08 Cacphanungoxihoakhuthuonggap

Gio khoa ha v c Bin son: V Hng Thi
169
http://vietsciences.free.fr v http://vietsciences.org V Hng Thi

Chng trnh Ha hc

VN III HA V C

VIT CC PHN NG OXI HA KH
THNG GP
(CC CHT OXI HA, CHT KH THNG GP)

vit c cc phn ng oxi ha kh th chng ta cn bit mt s cht oxi ha v mt
s cht kh thng gp. Cht oxi ha sau khi b kh th to thnh cht kh lin hp (cht
kh tng ng); Cng nh cht kh sau khi b oxi ha th to thnh cht kh lin hp
(cht kh tng ng). Ta phi bit cc cht kh v cht oxi ha tng ng th mi vit
c phn ng oxi ha kh.

I. Cc cht oxi ha thng gp

I.1. Cc hp cht ca mangan: KMnO4, K2MnO4, MnO2 (MnO4
-
, MnO4
2-
, MnO2)

+7 +6 +4
- KMnO4, K2MnO4, MnO2 trong mi trng axit (H
+
) thng b kh thnh mui
+2
Mn
2+

Th d:
+7 +2 +2 +3
2KMnO4 + 10FeSO4 + 8H2SO4 2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 8H2O
Kali pemanganat St (II) sunfat Mangan (II) sunfat St (III) sunfat
Thuc tm
(Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)

+7 +3 +2 +5
2KMnO4 + 5KNO2 + 3H2SO4 2MnSO4 + 5KNO3 + K2SO4 + 3H2O
Kali nitrit Kali nitrat

+7 +4 +2 +6
2KMnO4 + 5K2SO3 + 3H2SO4 2MnSO4 + 6K2SO4 + 3H2O
Kali sunfit Kali sunfat

+6 +2 +2 +3
K2MnO4 + 4FeSO4 + 4H2SO4 MnSO4 + 2Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 4H2O
Kali manganat St (II) sunfat Managan (II) sun fat St (III) sunfat

+4 -1 +2 0
t
0
MnO 2 + 4HCl() MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
170

+7

+4

+4
2KMnO4 + 4K2SO3 + H2O MnO2

Mangan ioxit Axit clohric (c) Mangan(II) clorua Kh clo

+4 +2 +2 +3
MnO2 + 2FeSO4 + 2H2SO4 MnSO4 + Fe2(SO4)3 + 2H2O
Mangan ioxit St (II) sunfat Mangan (II) sunfat St (III) sunfat

+7 -1 +2 0
2KMnO4 + 10NaCl + 8H2SO4 2MnSO4 + 5Cl2 + K2SO 4 + 5Na2SO4 + 8H2O
Kali pemanganat Nat ri clorua Mangan (II) sunfat Kh clo

+7 -1 +2 0
2KMnO4 + 16HCl 2MnCl2 + 5Cl2 + 2KCl + 8H2O
Kali pemanganat Axit clohric Mangan (II) clorua Kh clo

+7 +2 +2 +3
MnO 4
-
+ 5Fe
2+
+ 8H
+
Mn
2+
+ 5Fe
3+
+ 4H2O
Ion pemanganat Ion st (II) Ion mangan (II) Ion st (III)

+7 -3 +2 +5
8KMnO4 + 5PH3 + 12H2SO4 8MnSO4 + 5H3PO4 + 4K2SO4 + 12H2O
Kali pemanganat Photphin Mangan (II) sunfat Axit sunfuric

+7 0 +2 +2
2KMnO4 + 5Zn + 8H2SO4
Km
2MnSO4 + 5ZnSO4 + K2SO4 + 8H2O

+7 +3 +3 +2 +4
2KMnO4 + 5HOOC-COOH + 3H2SO4 2MnSO4 + 10CO2 + K2SO4 + 8H2O
Axit oxalic Kh cacbonic

- KMnO4 trong mi trng trung tnh (H2O) thng b kh thnh mangan ioxit
(MnO2)

Th du:

+6
+ K2SO4 + KOH
Kali pemanganat Kali sunfit Man ganioxit Kali sunfat

+7

+2

+4

2KMnO4 + 3MnSO4 + 2H2O 5MnO2 + K2SO4 + 2H2SO4
Kali pemanganat Mangan (II) sunfat Mangan ioxit
171

+7 -1 +4 0
2KMnO4 + 3H2O2 2MnO2 + 3O2 + 2KOH + 2H2O
Hiro peoxit Mangan ioxit Kh oxi

- KMnO4 trong mi trng baz (OH
-
) thng b kh to K2MnO4

Th d:

+7 +4 +6 +4
2KMnO4 + K2SO3 + 2KOH 2K2MnO4 + K2SO4 + H2O
Kali pemanganat Kali sunfit Kali manganat Kali sunfat

+7 +3 +3 +6 +4
2KMnO4 + KOOC-COOK + 2KOH 2K2MnO4 + 2KHCO3
Kali pemanganat Kali oxalat Kali manganat Kali cacbonat axit

+7 -2 +6 0

2KMnO4 + 2KOH 2K2MnO4 +
1
O + H O
2 2
2
Kali pemanganat

Kali manganat

Oxi
(Cht oxi ha cng l cht kh) (Phn ng oxi ha kh ni phn t)

Ghi ch

G.1. KMnO4 trong mi trng axit (thng l H2SO4) c tnh oxi ha rt mnh, nn n
d b mt mu tm bi nhiu cht kh nh: Fe
2+
; FeO; Fe3O4; SO2; SO3
2-
; H2S; S
2-
;
NaCl; HCl; KBr, HBr, HI; KI; Cl
-
; Br
-
; I
-
; NO2
-
; Anken; Ankin; Ankaien; Aren
ng ng benzen;

Th d: +4 +7 +6 +2
5SO2 + 2KMnO4 + 2H2O 2H2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4
Kh sunfur Kali pemanganat Axit sunfuric Mangan (II) sunfat
(Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)

Kh sunfur lm mt mu tm ca dung dch KMnO4 (dung dch thuc tm), trong SO2 ng vai tr cht
kh. Kh SO2 v CO2 u lm c nc vi trong (v c to cht khng tan CaSO3, CaCO3), nhng CO2
khng lm mt mu dung dch KMnO4.

G.2. lm mi trng axit (H
+
) cho cc cht oxi ha th ngi ta thng dng H2SO4
hay H3PO4 m khng dng cc axit HCl, HBr, HI v cc axit ny ngoi s cung cp
H
+
, chng cn ng vai tr cht kh (Cl
-
, Br
-
, I
-
).
172

G.3. KMnO4 c th ng vai tr cht oxi ha trong mi trng axit (H
+
), baz (OH
-
)
hoc trung tnh (H2O). Cn K2MnO4, MnO2 ch c th ng vai tr cht oxi ha
trong mi trng axit.

G.4. Ngi ta dng KMnO4 trong dung dch KOH m c ra dng c thy tinh.

II.2. Hp cht ca crom: K2Cr2O7; K2CrO4 (Cr2O7
2-
; CrO4
2-
)

K2Cr2O7 (Kali icromat; Kali bicromat), K2CrO4 (Kali cromat) trong mi trng axit
(H
+
) thng b kh thnh mui crom (III) (Cr
3+
)
Th d:
+6 +2 +3 +3
K2Cr2O7 + 6FeSO4 + 7H2SO4 Cr2(SO4)3 + 3Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 7H2O
Kali icromat St (II) sunfat Crom (III) sunfat St (III) sunfat

+6 +4 +3 +6
K2Cr2O7 + 3K2SO3 + 4H2SO4 Cr2(SO4)3 + 4K2SO4 + 4H2O
Kali icromat Kali sunfit Crom (III) sunfat Kali sunfat

+6 -1 +3 0
K2Cr2O7 + 6KI + 7H2SO4 Cr2(SO4)3 + 3I2 + 4K2SO4 + 7H2O
Kali icromat Kali ioua Crom (III) sunfat Iot

+6 -2 +3 0
K2Cr2O7 + 3H2S + 4H2SO4 Cr2(SO4)3 + 3S + K2SO4 + 7H2O
Kali icromat Hi ro sun fua Crom (III) sunfat Lu hunh

+6 -1 +3 0
K2Cr2O7 + 14HBr 2CrBr3 + 3Br2 + 2KBr + 7H2O
Kali icromat Axit bromhric Crom (III) bromua Brom Kali bromua

+6 -1 +3 0
K2Cr2O7 + 14HCl 2CrCl3 + 3Cl2 + 2KCl + 7H2O
Kali icromat Axit clohiric Crom (III) clorua Clo Kali clorua

+6 +2 +3 +4
K2Cr2O7 + 3SnCl2 + 14HCl 2CrCl3 + 3SnCl4 + 2KCl + 7H2O
Kali icromat Thic (II) clorua Axit clohiric Crom (III) clorua Thic (IV) clorua

+6 -1 +3 +1
K2Cr2O7 + 3CH3CH2OH + 4H2SO4 Cr2(SO4)3 + 3CH3CHO + K2SO4 + 7H2O
Kali icromat Ru etylic Crom (III) sunfat Anehit axetic
173

7

+6 +4 +3 +6
K2Cr2O7 + 3SO2 + H2SO4 Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O
Kali icromat Kh sunfur Crom (III) sunfat Kali sunfat

Ghi ch

G.1. Trong cc phn ng trn, mu da cam ca dung dch K2Cr2O7 tr thnh mu tm
ca ion Cr
3+
trong nc. Do trong ha phn tch, K2Cr2O7 trong mi trng
axit thng c dng lm cht oxi ha chun cc cht kh (Cn c s
mt mu va dung dch K2Cr2O7 s bit c lng K2Cr2O7 phn ng va
v t bit c nng ca dung dch cht kh cn xc nh)

G.2. Ngi ta thng dng hn hp gm hai th tch bng nhau ca dung dch axit
sunfuric m c (H2SO4) v dung dch bo ha kali icromat (K2Cr2O7), gi l
hn hp sunfocromic hay hn hp cromic, sc cc chai l thy tinh. Dung
dch ny ty m, cng nh cc cht hu c bm vo thnh thy tinh, nh tnh oxi
ha mnh ca dung dch ny.

G.3. Trong mi trng trung tnh, mui cromat (CrO4
2-
) thng b kh to crom (III)
hiroxit (Cr(OH)3)

Th d:
+6 -2 +3 0
2KCrO4 + 3(NH4)2S + 2H2O 2Cr(OH)3 + 3S + 6NH3 + 4KOH
Kali cromat Amoni sunfua Crom (III) hiroxit Lu hunh

G.4. Ngi ta dng CrO3 (Crom (VI) oxit, Anhirit cromic, cht rn c mu thm)
trong dng c th cn ca ti x. CrO3 oxi ha hi ru etylic (CH3CH2OH)
to anehit axetic (CH3CHO), cn CrO3 b kh to crom (III) oxit (Cr2O3, cht rn
c mu xanh thm). Cn c vo mc i mu hay khng i mu ca CrO3 m
cnh st giao thng bit c ngi li xe ung ru nhiu, t hay khng ung
ru.

+6 -1 +3 +1
2CrO3 + 3CH3CH2OH Cr2O3 + 3CH3CHO + 3H2O
Anhirit cromic Etanol Crom (III) oxit Eta nal
( thm) (Xanh thm)

G.4. Gia icromat (Cr2O7
2-
, mu da cam) v cromat (CrO4
2-
, c mu vng ti)
trong dung dch (nc, H2O) c s cn bng do s thy phn nh sau:

Cr2O
2-
+ H2O 2CrO4
2-
+ 2H
+

icromat Cromat
(mu da cam) (mu vng)
174

Do khi cho a xit (H
+
, nh HCl) vo mt dung dch cromat (CrO4
2-
, nh K2CrO4)
th thy dung dch chuyn t mu vng sang mu da cam. Nguyn nhn l khi
thm axit vo th nng ion H
+
tng ln, nn theo nguyn l dch chuyn cn bng
Le Chtelier, th cn bng dch chuyn theo chiu lm h nng ion H
+
xung, tc
theo chiu ion H
+
kt hp ion cromat to ion icromat v th ta thy dung dch
chuyn t mu vng sang mu da cam. Cn khi thm baz (OH
-
, nh NaOH)
2-
vo dung dch icromat (Cr2O7 , nh K2Cr2O7) th thy dung dch chuyn t mu
da cam ra mu vng. Nguyn nhn l khi thm OH
-
vo th ion OH
-
s kt hp
ion H
+
(to cht khng in ly H2O) khin cho nng ion H
+
trong dung dch
gim, nn theo nguyn l dch chuyn cn bng, cn bng s dch chuyn theo chiu
chng li s gim ion H
+
, tc l chiu to ion H
+
, cng l chiu to cromat, v th ta
thy dung dch chuyn t mu da cam ra mu vng ti.

2K2CrO4 + 2HCl K2Cr2O7 + 2KCl + H2O
(Mu da cam) (Mu vng ti)

K2Cr2O7 + 2NaOH K2CrO4 + Na2CrO4 + H2O
(Mu da cam) Natri cromat
(Mu vng ti)

2Na2CrO4 + H2SO4 Na2Cr2O7 + Na2SO4 + H2O
Natri cromat Natri icromat

Na2Cr2O7 + 2KOH Na2CrO4 + K2CrO4 + H2O

G.5. Khi cho dung dch mui bari (Ba
2+
, nh BaCl2, Ba(NO3)2) vo dung dch cromat
2- 2-
(CrO4 ) hay dung dch icromat (Cr2O7 ) u thu c kt ta mu vng bari
cromat (BaCrO4). Khng thu c bari icromat (BaCr2O7) v cht ny tan trong
2-
nc. V v c to kt ta BaCrO4, nn nng CrO4 gim, nn cn bng dch
chuyn t Cr2O7
2-
thnh CrO4
2-
(nu cho Ba
2+
vo Cr2O7
2-
, coi s cn bng gia
icromat v cromat ghi ch 4 trn).

BaCl2 + K2CrO4 BaCrO4 + 2KCl
Bari clorua Kali cromat Bari cromat Kali clorua

BaCl2 + K2Cr2O7 + H2O BaCrO4 + K2CrO4 + 2HCl
Bari clorua Kali icromat Bari cromat Kali cromat Axit clohiric

Ba(NO3)2 + Na2Cr2O7 + H2O BaCrO4 + Na2CrO4 + 2HNO3
Bari nitrat Natri icromat Bari cromat Natri cromat Axit nitric

I.3. Axit nitric (HNO3), mui nitrat trong mi trng axit (NO3
-
/H
+
)
+5 +4
- HNO3 m c thng b kh to kh mu nu nit ioxit NO2. Cc cht kh thng
b HNO3 oxi ha l: cc kim loi, cc oxit kim loi c s oxi ha trung gian (FeO,
Fe3O4), mt s phi kim (C, S, P), mt s hp cht ca phi kim c s oxi ha thp nht
175

hay trung gian (H2S, SO2, SO3
2-
, HI), mt s hp cht ca kim loi trong kim loi
c s oxi ha trung gian (Fe
2+
, Fe(OH)2

Th d:

0 +5 +3 +4
Fe + 6HNO3 (, nng) Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O
St Axit ntric St (III) nitrat Nit ioxit
(Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha) (Kh c mi hc, mu nu)
Trong 6 phn t HNO3 trn th ch c 3 phn t l cht oxi ha, cn 3 phn t to mi trng axit, to mui
nitrat.

+2 +5 +3 +4
FeO + 4HNO3()
St (II) oxit
Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 2H2O

+8/3 +5 +3 +4
Fe3O4 + 10HNO3()
St t oxit
3Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 5H2O
(Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha) (1 phn t HNO3 l cht o xi ha, 9 phn t tham gia trao i)

+2 +5 +3 +4
Fe(OH)2 + 4HNO3() Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 3H2O
St (II) hiroxit St (III) nitrat
(Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha) (1 phn t HNO3 l cht oxi ha, 3 phn t trao i, to mi trng axit)

0 +5 +4 +4
t
0
C + 4HNO3() CO2 + 4NO2 + 2H2O
Cacbon Kh cacbonic Nit ioxit
(Cho tng git dd HNO3 m c vo than nung nng, than bng chy)

0 +5 +6 +4
t
0
S + 6HNO3() H2SO4 + 6NO2 + 2H2O
Lu hunh Axit nitric Axit sunfuric Nit ioxit
(Cho bt lu hunh vo dd HNO3 m c c un nh, thy bt lu hunh tan nhanh v c kh mu
nu bay ra)

0 +5 +5 +4
t
0
P + 5HNO
3
() H
3
PO
4
+ 5NO
2
+ H
2
O
Photpho Axit photphoric

0 +5 +1 +4
Ag + 2HNO3() AgNO3 + NO2 + H2O
Bc Bc nitrat
176

0 +5 +2 +4
Cu + 4HNO3() Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
ng ng (II) nitrat

0 +5 +2 +4
Pb + 4HNO3() Pb(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
Ch Ch (II) nitrat

Al + 6HNO3(, nng) Al(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O

+5 +2
- HNO3 long thng b kh thnh NO (kh nit oxit). Cc cht kh thng gp l: cc
kim loi, cc oxit kim loi hay hp cht kim loi c s oxi ha trung gian (FeO,
Fe(OH)2, Fe3O4, Fe
2+
), mt s phi kim (S, C, P), mt s hp cht ca phi kim trong
2-
phi kim c s oxi ho thp nht c s oxi ha trung gian (NO2
-
, SO3 ).

Th d:

0 +5 +3 +2
Fe + 4HNO3(l) Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O
Bt st Axit nitric (long) St (III) nitrat Nit oxit
(Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha) (Kh khng c, khng khng c mu)

+2 +5 +3 +2
3Fe(OH)2 + 10HNO3(l) 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 8H2O
St (II) hiroxit St (III) nitrat

+2 +5 +3 +2
3FeO + 10HNO3(l) 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O
St (II) oxit St (III) nitrat

+8/3 +5 +3 +2
3Fe3O4 + 28HNO3(l)
St t oxit
9Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 14H2O

0 +5 +3 +2
Cr + 4HNO3(l) Cr(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O
Crom Crom (III) nitrat

0 +5 +2 +2
3Cu + 8HNO3(l) 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
ng ng (II) nitrat
177

HNO3(, ngui)
H2SO4(, ngui)

0 +5 +1 +2
3Ag + 4HNO3(l) 3AgNO3 + NO + 2H2O
Bc Bc nitrat

0 +5 +2 +2
3Hg + 8HNO3(l) 3Hg(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
Thy ngn Thy ngn (II) nitrat

0

+5

+6

+2
S + 2HNO3(l) H2SO4 + 2NO
Lu hunh Axit nitric (long) Axit sunfuric Nit oxit

0 +5 +5 +2
3P + 5HNO3(l) + 2H2O 3H3PO4 + 5NO
Photpho Axit nitric (long) Axit photphoric

- Mui nitrat trong mi trng axit (NO3
-
/H
+
) ging nh HNO3 long, nn n oxi ha
c cc kim loi to mui, NO3
-
b kh to kh NO, ng thi c s to nc (H2O)

Th d:

0 +5 +2 +2
3Cu + 2NO3
-
+ 8H
+
3Cu
2+
+ 2NO + 4H2O
ng Mui nitrat trong mi trng axit Mui ng (II)
(Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha) (Dung dch c mu xanh lam)

Kh NO khng mu thot ra kt hp vi O2 (ca khng kh) to kh NO2 c mu nu

0 +5 +2 +2
3Cu + 2NaNO3 + 8HCl 3CuCl2 + 2NO + 2NaCl + 4H2O

0 +5 +2 +2
3Cu + Cu(NO3)2 + 8HCl
Cht kh Cht oxi ha

Ghi ch
4CuCl2 + 2NO + 4H2O

G.1. Ba kim loi st (Fe), nhm (Al) v crom (Cr) khng b ha tan trong dung dch
axit nitric m c ngui (HNO3 , ngui) cng nh trong dung dch axit
sunfuric m c ngui (H2SO4 , ngui) (b th ng ha, b tr).

Fe, Al, Cr

Fe, Al, Cr
178

G.2. nhn bit mui nitrat, ngi ta cho vi git dung dch axit thng thng
(nh H2SO4 long, HCl) vo, sau cho ming kim loi ng vo, nu thy to
dung dch mu xanh lam v c kh mu nu bay ra th chng t dung dch lc
u c cha mui nitrat ((NO3
-
).

G.3. Cc kim loi mnh nh magie (Mg), nhm (Al), km (Zn) khng nhng kh
+5 +4 +2 +1 0 -3
HNO3 to NO2, NO, m c th to N2O, N2, NH4NO3. Dung dch HNO3 cng
long th b kh to hp cht ca N hay n cht ca N c s oxi ha cng thp.

Th d:

Al + HNO3(, ngui)

Al + 6HNO3(, nng) Al(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O

Al + 4HNO3(l) Al(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O

8Al + 30HNO3(kh long) 8Al(NO3)3 + 3N2O + 15H2O

10Al + 36HNO3(rt long) 10Al(NO3)3 + 3N2 + 18H2O

8Al + 30HNO3(qu long) 8Al(NO3)3 + 3NH4NO3 + 9H2O

G.4. Dung dch HNO3 rt long v lnh c tc dng nh mt axit thng thng (tc
nhn oxi ha l ion H
+
)

Th d:
3
Al + 3HNO3(rt long) lnh Al(NO3)3 + H2
2

Fe + 2HNO3(rt long) lnh Fe(NO3)2 + H2

G.5. Mt kim loi tc dng dung dch HNO3 to cc kh khc nhau, tng qut mi kh
ng vi mt phn ng ring. Ch khi no bit t l s mol cc kh ny th mi
vit chung cc kh trong cng mt phn ng vi t l s mol kh tng ng.

Bi tp 80
Cho m gam bt kim loi km ha tan ht trong dung dch HNO3, thu c 13,44 lt hn
hp ba kh l NO2, NO v N2O. Dn lng kh trn qua dung dch xt d, c 11,2 lt hn
hp kh thot ra. Cho lng kh ny trn vi khng kh d (coi khng kh ch gm oxi v
nit) phn ng xy ra hon ton, sau cho hp th lng kh mu nu thu c vo
dung dch KOH d, thu c dung dch D. Dung dch D lm mt mu va 100 ml
dung dch KMnO4 0,4M trong mi trng H2SO4 c d. Th tch cc kh o ktc. Cc
phn ng xy ra hon ton.
179

0

+6 +2

+4

Cu + 2H2SO4(, nng) CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O

a. Vit phn ng gia km vi dung dch HNO3 c hin din 3 kh trong phn ng
theo d kin trn.
b. Tnh m.

S: 31Zn + 80HNO3
(Zn = 65)
31Zn(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 4NO + 6N2O + 40H2O
m = 100,75 gam

Bi tp 80
Ha tan ht m gam bt nhm cn dng V(ml) dung dch HNO3 30% (khi lng ring
1,18 g/l), c 1,568 lt hn hp A gm ba kh NO, N2O v N2 thot ra ( 27,3
0
C; 836
mmHg), ng thi thu c dung dch D (trong dung dch D khng c mui amoni). Cho
lng kh trn tip xc khng kh kh NO chuyn ha ht thnh kh mu nu NO2 , sau
cho lng kh nu ny hp th ht vo bnh ng dung dch xt d, thy khi lng
bnh tng 0,92 gam.
a. Xc nh % th tch mi kh trong hn hp A, bit rng khi lng ring ktc
ca hn hp A l 1,4796 g/l.
b. Vit phn ng gia nhm vi dung dch HNO3 theo d kin cho.
c. Xc nh m v V.
(N = 14; O = 16; H = 1; Al = 27)
S: a. 28,57% NO; 28,57% N2O; 42,86% N2
b. 52Al + 192HNO3 52Al(NO3)3 + 6NO + 6N2O + 9N2 + 96H2O
c. m = 4,68g; V = 113,898 ml

I.4. Axit sunfric m c nng, H2SO4(, nng); Kh sunfur (SO2)
+6 +4
- H2SO4(, nng) thng b kh to kh SO2. Cc cht kh thng tc dng vi
H2SO4(, nng) l: cc kim loi, cc hp cht ca kim loi s oxi ha trung gian (nh
FeO, Fe3O4), mt s phi kim (nh C, S, P), mt s hp cht ca phi kim (nh HI,
HBr, H2S)

Th d:

ng Axit sunfuric (c, nng) ng (II) sunfat Kh sunfur

0 +6 +3 +4
2Fe + 6H2SO4(, nng) Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O
St St (III) sunfat

0 +6 +1 +4
2Ag + 2H2SO4(, nng) Ag2SO4 + SO2 + 2H2O
Bc Bc sunfat

+2 +6 +3 +4
2FeO + 4H2SO4(, nng) Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 4H2O
St (II) oxit St (III) sunfat
180

+8/3 +6 +3 +4
2Fe3O4 + 10H2SO4(, nng) 3Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 10H2O
St t oxit St (III) sunfat Kh sunfur

Fe2O3 + 3H2SO4(, nng) Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2O (phn ng trao i)
St (III) oxit St (III) sunfat

0 +6 +3 +4
Cr + H2SO4(, nng) Cr2(SO4)3 + SO2 + H2O
Crom Crom (III) sunfat

0 +6 +4
S + 2H2SO4(, nng) 3SO2 + 2H2O
Lu hunh Axit sunfuric m c nng Kh sunfur

0 +6 +4 +4
C + 2H2SO4(, nng)
Cacbon
CO2 + 2SO2 + 2H2O

0

+6

+5 +4
2P + 5H2SO4(, nng) 2H3PO4 + 5SO2 + 2H2O
Photpho Axit photphoric

-1 +6 0 +4
2HI + H2SO4(, nng) I2 + SO2 + 2H2O
Axit iothiric Iot Kh sunfur

-1 +6 0 +4
2HBr + H2SO4(, nng) Br2 + SO2 + 2H2O
Axit bromhiric Brom Kh sunfur

-2 +6 0 +4
H2S + H2SO4(, nng) S + SO2 + 2H2O
Axit sun fuahiric Lu hunh Kh sunfur

- Cc kim loi mnh nh Mg, Al, Zn khng nhng kh H2SO4 m c, nng thnh
SO2 m cn thnh S, H2S. H2SO4 m c nhng nu long bt th s b kh to lu
hunh (S) hay hp cht ca lu hunh c s oxi ha thp hn (H2S). Nguyn nhn
ca tnh cht trn l do kim loi mnh nn d cho in t ( H2SO4 nhn nhiu in
t) v do H2SO4 t m c nn n khng oxi ha tip S, H2S.

Th d:
181

Al + H2SO4(, ngui)

0 +6 +3 +4
2Al + 6H2SO4(, nng) Al2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O
Nhm Kh sunfur

0

+6

+3 0
2Al + 4H2SO4(kh c, nng) Al2(SO4)3 + S + 4H2O
Lu hunh

0 +6 +3 -2
8Al + 15H2SO4(hi c, nng) 4Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2S + 12H2O
Hiro sunfua

0 +1 +3 0
2Al + 3H2SO4(long) Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2
Hiro

- Kh sunfur (SO2) oxi ha c cc cht kh mnh nh cc hp cht ca phi kim c
s oxi ho thp (nh H2S, CO), mt s phi kim (nh H2, C), cc kim loi mnh (nh
Na, K, Ca, Ba, Mg). Nu SO2 l cht oxi ha th n thng b kh to S.

+4

-2 0

SO2 + H2S S + H2O
Kh sunfur Kh hiro sunfua Lu hunh
Kh mi hc Kh c mi trng thi Cht rn, mu vng nht

+4 +2 0 +4
0
SO2 + 2CO
Xt ( A
l2O3
)50
S + CO2

+4 0 0 +2
0
SO2 + 2C
00
S + 2CO

+4

0 0

+1
SO2 +
(Cht oxi ha)
500
0
C
2H2
(Cht kh)
S + 2H2O

+4 0 0 +2
t
0
SO2 + 2Mg S + 2MgO

Ghi ch
G.1. Khc vi HNO3, dung dch H2SO4 long l a xit thng thng (tc nhn oxi ha
l H
+
), ch dung dch H2SO4 m c, nng mi l axit c tnh oxi ha mnh (tc
nhn oxi ha l SO4
2-
). Trong khi dung dch HNO3 k c m c ln long u l
axit c tnh o xi ha mnh (tc nhn oxi ha l NO3
-
)
182

H2SO4(, ngui)

Th d: 0 +1 +2 0
Fe + H2SO4(l) FeSO4 + H2

0 +6 +3 +4
2Fe + 6H2SO4(, nng) Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O

0

+5

+3 +2

Fe + 4HNO3(l) Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O

0

+5

+3 +4
Fe + 6HNO3(, nng) Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O

G.2. Ba kim loi Al, Fe, Cr khng b ha tan trong dung dch H2SO4 m c ngui
(cng nh trong dung dch HNO3 m c ngui) (b th ng ha, tr)
Al, Fe, Cr

G.3. Khi mt kim loi tc dng dung dch H2SO4 to cc cht SO2, S, H2S th tng qut
mi cht l mt phn ng c lp. Ch khi no bit t l s mol gia cc cht
ny th mi vit chung mt phn ng gm cc cht ny c.

Bi tp 81
A l mt kim loi. Ha tan hon ton 1,43 gam A bng dung dch H2SO4 c d 20% so
vi lng cn, thu c mt kh c mi hc, mt cht khng tan c mu vng nht (c
khi lng 0,192 gam) v dung dch B (c cha mui sunfat ca A). Cho hp th lng
kh mi hc trn vo 100 ml dung dch Ca(OH)2 0,03M, thu c 0,24 gam kt ta mu
trng.
a. Xc nh kim loi A. Cho bit dung dch H2SO4 em dng khng c phn ng vi
cht rn mu vng.
b. Tnh th tch dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,1M cn dng va khi cho tc dng vi
lng dung dch B trn th thu c:
- Lng kt ta cc i
- Lng kt ta cc tiu.
c. Tnh khi lng kt ta ln nht v nh nht thu c cu (b).
Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton.
(Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27; K = 39; Ca = 40; Cr = 52; Mn = 55; Fe = 56; Cu = 64; Zn =
65; Ag = 108; Ba = 137; Hg = 200; Pb = 207; S = 32; O = 16; H = 1)
S: Zn; 284ml; 504ml; 8,7952g; 6,6172g

Bi tp 81
X l mt kim loi. Ha tan ht 3,78 gam A trong 51ml dung dch H2SO4 (dng d 40%
so vi lng cn), thu c 1,68 lt hn hp hai kh H2S v H2 (ktc) v dung dch Y.
Dn hn hp hai kh trn vo dung dch CuCl2 d, thu c 4,32 gam kt ta mu en.
a. Xc nh kim loi X. Vit mt phn ng gia kim loi X va tm c vi dung
dch H2SO4 theo d kin cho.
183

H
2

b. Tnh nng mol/lt ca dung dch H2SO4.
c. Cho t t V (lt) dung dch NaOH 0,1M vo lng dung dch Y trn. Tm khong
xc nh ca V hoc tr s ca V :
. Khng c kt ta.
. Thu c kt ta nhiu nht. Tnh khi lng kt ta nhiu nht ny.
(Li = 7; Be = 9; Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27; Ca = 40; Cr = 52; Mn = 55; Fe = 56; Ni =
59; Cu = 64; Ag = 108; Hg = 200; Pb = 208; O = 16; H = 1; S = 32)
S: Al; H2SO4 7M; 2,04lt V 7,64lt; V = 6,24lt ; 10,92gam Al(OH)3

I.5. Ion H
+

- Ion H
+
ca axit thng thng oxi ha c cc kim loi ng trc H trong dy
th in ha. Ion H
+
b kh to kh H2, cn kim loi b kh to mui tng ng (ion
kim loi).

K Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Pt Au

Th d:

Zn + 2HCl

ZnCl2 + H2

0 +1 +2 0
Zn + 2H
+
Zn
2+
+ H2
(Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha) (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)

Phn ng trn xy ra c l do: Tnh kh: Zn > H2
Tnh oxi ha: H
+
> Zn
2+

Fe + H2SO4(l) FeSO4 + H2

0 +1 +2 0
Fe + 2H
+
Fe
2+
+ H2

Phn ng trn xy ra c l do: Tnh kh: Fe > H2
Tnh oxi ha: H
+
> Fe
2+

Al + 3HBr AlBr3 +
3
H

2
2
0 +1

+3

0
Al + 3H
+

Al
3+
+
3

2

Phn ng trn xy ra c l do: Tnh kh: Al > H2
Tnh oxi ha: H
+
> Al
3+

184

H
2

Na + HCl

NaCl +
1

2

Cu + HCl

Ag + H2SO4(l)

Cr + 2HCl CrCl2 + H2
Crom Crom (II) clorua

Mg + 2CH3COOH Mg(CH3COO)2 + H2
Magie Axit axetic Magie axetat

Ni + 2HCl NiCl2 + H2
Niken Niken clorua

Hg + HBr
Thy ngn

- Ion H
+
ca nc (H2O) nhit thng ch oxi ha c cc kim loi rt mnh l
kim loi kim (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr) v kim loi kim th (Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra). Kim
loi kim, kim th b oxi ha to hiroxit kim loi, cn H
+
ca nc b kh thnh kh
hiro (H2). V nng ion H
+
ca nc rt nh, nn nhit thng n ch oxi ha
cc kim loi rt mnh l kim, kim th, m khng oxi ha c cc kim loi khc.

Th d:
0 +1 +1 0
2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
Natri Nc Natri hiroxit Kh hiro
(Cht kh ) (Cht oxi ha)

2K + 2H2O
Kali
2KOH + H2

0 +1 +2 0
Ca + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2
Canxi Nc Canxi hiroxit Hiro
(Cht kh ) (Cht oxi ha)

Ba + 2H2O Ba(OH)2 + H2
Bari

Nc

Bari hiroxit

Hiro

Al + H2O

Mg, Fe, Cu, Ag
185

t
0
0

- Ion H
+
ca nc (H2O) c th oxi ha cc kim loi ng trc H trong dy th in
ha nhit cao, kim loi b oxi ha to oxit kim loi, cn H
+
ca nc b kh to
thnh kh H2. V nhit cao nn hiroxit kim loi bi nhit phn nn ta khng thu
c hiroxit kim loi m l oxit kim loi.

Th d:

Fe + H2O

3Fe + 4H2O < 570
0
C Fe3O4 + 4H2
St

Hi nc

St t oxit Hiro

Fe + H2O > 570
0
C FeO + H2
St

Hi nc

St (II) oxit

Hiro

Mg + H2O

0 +1 +2 0
0
Mg + H2O
cao

MgO + H2
Magie Hi nc Magie oxit Hiro

Cu + H2O

Cu + H2O

Zn + H2O

Zn + H2O
t
cao

ZnO + H2
Km Km oxit

Ghi ch

G.1. Khi cho kim loi kim (Li, Na, K, Rb, Fr) kim th (Ca, Sr, Ba, Rn) tc dng
vi dung dch axit thng thng th kim loi kim, kim th tc dng vi H
+
ca axit trc (to mui v kh H2), khi ht axit m cn d kim loi kim, kim
th, th kim loi kim, kim th mi tc dng tip vi dung mi nc ca dung
dch sau (to hiroxit kim loi v kh H2).

Th d:

Cho Na vo dung dch HCl:
2Na + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2

Ht HCl m cn d:
2Na(cn d) + 2H2O

2NaOH + H2
186

Cho Ba vo dung dch CH3COOH:
Ba + 2CH3COOH Ba(CH3COO)2 + H2

Ht CH3COOH, cn Ba d:
Ba + 2H2O Ba(OH)2 + H2

Bi tp 82
Cho m gam kali kim loi vo 100 ml dung dch HCl 0,1M. Sau cn thm tip 10 ml
dung dch HBr 0,2M thu c dung dch c pH = 7.
a. Tnh m.
b. Tnh th tch kh hiro thot ra trong th nghim trn 27,3
0
C; 83,6 cmHg.
c. Xc nh nng mol/lt ca dung dch c pH = 7 trn.
Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Coi th tch dung dch khng thay i trong qu trnh
phn ng.
(K = 39)
S: m = 0,468g; 134,4ml; KCl 0,091M; KBr 0,018M

Bi tp 82
Cho m gam canxi kim loi vo 200 gam dung dch HBr 0,81%. Sau cn thm tip 50
gam dung dch HCl 0,73% vo thu c dung dch D c pH = 7.
a. Tnh m.
b. Tnh th tch kh thot ra ktc. Coi hi nc bay hi khng ng k.
c. Xc nh nng % mi cht tan ca dung dch D.
(Ca = 40; H = 1; Br = 80; Cl = 35,5)
S: m = 0,6g; 336ml H2; CaBr2 0,8%; CaCl2 0,222%

I.6. Ion kim loi

Ion kim loi lun lun l ion dng. Tt c ion kim loi u c th l cht oxi ha. Nu
l cht oxi ha th n b kh to ion kim loi c s oxi ha thp hn hay thnh kim
loi n cht tng ng.

- Ion kim loi (trong dung dch) oxi ha c cc kim loi ng trc n trong dy th
in ha (tr kim loi kim, kim th).

Chiu cc cht kh c mnh gim dn

K
+
Ca
2+
Na
+
Mg
2+
Al
3+
Mn
2+
Zn
2+
Cr
3+
Fe
2+
Ni
2+
Sn
2+
Pb
2+
H
+
Cu
2+
Ag
+
Hg
2+
Pt
2+
Au
3+

Chiu cc cht oxi ha c mnh tng dn

Th d:

2FeCl3(dd) + Fe 3FeCl2(dd)
187

+3 0 +2
2Fe
3+
+ Fe
Cht oxi ha Cht kh

FeCl2(dd) + Zn

3Fe
2+

Fe + ZnCl2(dd)

+2 0 0 +2
Fe
2+
+ Zn
Cht oxi ha Cht kh

2Al + 3CuSO4(dd)

Fe + Zn
2+

Al2(SO4)3(dd) + 3Cu

0 +2 +3 0
2Al + 3Cu
2+

Cht kh Cht oxi ha
2Al
3+
+ 3Cu

Ag + Fe(NO3)3(dd)

3Zn(d) + 2Fe(NO3)3(dd) 3Zn(NO3)2(dd) + 2Fe

0 +3 +2 0
3Zn(d) + 2Fe
3+

Cht kh Cht oxi ha
3Zn
2+
+ 2Fe

Zn + 2Fe(NO3)3(dd, d) Zn(NO3)2(dd) + 2Fe(NO3)2(dd)

Zn + 2Fe
3+
(d) Zn
2+
+ 2Fe
2+

AgNO3(dd) + Fe(NO3)3(dd)

AgNO3(dd) + Fe(NO3)2(dd) Ag + Fe(NO3)3(dd)

+1 +2 0 +3
Ag
+
+ Fe
2+

Cht oxi ha Cht kh
Ag + Fe
3+

Fe + Cu(CH3COO)2(d d) Fe(CH3COO)2 + Cu

Cu + FeSO
4
(dd) CuSO
4
(dd) + Fe

Cu + Fe2(SO4)3(dd) CuSO4 + 2FeSO4

+3 -2 -1 -1 +2 +2 +4 0 0
- Ion Fe
3+
(dd) oxi ha c H2S, HI, KI, Sn
2+
, Na2S2O3, SO3
2-
, Cu, Fe. Fe
3+
b kh
toFe
2+
, cn cc cht kh trn b o xi ha to S, I2, I2, Sn
4+
, Na2S4O6, SO4
2-
, Cu
2+
,
Fe
2+
.
188

Th d:

+3 -2 +2 0
2FeCl3 + H2S
Cht oxi ha Cht kh
2FeCl2 + S + 2HCl

+3 -1 +2 0
2FeCl3 + 2HI
Cht oxi ha Cht kh
2FeCl2 + I2 + 2HCl

+3 -1 +2 0
2FeCl3 + 2KI
Cht oxi ha Cht kh
2FeCl2 + I2 + 2KCl

+ 3 +2 +2 +4
2FeCl3 + SnCl2 2FeCl2 + SnCl4
St (III) clorua Thic (II) clorua St (II) clorua Thic (IV) clorua

+3

+2

+2 +2,5

2FeCl3 + 2Na2S2O3 2FeCl2 + Na2S4O6 + 2NaCl
Natri tiosunfat; Natri hiposun fit Natri terationat

+3 +4 +2 +6
2FeCl3 + Na2SO3 + H2O 2FeCl2 + Na2SO4 + 2HCl
Natri sunfit Natri sunfat

2FeCl3 + Cu
2FeCl3 + Fe

2FeCl2 + CuCl2
3FeCl2

Fe2(SO4)3 + 6KI 2FeI + I2 + 3K2SO4

Fe2(SO4)3(dd) + 3Na2S(dd, d) 2FeS + S + 3Na2SO4

Fe2(SO4)3(dd, d) + Na2S(dd, d) 2FeSO4 + S + Na2SO4

(Nu trong dung dch long, cn c s thy phn:
Fe2(SO3)3 + 3Na2S 2Fe(OH)3 + H2S + 3Na2SO4)

Fe2(SO4)3(d) + 2KI 2FeSO4 + I2 + K2SO4

Fe2(SO4)3 + 6KI(d) 2FeI2 + I2 + 3K2SO4

Ch
189

Do tnh oxi ha ca Fe
3+
, n oxi ha c I
-
, SO3
2-
, S
2-
, nn khng c FeI3, Fe2(SO3)3,
Fe2S3 trong dung dch. Cng do s thy phn nhiu ca Fe
3+
m khng c Fe2(CO3)3,
Fe2S3 trong dung dch (S thy phn ca cc mui ny cp phn qui lut thc
nghim s ha tan mui trong nc). S khng hin din Fe2S3 trong dung dch, c ti
liu l do s thy phn, to Fe(OH)3 v H2S; C ti liu cho l do Fe
3+
oxi ha S
2-
to
S, cn Fe
3+
b kh to Fe
2+
. C l, khi dung dch long (c nhiu nc) th c s thy
phn hoc c c s thy phn ln s oxi ha kh. Ni chung, khng thu c Fe2S3 trong
dung dch.

Bi tp 83
Hon hp chat ran A gom bot sat va muoi bac nitrat. Cho 250 ml H2O vao
coc co cha m gam hon hp A. Khuay eu e phan ng xay ra hoan
toan, thu c 5,4 gam mot kim loai va 250 ml dung dch B co cha hon hp
muoi. Cho t t bot kim loai ong vao lng dung dch B tren th dung dch
nay hoa tan c toi a 0,32 gam bot ong va thu c dung dch trong suot.
a. Viet cac phng trnh phan ng xay ra.
b. Tnh m.
c. Tnh nong o mol/lt moi chat tan trong dung dch B.
(Fe = 56 ; Ag = 108 ; N = 14 ; O = 16 ; Cu = 64)
S: m = 9,62g; Fe(NO3)2 0,04M; Fe(NO3)3 0,04M

Bi tp 83
Hn hp cht rn X gm bt km v mui st (III) sunfat. Cho 200 ml nc vo mt bnh
cha m gam hn hp X. Dng a thy tinh khuy u phn ng xy ra hon ton.
Thu c cht khng tan gm 3,36 gam mt kim loi v dung dch Y c ha tan hn hp
mui. Cho dung dch xt lng d vo dung dch Y, sau khi phn ng xong, lc ly kt
ta em nung ngoi khng kh cho n khi lng khng i th thu c 11,2 gam mt
cht rn.
a. Vit cc phn ng xy ra.
b. Tnh m.
c. Tnh nng mol ca cht tan ca dung dch Y. Coi th tch dung dch Y bng
th tch nc dng.
(Zn = 65; Fe = 56; S = 32; O = 16)
S: m = 50,4g; ZnSO4 0,8M; FeSO4 0,7M

I.7. Halogen X2 v cc hp cht ca n, nh F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, NaClO, KClO3,
Ca(ClO)2, CaCl2O, KBrO3, KIO3, HClO4. Cc cht oxi ha halogen n cht c s
oxi ha 0 hay hp cht ca halogen c s oxi ha +1, +3, +5, +7 thng b kh to
thnh mui halogenua X
-
(Cl
-
, Br
-
, I
-
) trong halogen c s oxi ha bng 1.

- Halogen nm chu k trn y c halogen nm chu k di ra khi dung
dch mui halogenua. Hay halogen y c phi kim yu hn n ra khi dung
dch mui cng nh axit. Thc cht cng l cht oxi ha mnh tc dng vi cht
kh mnh trong dung dch to cht kh v cht oxi ha tng ng yu hn.
190

Th d:

Cl2 + 2KBr(dd)

2KCl(dd) + Br2

0 -1 -1 0
Cl2 + 2Br
-
(dd) 2Cl
-
(dd) + Br2
Cht oxi ha Cht kh Cht kh Cht oxi ha

Phn ng xy ra c l do: Tnh oxi ha: Cl2 > Br2
Tnh kh: Br
-
> Cl
-

0 -1 -1 0
Br2 + 2KI 2KBr + I2
Brom Kali ioua Kali bromua Iot
(Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh ) (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)

Phn ng xy ra c l do: Tnh oxi ha: Br2 > I2
Tnh kh: I
-
> Br
-

I2 + NaCl Br2 + KF

F2 + 2NaCl 2NaF + Cl2
Flo (Fluor) Natri clorua Natri florua Clo

Cl2 + 2NaI 2NaCl + I2

Br2 + 2HI 2HBr + I2

I2 + H2S 2HI + S

0 +2 +3 0
3F2 + 2FeCl2(khan) 2FeF3 + 2Cl2

- Halogen X2 oxi ha c hu ht cc kim loi to mui halogenua X
-
. Ring
F2 (flo) c tnh oxi ha mnh nht, n phn ng c vi tt c cc kim loi (k
c vng v bch kim) to mui florua. F2, Cl2, Br2 tc dng Fe to mui st
(III), ring I2 ch to mui st (II) (V Fe
3+
oxi ha c I
-
to I2)

Th d:

2Na + Cl2 2NaCl

Natri nng chy chy trong bnh kh clo cho ngn la sng chi, to natri clorua.

2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3 St (III) clorua
191

F
2 2 3
2
2

Bt st nng chy trong bnh kh clo to thnh khi mu nu, l nhng ht rt nh st (III)
clorua.

Fe +
3

FeF3

St (III) florua

Fe +
2

3
Br
2

FeBr3

St (III) bromua

Fe + I2 FeI2 St (II) ioua

Cu + Cl2 CuCl2

Nung si dy ng nng ri cho vo bnh kh clo, si dy ng chy sng, to ng (II) clorua.

2Al + 3Br2 2AlBr3

2Al + 3I2 2AlI3

- Cl2, Br2 oxi ha c dung dch mui st (II) to mui st (III). Cl2 oxi ha H2S
to H2SO4. Br2, I2 o xi ho H2S to S.

+2 0 +3 -1
2FeCl2 + Cl2 2FeCl3
St (II) clorua Clo St (III) clo rua

+2 0 +3 +3 -1
3
FeCl +
2
3
Br
4
FeCl3 +
1
FeBr
2

6FeCl2 + 3Br2 4FeCl3 + 2FeBr3

+2 0 +3 -1
2FeBr2 + Br2 2FeBr3

0 -2 -1 +6
4Cl2 + H2S + 4H2O 8HCl + H2SO4
Clo Hiro sunfua Axit clohiric Axit sunfuric

Br2 + H2S 2HBr + S
Nu cho dung dch H2S (axit sunfuahiric) vo nc brom, th thy brom mt mu nu v
dung dch c (do c to kt ta S)

I2 + H2S 2HI + S
192

t
0
cao
t

- X2 oxi ha c SO2 trong dung dch to H2SO4

0 +4 -1 +6
Cl2 + SO2 + 2H2O 2HCl + H2SO4
Clo Kh sunfur Axit clohiric Axit sunfuric

0 +4 -1 +6
Br2 + SO2 + 2H2O 2HBr + H2SO4
Brom Kh sunfur Axit bromhiric Axit sunfuric
Kh SO2 lm mt mu nu ca nc brom

0 +4 -1 +6
I2 + SO2 + 2H2O 2HI + H2SO4
Iot Kh sunfur Axit iothiric Axit sunfuric
Kh SO2 lm mt mu vng ca dung dch iot.

- Cho lung kh flo (fluor, F2) i qua nc nng th nc bc chy v to ra kh
oxi

0 -2 -1 0
t
0
2F2 + 2H2O 4HF + O2
Kh flo Hi nc Hiro florua Kh oxi

Nc dp tt la m chy, nhng nc bc chy trong kh flo, gii phng kh
oxi. Do khi cho F2 tc dng vi dung dch NaCl khng thu c kh clo
(Cl2) m l c phn ng gia kh F2 vi dung mi nc (H2O) ca dung
dch to kh O2.

- X2 oxi ha c cc phi kim nh: H2, S, P

F2 + H2

Cl2 + H2

as

2HF (Phn ng n mnh ngay c trong bng ti nhit rt
thp, -200
0
C)

2HCl ( nhit thng v trong bng ti, phn ng xy ra
rt chm. Nhng khi un nng hay chiu sng mnh th
phn ng xy ra ngay v km theo ting n mnh)

Br2 + H2

0
2HBr (Phn ng ch xy ra khi un nng)

I2 + H2 2HI (Phn ng ch xy ra khi un nng nhit cao v
phn ng thun nghch)
2S + Cl2 S2Cl2
193

+1

-3

-1

0

aClO + 2NH3 3NaCl + N2 + 3H2O
hipoclorit Amoniac
xi ha) (Cht kh)

2
2
2
t

P +
3
Cl

PCl3
2

P +
5
Cl

PCl5
2

P +
3
Br

PBr3
2

0
2P + 3I2 2PI3

- KClO3, NaClO, KBrO3, KIO3 oxi ha c cc cht kh nh: C, S, P, Fe
2+
,
S
2-
, SO3
2-
, NH3. Cn cc cht oxi ha trn b kh to Cl
-
, Br
-
, I
-

Th d:

+5 0 1 +4
t
0
2KClO3 + 3C 6KCl + 3CO2
Kali clo rat Cacbon Kali clo rua Kh cacbonic

KClO3 + 6HCl KCl + 3Cl2 + 3H2O

+5 -1 -1 0
KClO3 + 6HBr KCl + 3Br2 + 3H2O
Kali clorat Axit bromhiric Kali clorua Brom

+5 -1 -1 0
KBrO3 + 6HI KBr + 3I2 + 3H2O
Kali bromat Axit iothiric Kali bromua Iot

3N
Natri
(Cht o

+1 -1 -1 0
NaClO + H2O2
Natri hipoclorit Hiropeoxit
NaCl + O2 + H2O

+1 -1 -1 0
NaClO + 2KI + H2O NaCl + I2 + 2KOH
194

+5 -1 -1 0
NaClO3 + 6KI + 3H2SO4 NaCl + 3I2 + 3K2SO4 + 3H2O
Natri clorat Kali ioua Natri clorua Iot

Lu

L.1. Khi cho kh clo vo dung dch xt, c phn ng:

0

-1

+1

Cl2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H2O
Clo Natri clorua Natri hipoclorit
(Cht oxi ha, Cht kh) (Phn ng oxi ha kh ni phn t)

S d c phn ng trn l do:

Cl2 + H2O HCl + HClO
Axit clohiric Axit hipoclorit
HCl + NaOH
HClO + NaOH

NaCl + H2O
NaClO + H2O

L.2. Dung dch hn hp cc mui NaCl - NaClO (hay KCl - KClO) c gi l nc
Javel. Nc Javel c tnh oxi ha mnh (do c ion hipoclorit, ClO
-
), c dng
ty trng si bng, vi v giy. Nc Javel khng c lu. Trong nh my dt,
nh my giy, nc Javel c iu ch bng cch in phn dung dch NaCl long
(15 20%) trong bnh in phn khng c vch ngn vi catod bng st v anod
bng than ch (cacbon graphit).

L.3. Khi cho kh clo tc dng dung dch kim c un nng 100
0
C th thu c
mui clorat.

0 -1 +5
0
3Cl2 + 6NaOH
00
5NaCl + NaClO3 + 3H2O

Clo Natri clorua Natri clorat
(Cht oxi ha, Cht kh) (Phn ng t oxi ha kh)

0 -1 +5
0
3Cl
2
+ 6KOH
00
5KCl + KClO
3
+ 3H
2
O
Clo Kali clorua Kali clorat
(Cht oxi ha, Cht kh) (Phn ng t oxi ha kh)

Kali clorat d b nhit phn to kali clorua v kh oxi (khi un nng c MnO2 lm
xc tc). Do KClO3 c dng iu ch kh O2 trong phng th nghim. Vi
cc cht d b chy ( b kh) nh lu hunh (S), cacbon (than, C), photpho (P),
bt nhm (Al), ng (C12H22O11) s to hn hp n vi KClO3 khi va chm (qut,
p). V th, KClO3 c dng lm thuc pho, thuc u que dim. Trong u
ca cy dim qut c cha 50% khi lng KClO3.
195

0
t
2

KClO3
M
nO
,t

KCl +
3
O
2

Trong cng nghip, KClO3 c iu ch bng cch cho kh clo i qua nc vi
un nng ri ly dung dch nng trn vi KCl v ngui cho KClO3 kt
tinh (v KClO3 t tan hn CaCl2). Kali clorat cn c iu ch bng cch in
phn dung dch KCl 25% nhit 70 75
0
C.

0
6Cl2 + 6Ca(OH)2 Ca(ClO3)2 + 5CaCl2 + 6H2O

Ca(ClO3)2 + 2KCl 2KClO3 + CaCl2
Canxi hipoclorit Kali clorat

2KCl + 2H2O p, khng vch ngn, 75
0
C, anod tr H2 + 2KOH + Cl2
Catot Anot
0
6KOH + 3Cl2 5KCl + KClO3 + 3H2O
(t tan hn KCl)

L.4. Clorua vi (CaOCl2) l cht bt mu trng, xp, c mi xc, lun bc mi kh clo.
Clorua vi c coi l mui canxi hn tp ca axit clohiric (HCl) v axit
hipoclor (HClO). Clorua vi c tnh oxi ha mnh, n c dng ty trng
vi, giy v ty u cc h rc, cng rnh, cc gy dch bnh. Do c kh nng
tc dng vi cc cht hu c, nn clorua vi cn c dng ha gii cc cht c
trong chin tranh ha hc. Clorua vi cn c dng trong qu trnh tinh ch du
m. Clorua vi c to ra khi cho kh clo tc dng vi vi sa (huyn ph c
Ca(OH)2 trong nc) theo phn ng:
Cl
Cl2 + Ca(OH)2 Ca + H2O
O Cl

Khi cho clorua vi tc dng vi axit clohiric th c to kh clo:

-1 +1 0
CaOCl2 + 2HCl Cl2 + CaCl2 + H2O

Di tc dng ca nh sng hoc un nng dung dch clorua vi, c mt ng oxit
hoc st oxit lm xc tc, th c s phn hy clorua vi to kh oxi v canxi
clorua.

C th dng hai phn ng trn iu ch kh clo v oxi trong phng th nghim.
-2 +1

-1 0
2CaOCl2 s (t
0
) CuO (Fe2O3) CaCl2 + O2

196

Khi trong khng kh, clorua vi tc dng vi kh cacbonic c trong khng kh v
gii phng kh iclo oxit (Cl2O). Kh Cl2O c mi ging kh clo (Cl2). iu ny
gii thch nguyn nhn clorua vi c mi kh clo.

2CaOCl2 + CO2 CaCl2 + CaCO3 + Cl2O

Trong cng nghip, ngi ta iu ch clorua vi bng cch cho kh clo tc dng vi
vi ti kh. Clorua vi r tin hn, cha hm lng hipoclorit cao hn, d bo
qun v chuyn ch hn so vi nc Javel.

Cl2 + Ca(OH)2 CaOCl2 + H2O

L.5. Khi ha tan kh clo (Cl2) trong nc, th c mt phn clo tc dng vi nc, to
hn hp axit clohiric (HCl) v axit hipoclor (HClO)

0

-1 +1
Cl2
Clo
+ H2O HCl
Axit clohiric
+ HClO
Axit hipoclor
(Cht oxi ha, Cht kh; Cht t oxi ha t kh) (Phn ng oxi ha kh ni phn t)

Phn ng trn ca Cl2 gii thch s lm i mu giy qu xanh t ha ca
kh clo, ri giy qu b mt mu. Nguyn nhn l axit HCl lm giy qu xanh,
cn axit HClO th li lm mt mu giy qu (do tnh oxi ha mnh ca HClO).
y l hin tng c trng nhn bit kh clo (Cl2).

Axit hipoclor ch tn ti trong dung dch, n km bn, ngay c trong dung dch
long HClO, c s phn hy to kh oxi v axit HCl. S phn hy ny xy ra
cng nhanh di tc dng ca nh sng mt tri. V th nc clo sau mt thi
gian s mt mu vng nht v ch cn cha a xit clohiric (HCl).

2HClO
as
2HCl + O2
Axit hipoclor Axit clohiric Oxi

L.6. Iot (I2) tc dng d dng vi dung dch Na2S2O3 (Natri tiosunfat, Natri hiposunfit)
to mui NaI v Na2S4O6 (Natri tetrationat). Dung dch Na2S2O3 lm mt mu
vng ca dung dch iot. Ngi ta thng dng phn ng ny nh phn dung
dch Na2S2O3 bng dung dch I2 (nhm xc nh nng dung dch Na2S2O3 khi
bit nng dung dch I2 hoc ngc li). Sau khi phn ng va , mt git d
dung dch I2 lm cho dung dch phn ng c mu vng rt nht (Hoc mt lng
dung dch I2 c d s lm cho dung dch h tinh bt long c mu xanh dng, do
cho vo dung dch phn ng trc ). Nh cc hin tng c trng ny m
ngi ta mi bit phn ng xong (git d dung dch I2 coi nh sai s trong s
nh phn, hay trong php chun th tch).
+2 0 +2,5 -1
2Na2S2O3 + I2 Na2S4O6 + 2NaI
Natri hiposunfit Iot Natri tetrationat Natri ioua
197

-1

0

0
2KI + O3 + H2O I2

I.8. Ozon (O3)

[Th hnh l hin tng mt nguyn t ha hc hin din di cc dng n cht
khc nhau. Th d: O2 (oxi), O3 (ozon) l hai cht th hnh ca nguyn t oxi; Cacbon
graphit (than ch), Cacbon kim cng), Cacbon v nh hnh (m hng, l ngh) l ba
cht th hnh ca nguyn t cacbon; Photpho trng (P4), Photpho (photpho tm),
Photpho en l ba cht th hnh ca nguyn t photpho]

Ozon (O3) l mt cht th hnh vi oxi (O2). Ozon hin din dng kh iu kin thng,
c mu xanh da tri nht, c mi xc. Ozon c tnh oxi ha mnh hn oxi, n ph hy
cc cht hu c, oxi ho nhiu kim loi, trong c bc.

Ozon c tnh oxi ha mnh l do n khng bn, d b phn hy to thnh oxi nguyn t
(O) [O nguyn t c tnh oxi ha mnh hn oxi phn t, O2, v khng cn cung cp nng
lng ct t lin kt i gia O vi O, O=O, trong phn t O2]:
O3 O2 + O
Ozon Oxi Oxi nguyn t

- Ozon y c iot (iod) ra khi dung dch kali ioua (iodur kalium) (O2 khng c
tnh cht ny). Do dung dch KI c dng nhn bit ozon (Nu l ozon th khi
cho tc dng vi dung dch KI s thu c I2, lm cho dung dch c mu vng, hay I2
to ra lm xanh h tinh bt). Hay giy tm dung dch KI v h tinh bt (giy ioua -
tinh bt) chuyn ngay sang mu xanh nu c hin din ozon trong khng kh.

KI + O2 + H2O

-2
+ O2 + KOH
Kali ioua Ozon Iot Oxi

- Ozon oxi ha c kim loi bc (Ag), thy ngn (Hg). Trong khi oxi (O2) khng tc
dng vI kim loi bc.

Ag + O2

0 0 +1 -2
2Ag + O3 Ag2O + O2

- Ozon oxi ha mui sunfua thnh mui sunfat, oxi ha amoniac thnh nitrit,
nitrat

-2 0 +6 -2
PbS + O3 PbSO4 + O2
Ch (II) sunfua Ch (II) sunfat
198

t
0
)

Do c tnh oxi ha mnh nn ozon dit c cc vi khun v th ozon c dng
dit trng trong nc v kh trng khng kh. Mt lng nh ozon trong khng kh
s lm cho khng kh trong lnh, c nh hng tt n c th con ngi, nhng nu
khng kh cha nhiu ozon s gy ng c. Trong t nhin, ozon c to thnh t
oxi khi c sm st. cao 10 30 km, ozon c to thnh do tc dng ca tia t
ngoi mt tri. Nh vy, cc tia t ngoi ca mt tri c hi cho s sng b ngn
chng li. Nhng nm gn y, ngi ta pht hin nhng l thng ca tng ozon.
y l mt nguy c ang c nghin cu khc phc.

I.9. Hiro peoxit (H2O2)

- H2O2 c tnh oxi ha mnh trong c mi trng axit ln mi trng kim. H2O2 oxi
ha c I
-
thnh I2, KNO2 thnh KNO3, sunfua thnh sunfat. H2O2 b kh to
H2O.

-1 -1 -2 0
H2O2 + H2SO4 + 2KI
2H2O + I2 + K2SO4

-1 -2 -2 +6
4H2O2 + PbS 4H2O + PbSO4
Hiro peoxit Ch (II) sunfua Nc Ch (II) sunfat

+3 -1 +5 -2
KNO2 + H2O2 KNO3 + H2O
Kali nit rit Hiro peoxit Kali nitrat Nc

- H2O2 rt tinh khit tng i bn, nhng n d b phn tch to O2 v H2O khi c
ln tp cht kim loi nng hay hp cht cc kim loi ny, hoc khi un nng hay b
chiu sng. Do bo qun H2O2, ngi ta cht ny trong cc chai thy tinh
sm mu cng nh ni ti v rm mt. Ngi ta thy O2 c to ra t phn t
H2O2 ch khng phi ca H2O. Do lin kt gia O O trong H2O2 khng b t
m l anion [O - O]
2-
mt in t. Tt c cc ng dng thc t ca H2O2 u da vo
tnh khng bn v tnh oxi ha mnh ca n. Dung dch H2O2 3% c dng st
trng trong y hc, nh sc ming, ra vt thng. H2O2 cng c dng lm cht
ty trng vi, len, la, bng, rm r, giy, my tre,u im ca cht ty H2O2 l
khi dng dung dch thch hp, nng khng ln, n ch lm trng cht c mu
nhng khng lm h hng vt c ty. Cc cht d chy nh giy, mt ca, s
bc chy khi tip xc dung dch H2O2 c nng ln hn 65%. Dung dch H2O2 m
c (ln hn 80%) c dng lm cht oxi ha nhin liu cho cc ng c phn lc.
Do tnh d b phn hy ca n, H2O2 cn c dng lm cht to bt cho cc ngnh
sn xut vt liu xp.

H2O2
a
(

1
O2 + H2O
2
Hiro peoxit Oxi Nc
199

- Peoxit (
-
O-O
-
) coi nh l mui ca axit H2O2. Do khi cho cc H2O2 tc dng
vi dung dch kim mnh (nh NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2) s to peoxit kim
loi tng ng v nc; Cn khi cho peoxit kim loi tc dng vi axit th hiro peoxit
b y ra khi peoxit kim loi. (Axit mnh y c axit yu hn ra khi mui. H2O2
c tnh axit mnh hn nc, nhng yu hn nhiu so vi cc axit thng thng khc)

H2O2 + Ba(OH)2 BaO2 + 2H2O
Hiro peoxit Bari hiroxit Bari peoxit Nc

BaO2 + H2SO4 H2O2 + BaSO4
Bari peoxit Axit sunfuric Hiro peoxit Bari sunfat

H2O2 + 2NaOH Na2O2 + 2H2O

K2O2 + 2HCl H2O2 + 2KCl
Kali peoxit Axit clohiric Hiro peoxit Kali clorua

I.10. Oxit kim loi (Oxid kim lai)

Oxit kim loi b kh to kim loi tng ng hay oxit kim loi trong kim loi c
s oxi ha thp hn. Cc cht kh thng dng kh oxit kim loi nhit cao
l Al, H2, CO, C. Tuy nhin bn cht kh ny ch kh c cc oxit kim loi trong
kim loi ng sau nhm trong dy th in ha. Cc oxit kim loi Al, Mg, kim
loi kim, kim th, ch b kh to kim loi tng ng ti catot bnh in phn khi
in phn nng chy cc oxit kim loi tng ng trn.


+3 0 0 +3
t
0
Fe2O3 + 2Al
2Fe + Al2O3

+2 0 0 +1
t
0
CuO + H2
Cu + H2O

+1 +2 0 +4
t
0
Ag2O + CO
2Ag + CO2

+2 0 0 +2
t
0
ZnO + C Zn + CO
200

t

+3 +2 +8/3 +4
t
0
3Fe2O3 + CO 2Fe3O4 + CO2
St (III) oxit Cacbon oxit St t oxit Cacbon ioxit

+8/3 +2 +2 +4
t
0
Fe3O4 + CO 3FeO + CO2
St t oxit Cacbon oxit St (II) oxit Kh cacbonic

+2 +2 0 +4
t
0
FeO + CO
Fe + CO2

+2 0 0 +2
0
PbO + C
400
Pb + CO
Ch (II) oxit Cacbon Ch Cacbon oxit

0
MgO + Al

0
Al2O3 + H2

0
K2O + CO

0
CaO + H2

0
Na2O + C

Al2O3
D
pnc

2Al + 3/2O2
Nhm oxit Nhm Oxi
(Catot) (Anot)

I.11. Mt s phi kim (Khng kim loi) (nh halogen X2, O2, S, N2, P, C, Si, H2)

- Cc phi kim oxi ha kim loi to oxit kim loi hay mui ca kim loi tng ng.
Cn phi kim b kh to thnh hp cht ca phi kim (oxit hay mui) trong phi kim
c s oxi ha m.

Th d:

0 0 +3 -1
t
0
Fe + 3/2Cl2 FeCl3
St Clo St (III) clorua
201

t
0
t

0 0 +2 2
t
0
Fe + S FeS
St Lu hunh St (II) sunfua

0 0 +8/3 -2
t
0
3Fe + 2O2 Fe3O4
St Oxi St t oxit

Nhm t bc chy khi tip xc vi cc halogen X2, mc mnh lit phn ng gimdn
t F2 n I2.

Al + 3/2Cl2 AlCl3
Nhm Clo Nhm clorua

0
2Al + 3/2O2 Al2O3

0
2Al + 3S Al2S3
Nhm Lu hunh Nhm sunfua

0
Cu + 1/2O2 CuO

0
Cu + Br2 CuBr2

0
Au + 3/2Cl2 AuCl3
Vng Clo Vng (III) clorua

0
Ag + 1/2Cl2 AgCl
Bc Clo Bc clorua

Li (lng) + 1/2H2(kh) t
0
cao; p sut H2 cao LiH
Liti

Hiro

Liti hirua

Na(lng) + 1/2H2(kh)
t
, p
NaH
Natri hirua

0
3Li + 1/2N2 Li3N
Liti Nit Liti nitrua

0
3Mg + N2 Mg3N2
Magie Nit Magie nitrua

0
Ca(nng chy) + H2 CaH2
Can xi Hiro Canxi hirua
202

t
60 C

3Ba + N2

0
Ba3N2
Bari Nit Bari nitrua

0
3Ca + 2P Ca3P2
Canxi Photpho Canxi photphua

0
Ca + 2C CaC2
Can xi Cacbon Canxi cacbua

0
4Al + 3C Al4C3
Nhm Cacbon Nhm cacbua

0
2Ca + Si Ca2Si
Canxi Silic Canxi silixua

0
2Mg + Si Mg2Si
Magie Silic Magie silixua

Hg + S HgS
Thy ngn Lu hunh Thy ngn (II) sunfua

Thy ngn tc dng vi lu hunh nhit thng, v vy ngi ta thng dng bt lu hunh gom
nhng ht rt nh ca thy ngn ri vi trn nn nh, trnh c tc dng c hi ca thy ngn bay hi
to ra.

0
2Cr + 3Cl2 2CrCl3
Crom Clo Crom (III) clorua

0
2Cr + 3S Cr2S3
Crom Lu hunh Crom (III) sunfua

0
2Cr + N2 2CrN
Crom Nit Crom (III) nitrua

- Phi kim mnh c th oxi ha phi kim yu hn.

Th d:

0 0 +5 -2
0
2P + 5/2O2(d)
6
C
P2O5
Photpho Oxi Photpho (V) oxit; Anhirit photphoric
0 0 +3 -2
2P + 3/2O2(thiu)
0
P2O3
Photpho Oxi Photpho (III) oxit; Anhirit photphor
203

0

0 0 +3 -1
P + 3/2Cl2(thiu) PCl3
Photpho Clo Photpho triclorua

0 0 +5 1
P + 5/2Cl2(d) PCl5
Photpho Clo Photpho pentaclorua

0 0 -3 +1
0
P + 3/2H2
00
PH3
Photpho Hiro Photphin; Photphua hiro

0 0 +1 -2
H2 + 1/2O2 H2O
Hiro Oxi Nc; Hiro oxit

0

0

-3 +1
N2
Nit
+ 3H2
Hiro
Fe, t
0
, p 2NH3
Amoniac; Hiro nitrua

0 0 -4 +1
0
C + 2H2
Ni,5
00
CH4
Cacbon Hiro Metan

0 0 +1 -2
t
0
S + H2 H2S
Lu hunh Hiro Hiro sunfua

0 0 +5 -2
t
t
5S + 2P P2S5
Lu hunh Photpho iphotpho pentasunfua

0 0 +4 -2
t
0
S + O2 SO2
Lu hunh Oxi Lu hunh (IV) oxit; Anhirit sunfuar; Kh sunfuar

0

0

+2 -2
N2
Nit
+ O2
Oxi
3000
0
C (Tia la in) 2NO
Nit oxit
204

+4

0

+6 -2
2SO2 + O2 V2O5(Pt),450
0
C 2SO3

0 0 +4 1
Si + 2F2 SiF4 (Phn ng xy ra nhit thng)
Silic Flo; Fluor Tetraflo silan; Silic tetraclorua

0 0 +4 2
t
0
Si + O2 SiO2
Silic Oxi Silic oxit; Anhirit silicic

0 0 +4 1
t
0
Si + 2Cl2 SiCl4
Silic Clo Silic tetraclorua; Tetraclo silan

0 0 +6 -1
S + 3F2 SF6
Lu hunh Flo Florua lu hunh (VI); Hexaflorua lu hunh

- Phi kim mnh (nh F2, Cl2, O2) oxi ha c cc hp cht ca phi kim hay kim
loi c s oxi ha trung gian cng cc hp cht ca phi kim c s oxi ha thp
nht nh CO, NO, SO2, Na2S2O3, FeS2, FeCl2, FeSO4, FeO, Fe3O4, FeS, NH3, H2S,
PH3, KI, KBr, CH4,.

Th d:

+2 0 +4 -2
t
0
2CO + O2 2CO2
Cacbon oxit Oxi Cacbon ioxit

+2 0 +4 -2
2NO + O2 2NO2
Nit oxit Oxi Nit ioxit

+2

0 +4 -1
CO + Cl2
C
,as
COCl2
Cacbon oxit

Oxi Photgen (Cht c chin tranh)

Anhirit sunfuna r Anhirit sunfuric
+2 0 +2,5 -1
2Na2S2O3 + I2 Na2S4O6 + 2NaI
Natri tiosunfat; Natri hiposunfit Iot Natri tetrationat Natri ioua
205

+2 1 0 +3 -2 +4 -2
t
0
2FeS2 + 11/2O2 Fe2O3 + 4SO2
Pi rit st; St (II) pesunfua Oxi St (III) oxit Kh sunfur

+2 0 +3 -1
FeCl2 + 1/2Cl2 FeCl3
St (II) clorua Clo St (III) clorua

+2 0 +3 -1
3FeSO4 + 3/2Cl2
Fe2(SO4)3 + FeCl3

+2 0 +3 2
t
0
2FeO + 1/2O2
Fe2O3

+2

0

+3 -2
2Fe(OH)2
St (II) hiroxit
+ 1/2O2
Oxi
+ H2O
Hi nc
2Fe(OH)3
St (III) hiroxit
(Cht rn trng hi lc nht) (Khng kh) (Cht rn mu nu )

+2 2 0 +3 -2 +4 -2
t
0
2FeS + 7/2O2 Fe2O3 + 2SO2
St (II) sunfua Oxi St (III) oxit Kh sunfur

-3 0 0 2
t
0
2NH3 + 3/2O2 N2 + 3H2O
Amoniac Oxi Nit Hi nc

-3 0 + -2 -2
Pt ,t
0

2NH3 + 5/2O2 2NO + 3H2O
Amoniac Oxi Nit oxit Hi nc

-2 0 0 -2
t
0
H2S + 1/2O2(thiu, chy chm) S + H2O

-2 0 +4 -2 -2
t
0
H2S + 3/2O2(d, chy nhanh) SO2 + H2O

-2

0

0 -1
H2O + F2 1/2O2 + 2HF

08 Cacphanungoxihoakhuthuonggap

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Gio khoa ha v c Bin son: V Hng Thi

5NaCl + NaClO3 + 3H2O

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