngng tip xuc vi
acrylamide.
1
9
9
9
Kt qu nghin cu II
47 cng nhn c mc Hb-adduct nm trong phm vi
bin ng bnh thng (0.02-0.07 nmol/g globin) ...
Cu hoi t ra: Acrylamide trong c th ngi
bt ngun t u: sinh ra trong c th ? Hay
trong thc n ? Hoc trong mi trng..?
Th nghim chng minh l thuyt cho rng ngun
gc adduct-acrylamide to ra trong iu kin nhit
nu thc n cao c thc hin trn chut. Chia ra 2
nhm chut, mt nhm cho n tht rn t
o
cao, nhm
khc khng rn, ch bin t
o
thp. Sau 2 thng th
nghim kim tra mc Hb adduct, so snh s khc bit
2 nhm chut n thc n rn v khng rn.
Thy in: Thng 4 nm 2002
Nhm cc nh khoa hc ca trng i hc Stockholm,
Thy in pht hin ra rng acrylamide c hnh
thnh t thc phm giu tinh bt trong iu kin ch bin
nhit cao.

C quan qun l thc phm Quc gia Thy in SNFA
(The Swedish National Food Administration) ln u tin
pht trin phng php phn tch nhanh acrylamide trong
thc phm.

Kt qu phn tch cho thy acrylamide hin din trong
phn ln cc loi thc phm, k c nhng loi thc phm
c nhiu ngi a thch. Hm lng acrylamide khc
nhau rt ln gia cc nhm thc phm em phn tch.
Nhng phn ng u tin
Bnh m v khoai ty
ching dn trong ni
lo s nguy c ung th

Ngun: BBC New, 25/4/2005
FAO cn trng vi s
tm thy acrylamide
trong thc phm ching,
nng.
Cuc hi m FAO/WHO
... S lin quan n sc khoe ca Acrylamide trong
thc phm. WHO, Geneva, 25-27 June 2002
Dy l cuc hi tho c t chc nhanh chng
xem xet thng tin kh d, c gng chun b cho nhng
kt lun v nhng khuyn co cho nghin cu v hot
ng trong tng lai.
C th tm kim cc t liu c lin quan trn
trang web: www.fao.org/es/esn/jecfa
Phng php phn tch
S ph chun phng php phn tch acrylamide trong
phong th nghim trn phm vi cc loi thc phm khc
nhau.
Nhng t liu tham kho v tiu chun cho cc phep
th nghim bao gm cc bc chun b, dng c, vt
liu v cc bc thc hin.
Tm ra phng php th gi thp v n gin d lm
c th kim sot c acrylamide trong s pht trin
sn phm thc phm ch bin.
Acrylamide trong thc phm
ching nng dn Balan





Hm lng acrylamide xc nh:

Trong chip khoai ty ching:
(n=24) 350-3650 g/kg (mean 998 g/kg),
Trong snaks ng (n=2) l 542 g/kg,
Trong snacks la m (n=3) l 187 g/kg.

Mu phn tch c thu thp trong nm 2004 trong nc.
Acrylamide c cha nhiu trong chip khoai ty v bnh snacks
Balan. Theo s liu iu tra phn tch cc loi thc phm ny bng
GC-MS/MS vi hp cht brom.
http://www.bnap.org/s/PresentationsPlovdiv/LucjanSzponar.ppt
in Poland
Phng thc hnh thnh, s phn v
mc acrylamide trong thc phm.
Kho st mt cch c h thng mi quan h gia mc
acrylamide trong thc phm v iu kin nu nng ca
qu trnh ch bin.
Nghin cu m hnh gi thuyt gii thch ngun, c ch
ca s hnh thnh v s phn ca acrylamide trong
nguyn liu thc phm x l nhit.
Ti u ha cng thc, qu trnh ch bin v iu kin nu
nng lm gim thiu v loi b mt cch hp l mc
acrylamide trong thc phm ch bin theo li cng nghip
cng nh gia nh.
Trong phm vi tiu th thc phm cn h tr cho ngi
tiu th bit mc acrylamide trong cc loi thc phm
hn ch lng n vo vt mc gy hi cho sc khe.
iu kin hnh thnh Acrylamide
Ch bin iu kin nhit cao
Ching, rn nhit cao
Nng bnh
Quay trn la
Nng
Sng siu m, Microwaving (?)
Hm lng nc thp, nhit khong 100 C,
asparagine, ng kh (glucose/fructose) s phn
ng ha hc to ra acrylamide
Acrylamide
Asparagine
Carbonyl cua ng kh (Glucose, Fructose)
Acrylic Acid
NH
3
X
X
Acrolein
NH
3
C H
2
C H
C
O H
O
C H
2
C H
C
H
O
C H C O O H N H
2
C H
2
C
N H
2
O
C H
2
C H
C
N H
2
O
C ch phn ng hnh thnh Acrylamide
Phn ng hnh thnh cht
Acrylamide trong qu trnh
ch bin thc phm
nhit cao
Phn ng tng hp
Acrylamide
Phn ng tng hp
Acrylamide
Phn ng
hnh thnh
Acrylamide
trong qu trnh
ch bin thc
phm nhit
cao vi s
c mt ca
asparagine v
ng c cha
nhm carbonyl
(Glucose/
Fructose
Loi thc phm ch bin S liu chu u S liu ca FDA, M
Breads 12-3200 <10-364
Crispbread <30-1670
Crackers and Biscuits <30-2000 26-504
Cereal <30-2300 52-266
Other Grains <30
Potato Chips 150-1280 117-2762
Other Salty Snacks 122-416 12-1168
French Fries 85-1104 20-1325
Other Potato Products <20-12400
Other Vegetable and Fruit Products 10-<50 <10-70
Prepared Foods <30-30
Meats <30-64 <10-116
Candy and Dessert items <20-110 <10-909
Cookies 36-199
Coffee and Tea 170-700 175-351
Other Nonalcoholic Beverages <30
Alcoholic Beverages 30
Dairy Products 10-100 <10-43
Baby Food and Formula 40-120 <10-130
Dry Soup Mixes <10-1184
Gravy and Seasonings 38-54
Miscellaneous 70-200 <10-125
Hm lng Acrylamide trong mt s loi thc phm ch bin (ppb)
Hm lng Acrylamide trong
mt s thc phm ch bin
ppb Acrylamide
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Bnh qui dn
TP nu
Coffee
Cocoa
Chip k. ty ching
G
Ngu cc
Bnh m
T tr em
Qu hnh
L
o

i

t
h

c

p
h

m

Agrylamid trong mt s nhm TP ch bin
Link Video Clips
S phi nhim acrylamide theo ch n
1. D liu sp ti v mc acrylamide trong thc phm, c
bit l thc phm ch bin sn c tiu th cc nc
pht trin, cn phi c quan st, nh gi khuyn co
gii hn mc n trong ch n hng ngy.
2. Thu thp cc d liu c nh gi mc cao nht v thp
nht trong s tiu th thc liu c lin quan n lng cha
acrylamide trong , c on m hnh bnh tt cng
ng tiu th thc phm. T c li khuyn thch hp
cho sn phm vi sc khe cng ng.
3. Cn c h thng gim st thch hp dnh cho s thu thp,
m t cc d liu ca thc phm, v d GEMS. Thc phm
a ra mua bn phi c ch dn v v sinh an ton thc
phm trn phm vi ton th gii.
S phi nhim acrylamide theo ch n
4. Cc nc ang pht trin v cc nc khc do thiu thng tin
cho vic xc nh mc n ca cng ng nn khng tnh c
lng acrylamide n vo hng ngy nn khng a ra c
khuyn co thch hp.
5. Phm vi Quc gia nn a ra nhng hiu bit v s hnh
thnh v hm lng acrylamide trong thc phm,
biomarkers phi by ra tm nng trong vic nh gi nh
hng ca acrylamide trong thc n v cc ngun khc.
Nhng biomarkers rt cn trong vic nh gi, xc nh, v
hiu chnh lng n vo hng ngy mt cch t m.
6. Ngun khc phi nhim acrylamide trn ngi c th l thc
phm hoc ht thuc l hay s tng hp ni sinh trong c
th.
Tim cn vi phng php lm
gim thiu Acrylamide trong
ch bin thc phm
1. Loi b cht gy phn ng
Loi bo lng ng kh (Fructose, Glucose)
S dng enzyme asparaginase loi Asparagine

2. Ph v phn ng to thnh acrylamide
Gim thp pH, cho thm ph gia chng oxy ha nh l hn hp
flavanoid.

3. Thay i iu kin ch bin:
- Gim nhit ch bin thc phm.
- Gim thi gian trong nhit cao

4. Loi bo acrylamide sau qu trnh ch bin thc phm
Chin lc lm gim Acrylamide
trong thc phm
Gii quyt ton b cc yu t hnh thnh Acrylamide:
Nguyn liu ch bin thc phm cn gim thp:
Hm lng ng c nhm carbonyl nh fructose, glucose.
Hm lng asparagine trong nguyn liu thc n.
Thay i iu kin ch bin nh:
Gim thp nhit ch bin thc n
Gim thi gian trong nhit cao, cn bng vi yu cu
S dng enzyme asparaginase phn gii asparagine
Cn trang thit b ch bin kim sot cc yu t trn
Ci thin ngnh nng nghip vi:
Thc hnh bo qun nng sn
Cng tc giao61ng v chn ging cy trng.
Anh hng cua
nhit n s
hnh thnh
Acrylamide trong
iu kin: pH,
hm lng
Asparagin v
Glucose ging
nh nhau.
nh hng ca iu kin chin du
n s hnh thnh Acrylamid
Mc Acrylamide tng ln
vi thi gian chin va
nhit chin tng.
nhit chin cao, mc
acrylamide tng rt
nhanh, ng thi co
dc cao.
kim soat c s
hnh thnh acrylamide nn
thc hin ch chin
nhit thp/thi gian co
th dai hn.
Loai du chin khng anh
hng co ngha n
mc acrylamide trong san
phm thc phm ch bin



Loi du chin

g

a
c
r
y
l
a
m
i
d
e
/
k
g

0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 2 4 6 8 10
Frying time (min)
150
160
170
180
185
190
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
a
m
s

a
c
r
y
l
a
m
i
d
e
/
k
g

639
700
662 658
625 627
596
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Du cail Du bp Du phong Du Criscol Du hng
dng
Du Olive Du olive
tinh ch
nh hng ca hm lng ng glucose v fructose
ln s hnh thnh acrylamide trong
chip khoai ty chin
Ging khoai ty Klondike Rose
y = 0.0745x + 198.61
R
2
= 0.9215
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 2500 5000 7500 10000 12500 15000 17500
glucose + fructose (mg/kg)
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
a
m
s


a
c
r
y
l
a
m
i
d
e
/
k
g

S dng enzyme Asparaginase
phn gii lm gim asparagine
Enzyme asparaginase c sn xut t loi nm Aspergillus
oryzae v Aspergillus niger.
Bin i asparagine thnh acid aspartic, v acid aspartic khng
hnh thnh ra acrylamide.
C th lm gim acrylamide t 50 - 90%, ph thuc vo h
thng thc phm.
S dng tt h thng nho trn bt (bnh ching, nng).
Nhng sn phm c hm lng acrylamide cao cn phi c th
cch ch bin hn ch acrylamide nh:
Sn phm khoai ty ching n lin, ready-to-eat (RTE)
Sn phm ngu cc nh: bnh snacks, biscuits v coffee.
C ch phn ng phn gii lm
gim asparagine
Chon yu t kh (NaHCO
3

kh amin tao NH
4
HCO
3
)
Giam ngun ng kh
pH theo hng kim
Chuyn asparagine thanh
acid amin / proteins
S dung Asparaginase
nh hng ca tnh trng d tr
v ging khoai ty
Th nghim trn 2 ging
Russet
Klondike Rose
iu kin d tr
Nhit phong (22-26
o
C)
Nhit tr lanh (6-8
o
C)
0 n 4 tun
Khoai ty chin t ngun d
tr khac nhau
Chin 180
o
C, trong 3 phut
Du chin la du bp
Mc Acrylamide cao nht t
ngun khoai ty d tr lanh.
Giai thich do lng ng trong
khoai ty tr lanh cao hn trong
khoai ty d tr nhit phong,
vi qua trinh h hp tiu hao.
Ging khoai ty Klondike Rose
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
ng 1 ng 7 ng 14 ng 21 Ng 28
Nhit phong (22-26 C)
Nhit tr lanh (6-8 C)
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
a
m
s

a
c
r
y
l
a
m
i
d
e
/
k
g

ngay 0 ng 1
Nhit phong (22-26 C)
Nhit tr lanh (6-8 C)
S hnh thnh Acrylamide trong bnh nng
66 g/kg
54 g/kg
76 g/kg
140 g/kg
178 g/kg
99 g/kg 134 g/kg
193 g/kg 232 g/kg
301 g/kg
Bnh nng b u phng
Bnh nng chip Chocolate
Acrylamide nhiu nht trong
b mt vo banh
Mc Acrylamide tng ln vi
thi gian va nhit nng
banh tng ln.
Co th kim soat acrylamide
bng cach lam giam b mt
mu nu cua vo banh.
Lam n bt bng ln men tt
hn vi lam n bt bng hoa
cht.
Kim sot mu nu b mt ca sn phm
lm gim thiu acrylamide
San phm chip khoai ty
chin:
Mc Acrylamide tng ln
theo mau nu tng
Mau nu c dung
anh gia mc acrylamide
thi L va a.
Mc acrylamide trong cac
san phm chin vi bt
n ln men thi ngc lai,
mc acrylamide giam dn
ln men nhiu.
45 g/kg
76 g/kg 262 g/kg
516 g/kg 866 g/kg 1512 g/kg
R
2
= 0.8551
10
100
1000
10000
45 55 65 75
"L" value
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
a
m
s

a
c
r
y
l
a
m
i
d
e
/
k
g

F
r
e
n
c
h

f
r
i
e
s
R
2
= 0.8558
10
100
1000
10000
5 10 15 20
"a" value
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
a
m
s

a
c
r
y
l
a
m
i
d
e
/
k
g

F
r
e
n
c
h

f
r
i
e
s
Ln men n bt N bt hoa hoc
210 g/kg 220 g/kg 360 g/kg 610 g/kg
Giam thp b mt nu cua banh mi
khi nng lam giam mc
Acrylamide
Nhng vn cn nghin cu
xc nh c tnh ca acrylamide
1. Cn nhiu d liu lm sng t hn v s hp thu, trao i
cht, phn b v s thi tit acrylamide trong c th ngi
qua con ng ming t mi c php nh gi nguy
c cho sc khe ca n i vi con ngi.
2. Hiu lc sinh hc ca acrylamide trong thc phm cn c
xc nh.
3. Dch t hc ung th v c lc tinh hon ca acrylamide
trong cng ng c bit rt cao phi nhim trn nhng
ngi cng nhn c du hiu thn kinh v mc haemoglobin
adducts cao cng c nghin cu.
4. Kiu nh gi nguy c v s lng cng c kho st rt k
lng, nhng cha c bo m cht chn.
Nhng vn cn nghin cu
xc nh c tnh ca acrylamide
5. c tnh v kh nng gy ung th ca glycidamide cng cn
c nghin cu.
6. p ng liu lng, bn cht ca acrylamide v glycidamide
tng i c, s sp xp, s kt dnh vi DNA v
macromolecules cng cn phi c nh gi k trong tng
lai.
7. nh hng c hi gen (Genotoxic) trn somatic v t bo
mm thng c s dng trong phm vi nghin cu b gen
(genome).
8. C mi quan h gia nhng adducts vi haemoglobin v DNA
trong cc c quan khc nhau cng cn phi c thm d.
9. S ng dng ca nhng nhng phng php mi trong
nghin cu sinh hc c th rt c ch trong vic nh gi tnh
c hi gen (genotoxicity) ca acrylamide.
nh gi nguy c ung th do nhim
acrylamide trong thc phm.
0.4 x 10
-3
0.4 x 10
-3
0.8 x 10
-3
0.33
0.30
0.60
N tr. thnh: mean
median
90%ile
0.5 x 10
-3
0.4 x 10
-3
0.9 x 10
-3
0.36
0.30
0.70
Nam tr.thnh: mean
median
90%ile
Nguy c trong
cuc i
Lng n c
g/kg th trong/ngy
C s tnh ton
(Swedish model is 8 times higher!)
Nguy c ung th trong cuc i c lin quan vi
acrylamide trong thc phm
Li khuyn tm thi
Thc phm khng nn nu qu mc (nu thi gian lu,
nhit cao). Nhng tt c thc phm c bit l tht v sn
phm tht cng cn phi nu tiu dit cc mm bnh gy
ng c thc phm.
Nn c nhiu thng tin v acrylamide hn ch s nhim
c v nn c li khuyn v n ung v sc khe. n ung
cn bng v a dng, nht l n nhiu rau tri, v nn iu
chnh tiu th t li thc n giu cht bo, ching rn
nhit cao.
C th gim mc tiu th acrylamide do c s thay i khu
phn n, cch ch bin Tt c nhng vn cn phi
c nghin cu mt cch t m.
Nn hnh thnh mng li Quc t v Acrylamide trong
thc phm. Mng li ny bao gm nhng thnh vin c
quan tm n vn ny phi hp nghin cu v thng
tin kp thi nhng kt qu nghin cu.
Nhng khuyn co ca JECFA
1. nh gi li acrylamide vi nhng nghin cu kh
nng gy ung th v ng c thn kinh vi thi
gian di hn.
2. Tip tc lm vic trn m hnh th nghim PBPK
c lin h tt hn vi nhng d liu biomarker
trong c th ngi, t nh gi s phi nhim
v d liu c tnh trn ng vt th nghim.
3. Tip cn n nhng tc ng ch bin lm gim
hm lng acrylamide trong thc phm.
4. Da trn nhng s liu c v acrylamide trong
thc phm c nhng khuyn co cho cc nc
ang pht trin bit cch hn ch tiu th nhng
sn phm c cha nhiu acrylamide.
Ngun ti liu tng tin v Acrylamide
Cho ngi tiu th
FDA:
Additional Information on Acrylamide, Diet, and Food Storage and Preparation
http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/acryladv.html
JIFSAN Acrylamide Infonet http://www.acrylamide-food.org/
Health Canada:
Acrylamide- What you can do to reduce exposure
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/media/nr-cp/2005/2005_stmt-dec_acrylamide2_e.html
HEATOX:
http://www.slv.se/templates/SLV_NewsPage.aspx?id=20723&epslanguage=EN-GB
Cho cng nghip ch bin
CIAA Toolbox
http://www.ciaa.be/documents/brochures/CIAA_Acrylamide_Toolbox_Oct2006.pdf
Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants (CCFAC): Draft
Code of Practice for Reduction of Acrylamide in Food
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/alt_formats/hpfb-dgpsa/pdf/intactivit/cf02_08_e.pdf
HEATOX:
http://www.slv.se/upload/heatox/documents/D62_final_project_leaflet_.pdf
NORDACRYL:
http://www.matforsk.no/web/sampro.nsf/70455f22829e31ddc1256e47002be222/3f253e
eaa596fb9ac125730500301d20?OpenDocument
Significant Findings