1

I HC QUC GIA H NI
TRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHIN
----------------------


PHNG TH HONG NGHA




HM S M, HM S LOGARIT
V MT S VN LIN QUAN




LUN VN THC S KHOA HC



H Ni Nm 2012
2

I HC QUC GIA H NI
TRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHIN
KHOA TON C TIN HC


Phng Th Hong Ngha



HM S M, HM S LOGARIT
V MT S VN LIN QUAN


LUN VN THC S KHOA HC
Chuyn ngnh : Phng php ton s cp
M s : 60 46 40

NGI HNG DN KHOA HC
PGS.TS Nguyn Thnh Vn

H Ni Nm 2012

3
Mc lc

Li ni u 3
1 Mt s kin thc c bn 5
1.1 Khi nim hm s, hm ngc ... 5
1.2 Hm s m . 6
1.3 Hm s logarit ... 7
1.4 nh l Lagrange .. 8
2 ng thc, bt ng thc m v logarit 10
2.1 Tnh gi tr biu thc . 10
2.2 Chng minh ng thc .. 14
2.3 Chng minh bt ng thc 17
3 Phng trnh, bt phng trnh m v logarit 44
3.1 Mt s phng php gii phng trnh, bt phng trnh m v
logarit . 44
3.1.1 Phng php a v cng c s . 44
3.1.2 Phng php t n ph . 50
3.1.3 Phng php a v phng trnh, bt phng trnh tch .. 63
3.1.4 Phng php s dng tnh n iu ca hm s m v
logarit . 67
3.1.5 Phng php so snh .. 74
3.1.6 Phng php s dng o hm .. 75
3.2 Bi tp p dng .. 86
3.2.1 Gii phng trnh, bt phng trnh .. 86
4
3.2.2 Gii v bin lun phng trnh, bt phng trnh .. 94
3.2.3 Tm iu kin ca tham s tha mn iu kin cho trc . 99
Kt lun 105
Ti liu tham kho 106












1
TM TT LUN VN

Lun vn ngoi phn li ni u, kt lun, danh mc ti liu tham kho gm c ba
chng

Chng 1. Mt s kin thc c bn

Chng ny trnh by mt s khi nim v cc tnh cht c bn ca ca hm s, hm
ngc s c p dng trong cc phn sau, bao gm
- Khi nim hm s, hm ngc : nh ngha, tnh n iu ca hm s, iu kin
c hm s ngc
- Khi nim hm s m : nh ngha, tnh cht v cng thc tnh o hm ca hm s
m
- Khi nim hm s logarit : nh ngha, tnh cht v cng thc tnh o hm ca hm
s logarit
- nh l Lagrange v nh l Rolle

Chng 2. ng thc, bt ng thc m v logarit

Chng ny tc gi nu ra nhiu bi tp phong ph lin quan n ng thc, bt ng
thc m v logarit, c th

2.1. Tnh gi tr biu thc

Tc gi a ra cc bi ton v rt gn biu thc cng phng php gii nhm cng
c tnh cht ca hm s m v logarit.
2
Bi ton 2.2. Cho
( ) ( )
1
1 2
1 2
x
f x
-
-
= + . Tnh
50
2
1
sin
100
k
k
S f
p
=

.
Bi ton 2.3. Cho
6 12
log 10 , log 45 a b = = . Hy tnh
30
log 54 theo , a b.

2.2. Chng minh ng thc

Phn u ca mc ny tc gi a ra nhng bi ton c bn m kt qu ca n c
s dng nhiu trong phn sau. Tip theo l cc bi ton chng minh ng thc kh, i
hi phi nm vng kin thc ca hm s m v logarit.
Bi ton 2.5. Cho , 0 a c > v 0 1 b < . Chng minh rng
log log
b b
c a
a c =
Bi ton 2.6 Cho
12 24
log 18 , log 54 a b = = . Chng minh rng
( )
5 1 ab a b + - = .
Bi ton 2.10. Cho 0 , , 1 x y z < tha mn
( ) ( ) ( )
log log log
x y z x y z x y z x y z
x y z
+ - + - + -
= = .
Chng minh rng
y x y z z x
x y z y x z = =

2.3. Chng minh bt ng thc

Tc gi a ra cc bi ton chng minh ng thc, bt ng thc phong ph v a
dng vi nhiu phng php gii : phng php s dng bt ng thc, s dng tnh
n iu ca hm s, phng php quy np, s dng o hm, o hm kt hp vi
nh l Lagrange
Bi ton 2.34. Chng minh rng vi mi 0 a b > ta c
3
1 1
2 2
2 2
b a
a b
a b



+ +





(1)
Nhn xt Xt hm s
( )
( )
ln 1
, 0
x
C
f x x
x
+
= > vi C l hng s ln hn 1.
Khi
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
ln 1 ln 1
' 0, 0
1
x x x x
x
C C C C
f x x
x C
- + +
= < " >
+
.
Suy ra hm s
( )
f x nghch bin trn
( )
0; + .
Vi gi thit 0 a b > ta c
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
ln 1 ln 1
a b
C C
f a f b
a b
+ +

hay
( ) ( )
1 1
b a
a b
C C + + .
Ty theo gi tr c chn ca C ta c cc bi ton khc nhau. Nu chn 4 C = th ta
c bi ton 2.34. Nu chn
3
2
C = th ta c kt qu
( ) ( )
3 3
1 1 3 2 3 2
2 2
b a
a b
b a
a a b b





+ + + +







vi 0 a b > .
Phn cui chng l mt s bi ton m t ta c th xy dng c cc bi ton
chng minh bt ng thc hoc gii phng trnh, bt phng trnh
Bi ton 2.41. Gi s t
+
. Chng minh rng

( )
1 0 f t t t
a
a a = - + - vi 0 1 a < <

( )
1 0 f t t t
a
a a = - + - vi 0 a < hoc 1 a >

( )
0 f t vi 0 a = hoc 1 a = .

4
Chng 3 Phng trnh, bt phng trnh m v logarit

Trong chng ny, tc gi nu c mt s phng php c bn gii phng trnh,
bt phng trnh m v logarit nh : phng php a v cng c s, phng php t
n ph, phng php a v phng trnh, bt phng trnh tch, phng php s dng
tnh n iu ca hm s, phng php so snh v phng php s dng o hm km
theo mt s bi tp minh ha. Cui chng l bi tp p dng cc phng php nu.

3.1 Mt s phng php gii phng trnh, bt phng trnh m v
logarit
3.1.1 Phng php a v cng c s
Bi ton 3.3. Trong tt c cc nghim
( )
; x y ca bt phng trnh
( )
2 2
log 1
x y
x y
+
+ ,
hy tm nghim c tng 2 k x y = + ln nht.

3.1.2 Phng php t n ph
Bi ton 3.10. Cho hai phng trnh
( ) ( )
3 2 2 2 1 3
x x
+ = - + (a)
v
( )
2 1 2cos
9
x
p
+ = (b)
Gi s x l nghim ca phng trnh (a). Chng minh rng khi x cng l nghim
ca phng trnh (b).

3.1.3 Phng php a v phng trnh, bt phng trnh tch
Bi ton 3.16. Gii bt phng trnh

( )
2 2 1 2
4 8 2 4 2 .2 2
x x
x x x x x x
+
+ - > + - + -
5
3.1.4 Phng php s dng tnh n iu ca hm s m v logarit
Bi ton 3.21. Gii phng trnh
( )
2
3 2
2 1
3 8 5 log
1
x
x x
x
-
- + =
-
(1)
Nhn xt
Hm s ( )
t
f t a bt = + vi 1, 0 a b > > l hm s ng bin trn , ty theo cch
chn 1, 0 a b > > v cch chn t m ta c cc bi ton vi kh khc nhau. Chng
hn vi
1
2,
2
a b = = v chn
2
2 2
1 1 2 x x
t
x x
- -
= = ta c bi ton 3.20.
Hm s
( )
log
a
f t t bt = + vi 1, 0 a b > > l hm s ng bin trn
( )
0; + , ty
theo cc gi tr ca 1, 0 a b > > v cch chn t m ta c cc bi ton vi kh khc
nhau. V d vi 3, 1 a b = = v chn
( )
2
2 1 3 1 t x x = - = - ta c bi ton 3.21.
Hm s
( )
log
a
f t t bt = + vi 0 1, 0 a b < < < l hm s nghch bin trn
( )
0; + ,
ty theo cc gi tr ca 0 1, 0 a b < < < v cch chn t m ta c cc bi ton khc
nhau.
i vi bt phng trnh ta cng c cch gii tng t, c th ta xt bi ton
Bi ton 3.22. Gii bt phng trnh
( )
2
2 2
2 1
2 6 2 log
1
x
x x
x
+
- + <
-


3.1.5 Phng php so snh
Bi ton 3.25. Gii phng trnh

2 2
sin cos
3 3 2 2 2
x x x x -
+ = + +
3.1.6 Phng php s dng o hm
p dng bi ton 2.41, ta c th xy dng c mt s phng trnh, bt phng trnh
6
m v logarit.
Bi ton 3.33. Gii phng trnh 5 7 2 10
x x
x + = + .
Thay x bi
5
log x th ta c bi ton sau
Bi ton 3.34. Gii phng trnh
5
log 7
5
2 10log x x x + = + .
Bi ton 3.35. Gii phng trnh
( )
1
2 3 ... 1
2
x x x
n n
n n x
-
+ + + = - + .
S dng o hm kt hp vi phng php hng s bin thin v nh l Lagrange
hoc nh l Rolle ta c th gii c mt s bi ton phng trnh m v logarit.
Bi ton 3.40. Gii phng trnh
3 3
log 7 log 5
3
2 log
x
x x = + (1)
Nhn xt
Phng trnh trong bi ton 3.40 c dng
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
h x h x
a b k a b h x - = -
trong 0 1 a < , 0 1 b < , a b > , 0 k hoc 1 k = ,
( )
h x xc nh trn ; b a



.
Vi phng trnh thuc dng ny ta c cch gii tng t bi ton 3.40.
Phng trnh c dng
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
h x h x
h x h x
a d b d a b + - + = - trong 0 , 1, a b <
( )
, 0, a b d h x > > xc nh trn ; b a



cng c cch gii tng t bi ton 3.40.

3.2 Bi tp p dng
3.2.1 Gii phng trnh, bt phng trnh
3.2.2 Gii v bin lun phng trnh, bt phng trnh
3.2.3. Tm iu kin ca tham s tha mn iu kin cho trc