Tham lun:iu khin m_nhm7

IU KHIN M
y l mt huy!n n"nh m#i t$%n" l&nh '( iu khin )
N * +y ,(n" t$!n - .- l/ "i m 0a 1ah,2 ) Mt 3 im kh4 5i6t 0a n .% '#i
k7 thut iu khin kinh in l n 48 ,9n" * n"uy!n t: +; l< th/n" tin = I>u khin
0a h6 .inh h? .an" h6 k7 thut ) @>n" hAnh 'B thC m n Dn t!n "?i kh4 l I>u
khin Eth/n" minh F) Tuy m#i nhn" n 8h4t t$in $Gt mHnh mI ' 2m lHi nhiu thnh tu 5Gt
n" t$%n" l&nh '( iu khin ) JA ,9 tHi nht n"i ta K thnh /n" t$%n" l&nh '( iu
khin tLu i6n n"Lm 5Mn" iu khin m = Mihi%.u"2n% K thiCt kC * 5 iu khin
m h% t$( thNn" = O t$4i '#i t!n "?i 0a n iu khin m Pn" n"h&a'#i hAnh +4 '
khQ nNn" th( hi6n ) N $Gt mHnh t$%n" 'i6 iu khin mt h6 thRn" 8hS tH8 = 8hT h*8 '#i
nhUn" Ri t*n" kh/n" $V $n" hay th/n" tin 5an Lu ' Ri t*n" kh/n" Ly 0 = >n" nh
t$%n" h6 thRn" iu khin 8hi tuyCn ) W% '#i 4 "iQi 8h48 k7 tht iu khin kh4 = 8h-n"
8h48 tXn" h*8 h6 thRn" 5Mn" iu khin m hY $a nhUn" u im $V $6t .au y:
- KhRi l*n" /n" 'i6 thiCt kC "iQm i $Gt nhiu ,% kh/n" Ln ,Tn" m/ hBnh Ri t*n"
= '#i 4 5i t%4n thiCt kC 8hS tH8 a% = "iQi 8h48 ,Tn" 5 iu khin m h%
8hZ8 "iQm khRi l*n" tAnh t%4n ' "i4 t$[ .Qn 8h\m )
- ] iu khin m ,^ hiu h-n .% '#i 4 5 iu khin kh4 _Q ' m3t k7 tht `
' ,^ ,n" thay Xi )
- T$%n" nhiu t$n" h*8 5 iu khin m lm 'i6 Xn [nh h-n = 5n 'Un" h-n '
hGt l*n" iu khin a% h-n )
Tuy 4 u im t$!n nhn" 5 iu khin m >n" tPn tHi nhUn" nh* im .au:
- @ha hu\n m( h% 'i6 thiCt kC >n" nh ha th khQ% .4t tAnh Xn [nh
=tAnh 5n 'Un" = hGt l*n" = au4 t$Bnh au4 >n" nh au4 t$Bnh Qnh hbn" 0a nhi^u
O h% 4 5 iu khin m ' n"uy!n l< tRi u 0a 4 5 iu khin ny ' 8hc
-n" ,i6n l< thuyCt )
Di hdi kinh n"hi6m 0a n"i thiCt kC )_hGt l*n" 0a h6 thRn" 8h9 thu '% .(
hiu 5iCt 0a n"i thiCt kC * th hi6n ,#i ,Hn" h?n 4 t8 m Lu '% = Lu
$a ' 4 lut h*8 thnh `)
Hai hHn hC t$!n th h%n t%n kh: 8h9 * 5Mn" 4h :
- MuRn kim t$a tAnh Xn [nh 0a h6 iu khin m 8hQi .; ,9n" 4 ti!u hu\n
Xn [nh ,nh h% h6 8hi tuyCn ) @Dn kinh n"hi6m thiCt kC l ,% .( t( thn 'n
n" 0a n"i thiCt kC )
- T$%n" 4 h6 thRn" iu khin t$# y 5Mn" 'i6 thay 5 iu khin m '% '[
t$A 0a 4 5 iu khin kh4 ta .I thu * h6 thRn" iu khin m) Nh 'y 5
iu khin m * m/ 8hdn" nh thC n% =' h%Ht ?n" $a .a%e Wau yta .I a $a
P khRi = ' hY $a h%Ht n" 0a n t$!n - .b 4 h%Ht n" 0a tfn" khRi t$%n"
n )
gW- P h6 thRn" I>u khin m - 5Qn :

U h
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1
B iu
khin m
i tng
Thit b o
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Tham lun:iu khin m_nhm7
gGu t$j 5!n t$%n" 0a 5 iu khin m:

k t$!n l 5/ I>u khin m WIWl n"%I $a Dn 4 5 I>u khin kh4 nh l =
WIMl = MIWl = MIMl = .( kh4 nhau 0a hjn" hY l .R l*n" Lu '% ' Lu $a
Dn 4 khu - 5Qn 5!n t$%n" 5 I>u khin m l kh/n" Xi ) l m khu -
5Qn K hY $a t$%n" hBnh t$!n :
nop Khu E M h%4 F nhi6m '9 huyn Xi mt "i4 t$[ $V Lu '% +q tH% thnh
mt 'Z t- M "Pm 4 8h9 thu 0a 4 "i4 t$[ $V th2% 4 "i4 t$[ m
_ t8 m ` K [nh n"h&a h% 5iCn n"/n n"U Lu '% )
n r p Khu E th( hi6n lut h*8 thnh F * "?i l E thiCt 5[ h*8 thnh F = +; l< 'Z td
M ' h% $a "i4 t$[ m ] 0a 5iCn n"/n n"U Lu $a )
n m p Khu "iQI m = nhi6m '9 huyn Xi t8 m ] thnh mt "i4 t$[ $V < hG8
nhn * h% Ri t*n" _ tAn hi6u I!T hYnh ` )
d t$%n" hS nNn" 0a tfn" khRi ta th thGy $Mn" mt l< thuyCt +uy!n .uRt
l l< thuyCt ' t8 m ) d y ta kh/n" 8 t#i l< thuyCt ny >n" nh 4 8hZ8
t%4n th( hi6n t$!n n _ nh 8hZ8 h*8 hai t8 m ` ) ' %i nh l K 5iCt _ th tBm
thGy hjn" mt 4h $V $n" ' h6 thRn" b 4 tI li6u tham khQ% nh : E l< thuyCt
I>u khin m F s t4 "iQ thHm hun Minh u N"uy^n v%Kn th# w EI>u khin l%"i
' Sn" ,9n" F s t4 "iQ N"uy^n T$?n" ThuLn w O ` ) M ta hY auan tm t#i _
8 Cn ` 4h thS th( hi6n 0a tfn" khu nh thC n% )
o p T$%n" khRi m = m h%4 mt "i4 t$[ $V Lu '% ta 8hQI .; ,9n" t#i 4 5iCn
n"/n n"U th l hU 4I x=]=@ th l tf w nhanh = hm = O h%3 9m tf $Gt
hm = t$un" 5Bnh = O` 5iu ,i^n h% 4 t8 m kh4 nhau ` ) J '#i mt 5iCn
n"/n n"U lHi mt hm lin thu M 0a n ) Hm li!n thu M h% ta 5iCt mS
8h9 thu 0a "i4 t$[ $V Lu '% _ + ` '% 4 5iCn n"/n n"U _ t8 m K h?n `:
q n M n o _ '#i x l mt 5iCn n"/n n"U n% K h?n `) Tf mt "i4 t$[ $V lHi 8hQI I
m h%4 n"h2 'y kz 9 nhn" lHi h%n t%n 8hT h*8 '#i th( tC ) @h{n" hHn khi ni
Cn tR 0a mt n" - ta hay kh4I ni6m $Gt hm = hm = t$un" 5Bnh =
nhanh ' $Gt nhanh = ') 'O nhn" "iUa nhUn" kh4I ni6m lHi kh/n" .( 8hn
5i6t $V $n" tS l .( "ia% nhau ' '#i mt "i4 t$[ $V Lu '% n% th ta
kh/n" 5iCt hAnh +4 n thu t8 "i4 t$[ n% t$%n" 4 t8 K a $a b t$!n m hY
ni thu 4 t8 '#i mS nh thC n% = lj ny ta m#i thGy $V * t4 ,9n"
2
Tham lun:iu khin m_nhm7
>n" nh .( Ln thiCt 0a 'i6 m ha ) @ th m/ tQ "i4 t$[ n"/n n"U 0a 'A ,9
t$!n nh .au :

TXn" au4t n!n 'i6 m h%4 * m/ tQ 5Mn" 4nh +H :
h M _+` | { Mxo _ + ` }
J#i I | o n w n l .R 5iCn n"/n n"U _.R t8 m ` K h?n )
@4h h?n ,Hn" 0a 4 t8 m >n" nh 4h +4 [nh ' Qnh hbn" 0a 'i6 h?n
t#i 8hi tuyCn 0a h6 m * ni b 8hLn .au :
r p }ut h*8 thnh m )
}ut h*8 thnh 0a mt 5 I>u khin m l t8 h*8 0a 4 m6nh h*8 thnh
,Hn" I~ _ nCu ` O THN _ thB ` )
@hAnh l 4 m6nh n"uy!n nhn kCt auQ hay I>u ki6n ' kCt lun ) Mt
lut h*8 thnh hY mt m6nh h*8 thnh * "?i l lut h*8 thnh -n ) N"*
lHi nCu n nhiu h-n mt m6nh h*8 thnh = ta "?i n l lut h*8 thnh kZ8 )
@h% hai 5iCn n"/n n"U + ' y ) NCu 5iCn nhn "i4 t$[ _ m ` x '#i hm li!n t9 Mx_ +
` ' y nhn "i4 t$[ _ m ` ] hm li!n thu M] _ y ` thB 5iu thS :
NCu + | x thB y |] l mt m6nh h*8 thnh mt I>u ki6n ) kA hi6u x ] _o `
i4 t$[ 0a m6nh h*8 thnh ny l mt "i4 t$[ m )
]iu ,i^n "i4 t$[ m l t8 h*8 @ thB m6nh h*8 thnh hAnh l 4nh +H :
Mx_ +q ` M@_ y ` )
Jv9 : auan h6 "iUa hai t8 m x ' ] * h% 5bi ma t$n .au : _ x |{ +o = +r = +m} w
] |{ yo = yr = ym = y = y } `




3
A
Tham lun:iu khin m_nhm7


Tf ma t$n K h% ta :
NCu +|+o thB ] |{q) w q)m wo w q) w q) }
NCu +|+r thB ] |{q w q) w q) w q)o w q)r }
NCu +|+m thB ] |{q) w q wq) w o w q) }
Hai /n" thS h*8 thnh * .; ,9n" l :
uy t: h*8 thnh MIN:
i4 t$[ 0a m6nh h*8 thnh m _ o ` l mt t8 m ]

[nh n"h&a t$!n nn i _ kh/n"

"ian nn 0a ] ` ' hm li!n thu : M] _ y ` | min {M x = M] _ y `} _r`
uy t: h*8 thnh tlv :
T-n" t( nh t$!n ta /n" thS hm li!n thu nh .au :
M]
=
_ y ` | Mx u M
B
_ y ` _m`
thLn l#n 4 h6 m t$%n" th( tC u m/ hBnh l lut h*8 thnh kZ8 ) +4 [nh
hm li!n thu M

_ y ` 0a "i4 t$[ Lu $a

0a mt lut h*8 thnh n m6nh h*8
thnh o = r O n nh .au :
: NCu + | xo thB y | ]o h%3
: NCu + | xr thB y | ]r h%3
)
)
)
n : NCu + | xn thB y | ]n h%3
T$%n" '#i mi mt "i4 t$[ 't l< + 0a 5iCn Lu '% ta n t8 m ]

o = ]

r = ) ) ) ]

n tf n
m6nh h*8 thnh = ) ) ) ) }Ln l*t "?i 4 hm li!n thu 0a n t8 m l M _ y ` =
M _ y` = O M _ y `) i4 t$[ 0a lut h*8 thnh Sn" '#i +q * hiu l t8 m

thu * aua
8hZ8 h*8 t8 m ]o ]n )
R
|
= B
|
B
|
. B
n
|
( * )
.I * tAnh 5Mn" 4 4h .au :
- lut h*8 thnh Mxh s MIN :
@4 hm li!n thu M _ y ` M _ y ` thu * th2% auy t: MIN _ /n" thS _r``)
thZ8 h*8 _u` * th( hi6n th2% lut Ma+_
- }ut h*8 thnh Ma+ctlv:
- @4 hm M]o_y` M]n_y` * +4 [nh th2% aui t: tlv _/n" thS_m``)
- thZ8 h*8 _u` * th( hi6n th2% auy lut Ma+)
- }ut h*8 thnh .umcMIN:
- @4 hm M]o_y` M
Bn
(y) * +4 [nh th2% auy t: MIN)
- thZ8 h*8 _ u ` l 8hZ8 h*8 lu
- M | M
- }ut h*8 thnh .um tlv :
- @4 hm M _y ` M _ y ` * +4 inh th2% auy t: h*8 thnh tlv )
- thZ8 h*8 thnh _ u ` * l 8hZ8 lu
- Ji v9 w ' lut h*8 thnh -n mah sMIN = mah s tlv G t$j WIWl :
4
Tham lun:iu khin m_nhm7
- : nCu + | x thB y | ] )
- J#i x * $i $H tHi 4 im x | q=o w q=r w q=m w q= w q= ' hm li!n thu M _ + `
| t-n" Sn" l :
- M _ + ` | M _ q=o ` | q w M _ q=r ` | q= w M _ q=m ` | o w M _ q= ` | q= w M _ q= ` | q
- T-n" t( : ] | q= w q= w q=7 w q= w q=
- M _ y ` | q w q= w o w q= w q

u im nXi 5t 0a lut mah s min 0a 1a,2l l th +4 [nh n"ay *
th/n" aua tAh ,ya,i2 = tS l tAh 0a mt '2 t% huyn '[ ) @h{n" hHn '#i n
im $i $H + = + =O + 0a t8 nn x ' M im $i $H y y 0a t8 nn ] tf hai
'2 t- M
.uy $a * : | M M _ /n" thS mah s tlv `
thay 8hZ8 nhn 5Mn" 8hZ8 min ta .I * /n" thS mahmin
J#i lut h*8 thnh kZ8 ta thut t%4n +y ,(n"nhiu m6nh h*8 thnh nh .au :
TXn" au4t h%4 8h-n" 8h-n" 8h48 h%4 m/ hBnh h%4 h% n mnh h*8 thnh K a
$a - _ ` t$%n" 4 "i4 t$[ m x x Tn" t8 nn h ' ] ] Tn" t8 nn i )
thut t%4n kiu khai
5
Tham lun:iu khin m_nhm7
| O)
WI nh .au :
n o p $i $H h%4 h tHi n im + = + O + ' y tHi m im y y
n r p h4 [nh 4 '2 t- ' M = k | o n th2% M | _ M =O = M _ + ` `
M | _ M _ y ` = )) = M _ y ` `
n m p ) +4 [nh m/ hBnh h% lut iu khin )
| M M | _ $ ` w I | o n w I | o m )
_ 8hZ8 nhn * thay 5Mn" 8hZ8 min nCu 48 ,9n" auy t: mahMIN `
n p ) h4 [nh lut h*8 thnh | _ mah $ k | o n `
T$!n y K t$Bnh 5y 4 lut h*8 thnh th2% auy lut mah s MIN ' mahc tlv =
lut h*8 thnh th2% auy t: ny * li!n kCt nhiu m6nh h*8 thnh 5Mn" t%4n t;
h%3 th2% 8hZ8 mah kh/n" tAnh thRn" k! ) h{n" han nh a .R 4 m6nh
h*8 thnh Tn" mt "i4 t$[ Lu $a nhn" 'B kh/n" 8hQI l "i4 t$[ l#n nhGt n!n
kh/n" * < t#i ' 5[ mGt t$%n" kCt auQ hun" )
NCu khi K < Cn tAnh thRn" k! ta .; ,9n" 8hZ8 h*8 lukaWi2i thay h% 8hZ8
mah lj lut h*8 thnh .I t!n l Wum s MIN hay WUM s tlv )
m p iQi M )
} au4 t$Bnh +4 [nh mt "i4 t$[ $V < n% th hG8 nhn * tf hm li!n
thu M _ y ` 0a "i4 t$[ m ]

_ t8 m ` )
@ hai 8h-n" 8h48 "iQI mi hAnh l 8h-n" 8h48 ( Hi ' 8h-n" 8h48 im t$?n"
tm )
th-n" 8h48 ( Hi : "Pm hai 5# )
n o p ) h4 [nh min hSa "i4 t$[ $V < )
"i4 t$[ $V < l "i4 t$[ tHi hm li!n thu Ht "i4 t$[ ( Hi _ ? a% H 0a t8 m
]

`=
tS l min )
|{y i M

] _ y ` | H }
n r p ) h4 [nh < th hG8 nhn * tf )
Jv :
T$%n" hBnh ny thB l kh%Qn" yo = yr _iQi m th2% 8h-n" 8h48
( Hi `
}ut iu khin auyCt [nh t$%n" .R hai lut :
: nCu + |x thB y |]
: nCu + | x thB y | ]
} lut ) Jy lut iu khin auyCt [nh l lut k
K o=r=O=n m "i4 t$[ m 0a n "i4 t$[ a% l#n nhGt tS a% 5Mn" H
0a ])
th( hi6n 5# thS _r` b t$!n m n"uy!n l<:
- N"uy!n l< t$un" 5Bnh _
2
'
2 1
y y
y
+
= `)
- N"uy!n l< n t$4i _ y|yo`)
- N"uy!n l< n 8hQi _ y|yr`)
th-n" 8h48 im t$?n" tm:
6
Tham lun:iu khin m_nhm7
y l h%nh 0a t$?n" tm min * 5a% 5bi t$9 h%nh ' n"
]
_y`) @/n" thS
+4 [nh y nh .au:
y|

s
B
s
B
dy y
dy y y
) (
) (
'
'

J#i . l min +4 [nh 0a t8 m ])

T$%n" /n" thS im t$?n" tm mt /n" thS $i!n" hay * .; ,9n" l '#i t8 m
hm li!n thu ,Hn" hBnh than" l:
y|

=
=
n
k
k
n
k
k
A
M
1
1
T$%n" :
Mk ' xk * +4 [nh th2% /n" thS .au:
Mk|
( ) a m b m a b m m
H
1 2
2 2 2
1
2
2
3 3 3 3
6
+ + +
xk|
( ) b a m m
H
+ +
1 2
2 2
2
N"%i $a Dn /n" thS a% .au:
y|

=
=
n
k
k
n
k
k k
H
H y
1
1
J#i
]k
_y
k
` | HK))
II) TAnh 8hi tuyCn 0a h6 m)
T$%n" auan h6 '% $a 0a 5 iu khin m thB "i4 t$[ y tHi Lu $a 0a n hY
8h9 thu '% mt mBnh "i4 t$[ +q 0a Lu '%) v% 5 iu khin m th( hGt l
5 iu khin t&nh ' auan h6 t$uyn Ht * m/ tQ h%n t%n Ly 0 5Mn" n"
3 tAnh y_+`)
Ji6 h?n ,Hn" min +4 [nh 0a 4 hm li!n thu 0a 4 t8 m Qnh hbn"
l#n Cn tAnh 8hi tuyCn 0a h6 m) * m/ 8hdn" aua 'A ,9 .au:
Lu '% + ' Lu $a y Tn" hY mt .R th( 4 "i4 t$[ nh .au _hBnh 'I` ' lut h*8
thnh:
o: nCu + | m thB y | m h%3:
r: nCu + | q thB y | q h%3 :
m: nCu + | ,-n" thB y | ,-n")
7
Tham lun:iu khin m_nhm7
]a t$n" h*8 kh4 nhau ' 4 t8 m 0a 5iCn Lu '% +)
Min +4 [nh 0a 4 t8 m thu 5iCn Lu $a y:
48 Sn" Lu $a y t$%n" 4 t$n" h*8 :
@Dn 'i6 t[nh tiCn 4 hm li!n thu Lu $a th2% t$9 y nhMm thay Xi 8hLn min
+4 [nh hun" 0a hjn" kh/n" lm thay Xi * 3 tAnh - 5Qn 0a auan h6
t$uyn Ht y_+` nh tf tuyCn tAnh .an" 8hi tuyCn h%3 tf ,Hn" $2lay r '[ t$A .an" ,Hn"
$2lay m '[ t$A) W( thay Xi ,uy nhGt b y tH% $a * hY l tNn" h%3 "iQm nhUn" E
.n" l*n F 0a n" 3 tAnh y_+`)
Th( tC hi6n nay ha mt l< thuyCt n% h% 'i6 h?n hm li!n thu= m hKy
h?n hm li!n thu tf nhUn" ,Hn" hm K 5iCt t$# ' m/ hBnh h%4 n h% Cn khi
nhn * 5 iu khin m lm 'i6 nh m%n" muRn)
T$!n - .b kiCn thS 'fa t$Bnh 5y ta th tm t:t lHi 4 5# thiCt kC mt 5
iu khin m nh .au:
o` [nh n"h&a 4 5iCn '%$a)
r` h4 [nh t8 m)
m` hy ,(n" 4 lut iu khin )
` @h?n thiCt 5[ h*8 thnh)
` @h?n n"uy!n l< "iQi m)
` TRi u _'A ,9 +2m tPn tHi E l hn" F n% kh/n" e= 4 lut iu khin Ly
0 hay kh/n" e= tRi u 4 t$Hn" th4i lm 'i6 0a n th2% hY ti!u kh4 nhauO`
@>n" th thiCt kC 4 5 iu khin m th2% lut tIv= lut I= lut tv= lut tI=
5 iu khin m t$*t _ $i t$Hn" th4i lm 'i6 hi6n tHi t#i mt t$Hn" th4i lm 'i6 m%n"
muRn th2% mt au7 H% t$*t `= hay 4 h6 m lai= thAh n"hi) Ji6 +y ,(n" 4 h6
m nh t$!n a Cn n"uy!n t: thiCt kC 5 iu khin m tAnh a ,Hn" h-n =
5n 'Un" h-n= Xn [nh h-n= hAnh +4 t#i mS th)
Ji6 4nh "i4 tAnh Xn [nh 0a h6 m * ,(a t$!n 4 ti!u hu\n ,nh h% h6
8hi tuyCn) Nh: 8h-n" 8h48 m3t 8h{n" 8ha= 8h-n" 8h48 }ya8un%' t$( tiC8= ti!u hu\n
Xn [nh tLn .R 0a t%8%'= 8h-n" 8h48 n 5Mn" iu h%O
8
Tham lun:iu khin m_nhm7
9