BI TP LN K THUT BO V MI TRNG CNG NGHIP Page 1

LI NI U
Cng ngh m in kim loi ra i v pht trin t rt lu trn th gii.
Vit Nam ngnh m in ang pht trin mnh nh H Ni, TP HCM, Bnh
Dng p ng nhu cu tiu dng c trong v ngoi nc. Tuy nhin hu ht
cc c s m in Vit Nam u c c trng l mt bng sn xut cht hp, nm
xen k trong khu dn c, quy m sn xut nh, sn xut kiu gia nh, cng ngh
thit b lc hu xung cp.
M khng ch bo v kim loi nn khi b n mn m cn c tc dng trang tr.
Ty theo mc ch s dng m p dng nhiu k thut m ph cc kim loi khc
nhau, ph bin nht trong ngnh m tiu th cng nghip l m ph cc kim loi
nh ng, Niken, Km, Crm, Vng v Bc. Trong bi tiu lun ny chng em
xin c tm hiu v cng ngh m Crm. Lp m crm vi u im c bng
cao, mu sc bt mt, c dung trang tr, bo v v to chu mi mn cho
sn phm nn c ng dng kh rng ri.
K thut m crm ngy nay c nhng bc tin nhy vt nhm to ra lp m
c cu trc tinh th, mn, do, bm tt, khng xp, khng bong. Tuy nhin, m
in ni chung v m crm ni ring l mt ngnh c mc nhim mi trng
cao bi cc tc nhn chnh nh hi ha cht c hi, nc thi c pH thay i ln,
cha cc ion kim loi nng d gy cho con ngi nhng cn bnh him ngho.
Vic khc phc cc tc nhn gy nhim nu trn nhm bo m mi trng
lm vic cho nhng ngi trc tip sn xut v bo v mi trng chung l vn
k thut bt buc, ngay c khi c s sn xut t trong khu cng nghip tp trung
hay sn xut nh l. Chnh v l , trong bi tiu lun ny chng em cng s a
ra cc gii php, phng php khc phc, gim thiu nhim trong quy trnh m
crm .
BI TP LN K THUT BO V MI TRNG CNG NGHIP Page 2

Do hn ch v trnh , kinh nghim, kin thc v thi gian, bi tiu lun s
khng trnh khi nhng thiu st. Rt mong nhn c kin ng gp, phn hi
ca c gio v cc bn.
Chng em xin chn thnh cm n!


















BI TP LN K THUT BO V MI TRNG CNG NGHIP Page 3

I. C IM CNG NGH SN XUT M CRM
I .1. Nguyn liu dng trong quy trnh m crm
a) Phi m: Cc kim loi nh : St, ng, Niken, Ch, Km,
b) Dung dch m:
Gm nhiu thnh phn nh axit Cromic (H
2
CrO
4
), H
2
SO
4
, Cr
3+
, K
2
SiF
6
, NaOH,
NH
4
F nhng ch yu vn l axit Cromic. Axit Cromic khng c trong t nhin, ta
iu ch bng cch ha tan Trioxit Crom (CrO
3
) trong nc to ra Axit Cromic :
CrO
3
+ H
2
O => H
2
CrO
4.

Cc dung dch m Crom u c thnh phn cht tham gia nh nhau, tuy nhin
ty trng hp m khc nhau m c nng thnh phn khc nhau.
c) Vt liu gia cng b mt kim loi trc khi m :
- Vt liu gia cng c hc (mi, nh bng):
Gia cng c hc l qu trnh gip cho b mt vt m c ng u v nhn
cao, gip cho lp m bm chc v p. C th thc hin gia cng c hc bng
nhiu cch : mi, nh bng (l qu trnh mi tinh), quay xc i vi cc vt nh,
chi, phun tia ct hoc tia nc di p sut cao .Qu trnh gia cng c hc lm
lp kim loi b mt sn phm b bin dng, lm gim gn bm ca lp m sau
ny. V vy trc khi m cn phi hot ha b mt trong axit long ri em m
ngay.
- Vt liu mi: Cc loi bt mi nh nhm xit (Al
2
O
3
), l nh bng.
- Vt liu nh bng: Mn ca, bt mi, axit sunfuric (H
2
SO
4
) 5%, cht hot
ng b mt nh bt cy, tri b kt.
- Ha cht s dng cho ty du m :
B mt kim loi sau nhiu cng on sn xut c kh, thng dnh du m, d
rt mng cng lm cho b mt tr nn k nc, khng tip xc c vi
dung dch ty, dung dch m C th tin hnh ty du m bng cc cch sau:
Ty trong dung mi hu c nh tricloetylen C
2
HCl
3
, tetracloetylen C
2
Cl
4
,
cacbontetraclorua CCl
4
chng c c im l ha tan tt nhiu loi cht bo,
BI TP LN K THUT BO V MI TRNG CNG NGHIP Page 4

khng n mn kim loi, khng bt la. Tuy nhin, sau khi dung mi bay hi, trn
b mt kim loi vn cn dnh li lp mng du m rt mng lm b mt khng
sch, cn phi ty tip trong dung dch kim. Ty trong dung dch kim
nng NaOH c b sung thm mt s cht nh tng ha nh Na
2
SiO
3
, Na
3
PO
4

Vi cc cht hu c c ngun gc ng thc vt s tham gia phn ng x
phng ha vi NaOH v b tch ra khi b mt. Vi nhng loi du m khong
vt th s b tch ra di tc dng nh tng ha ca Na
2
SiO
3
. Ty trong dung dch
kim bng phng php in ha, di tc dng ca dng in, oxy v hidro thot
ra c tc dng cun theo cc ht m bm vo b mt. Ty bng phng php ny
dung dch kim ch cn pha long hn so vi ty ha hc t hiu qu. Ty du
m siu m l dng sng siu m vi tn s dao ng ln tc dng ln b mt kim
loi, nhng rung ng mnh s gip lp du m tch ra d dng hn.
- Ha cht ty g: axit HCl, H
2
SO
4
10%, HNO
3
, mui FeSO
4
, Fe(NO
3
)
2
, cht c
ch n mn (NH
4
)
2
CS, urotropin, gieelatin, phenol.
I .2. Quy trnh cng ngh m crm tng qut




S nguyn l thit b m in crm
BI TP LN K THUT BO V MI TRNG CNG NGHIP Page 5

- M in tin hnh trong cc b m vi dng in mt chiu.
- Vt cn m l catot c ni vi cc m ca ngun in mt chiu.
Kim loi dng m l anot v c ni vi cc dng.
- Qu trnh in cc xy ra nh sau:
+ catot xy ra qu trnh kh ca kim loi cn m :
[Me(H
2
O)
X
]
z+
+ ze = Me + xH
2
O
Me: kim loi to nn lp m.
ng thi catot cn c qu trnh ph kh hydro:
2H
+
+ 2e = H
2

+ anot xy ra qu trnh ha tan in ha (oxy ha) kim loi cn dng m:
Me + xH
2
O = [Me(H
2
O)
x
]
z+
+ ze
4 OH
-
= O
2
+ 2H
2
O + 4e
Me: kim loai cn m.











BI TP LN K THUT BO V MI TRNG CNG NGHIP Page 6
























Mi th, mi tinh
Gia cng b mt
nh bng, quay bng
Lm sch bng ho
hc
Lm sch bng in
gii
Ty g
M
km
Thnh phm Sy kh
Bi g
Nc thi cha ho cht
Bi kim loi
Nc thi kim
Nc thi hu c
Nc thi v hi
acid
Ty du m
M bc M Crom M ng
en
M
vng
M
ng
M Niken
Quy trnh m
BI TP LN K THUT BO V MI TRNG CNG NGHIP Page 7

M t quy trnh cng ngh m in.
- Ty sch b mt nguyn liu m: ty sch b mt cn m bng gia cng c
kh nh mi th, mi tinh, nh bng nhm lm bng cc ch li lm, vt hn, cc
sn phm g tch t trn b mt, lm cho b mt tng i bng phng, nhn bng.
i vi nhng chi tit c hnh phc tp, nh b khng th dng m t nh bng
th phi dng thng quay bng.
- Ty du m: i vi du m c ngun gc thc vt (du ) hay ng vt
(m) dng x phng ty. i vi du m c ngun gc du m khng th x
phng ha nhng d ty trong dung mi hu c, dch kim v nh tng. Hm
lng NaOH thp hiu qu ty du thp, nhng nu qu cao khi ty du x phng
to ra kh ho tan, lm gim hiu qu ty du. duy tr dung dch c kim n
nh, khng ch s thay i hm lng NaOH thng cho vo cc loi mui nh
Na
2
CO
3
, Na
3
PO
4
. S c mt ca cc cht hot ng b mt, v cht nh ha
(natri silicat) tng kh nng ty cc cht khng x phng ho c.
- Ty g: tin hnh sau khi lm sch du m trn b mt, chi tit cn m
thng c lp oxt ph bn ngoi. Lp xt ny sinh ra khi nh bng khng bi
du hoc lu ngoi khng kh b xi ho hoc chi tit c nhng phn khng cn
nh bng. Nu trc khi m khng ty lp oxt ny i th lp m khng bm chc,
khi s dng hay va chm s b bong ra. V vy, cn phi ty sch lp oxt trc khi
m.
- M ph kim loi: Phi m sau khi ty sch b mt v c ra sch bng
nc c a vo b m.
- Sy kh v hon thnh sn phm : Cc chi tit s c sy kh sau cng
on m. Sau chng s c kim tra v a vo kho lu tr.


BI TP LN K THUT BO V MI TRNG CNG NGHIP Page 8

I .3. Sn phm ca qu trnh m crm
- c im: Lp m Crom c bng cao, mu trng sang, c nh xanh. Crom
c m trang tr hoc bo v cc vt m, chu mi mn, tng tnh phn x nh
sang ca sn phm.
- Sn phm m thng gp: Ph tng xe hi, xe gn my, gia dng, lm
gng phn chiu, m khun, xi lanh, vng gng ca ng c t trong,
I .4. Nhu cu v nng lng, nc v ti nguyn
V nng lng
in l loi nng nng c s dng nhiu ti cc c s m in, cung cp
nng lng cho hu ht cc loi my mc, thit b v ng c trong nh my nh
cc thit b quay ti cng on quay bng, my mi, cng on ph m, ngoi ra
in cn s dng cho chiu sng, cc loi qut thng gi, qut mt, cng trnh ph
tr
V nc s dng
Trong cc cng ngh m in, nc c s dng ch yu ti cc cng on
nh: quay bng t, ty du m, ty g, ra sau m, nc cung cp cho l hi v
c mt phn trong cc dung dch m.
V ti nguyn khong sn:
Nguyn liu u vo ch yu ca ngnh m Crom l cc kim loi nh St,
ng, Niken, Ch, Km, y l nhng loi ti nguyn qu gi i vi cc quc
gia, c vai tr to ln trong qu trnh pht trin kinh t.
Ngoi ra, cc cng ngh m in cn s dng mt s lng rt ln cc nhin
liu khc nh than , du DO, FO, y l nhng loi ti nguyn khng ti to
c nn vic s dng cc ti nguyn ny cn c mt qu trnh nh gi v phn
b hp l.
Nhn xt
i vi cng ngh m in ni chung v crom ni ring vn tiu th ti
nguyn cn quan tm l tiu th ti nguyn khong sn v nng lng in.
BI TP LN K THUT BO V MI TRNG CNG NGHIP Page 9

u vo ca ngnh m in ch yu l kim loi, nhin liu t, cc m i
khai l mt loi ti nguyn khng ti to c, nhng vic s dng v khai thc
loi ti nguyn ny ang l mt p lc ln cho cc nh qun l. Yu cu v mt
bin php khai thc hp l v mt vt liu thay th l rt cn thit.
in c s dng cho hu ht cc thit b, my mc trong xng m, cho c
mc ch sn xut v tiu dng. Vn cn quan tm i vi loi ti nguyn ny l
tit kim nng lng. Thit k mt h thng chiu sng, qut thng gi, v mt
chng trnh vn hnh ph hp tit kim c ti a lng in tiu th. Nng
cao thc trong s dng in ca cc i tng trong cng ty.
Vn tiu th nc i vi ngnh m in l khng ng k v lng
nc cung cp cho cc cng on trong sn xut khng nhiu, ch yu cho khu
ty ra v sinh hot. Nhng cng cn c nhng bin php nhm tit kim lng
nc s dng, va tit kim chi ph va gim nhng tc ng n ti nguyn v
mi trng.
I .5. Tnh cht cng ngh
Crm (Cr) in gii l kim loi bc c nh xanh; c cng rt cao v chu
mi mn rttt. Nhit nng chy 1750 1800
o
C. Theo in th tiu chun
(Cr/Cr
3+
= -0,7V) th n thuc cc kim loi hot ng. Nhng trong kh quyn b
mt Crm c sinh ra lp mng mng oxit rt kn, chc, chng n mn rt tt,
lm cho Crm gi c mu dc v bng rt cao.Crm bn trong kh quyn m,
trong khng kh cha H
2
S v SO
2
; trong cc dung dch axit sunfuric, nitric,
photphoric, axit hu c v dung dch kim. Nhng trong dung dch axit HCl v
trong H
2
SO
4
c nng Crm b ho tan do mng oxyt b ph hu.Trong cc hp
cht, Crm thng c ho tr +3 v +6. Hp cht Crm ho tri +6 l chtoxy ho
mnh. CrO
3
ho tan trong nc to thnh hn hp cc axit Cromic.
M crm trang sc rt mng trong h lp m bo v trang sc, m Crm bo
v chng n mn. M in Crm khc mt cch cn bn so vi cc qu trnh m
in khc l s kt ta kim loi Crm t dung dch axit Cromic (H
2
CrO
4
), ch
khng phi l t dung dch mui ho tan ca kim loi. S kt ta ca Crm t dung
dch axit Crmic (Crm cha trong anion CrO
4
2-
) thng din ra vi s c mt ca
axit H
2
SO
4
, axit floboric HBF
4
, axitflosilicic H
2
SiF
6
. Nhng axit thm vo tc
dng nh nhng cht xc tc, dung dch m Crm rt nhy vi cc cht bn.L
BI TP LN K THUT BO V MI TRNG CNG NGHIP Page 10

thuyt qu trnh m in ca Crm vn cn cha c xc nh hon ton. Mt
trong cc l thuyt cho rng, qu trnh din ra trn catt, t Crm c oxy ho + 6
(CrO
3
) chuyn thnh Crm c s Oxy ho +3 (trong Cr
2
O
3
) ri Crm +2 (CrO) v
cui cng thnh Crm kim loi.
2CrO
3
+ 6H + 6e Cr
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
O
2Cr
2
O
3
+ 4H
+
+ 4e 4CrO + 2H
2
O
CrO + 2H
+
+ 2e Cr + H2O
2H
+
+ 2e H
2

Thuyt Muller cho rng trong khong khng gian Catt c hnh thnh hp cht
Cr(OH)CrO
4
v b kh theo qu trnh:
Cr(OH)CrO
4
+ H
+
+ e CrCrO
4
+ H
2
O
CrCrO
4
+ 2e Cr + CrO
4

2-


II. CC CHT THI PHT SINH TRONG QUY TRNH CNG NGH M
CRM V NH HNG CA N
I I .1. Vt cht u vo, u ra v c tnh ca cc ha cht s dng trong
quy trnh m crm
u vo u ra c tnh ca ha cht s dng
- Vt m: kim loi
- Vt liu mi: cc
loi bt mi nh
oxit nhm (Al
2
O
3
),
l nh bng.
- Vt liu quay
bng nh mn ca,
bt mi, vi bt,
axit sunfuric 5%,
cht hot ng b
mt nh bt cy,
- Vt m sau gia cng.
- Bi t qu trnh mi
v quay bng kh: bt
mi, mn ca, bi kim
loi nh st, ng,
km, oxit crom,
silic
- L nh bng b
mn, h.
- Vt liu b r r, ri
vi.
- Axit H
2
SO
4
: dng c tip xc vi
c th sng s nhanh chng gy bng
nng, ph hy t bo. H
2
SO
4
long
khng c tc ng gy bng tc thi
nhng tip xc lu ngy gy hi da,
vim da, vim ng h hp trn, gy
vim ph qun mn.
- Axit HCl: dung dch bc khi trong
khng kh. C axit mnh, gy n
mn nhanh, khi dnh vo nim mc, da
gy bng, rt nga, nu ht th phi
gy kch thch ng h hp.
BI TP LN K THUT BO V MI TRNG CNG NGHIP Page 11

tri b kt.
- Ha cht s dng
cho ty m: dung
mi hu c, dung
dch kim v nh
tng, in ha.
- Ha cht ty g:
axit HCl, H
2
SO
4

nng 10%,
HNO
3
, mui
FeSO
4
, Fe(NO
3
)
2
,
cht c ch n mn
(NH
4
)
2
CS,
urotropin, gieelatin,
phenol.
- Nc cp, xt
(NaOH), x phng.
- Phi m: st,
ng, niken, ch,
km.
- Axit
cromic(CrO
3
), ph
gia nh SO
4
2-
,
SiF
6
2-

- Nc thi t khu
quay bng t cha
cc thnh phn nh
axit H
2
SO
4
, cht hot
ng b mt, , du
m, mui kim loi.
- Nc thi ty ra
cha dung du m,
dung mi hu c,
kim, nh tng.
Mui kim loi, axit,
cc cht hu c v x
phng.
- Hi dung mi, hi
axit.
- Sinh ra cc kh H
2
,
oxit nito nu ty g
cho ng.
- Sn phm m.
- Nc thi cha axit
sunfuric, cromat, axit
cromic, thnh phn
ph gia.
- Axit HNO
3
: cht lng bc khi trong
khng kh, c tnh n mn mnh. Hi
HNO
3
kch thch nim mc c, mt,
ng h hp trn v da.
- NaOH (Caustic soda): cht rn d
chy ra trong khng kh, n mn
mnh. C dng rn v dng lng l
cht n mn i vi t bo c th, gy
bng rt su, rt kh lnh. Tip xc
vi dung dch lng lu ngy cng gy
h da, vim da, khng khi phc c.
Ht phi s gy tn thng ng h
hp, phi.
- Cc hp cht xyanua (KCN,
NaCN): xyanua bay hi to ra HCN
cn tr oxy ha ca t bo, gy cht do
ngt th. Cng nhn tip xc hng
ngy mc chng xianua l b nga,
ni mn sn, chm trn da. Tip
xc lng nh xianua trong thi gian
lu c cc triu chng nh km n,
au u, yu mt, i, ha mt, chng
mt, nga ng h hp.
- Cc hp cht crm(CrO
3
,
Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
, K
2
Cr
2
O
7
): gy n mn da
v cc mng c. B phn tip xc nh
nim mc mi, tay, cnh tay, gy
nhng tn thng su, mn nht lot
su kh lnh v li so. nu tip xc
lu di gy thng nim mc mi,
cromat cn gy ung th phi.
- Amoniac (NH
4
OH) v cc hp cht
amoni: bay hi gii phng NH3 l
cht c kh nng gy n, gy kch ng
mnh cho mt da v nhng ni tip
xc, n mn rt mnh. Gy cc bnh
v da, ng h hp, mt, nim mc
phi. triu chng nga mt, sng m
BI TP LN K THUT BO V MI TRNG CNG NGHIP Page 12

mt, nga mi, c hng, ho, i v kh
th

I I .2. Cc hot ng v cng trnh ph tr
L hi
- Mc ch s dng: cung cp nhit cho cc cng on sn xut cn s dng
nhit nh ty ra, sy.
- Nhin liu s dng cho l hi: cc loi nhin liu t nh du FO, DO, Than,
Ci, Gas.
- Vn mi trng pht sinh: t qu trnh t to ra tro bi, cht bc trong
ci, nhit , hi nc v cc loi kh thi nh SO
2
, SO
3
, NO
x
, CO, CO
2
,

O
2
d,
N
2
, c kh nng to m hng do ngng t cc phn t cacbua hydro nng t qu
trnh t ci trong iu kin thiu oxy v nhit bung t thp.
- gim thiu cc vn v kh thi pht sinh t qu trnh t ca l hi th
kh thi phi c thu gom v x l t cc tiu chun v mi trng khng kh
hin hnh.
Khu vc nh kho
- Mc ch s dng: c xy dng, b tr bo qun cc loi nguyn vt
liu, nhin liu, sn phm lu kho v lu tr cc cht thi, c bit l cht thi
nguy hi.
- Nh kho c xy dng theo cc yu cu k thut m bo cc nguyn vt
liu khng b g, khng b gim cht lng. C cc h thng bo ng, thit b
phng chng s c m bo an ton phng chng chy n, trn cc loi ha
cht lng, kp thi ng cu khi c s c xy ra. i vi nhng cht nguy him v
BI TP LN K THUT BO V MI TRNG CNG NGHIP Page 13

cht thi nguy hi th nh kho phi c thit k theo quy nh ca php lut v
lu tr cht nguy hi.
- Cc vn quan tm: s c chy n, trn ha cht.
My pht in
- Mc ch: s dng ti cng on m in, to tnh n nh cho dng in
m bo nhng yu cu k thut ca sn phm sau khi m.
- Nhin liu s dng: my pht in s dng cc loi nhin liu nh du DO,
FO to nhit, vn mi trng pht sinh y l kh thi t qu trnh t
nhin liu, cc kh ny nu khng c thu gom x l s lm nhim mi trng
khng kh ti cc khu vc xung quanh.
Cc hot ng vn chuyn
- Qu trnh nhp nguyn vt liu, nhin liu v xut sn phm c s ra vo ca
cc loi xe ti, qu trnh ny lm pht sinh cc loi kh thi, to ra mt lng bi
do qu trnh di chuyn, y l nhng tc nhn gp phn gy nhim mi trng
khng kh trong khu vc nh my. nh hng n sc khe ca cng nhn trc
tip thc hin giao nhn hng v cc i tng xung quanh.
- Cc kh thi ny rt kh kim sot v tnh cht phn tn, nh l v t c quan
tm trong cc doanh nghip.
I I .3. nhim ngun nc
Ngun gy
nhim
Dng thi v thnh
phn chnh
Mc tc ng ln con ngi
v mi trng.
Cng on quay
bng t
Nc thi cha cc
thnh phn: kim loi
nng, acid sunfuric, cht
hot ng b mt.
- Gy nhim ngun nc mt,
nh hng n mi trng sng
v qu trnh pht trin ca cc
loi sinh vt, thng qua s tch
BI TP LN K THUT BO V MI TRNG CNG NGHIP Page 14

Ty du m bng
dung mi hu c.
Nc thi cha cc cht
du m, dung mi v
kim loi nng.
ly ca cc kim loi nng trong
chui thc n s i vo con ngi
v gy nn nhng bnh nguy
him nh: ung th, ng c mn
tnh, vi nng cao gy nn c
cp tnh v c th dn n t
vong.
- Cr(VI) i vo c th d gy bin
chng, tc ng ln t bo, ln
m to ra s pht trin t bo
khng nhn, gy ung th, d ch
mt lng nh cng c th gy
c i vi con ngi. Nu Crom
c nng ln hn gi tr 0,1mg/l
gy ri lon sc kho nh nn
ma
Ty du m in
ha.
Nc thi cha acid
hoc kim cao.
Ty du m bng
kim v nh tng.
Nc thi cha kim
cao v nh tng.
Ty r ha hc. Nc thi cha acid
cao hn 10% v mui
kim loi nng.
M Crom Nc thi cha Cromat,
acid sunfuaric.







Ch tiu n v
Nc thi
cha x l
Tiu chun kim sot
TCVN 5945 - 2005
Loi C Loi B Loi A
pH - 3 11 5-9 5,5 9 6 9
Crom (Cr VI) mg/l 1,0 100 0.5 0,1 0,05
Bng cc ch s nhim ca nc thi m
crm

BI TP LN K THUT BO V MI TRNG CNG NGHIP Page 15

I I .4. Cc cht thi rn

Ngun gy nhim
Dng cht thi v thnh phn
chnh

Mc tc
ng Cht thi nguy
hi
Rc thi khc






Cht thi
rn t cc
cng on
sn xut
Khu chun b
nguyn liu
Khng c
- Bao b, dy
buc nguyn
liu, hp ng
cc vt m
nh: cc chi
tit nh, thit
b.
Cht thi nguy
hi nu khng
c thu gom,
lu tr v x
l theo ng
quy nh php
quy s gy hi
cho mi
trng v con
ngi.
Mi th, mi
tinh, quay bng
kh, quay bng
t
Khng c
- Bao b ng
vt liu mi v
vt liu nh
bng, bao b
ha cht, cc
l nh bng
b h
Ty du m, ty
g
- Cc thng
cha ha cht c
tnh cht c
hi: d dung
mi hu c, acid
(HCl,
H
2
SO
4
,HNO
3
),
xt, cc mui
(FeSO
4
,
Fe(NO
3
)
2
,
(NH4)
2
CS
- Bao b ng
x phng
Qu trnh m
- Thng cha
cc dung dch
m v cc cht
ph gia khc
(H
3
BO
3
,
NaCH
3
COO-, o-
benzen

BI TP LN K THUT BO V MI TRNG CNG NGHIP Page 16

sunfamit,
paratoluen
sunfamit)


Cht thi
rn khc
Bn thi t qu
trnh x l nc
thi
Cht thi nguy
hi cha ch yu
l cn kim loi
nng (ty thuc
vo loi m v
cng ngh m).



I I .5. nhim mi trng khng kh
Ngun gy
nhim
Dng thi v thnh phn
chnh
Tc ng n con ngi v
mi trng
Cng on
mi th, mi
tinh.
Bt mi, bi kim loi, SiO
2
,
Cr
2
O
3.

-Lm nhim mi trng
khng kh trong khu vc sn
xut v khu vc xung quanh.

-Tc ng sinh vt: lm gim
tip xc vi nh sng , kh
nng h hp ca thc vt. khi
lng ng xung ngun nc
s lm nhim bn ngun nc,
c th i vo c th ng vt v
con ngi qua chui thc n.

-Tc ng trc tip ca bi
thi i vi con ngi: gy
nhng bnh v mt, phi v da.
Quay bng
kh, t.
Bi mn ca, bt mi, oxit
st, oxit ng, oxit crom.
Cng on
ty ra
Hi dung mi, hi axit, kh
hydro, v oxit nito nu ra
ng.
Cng on
m
Hi axit (H
2
SO
4
,H
2
CrO
4
), hi
dung mi, kh thot ra t b
m nh H
2
, HCN.
Vn chuyn
nguyn liu,
sn phm.
Bi, khi, cc loi kh thi t
qu trnh t nhin liu: NO
2
,
CO, CO
2
, NO
x
.



BI TP LN K THUT BO V MI TRNG CNG NGHIP Page 17

III. PHNG NGA, GIM THIU CHT THI V VN TIT
KIM NNG LNG.
I I I .1. Khi qut v sn xut sch hn
Theo Chng trnh Mi trng LHQ (UNEP, 1994):
Sn xut sch hn (SXSH) l s p dng lin tc mt chin lc phng nga
mi trng tng hp i vi cc qu trnh sn xut, cc sn phm v cc dch v
nhm lm gim tc ng xu n con ngi v mi trng.
- i vi cc qu trnh sn xut, SXSH bao gm vic bo ton nguyn liu,
nc v nng lng, loi tr cc nguyn liu c hi v lm gim khi lng, c
tnh ca cc cht thi vo nc v kh quyn.
- i vi cc sn phm, chin lc SXSH nhm vo mc ch lm gim tt c
cc tc ng n mi trng trong ton b vng i ca sn phm, t khu khai
thc nguyn liu n khu thi b cui cng.
- i vi cc dch v, SXSH l s lng ghp cc mi quan tm v mi trng
vo trong vic thit k v cung cp cc dch v.
- SXSH i hi p dng cc b quyt, ci tin cng ngh v thay i thi .
Nh vy, SXSH khng ngn cn s pht trin, SXSH ch yu cu rng s pht
trin phi bn vng v mt mi trng sinh thi. Khng nn cho rng SXSH ch l
1 chin lc v mi trng bi n cng lin quan n li ch kinh t. Trong khi x
l cui ng ng lun tng chi ph sn xut th SXSH c th mang li li ch kinh
t cho doanh nghip thng qua vic gim thiu s tiu th nng lng v nguyn
liu hoc phng nga v gim thiu rc thi. Do vy c th khng nh rng SXSH
l 1 chin lc mt mi tn trng hai ch. Mc tiu ca sn xut sch hn l
trnh nhim bng cch s dng ti nguyn, nguyn vt liu v nng lng mt
cch c hiu qu nht. iu ny c ngha l thay v b thi b s c thm mt t l
nguyn vt liu na c chuyn vo thnh phm. t c iu ny cn phi
phn tch mt cch chi tit v h thng trnh t vn hnh cng nh thit b sn xut
hay yu cu mt danh gia v sn xut sch hn.
Cc khi nim tng t vi sn xut sch hn l:
BI TP LN K THUT BO V MI TRNG CNG NGHIP Page 18

Gim thiu cht thi;
Phng nga nhim;
Nng sut xanh.
V c bn, cc khi nim ny u ging vi sn xut sch hn; u cng c
tng c s l lm cho cc doanh nghip hiu qu hn v t nhim hn.
Cc gii php sn xut sch hn c th l :
+ Trnh cc r r ,ri vi trong qu trnh vn chuyn v sn xut, hay cn gi l
kim sot ni vi;
+ m bo cc iu kin sn xut ti u t quan nim cht lng sn phm,
sn lng tiu th ti nguyn v lng cht thi to ra;
+ Trnh s dng cc nguyn vt liu c hi bng cch dng cc nguyn liu
thay th khc;
+ Ci tin thit b ci thin qu trnh sn xut;
+ Lp t thit b sn xut c hiu qu v thit k li sn phm c th gim
thiu c ti nguyn tiu th;
SXSH l cch tip cn t pha trc, mang tch cht d on v phng nga.
I I I .2.Mi lin h gia SXSH v quy hoch sn xut, qun l v tit kim
nng lng.
1. Quy hoch sn sut, qun l v tit kim nng lng (TKNL)
- Xy dng quy hoch tng th trong ton b qu trnh nhm c th ha nhng
chin lc r rng, d bo v pht trin qu trnh sn xut cng nghip da trn
nhng phn tch v iu kin ca kinh t , x hi im mnh im yu v a h
thng sn xut i vo mc tiu chnh.
- Qun l, tit kim nng lng l :
+ Gim mc tiu th nng lng.
BI TP LN K THUT BO V MI TRNG CNG NGHIP Page 19

+ Gim chi ph nng lng cho hot ng ca cc phng tin , thit b s dng
nng lng nhng
+ Vn m bo nhu cu nng lng cn thit.
2. Cc nguyn nhn lng ph nng lng
- S lp li cc li mang tnh h thng.
- Cha quan tm n cng tc bo dng , bo tr qun l ni vi.
- Hiu sut s dng my mc thit b thp.
- Tm l s ri ro khi thc hin cc ci tin thay i thi quen.
- thc chp hnh.
3.Li ch t tit kim v s dng nng lng hiu qu
- Gia tng li nhun, gia tng u th cnh tranh.
- Ci thin sn lng, thi gian sn xut, nguyn liu u vo v tnh linh hot.
- Hoch ton c chi ph nng lng trong chi ph sn xut.
- Nng lc c s h tng c m rng.
- Bo v mi trng.
4.Mi quan h sn xut sch hn v tit kim nng lng
a. Mc tiu:
- Nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh v gim chi ph.
- Nng cao hot ng hiu qu mi trng.
- Ngn nga nhim.
b.Trng tm:
- SXSH : Tp trung vo cc dng vt cht
- TKNL: Tp trung vo cc dng nng lng
BI TP LN K THUT BO V MI TRNG CNG NGHIP Page 20

Nu kt hp sn xut sch hn cng vi tit kim nng lng th :
+ Nht qun cc mc tiu, gim chi ph thi gian thc hin.
+ Tim nng m rng bng cc th phn xanh thn thin vi mi trng
+ m bo tnh bn vng ca cc phng n TKNL thng qua lng ghp
phng php lun SXSH.
+ To iu kin thc hin h thng bo v mi trng.
V vy chng ta lng ghp qu trnh TKNL vo SXSH thc hin c tt
hn qu trnh sn sut ng thi bo v mi trng.
I I I .3. Cc c hi ng dng SXSH trong cng ngh m crm
Vic ci tin cc cch thc vn hnh c th c thc hin trong tt c cc lnh
vc : sn xut, s dng , lu tr v qun l cht thi. Nhng cch thc vn hnh tt
c th c thc hin n gin, khng i hi chi ph cao nhng hon ton c th
mang li li ch rt ng k v nhanh chng. C th cc c hi SXSH i vi cc
dng thi l:
1. i vi dng thi do tiu hao nhiu ha cht
- Do lng to cht du m, g nn thi gian s dng ca b dung dch nh
phi:
+ Gim st cht ch qu trnh sn xut bao gm kim sot, hiu chnh v lm
sch cc b.
+ Kh du m lin tc bng cch vt vng bt li tm hoc lm bay hi trong b
ty du m.
- Do cht ng cn phi: V sinh b x l thng xuyn
- Ha cht bay hi thnh m kh:
+ S dng cht to bt b in phn, axit nhm lm gim din tch b mt
dung dch tip xc vi khng kh lm gim s bc hi ca ha cht.
+ Th cc qu bng nha trn b mt lm gim din tch b mt dung dch tip
xc.
BI TP LN K THUT BO V MI TRNG CNG NGHIP Page 21

+ Thu hi m kh trong mt mng lc c bit nhm thu hi li cht lng a
v b x l.
- Ha cht ri vi khi trn :V sinh v thu hi ngay.
- Ha cht ri vi t b ny sang b khc: Lp t cc khay hng dn
khong gia cc b t nghing v b nc.
- Ha cht bm dnh: Kim sot nng dung dch mc thp nht ma khng
nh hng n cht lng.
- Kim sot vt t ha cht:
+ Kim kho tng c s c ghi chp thi hn cc vt t ha cht.
+ X l v lu kho nguyn vt liu : chun b y dng c o lng v pha
trn, s dng cc cn cht lng cn v pha ch ha cht.
+ Kim sot vic trn dung dch , bo dng thit b, h thng thng xuyn
chng r r.
+ Kim tra bo dng h thng u n.
- Tiu hao ha cht cng on ty nng v in ha: Lc v thu hi dung dch
ty v hi lu.
2. Lng nc thi ln do:
- Nc cp nhiu hn d tnh:
+Thng xuyn kim tra v iu chnh van cp nc vo cc b m bo
nc trong b cho sn xut.
+Lp t ng h o nc i vi ngun nc ging khoan kim sot lng
nc s dng.
-Nc ra ch dng 1 ln v thi ngay: Ti s dng nc ra nhng b ra
ph bng phng php ra ngc chiu tun hon nc ra.
3. Tn tht nc do
- R r ng ng , hng van: khc phc r r thay van mi.
BI TP LN K THUT BO V MI TRNG CNG NGHIP Page 22

- thc cng nhn cha cao:
+ o to nng cao thc tit kim nc v cc ti nguyn khc.
+ ng van nc khi khng lm vic.
4.Tiu hao nhiu crom do:
- Lng Crom ch i vo lp m 1 phn cn 1 phn ln i vo dng thi: Thu
hi bng phng php c c nhit thp.
5. Nhiu sn phm m hng:
- X l b mt cha t yu cu:
+Kim tra sn phm trc khi i vo b m.
+Khng ch cc thng s ty du m, ty g tt hn.
-Do cht lng nc ra: Nng cao cht lng nc cp t u ngun ging
khoan tch Fe gim bt cng.
6. Tiu hao nhiu in, nhiu ga:
- ng c xung cp: Bo dng thit b ng c theo nh k
- Nhiu thit b s dng khng ht cng sut:
+ Thay ng c ph hp
+ Lp k hoch sn xut ph hp
- Mt s v tr trn bung sy hng , bo n nhit: tng cng bo n cc v tr
mt mt nhit cao.
- Chn ti u trong s dng in chiu sng:Lp cc tm tn trng trn trn nh
xng, tn dng nh sng mt tri sn xut( khng tiu tn in vo ban ngy
v tng tui th bng n).
- Khng ch cc thng s cc qu trnh cha tt:
+o to cng nhn vn hnh bung sy theo ng quy nh
BI TP LN K THUT BO V MI TRNG CNG NGHIP Page 23

+Khng ch qu trnh chy trong l sy ti u
7. X l nc thi cho tng cng on
Ty tng cng on m nc thi c thnh phn v tnh cht khc nhau. V vy
s c quy trnh x l khc nhau cho tng cng on gim chi ph x l.V d
nc ra trc khi m nhim ch yu l do pH thp, hm lng du m cao, v
kim loi nng nh st. trung ha nc thi ta c th dng xt NaOH hoc
Ca(OH)
2
. Ngoi tc dng trung ha axit Ca(OH)
2
cn c tc dng kt ta mt s
kim loi nh Fe, Cu. y l phng n rt n gin.
8. Xy dng h thng thng gi
Trong nh my xi m c cha nhiu ha cht xi m c hi c mi nh cc
axit H2SO4, HCl,V vy cn thit phi xy dng h thng thng gi bo v
sc kho cho ngi lao ng.
9. Tun hon axit
Trong cng on ty ra hay ty bng axit c pH rt thp.Chng ta c th tun
hon lng axit ny ra kim loi cn m. Nh vy chng ta s tit kim c
mt lng axit ng k.
10.Thay th thit b
Chng ta s thay i thit b em li nng sut cao v han ch s dng nhin
liu cng nh hn ch vic nhim mi trng. C th l thay th kiu ra sn
phm thng thng ca nh my bng thit b my phun nc p lc cao. Vi thit
b ny cng sut s cao hn v lng nc s dng gim i rt nhiu, dn n
lng nc thi ra s t i.
11. Xy dng quy trnh x l nc thi tp trung
Nc thi c thu gom v trm x l nc thi. Vic x l kh phc tp v
nc thi c PH thp, cht du m, v c bit l hm lng kim loi nng. Ngi
ta thng nng PH, sau l giai on oxy ha chuyn ha Cr 6+ thnh Cr 3+ .
sau cho kt ta v lng, lc ct- than hot tnh hp th kim loi nng. Trong
quy trnh xi m c nhiu cng on, mi cng on thi ra nc thi c thnh
BI TP LN K THUT BO V MI TRNG CNG NGHIP Page 24

phn, tnh cht khc nhau. V vy vic thu gom tp trung x l s lm tng chi
ph x l thay v x l ring tng cng on.
12. Thay i quy trnh cng ngh:
Vic thay i quy trnh cng ngh l mt gii php tt v mt k thut. Vic
thay i quy trnh cng ngh lm gim lng thi cng nh lng tht thot ra
ngoi, gim thiu tnh trng nhim mi trng. Nhng tnh kh thi khng c v
vic thay i quy trnh tn rt nhiu kinh ph cho vic thay i thit b, xy dng
li c s vt cht cho ph hp vi quy trnh mi.
13. Thu hi kim loi nng:
Vic thu hi kim loi nng trong nc thi nu thc hin c s mang li li
ch rt ln bi v cc kim loai nh Ni, Cu rt t. Nhng lm th no thu hi
kim loi nng l mt vn rt kh thc hin. Hin nay cc nh my xi m c tin
hnh cng on thu hi kim loi nng nhng hiu sut khng cao.
14. Ti ch v ti s dng.
y l gii php c la chn theo sau nhng gii php gim thiu cht thi v
mt s l do: tit kim ti nguyn thin nhin, gim chi ph nguyn vt liu, gim
chi ph x l.
- Ti s dng cc thng cha ha cht (din ra bn ngoi khu vc nh my).
- Thu gom ti ch cc kim lai m d tha, cc sn phm khng t tiu chun
m (ti ch ngoi khu vc nh my hoc trong khu vc nh my).
- Ti s dng nc cc cng an ty ra sau khi x l.
- Ti s dng nha trao i ion sau khi s dng bin php phc hi
IV.CC PHNG PHP X L CHT THI
I V.1. X l nc thi
M in l ngnh s dng nhiu ha cht, trong cc cng on t khu lm sch
phi n khu m, u s dng nc v ho cht ty ra vt m trc khi cho
BI TP LN K THUT BO V MI TRNG CNG NGHIP Page 25

vo m hay sau khi ly ra thc hin cng on khc cho n khi hon thnh sn
phm.
Thnh phn nc thi xi m ph thuc vo cc phng php m khc nhau nh
m Crm, m Niken , m Thic.im ging nhau l nc thi xi m cha nhiu
mui kim loi ho tan, c pH thay i rng t axit mnh n kim mnh v hu
nh hm lng BOD v COD trong nc thi ngnh xi m l khng ng k v
cng c mt mc tiu l x l nc thi t TCVN 5945 -2005 (loi B hay loi C
ty theo quy nh ti ngun tip nhn).
Do c tnh nc thi nn cng ngh x l p dng mt s phng php da
trn c s tnh cht ca mui kim loi. Nhim v chnh l loi b cc ion kim loi
nng, cc c tnh gy hi, cc cht hot ng b mt v cc cht ph gia ca nc
thi.
Phng php thng dng nht trong m crm l phng php kt ta hidroxit
kim loi do tnh cht kinh t v c th p dng vi quy m cng nghip. Ngoi ra
cn rt nhiu phng php nh trao i ion, phng php sinh hc, phng php
hp ph,
IV.1.1 Kt ta hidroxit kim loi:
Khi nc thi c tnh axit nn trung ha nc thi v pH > 7, khi cc ion
kim loi c trong nc thi kt ta hidroxit khng tan nh Cr(OH)
3
, sau dng
phng php to bng, lng cn v d dng tch chng ra khi nc thi.




BI TP LN K THUT BO V MI TRNG CNG NGHIP Page 26














- Nguyn tc phng php : Kh Cr
6+
rt c v Cr
3+
l dng t c hn sau
loi b Cr
3+
bng cch cho kt ta vi NaOH hoc Ca(OH)
2
gi tr pH ti u,
cc hidroxit kim loi to thnh kt ta.
- Cht kh c th dng l natri sunfit, natri bisunfit, natri hydrosunfit v st (II)
sunfat, kh SO2, phoi thp,
Dng FeSO4 trong mi trng axit:
H
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 6FeSO
4
+ 6H
2
SO
4
= Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+7H
2
O
Cr
2
(SO4)
3
+ 6 NaOH = Cr(OH)
3
+ 3 Na
2
SO
4

Dng FeSO4 trong mi trng kim:
Thu gom
Nc thi
Nc thi sau x l
Lc
Lng
Keo t
Phn ng oxy ha
Ra lc
NaOH,CaO
FeSO
4
, NaSHO
3

B bn thi
Lc bn
Bn lng
S x l nc thi m in bng phng php kt ta.


BI TP LN K THUT BO V MI TRNG CNG NGHIP Page 27

Na
2
CrO
4
+ 3FeSO
4
+ 4NaOH + 4H
2
O = Cr(OH)
3
+ 3Fe(OH)
3
+ 3Na
2
SO
4
Dng cht kh c cha ion SO
3
2-
:phi tin hnh trong mi trng pH=2,5-
3,5. nu pH ln hn 3,5-4 phn ng kh Cr6+ s b ngng li cho d cht kh
c dng d i na.
-Nng Cr 6+ trong nc thi c ngha rt quan trng. khi nng Cr 6+
thp qu th s tn nhiu cht kh, pH cng cao cng tiu tn cht kh.
-Nn kh bng FeSO4 trong mi trng kim v s tn dng dung dch
kim hng , dung dch kim ty m, nc thi kim tnh kim ho nc thi cn
x l.
-Lm sch Cr
6+
c th lm sch bng phng php in keo t vi anot thp
ho tan, phi thm ion Cl
-
khc phc hin tng th ng anot v catot.
Cch kh Cr6+ v Cr3+ trong cng nghip:
-Dung dch phn ng c bm vo b lng ng, b lc bn nc sau lc
a vo b iu ha, ti y s dng dung dch axit sunfuric hoc tn dng axit ty
r iu ha pH v gi tr t 69 cho ph hp vi tiu chun dng thi, bn thi
c lm kh v em i chn ct.
- Kt ta c cho qua cc b lng, tch ra, lm kh v ti s dng hoc b di.
- Nc sau khi loi tr kim loi nng, cn cha cc mui v c nh Na
2
SO
4
,
NaCl, NaCNO v thi ra ngoi.
IV.1.2. Phng php trao i ion
Nguyn tc: Cho nc thi lc ln lt qua hai ct cationit v anionit, cc
cation tp cht s c gi li ct u, cc anion tp cht s c gi li trong
ct cui, nc tr nn rt sch hon ton c th dng li .



BI TP LN K THUT BO V MI TRNG CNG NGHIP Page 28





















- Cho nc thi ln lt lc qua ct cationit v anionit. Nc thi khi tip xc
vi nha cationit cc kim loi nng s c gi li ct u do trao i vi H
+

nha:
R-H + Me-X = RMe + H
+
+ X
-

R-H l nha trao i cation
Me l kim loi nng
S X l nc thi m in bng phng php trao i
ion
B cn
Lc
Keo t
Nha ti sinh
Nc thi
H
2
SO
4
, NaOH Ti sinh nha Trao i
cation, v
anion
Phn ng
Thu gom
Nc thi
Nc thi sau
x l
NaHSO
3,
FeSO
4

NaOH
BI TP LN K THUT BO V MI TRNG CNG NGHIP Page 29

- Tip theo nc thi lc qua ct trao i anion, cc anion trong nc thi s
c gi li ct cui do trao i vi OH
-
ca nha. Ion OH
-
chuyn vo nc kt
hp vi cc ion H+ to thnh nc khi nc tr nn rt sch v c th dng li:
R-OH + X
-
= R-X + OH
-
H
+
+ OH
-
= H
2
O
R-OH l nha trao i anion
X
-
l anion
- Sau thi gian cc ct ionit c th ti sinh:
+ Nc ra cationit cha cc ion v axit d c a i thu hi v dng vo
vic khc, cation nc ra cationit c ti sinh v bt u chu k mi.
+ Nc ra anionit cha cc ion v axit d c a i thu hi v dng vo
vic khc, anion nc ra anionit c ti sinh v cng bt u chu k mi ,
- Nu nc thi ch c mt loi cation tp cht th qua trao i ion s tch c
ring anion nn c th dng li ngay cho b tng ng ca xng y.Nu nc
thi hn hp th dung dch ti sinh s cha nhiu loi cation. mun s dng v tch
ring ra.
IV.1.3. Phng php sinh hc
Phng php sinh hc d x l nc thi cha kim loi nng hin nay ang
c ch nghin cu v ng dng do c nhiu u im ln v hiu qu kinh t
Nguyn tc: S dng cc loi thc vt, cc thy vi sinh vt him kh v ym
kh, bo t ong, to tiu th kim loi nng trong nc thi .Cc vi sinh vt
ny s dng kim loi nng nh ngun dinh dng pht trin.
Hin nay c mt s nghin cu p dng to x l crom, niken vi hiu
sut khong 80%.
BI TP LN K THUT BO V MI TRNG CNG NGHIP Page 30

Tuy nhin vic p dng phng php sinh hc cn nhiu hn ch do phi m
bo cc iu kin v dinh dng, nhit v hm lng kim loi nng khng qu
cao khi vi sinh vt mi tn ti c.
IV.1.4. Phng php hp ph
Tch cc cu t c hi nh Cr
6+
ra khi pha lng v chuyn vo b mt hoc
trong mao qun ca cc cht hp ph. y l phng php c nhiu trin vng
trong x l nc thi cha kim loi nng. Mt s nghin cu cho thy hi sut x
l Cr
6+
ti 97% vi cc cht hp ph l than hot tnh, cc vt liu hp ph l
oxit nhm, mt ca, than hot tnh, zolit

Phng php ny c nhc im l ch thch hp vi nng kim loi thp do
cn c cc bin php x l s b nh pha long hoc hoc keo t.

Kt lun : Mi phng php c mt u nhc im nht nh. Song phng
php kt ta hidroxit kim loi c nhiu u th v thch hp cho phn xng m
ln, m bo c cc yu cu k thut cng nh kinh t. Phng php ny
thng s dng cht kh l FeSO
4
, cht kh ny ch to d dng t qu trnh sn
xut (tn dng axit thi v phoi thp) nn c th gim ng k chi ph x l sau
kt ta Cr
3+
bng Ca(OH)
2
.
I V.2. X l cht thi rn
Cc cht thi rn pht sinh trong cng ngh m crm ch yu l cc loi bao b,
thng cha ha cht v dung dch m, vn kim loi, Lng thi rn y
khng ng k so vi nc v kh thi.
i vi cc loi thng cha, bao b, gim thiu nhim ch yu bng cch ti
s dng li vo cc ln sn xut sau. iu ny va m bo bo v mi trng
cnh quan nh xng, va gip tit kim chi ph sn xut.
i vi cc cht thi rn khng cn kh nng s dng nhng khng ch nhiu
c tnh, c th em x l chung vi h thng thu gom rc sinh hot ca thnh ph
hoc thc hin chn lp.
BI TP LN K THUT BO V MI TRNG CNG NGHIP Page 31

Chn lp hp v sinh l bin php tiu hy cht hi c p dng rt rng ri
trn th gii. H chn lp c t nht 2 lp lt chng thm, c h thng thu gom
nc r r x l, c h thng thot kh, c ging khoan gim st kh nng nh
hng n nc ngm. a im xy dng bi chn lp cch xa khu dn c ln
hn 5 km; giao thng thun li, nn t phi n nh, chng thm tt, mc nc
ngm thp
I V.3. X l bi v kh thi
- Bi pht sinh ch yu trong cc cng on gia cng b mt( mi, nh
bng,) nn thnh phn ch yu ch cha cc kim loi, oxit kim loi c t trng
kh ln. Do chng ta c th tch, thu hi bng h thng phng lng hoc
cyclon, va r tin, khng tn km nng lng v vn m bo hiu qu x l.
- Cc kh thi cha thnh phn ch yu l hi cc axit, cht hu c trong cng
on m, cc kh thi khi t nhin liu, nn ta s dng cc h thng hp th, ng
thi xy dng cc h thng thng gi nh xng m bo sc khe ngi lao
ng.
IV.3.1. X l tch bi
1. Phng lng bi ( Bung lng):
- Nguyn l : Phng lng tch bi theo nguyn l trng lc v nguyn l qun
tnh.
- Dng thu hi cc ht bi c kch thc v t trng ln.
- Trong phng lng, cc ht bi chuyn ng vi tc rt nh, va chm vi
thnh thit b hoc vch ngn, mt nng lng l ri xung cc phu thu hi bn
di.
- Hiu qu tch bi kh tt vi cc ht bi c kch thc ln.
BI TP LN K THUT BO V MI TRNG CNG NGHIP Page 32


2. Cyclon

Kh cha bi
Kh sch
Bi
BI TP LN K THUT BO V MI TRNG CNG NGHIP Page 33

- Cyclon hot ng da theo nguyn l lc trng trng v lc ly tm.
- Dng kh nhim bi c a vo phn trn ca cyclon, thn cyclon thng l
hnh tr c y l chp ct. Kh vo cyclon thc hin chuyn ng xon c, dch
chuyn xung di v hnh thnh dng xoy ngoi. Lc cc ht bi di tc
dng ca lc ly tm vng vo thnh cyclon. Tin gn n y chp, dng kh bt
u quay ngc tr li v chuyn ng ln trn hnh thnh dng xon trong. Cc
ht bi vng vo thnh cyclon v dch chuyn xung di nh lc y ca dng
xoy v trng lc v ra khi cyclon qua ng x bi.
- Hiu sut tch bi kh ln.
IV.3.2. X l kh
1. Thng gi nh xng
- Phng m phi c thit k ng quy nh v khong cch gia cc thit b,
din tch dnh cho ng vn chuyn phi trang b h thng ht kh, si, ht m,
sao cho phng lun thng thong, nhit khng di 18
0
C, m khng qu 70-
75%.Kho bo qun ha cht, nht l mun xyanua, phi c qut ht kh ra t pha
di.Cc b ta hi, kh c hi phi trang b mng ht kh ti ming b ta nhiu
kh c hi nh b ty ng v hp kim ng phi t trong t ht kn.
- Phng my mi v anh bng pht sinh nhiu bi kim loi, bi bng vi, bi
ht mi v hi thuc mi, nh bng phi t phng ny cch xa phng m,
phng th nghim, ng thi ph ht bi cc b ti bnh mi, bnh nh bng v
phi thi gi ti mt vo ch cng nhn thao tc my. Nn tn dng thng gi v
nh sng t nhin ti a cho phng ny.
Tc khng kh trong ng phi t 1620m/s cho tc khng kh b ht
ti ming v chp khng thp hn 34m/s mi sc ht c bi kim loi vo
ng.
Khng kh ht t cc my m nh bng tc khi thi ra ngoi tri phi c
lm sch ht bi, bn. Thit b lm sch c th l xyclon, bung lng, bung ra,
lc t
BI TP LN K THUT BO V MI TRNG CNG NGHIP Page 34

2. Phng php hp th
- Hp th kh bng cht lng l chuyn cu t kh t pha kh vo trong pha lng
thng qua qu trnh ha tan cht kh trong cht lng khi chng tip xc vi nhau .
- Phn loi:
+ Hp th vt l: Khng tng tc ha hc l qu trnh thun nghch
+ Hp th ha hc: C phn ng ha hc
- C ch ca qu trnh c th chia lm 3 bc:
+ Khuch tn cc phn t cht nhim th kh trong khi kh thi n b mt hp
th
+ Thm nhp v ha tan cht kh trn b mt dung dch hp th
+ Khuch tn cht kh ha tan trn b mt ngn cch vo su trong lng cht
lng hp th
- Cc thit b hp ph c rt nhiu loi khc nhau : thp ra, thp ph, thp a,
thp m,
- ng dng lu lng kh cn x l ln, c th thu hi cc cht tun hon hoc
chuyn sang cng on khc.
- Cht hp th ph bin:
+ Nc (H
2
O)
+ Dung dch bazo KOH, NaOH, Na
2
CO
3
, K
2
CO
3
, Ca(OH)
2
,CaCO
3

+ Monoetanolamin(OHCH
2
CH
2
NH
2
), ietanolamin(R
2
NH), trietanolamin(R
3
N).
+









BI TP LN K THUT BO V MI TRNG CNG NGHIP Page 35

KT LUN
M in ni chung v m crm ni ring l ngnh cng nghip c mc gy
nhim cao khng phi bi lu lng hay tng lng pht thi m do bi cc tc
nhn chnh c trong dng thi vi mc c rt cao nh hi dung mi, hi acid,
kh c t qu trnh m v nc thi c pH cao, cha nhiu ion kim loi nng
rt c i vi con ngi v mi trng, c th gy nn nhng cn bnh him
ngho con ngi nh ung th
Bi tiu lun ny ch tm hiu tng qut v quy trnh m crm, nhng k thut
x l nhim thng gp v bin php qun l chung cho quy trnh cng ngh
ny. Trong thc t, tu tng quy m sn xut, kh nng v kinh k v k thut ca
mi c s sn xut la chn mt gii php ph hp x l.
p dng sn xut sch hn trong cc c s m l mt bin php c th gip
gim bt cc tc nhn v mi trng i vi cc c s, y l mt bin php qun
l m ni ti cc c s c th tin hnh c bng vic nh: nguyn liu u vo
cn c kim sot tt hn (nhp nhng loi nguyn liu c cht lng tt, t b g
st), qu trnh lu gi cc kim loi m cn c bo qun ng cch trnh tip xc
khng kh ( c mi che, kim loi cn c che ph trnh ma), kim sot qu trnh
sn xut tt hn ( qu trnh tip ho cht, nguyn liu, hn ch vic chy khng ti
ca dy chuyn sn xut trong qu trnh thay i vt m).
Bi tm hiu cn c nhiu thiu st, mong nhn c s quan tm gp ca c
v cc bn.




BI TP LN K THUT BO V MI TRNG CNG NGHIP Page 36

MC LC

Trang
LI NI U 1
I. C IM CNG NGH SN XUT CRM 3
I.1. Nguyn liu dng trong quy trnh m crm 3
I.2. Quy trnh cng ngh m crm tng qut 4
I.3. Sn phm ca qu trnh m crm 8
I.4. Nhu cu v nng lng, nc v ti nguyn

8
I.5. Tnh cht cng ngh 9
II. CC CHT THI PHT SINH TRONG QUY TRNH CNG
NGH M CRM V NH HNG CA N


10
II.1. Vt cht u vo, u ra v c tnh ca cc ha cht s dng
trong quy trnh m crm
10
II.2. Cc hot ng v cng trnh ph tr

12
II.3. nhim ngun nc 13
II.4. Cc cht thi rn 15
II.5. nhim mi trng khng kh

16
III. PHNG NGA, GIM THIU CHT THI V VN TIT
KIM NNG LNG.


17
III.1. Khi qut v sn xut sch hn 17
III.2.Mi lin h gia SXSH v quy hoch sn xut, qun l v tit
kim nng lng.

18
III.3. Cc c hi ng dng SXSH trong cng ngh m crm 20
IV.CC PHNG PHP X L CHT THI 24
IV.1. X l nc thi 24
IV.2. X l cht thi rn 30
IV.3. X l bi v kh thi 31
KT LUN

35