TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

VIN O TO SAU I HC
TIU LUN
CRACKING XC TC
Nh h!" #$%&' (h) Th* Th+&h H$,-
B.$ Th* Th/$
N0-12& 3-4" )5
H6 N7$8 &9 :;<<
M=C L=C
M C L C .................................................................................................2
>? @-
Du m c coi nh l ngun nhin liu chnh cho mi phng tin giao thng v
cho nn kinh t u!c "#n$ %in na&' "u m ( t)* thnh ngun n+ng lng uan t)ng
nh,t c-a mi u!c gia t)n th gi.i v l ngu&n liu cho cng nghip t/ng hp h0a
"u nh 1 23n 4u,t cao 2u' ch,t "5o' t 2i t/ng hp$$$ 6goi )a' c7c 23n ph8m phi nhin
liu c-a "u m nh "u m9 :i t)n' nh;a <ng$$$c=ng l m>t phn uan t)ng t)ong
2; ph7t t)i?n c-a cng nghip >ng c' m7& m0c$
@>t t)ong 2! nhAng u7 t)Bnh uan t)ng nh,t c-a nh m7& lc "u l u7 t)Bnh
c)acking 4Cc t7c$ D0 th? n0i' cng ngh c)acking 4Cc t7c l m>t t)ong nhAng cng
ngh uan t)ng nh,t c-a cng ngh hAu c h0a "u$ 6g& na&' Eit 6am ang t)n
con <ng cng nghip h0a' hin Fi h0a' ngnh cng nghip h0a "u c 4p vo
m>t t)ong nhAng ngnh m=i nhn cng nghip c-a u!c gia$
GH khi 4u,t hin n na&' c)acking 4Cc t7c ( cung c,p nhAng 23n ph8m 7ng u
cho cng nghip' Ic :it l 4+ng$ Ju7 t)Bnh c)acking 4Cc t7c ng& cng c c3i tin
? gi3i u&t nhAng :i to7n v ngun ngu&n liu "u m ng& cng c0 ch,t lng
4,u' nhAng &u cu :Kc 4Cc v 4+ng c0 t)L 2! octan cao' tha& vB 2M "Nng 4+ng pha
chB $$$
ChAB&0 I' 3-C 5DE&h "D+"F$&0 GH" 5C"
O$>I" JK"h #6 L &0hM+ "N+ "D+"F$&0 GH" 5C"1
P @Nc ch c-a u7 t)Bnh c)acking 4Cc t7c l nhQn c c7c c,u tM c0 chR 2! octan
cao cho 4+ng t ha& 4+ng m7& :a&$ 6goi )a' thu thm m>t 2! 23n ph8m phN kh7c
nh ga2oil nhS' ga2oil nIng' kh$$$ T#& l c7c ngu&n liu u' c0 gi7 t)L t)ong cng
nghip t/ng hp hAu c h0a "u$
P Ju7 t)Bnh c)acking 4Cc t7c UVDDW l m>t u7 t)Bnh khng th? thiu c t)ong :,t
kB nh m7& ch :in "u no t)n Gh gi.i' vB u7 t)Bnh n& l m>t t)ong c7c u7 t)Bnh
chnh ? 23n 4u,t 4+ng c0 t)L 2! octan cao$
OO$N0-1%& O$P- "hQ "D+"F$&0 GH" 5C"'
X$Cc c trng v nguyn liu cho cracking xc tc1
D7c nh m7& lc "u ph3i ch :in nhiu loFi "u th kh7c nhau$ Dh,t lng c-a
"u th th<ng :L :in /i thYo tHng vZng kh7c nhau' "o 0' ng<i ta ph3i 47c Lnh )[
c7c tnh ch,t Ic t)ng c-a tHng loFi ngu&n liu ? 3m :3o 2; vQn hnh /n Lnh c-a
c7c cng oFn ch :in Uc)acking' )Y\o)ming$$$W t)ong m>t nh m7& lc "u$
D;a vo Ic t)ng v ngu&n liu VDD' ng<i ta c0 th? l;a chn ch,t 4Cc t7c' 4M l
c7c 2; c!' t!i u h0a u7 t)Bnh c)acking 4Cc t7c$
%ai &u t! uan t)ng nh,t 3nh h*ng n ch,t lng c-a ngu&n liu VDD1
] D7c h&")ocac:on $
] D7c tFp ch,t$
D0 chKa t)ong ngu&n liu VDD$
X$X$^h#n loFi c7c h&")ocac:on1
D7c h&")ocac:on t)ong ngu&n liu VDD th<ng c ph#n thnh1 pa)a\in' olY\in'
naphtYn v a)omat$
P 6gu&n liu VDD chKa ch- &u l pa)a\in$ DhCng "_ :L c)acking v tFo )a 23n
ph8m lng nhiu nh,t$ Tng th<i' lm t+ng hiu 2u,t tFo kh !t nhng lm gi3m t)L 2!
octan nhiu nh,t$
P D7c olY\in khng tn tFi t)ong t; nhin' n0 c0 mIt t)ong ngu&n liu VDD l "o
c7c u7 t)Bnh 4M l t).c 0 Uc)acking nhit$$$$W$ DhCng th<ng :L polimY h0a tFo )a c7c
23n ph8m khng mong mu!n nh c!c v nh;a$
P 6gu&n liu giu c,u tM naphtYn ),t c a chu>ng t)ong c)acking 4Cc t7c' "o
chCng c0 c7c 23n ph8m 4+ng c0 t)L 2! octan cao$
P D7c a)omat c=ng lm t+ng t)L 2! octan nhng "o chCng c0 chKa c7c v`ng :YnaYn
:n nn khng thch hp cho u7 t)Bnh c)acking 4Cc t7c$ Do khi c)acking a)omat
th<ng :L :5 g(& c7c mFch nh7nh' lm t+ng hiu 2u,t kh$ 6goi )a' m>t 2! t/ hp ch,t
a)omat a v`ng c0 th? tFo )a c!c v nh;a' lm gi3m hoFt tnh 4Cc t7c$
X$b D7c tFp ch,t1
G)ong nhAng n+m gn #& khi ngun ngu&n liu ch,t lng t!t ng& m>t cFn "n'
c7c nh m7& lc "u ph3i ch :in c7c ngun "u th nIng hn' ch,t lng 4,u hn$
D7c ngun ngu&n liu VDD hin na& u l ngu&n liu nIng v chKa nhiu tFp ch,t$
%u ht c7c tFp ch,t t)ong ngu&n liu VDD u ncm t)ong thnh phn c7c ch,t hAu c
ph#n tM l.n' ".i "Fng c7c hp ch,t chKa1
] 6it
] du %uenh
] fim loFi U6ikYn' Eana"i' 6at)i$$$W
D7c tFp ch,t 0 3nh h*ng 4,u n 2; hoFt >ng c-a thit :L' g#& )a nhi_m >c 4Cc
t7c VDD' lm m,t hoFt tnh !i v.i c7c ph3n Kng tFo )a c7c 23n ph8m c0 gi7 t)L' lm
t+ng gi7 thnh ch :in vB ph3i 4M lg ngu&n liu v 23n ph8m$
X$b$X 6it1
] h#& ng> >c 4Cc t7c tFm th<i$
] G)ong thit :L hon ngu&n 4Cc t7c' 6it t)ong c!c c chu&?n thnh 6
b
' phn
c`n lFi c chu&?n thnh o4it nit U6i
4
W$ 6i
4
tho7t )a mi t)<ng cZng v.i kh th3i
g#& nhi_m mi t)<ng$
] GFo hp ch,t +n m`n c7c thit :L' c7c chi tit thit :L kim loFi$
] GFo hp ch,t "_ :L o4i h0a' lm /i mu 23n ph8m$
X$b$b du huenh1
G7c >ng 4,u c-a lu huenh l ),t nh t)ong u7 t)Bnh ch :in "u m$
X$b$j D7c kim loFi1
D7c kim loFi 0 l ch,t 4Cc t7c v t) 4Cc t7c cho nhiu ph3n Kng khng mong
mu!n nh Yh&")o h0a v ngng tN' lm cho hiu 2u,t h&")o v c!c t+ng ln' hiu 2u,t
tFo 4+ng gi3m$
b$ La chn nguyn liu cho qu trnh cracking xc tc:
D;a thYo thnh phn ph#n oFn c0 th? chia ngu&n liu cho u7 t)Bnh c)acking 4Cc
t7c thnh k nh0m 2au1
]6h0m X 1 nh0m ngu&n liu nhS' l ph#n oFn kY)o2YnP4ola l,& tH u7 t)Bnh
chng c,t t);c tip$ hi.i hFn nhit > 2i t)ung :Bnh l blmPjnm
m
D$ GR t)ng t)ung
:Bnh1 m'njPm'nl$ G)ng lng ph#n tM t)ung :Bnh1 XomPbbm vc$ T#& l ngu&n liu t!t
nh,t ? 23n 4u,t 4+ng m7& :a& v t$
]6h0m b 1 nh0m ngu&n liu l ph#n oFn ha2oil nIng$ hi.i hFn nhit > 2i t)ung
:Bnh l jmmPpmm
m
D$ GR t)ng t)ung :Bnh1 m'nnP m'ob$ G)ng lng ph#n tM t)ung :Bnh1
bnmPjjm vc$ T#& l ngu&n liu t!t nh,t ? 23n 4u,t 4+ng t v 4Y m7&$
]6h0m j 1 nh0m ngu&n liu c0 thnh phn ph#n oFn )>ng' 0 l hqn hp c-a hai
nh0m t)n$ hi.i hFn nhit > 2i t)ung :Bnh l bXmPppm
m
D' c0 th? l ph#n oFn l,& tH
chng c,t t);c tip ha& l phn chit c-a u7 t)Bnh lm 2Fch "u nh<n :cng "ung mi
chn lc$ T#& l ngu&n liu t!t nh,t ? 23n 4u,t 4+ng t v m7& :a&$
]6h0m k 1 nh0m ngu&n liu ph#n oFn t)ung gian l hqn hp ph#n oFn kY)o2Yn
nIng v 4ola nhS$ hi.i hFn nhit > 2i t)ung :Bnh l jmmPkjm
m
D$ T#& l ngu&n liu
t!t nh,t ? 23n 4u,t 4+ng t v m7& :a&$
6gu&n liu t c0 gi7 t)L nh,t l c7c phn chit c-a u7 t)Bnh lm 2Fch "u nh<n
:cng "ung mi chn lc' cIn maaut' ga2oil nIng c-a c7c u7 t)Bnh ch :in thK c,p
kh7c cho hiu 2u,t khng cao v tFo nhiu c!c$ 6goi )a' t)ong c7c ngu&n liu n&
chKa nhiu hp ch,t c-a r' 6 v c7c kim loFi nIng "_ lm ng> >c 4Cc t7c$
rong cc nh!" nguyn liu trn# nguyn liu t$t nh%t &'ng cho cracking xc tc
l( )h*n o+n k,ro-,n.xola ga-oil nng# thu /c t0 chng c%t trc ti1)2 3h*n o+n
n(y cho hiu -u%t x4ng cao# 5t t+o c$c nn th6i gian l(" vic xc tc k7o &(i2
du g1 G)ong ngu&n liu c)acking 4Cc t7c khng cho phsp c0 mIt ph#n oFn nhS
c0 nhit > 2i nh hn hoIc :cng bmm
m
D' vB t)ong iu kin c)acking ph#n oFn n&
m :L ph#n h-& thB tFo )a nhiu kh lm cho hiu 2u,t 4+ng v t)L 2! octan gi3m$ @It
kh7c' t)ong ngu&n liu khng cho phsp chKa lng l.n c7c h&")ocac:on thm a
v`ng UvB t)ong u7 t)Bnh "_ ngng tN c!c :7m t)n : mIt 4Cc t7cW' nh;a' a2phantYn v
c7c hp ch,t chKa 6' r$$$ 6u u7 t)Bnh c)acking 4Cc t7c cho phsp 2M "Nng c7c ngu&n
liu n& * m>t gi.i hFn nh,t Lnh thB cn tin hnh lm 2Fch ngu&n liu UloFi : :.t
c7c tFp ch,t t)nW t).c khi a ngu&n liu vo 2M "Nng$
t%in na&' * Eit 6am c0 j m "u uan t)ng c 4Cc tin khai th7c' 0 l1
] @ uFch %/1 c7ch :< :i?n E=ng Gu kho3ng Xbm km' c :vt u khai th7c tH
n+m Xonl n na&$ G)A lng "u m * #& ang gi3m "n' c0 th? khai th7c vi :a
n+m nAa$ Gu& nhin' nu c0 :in ph7p u t cng ngh cao ? khai th7c thK c,p c0
th? t+ng thm 23n lng v kso "i thm th<i gian khai th7c c-a m$
] @ wng1 c7ch m uFch %/ kho3ng jmkm v pha G#& 6am' :vt u c khai
th7c tH n+m Xook$ 6hng 23n lng :an u cha 7ng k?$
] @ 6am Dn rn1 ncm * vZng t)=ng 6am Dn rn' c7ch :< :i?n bnmkm v
c7ch m uFch %/ Xlmkm' c tin hnh khai th7c tH th7ng XmxXook$
8h9ng thu:n l/i cho qu trnh craking xc tc nh6 ";t -$ c t5nh c<a &=u th>
?it 8a" :
P Du th Eit 6am thu>c loFi "u nhS' t/ng hiu 2u,t 23n ph8m t)vng thu c
nhiu UpmPlmyt)ng lng "u thW$
@iu -u%t cc -An )hB" trc ti1) t0 &=u th> ?it 8a"
D7c ph#n oFn %iu 2u,t y th? tch tH "u m
uFch %/ TFi %Zng
6aphta Xz'nX bb'pp
fY)o2Yn Xj'oX Xk'zm
Di Xo'pX bz'Xp
DIn Uchng c,t kh u&?n t)n jkp
m
DWPVi kn'bz jo'kp
DIn Uchng c,t ch#n khng t)n ppm
m
DW Xk'b p'm
P Du th Eit 6am l loFi "u th ),t 2Fch chKa ),t t c7c >c t!' ),t t lu huenh'
),t t kim loFi nIng v c7c hp ch,t c-a nit$ 6h< vQ& m t)ong u7 t)Bnh ch :in
khng ph3i th;c hin c7c gi3i ph7p t!n ksm ? loFi : c7c tFp ch,t$
6hAng cng t)Bnh nghin cKu c-a {i^ U@|W ( 4u,t gi3i ph7p "Zng ton :> cIn
"u th Eit 6am Uchng c,t kh u&?n' chng c,t ch#n khngW ? c)acking 4Cc t7c
23n 4u,t 4+ng v.i hiu 2u,t cao m khng ng> >c ch,t 4Cc t7c' m>t gi3i ph7p cng
ngh ),t kinh t 2o v.i khi ch :in c7c loFi "u th kh7c t)n th gi.i$
G)ong 2! c7c ph#n oFn c-a "u th uFch %/ v TFi %Zng u l ngu&n liu t!t
cho u7 t)Bnh c)acking 4Cc t7c$ GhYo :3ng' hiu 2u,t y th? tch tH "u th uFch %/
c-a ph#n oFn ga2oil nIng UcIn chng c,t ch#n khngW cao hn 2o v.i "u th TFi
%Zng$ Gu& nhin' "o m "u uFch %/ ang cFn "n' cn nghin cKu thm v "u th
TFi %Zng ? 2M "Nng v khai th7c m>t c7c hp l$
IIIRCC" JS" 5DA&0 "N+ TU& VhW "D+"F$&0 GH" 5C" '
rau khi c)acking' c7c 23n ph8m c-a cng oFn VDD c ph#n )ing thYo kho3ng
nhit > 2i 1 kh' 4+ng' ga2oil nhS' ga2oil nIng$ G)ong 0' ph#n oFn 4+ng l 23n ph8m
uan t)ng v c0 gi7 t)L nh,t$ %iu 2u,t c7c 23n ph8m VDD 0 phN thu>c vo nhiu &u
t!1 ngun ngu&n liu' :3n ch,t 4Cc t7c' ch > cng ngh v mNc ch kinh t } cng
ngh c-a nh lc "u$
C2DAn )hB" kh5 cracking xc tc:
%iu 2u,t c-a 23n ph8m kh chim XmPXpy ngu&n liu Ym c)acking$ 6u tin
hnh * iu kin cKng thB hiu 2u,t 2~ l.n v ngc lFi$
P D7c kh nhS UD
b
v nhS hnW tho7t )a tH th7p h,p thN "u c gi l kh kh$ D7c
c,u tM chnh c-a kh kh l1 h&")o' mYtan' Ytan' Yt&lYn v %
b
r$ 6u ngu&n liu c0
hm lng du huenh cao thB kh c)acking chKa nhiu %
b
r$ 6u ngu&n liu chKa
nhiu 6it t)ong kh 2~ c0 6%
j
$ fh kh l m>t 23n ph8m khng mong mu!n c-a ph#n
4*ng VDD' kh kh nhiu u7 g#& )a u7 t3i m7& nsn kh .t$
P r3n ph8m p)opanPp)opYn lm ngu&n liu cho u7 t)Bnh pol&mY h0a v cho u7
t)Bnh 23n 4u,t c7c ch,t hoFt >ng : mIt$
P ^h#n oFn kh p)opanPp)opYn' :utanP:utYn l ngu&n liu cho u7 t)Bnh 23n 4u,t
kh h0a lng d^h' ngu&n liu cho ank&l h0a' lm ngu&n liu cho t/ng hp h0a "u$
E2DAn )hB" x4ng cracking xc tc:
+ng l 23n ph8m chnh c-a u7 t)Bnh' hiu 2u,t 4+ng c)acking 4Cc t7c th<ng thu
c tH jmPppy lng ngu&n liu Ym c)acking$ %iu 2u,t 4+ng v ch,t lng 4+ng
phN thu>c vo ch,t lng ngu&n liu' 4Cc t7c v ch > cng ngh$
P 6u ngu&n liu c0 hm lng h&")ocac:on naphtYn thB cho hiu 2u,t v ch,t
lng 4+ng cao$ 6u ngu&n liu c0 hm lng l.n pa)a\in thB nhQn c 4+ng c0 t)L
2! octan th,p$ G)ong ngu&n liu c0 hm lng du huenh cao thB 4+ng nhQn c c0
hm lng du huenh l.n' th<ng chim kho3ng Xpy t)ng lng du huenh chKa
t)ong ngu&n liu$
P +ng nhQn c tH u7 t)Bnh c)acking 4Cc t7c c0 tR t)ng kho3ng m'zbPm'zz$ G)L 2!
octan thYo phng ph7p nghin cKu Uwi6W kho3ng nzPoX$
P Ghnh phn h0a hc c-a 4+ng c)acking 4Cc t7c kh7c hn v.i 4+ng c)acking nhit
v 4+ng chng c,t t);c tip$ +ng c)acking 4Cc t7c c0 t)L 2! octan cao hn' c0 chKa oP
Xmy t)ng lng h&")ocac:on thm$ 60i chung' 4+ng c)acking 4Cc t7c l c,u tM c
:3n ? ch tFo 4+ng thng ph8m cho t v m7& :a&$
Ghnh phn 4+ng c)acking1
] %&")ocac:on thm 1 bpPkmy
] ilY\in 1 XpPjmy
] 6aphtYn 1 bPXmy
] ^a)a\in 1 jpPlmy Ui2oPpa)a\in l ch- &uW
T? t+ng t)L 2! octan cho 4+ng c)acking 4Cc t7c' ng<i ta pha thm n.c chB UGdW$
@Kc > tip nhQn n.c chB phN thu>c vo thnh phn h0a hc c-a 4+ng$ Gu& nhin'
4+ng c0 pha chB ),t >c' g#& nhi_m mi t)<ng$
^h#n oFn 4+ng * c7c "#& chu&n cng ngh din :ang 6ga th<ng c0 nhit > 2i
cu!i l Xop
m
D' c`n * c7c n.c kh7c tha& /i c0 th? l bmk hoIc l bbm
m
D$
F2DAn )hB" ga-oil nhG1
P ha2oil nhS c-a u7 t)Bnh c0 nhit > 2i XzpPjpm
m
D$ ro 27nh v.i nhin liu "iYaYn
thB n0 c0 t)L 2! 4Ytan th,p v hm lng lu huenh kh7 cao$
P E.i ngu&n liu l ph#n oFn 4ola tH "u h pa)a\in thB ga2oil nhS nhQn c' c0
t)L 2! octan 4Ytan tng !i cao Ukp klW$ E.i ngu&n liu chKa nhiu h&")ocac:on
thm' naphtYn thB t)L 2! 4Ytan th,p Ubp jpW$
P Dh,t lng ga2oil nhS khng chR phN thu>c vo ch,t lng c-a 4Cc t7c v ch
> cng ngh c)acking 4Cc t7c$ * iu kin cKng1 hiu 2u,t' ch,t lng ga2oil nhS th,p
v ngc lFi$
P r3n ph8m ga2oil nhS "Zng lm c,u tM pha cho nhin liu "iYaYn' lm ngu&n liu
23n 4u,t : h0ng' ha& lm c,u tM pha lo(ng maaut$
P ha2oil nhS c0 Ic tnh1
G t)ng1 m'nj m'ok$
Ghnh phn h0a hc1
] du huenh X'z b'ky t)ng lng$
] %&")ocac:on olY\in ly t)ng lng$
] %&")ocac:on thm jm pmy t)ng lng$
D`n lFi l h&")ocac:on pa)a\in v naphtYn$
k$DAn )hB" ga-oil nng:
P d 23n ph8m cIn c-a u7 t)Bnh$ Dh,t lng c-a n0 phN thu>c ch > cng ngh'
ngun ngu&n liu v ch,t lng ga2oil nhS$
P ha2oil nIng c0 nhit > 2i jpm
m
D' c0 t t)ng1 m'no m'oo$
P ha2oil nIng chKa m>t lng kh l.n tFp ch,t c hc$ %m lng lu huenh t)ong
0 cao hn kho3ng X'p ln 2o v.i ngu&n liu :an u$
P %Di l 23n ph8m nhQn c tH th7p chng c,t 23n ph8m VDD' c0 kho3ng nhit
> 2i ncm giAa ga2oil nhS v "u gFn UDiW$ %Di l "u chKa nhiu v`ng thm nIng'
th<ng c 2M "Nng nh "`ng hi lu c-a th7p chng c,t nhcm t)u&n nhit cho
ngu&n liu m.i hoIc cho :> phQn gia nhit c-a th7p t7ch D
k
$ %Di c0 th? c 4M lg
tip t)ong cng oFn h&)o c)acking' hoIc "Zng ? pha t)>n v.i "u gFn$
P DiP"u gFn l 23n ph8m nIng nh,t c-a u7 t)Bnh c)acking 4Cc t7c$ Di c`n c
gi l "u 2t' "u 7& v "u cIn VDD$ Di l 23n ph8m c0 gi7 t)L kinh t th,p nh,t'
nn ng<i ta th<ng c! gvng hFn ch hiu 2u,t Di$
P D!c l 23n ph8m c tFo thnh "o m>t phn ngu&n liu :L chu&?n h0a tH c7c
ph3n Kng c)acking thK c,p' polimY h0a' ngng tN$$$ D!c :7m t)n : mIt 4Cc t7c' lm
gi3m hoFt tnh ch,t 4Cc t7c$ fhi !t ch7& c!c t)ong thit :L hon ngu&n' hoFt tnh c-a
4Cc t7c c hon ngu&n' nhit tho7t )a tH ph3n Kng !t ch7& c!c lFi :3o 3m ch >
nhit cho )Yacto c)acking$
P r3n ph8m ga2oil nIng lm ngu&n liu cho c)acking nhit v c!c h0a hoIc lm
nhin liu !t l`$ 6g& na&' ng<i ta c`n "Zng n0 lm ngu&n liu 23n 4u,t : h0ng$
ChAB&0 II' H+ h!" "N+ X-C 5DE&h "D+"F$&0 GH" 5C"
O$N0-1%& OK "N+ X-C 5DE&h "D+"F$&0 GH" 5C" 1
D0 th? :i?u "i_n :cng 2 2au1
OO$CB T? h+ h!" "hK&h'
G)ong iu kin tin hnh u7 t)Bnh c)acking 4Cc t7c ( 43& )a m>t 2! lng l.n
c7c ph3n Kng h0a hc$ Dh,t lng v hiu 2u,t c-a u7 t)Bnh c u&t Lnh :*i c7c
ph3n Kng n&$
X23hAn Hng )h*n h<y cc "+ch C. C# )hAn Hng cracking :
d ph3n Kng ph#n h-& :5 g(& mFch nhAng phn tM c0 kch th.c l.n Ut)ng lng
ph#n tM l.nW thnh nhAng phn tM c0 kch th.c nh hn$ T#& l ph3n Kng chnh c-a
u7 t)Bnh$
P ^a)a\in :L c)acking tFo olY\in v pa)a\in nh$
D
n
%
bn]b
D
m
%
bm
] D
p
%
bp]b
E.i n m]p
P ilY\in :L c)acking tFo olY\in nh hn$
D
n
%
bn
D
m
%
bm
] D
p
%
bp
E.i n m]p
D7c alk&l h&)ocac:on a)omat Uc7c h&)ocac:on v`ng thm' vit tvt )D
n
%
bn]X
' v.i
)1 g!c h&)ocac:on a)omat' D
n
%
bn]X
1 g!c alk&lW$
)D
n
%
bn]X
)% ] D
n
%
bn

)omat olY\in
D)acking mFch nh7nh c-a v`ng thm tFo thnh pa)a\in v h&)ocac:on thm c0
nh7nh nh hn$
)D
n
%
bn]X
)D
m
%
bm]X
] D
p
%
bp
' E.i n m]p
P D)acking naphtYn tFo )a c7c olY\in$
D
n
%
bn
D
m
%
bm
] D
p
%
bp
E.i n m]p
6u pa)a\in mFch c0 chKa m>t v`ng 4&clohY4an thB v`ng 0 khng :L ph7 v91
D
n
%
bn
D
l
%
Xb
] D
m
%
bm
] D
p
%
bp
r3n ph8m ua
chng t7ch
6gu&n liu d` ph3n Kng
d` t7i 2inh 4Cc t7c
Cc t7c (
lm vic
Cc t7c
( t7i 2inh
Dhu8n
:L 4M l
6aphtYn 4&clohY4an olY\in olY\in
E.i n m ] p ] l
b$3hAn Hng Ing )h*n h!a JiKo", h!aL:
d ph3n Kng tFo )a nhAng h&)ocac:on c0 c,u t)Cc mFch nh7nh$
nP olY\in i2oP olY\in
nP pa)a\in i2oPpa)a\in
j$3hAn Hng chuyMn &Nch hyro:
d u7 t)Bnh chu&?n /i %
P
t)ong v giAa c7c phn tM ph3n Kng' nn c`n gi l 2;
chu&?n "Lch h&)ua$
6h< c0 4Cc t7c m c0 2; ph#n :! lFi h&)o' cho nn ( lm no c m>t 2!
h&)ocac:on 0i' lm t+ng tnh /n Lnh h0a hc c-a 23n ph8m nhQn c$
6aphtYn ] olY\in h&)ocac:on thm ] pa)a\in$
Gin ch,t c!c a)omat ] olY\in c!c ] pa)a\in$
k$3hAn Hng alkyl h!a v( khO alkyl h!a:
P ^h3n Kng alk&l h0a 43& )a * nhit > th,p' lm gi3m hiu 2u,t kh$
)% ] D
n
%
bn
) D
n
%
bn]X
P ^h3n Kng khM alk&l h0a ngc v.i ph3n Kng alk&l h0a' 43& )a * nhit > cao v
tFo nhiu kh$
p$3hAn Hng tr'ng h/):
Dh- &u 43& )a v.i h&)ocac:on 0i1
D
n
%
bn
] D
m
%
bm
D
p
%
bp
E.i n ] mp
l$3hAn Hng ngng tP t+o c$c:
Dh- &u 43& )a !i v.i c7c h&)ocac:on thm a v`ng' 43& )a khi nhit > cao$
r; tFo c!c t)ong u7 t)Bnh c)acking 4Cc t7c l khng mong mu!n' vB c!c
:7m t)n : mIt 4Cc t7c' gi3m hoFt tnh 4Cc t7c' gi3m th<i gian lm vic c-a 4Cc t7c$
rong iu kin c>ng nghi)# cc )hAn Hng cracking ch5nh J)hAn Hng )h*n h<y
cc "+ch C. CL kh>ng QN h+n ch1 QRi c*n QSng nhit ;ng hc# t+i c*n QSng cc
hyrocacQon u c! thM )h*n h<y ho(n to(n th(nh cacQon gra)hit JCL v( hyro2
8g/c l+i# cc )hAn Hng )hP nh i-o", h!a# alkyl h!a cc aro"at c! thM xAy ra chT R
"Hc ; nhU trong iu kin cracking c>ng nghi)2 Cc )hAn Hng ankyl h!a )araVin.
CH=CH
2
R
1
CH=CHR
2
R1
R2
+
+
H
2
ol,Vin# hy&ro h!a aro"at v( )oly", h!a ol,Vin Jngo+i tr0 )oly", h!a ,tyl,nL u ho(n
to(n kh>ng xAy ra2
Cc )hAn Hng cracking thu nhit "+nh# i-o", h!a c! hiu Hng nhit nhU# cong
)hAn Hng chuyMn &Nch hy&ro th tUa nhit trong qu trnh cracking# cc )hAn Hng thu
nhit lu>n lu>n chi1" u th1# hiu Hng nhit c<a qu trnh )hP thu;c v(o nguIn
nguyn liu# ch%t xc tc v( iu kin )hAn Hng 2
OOO$ CB "h, VhU& Y&0 "D+"F$&0 GH" 5C" '
D ch c-a u7 t)Bnh c)acking 4Cc t7c l c ch ion cac:oni$ D 2* c-a lg thu&t
n& ";a vo t#m hoFt tnh l c7c ion cac:oni' chCng c tFo )a khi c7c ph#n tM
h&)ocac:on c-a ngu&n liu t7c "Nng v.i t#m a4it c-a 4Cc t7c loFi u)on2tY" U%
]
W ha&
dYi2 UdW$
GhYo c ch n&' u7 t)Bnh c)acking t)n 4Cc t7c alumino2ilicat 43& )a thYo c7c giai
oFn 2au 1
C2Wiai o+n t+o ion cacQoni:
X$X$GH h&)ocac:on pa)a\in1
P Oon cac:oni c0 th? c tFo thnh "o 2; t7c "Nng c-a pa)a\in v.i t#m a4it u)ontY"
c-a 4Cc t7c 1
P Oon cac:oni c=ng c0 th? c tFo )a "o 2; t7c "Nng c-a pa)a\in v.i t#m dYi2 1
X$b$GH h&)ocac:on olY\in1
P Oon cac:oni tFo )a "o 2; t7c "Nng c-a olY\in v.i t#m aci" u)on2tY" c-a 4Cc t7c1
P Oon cac:oni tFo thnh "o 2; t7c "Nng c-a olY\in v.i t#m aci" dYi2 c-a 4Cc t7c1
+
C
n
H
2n+1
+ H
2
+
C
n
H
2n+3
C
n
H
2n+2
+H
+
+
C
m
H
2m+1

+

+
C
n-m
H
2(n-m)+2
C
n
H
2n+2
+L(H
+
)
+
C
n
H
2n+1
+LH
R
1
CH
2
-CH
2
R
2
H
+
+ R
1
CH
2
-C
+
HR
2
+H
2
+xt (xt)
+
C
n
H
2n+1
C
n
H
2n
+H
+
+
C
n
H
2n+1
+LH C
n
H
2n
+L
R
1
CH=C
H
R
2
H
+
(xt)
R
1
H
R
2
CH-C
H
xt
C
+
+ +
Al
O
O
O Si

Al
O
O
O Si H:

RH
R
+
+ +
RH
R
+
Al
O
O
O Si

Al
O
O
O Si H:

+ +
G)ong ngu&n liu :an u th<ng khng c0 h&)ocac:on olY\in' nhng olY\in c0
th? tFo )a "o 2; ph#n h-& c7c h&)ocac:on pa)a\in c0 ph#n tM lng l.n$ D7c olY\in
tFo thnh lQp tKc t7c "Nng v.i t#m aci" )i tFo )a ion cac:oni$
fhi olY\in t7c "Nng v.i %
]
U4tW thB 47c 2u,t tFo alk&l :Qc b l.n hn alk&l :QcX$ fhi
olY\in c0 lin kt i * cac:on :Qc j thB ion cac:oni :Qc j "_ tFo thnh hn * cac:on
:Qc b$
X$j$GH h&")ocac:on naphtYn1
fhi h&")ocac:on naphtYn t7c "Nng v.i t#m a4it c-a 4Cc t7c ha& ion cac:oni kh7c
2~ tFo )a cac ion cac:oni m.i tng t; nh u7 t)Bnh n& 43& )a v.i pa)a\in$
X$k$GH h&)ocac:on thm 1 %
]
kt hp t);c tip vo nh#n thm$
D7c h&)ocac:on thm c0 mFch :n - "i thB tFo thnh ion cac:oni c=ng gi!ng
nh t)<ng hp pa)a\in$
b$Wiai o+n Qi1n Xi ion cacQoni:
D7c ion cac:oni c tFo )a tH giai oFn t)n lFi nhanh ch0ng tham gia vo c7c
ph3n Kng :in /i kh7c nhau nh 1
P ^h3n Kng ng ph#n h0a1
wPDPDPDPD
]
DPD
]
PDPDPw
P ^h3n Kng c)acking thYo ui tvc1
Oon cac:oni chu&?n h0a thYo ui tvc ph#n cvt lin kt [ !i v.i t#m D
]
? tFo )a m>t
olY\in v m>t ion cac:oni m.i' nh hn$
CH
3
-CH C-CH
3
CH
3
H
+
(xt)
CH
3
CH
3
-CH
2 C
+
-CH
3
C-CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
-C
+
H
+
HX X H
+
H
H
X
+ +
+ +
R C
C
C
C
+
C
C
C
C
R
C=C C
C
+
R
C
+
H
3
+ +
[
[
[
(1) (2)
(3)
6u :a lin kt DP D * vL t) [ thB lin kt DP D * vL t) UXW l c0 47c 2u,t Kt mFch
l.n nh,t' 2au 0 n vL t) UbW v cu!i cZng n vL t) UjW$
D7c ion cac:oni nhanh ch0ng t7c "Nng v.i olY\in ha& v.i pa)a\in thYo ph3n Kng
vQn chu&?n ion h&")it1
]
D
n
%
bn]X
] D
m
%
bm
D
n
%
bn
]
]
D
m
%
bm ]X
]
D
n
%
bn]X
] D
m
%
bm ]b
D
n
%
bn ]b
]
]
D
m
%
bm ]X
] T!i v.i u7 t)Bnh ph#n cvt [ c-a ion cac:oni mFch thng 43& )a v.i t!c > c`n
chQm hn' kh0 kh+n hn 2o v.i ph3n Kng cvt [ c-a ion cac:oni mFch nh7nh' vB n0 tFo
)a m>t ion cac:oni :Qc X$
] T!i v.i ion cac:oni l ng ng c-a :YnaYn' 2; ph#n cvt c7c lin kt DP D t)ong
mFch v`ng l m>t ph3n Kng kh0 kh+n$ G).c khi ph#n h-&' p)oton c kt hp v.i
m>t t)ong nhAng lin kt DP D t)ong nh#n thm tFo thnh nhAng hp ch,t t)ung gian'
2au 0 in tch ion cac:oni 2~ "Lch chu&?n thYo 2 2au1
Cc ion n(y c! thM tha" gia cc )hAn Hng Ing )h*n# cracking# alkyl h!a hay
ngng tP2 Yi1n Xi c<a ion cacQoni ti1) &iZn cho 1n khi n! c! c%u trc Qn v9ng
nh%t# c! ; Qn cao nh%t2 C! thM -[) x1) ; Qn c<a c ion cacQoni th,o thH t -au:
\on cacQoni Q:c F ] ion cacQoni Q:c E ] ion cacQoni Q:c C2
?5 &P:
T> :n c-a ion cac:oni 2~ u&t Lnh mKc > tham gia c7c ph3n Kng tip thYo c-a
chCng$ EB ion cac:oni :Qc j c0 > :n cao nh,t nn 2~ cho phsp nhQn hiu 2u,t cao c7c
hp ch,t iaoPpa)a\in$ Dh,t lng 23n ph8m c u&t Lnh :*i c7c ph3n Kng c-a ion
cac:oni m Ic :it l c7c ph3n Kng ph#n h-&' ng ph#n h0a v chu&?n vL h&")o$
j$Wiai o+n &0ng )hAn Hng:
hiai oFn n& 43& )a khi c7c ion cac:oni kt hp v.i nhau hoIc chCng nh<ng ha&
nhQn ngu&n tM h&")o c-a 4Cc t7c ? tFo &hnh c7c ph#n tM t)ung h`a$
R
1
R
2
R
3
C
+
R
1
R
2
C
+
R
1
C
+
C
C
C
C
C
+
S
O
O
O
OH
C
C C
C
S
O
O
O OH
+
[
CH
3
-
+
CH- CH
2
R CH
3
-

CH =CH
2
+R
C! thM -o -nh qu trnh cracking nhit v( cracking xc tc nh -au:
Ghnh phn
ngu&n liu
D)acking nhit D)acking 4Cc t7c
P E.i nPpa)a\in$
P E.i v`ng no$
P E.i alk&l thm$
P ^hn l.n thu D
b
olY\in v
D
k
PD
p
mFch thng$
P ^h3n Kng ng ph#n h0a
khng nhiu$
P fh0 thu 23n ph8m v`ng$
P D)acking kh0 kh+n$
P T/i mFch alk&l$
P Ghu D
j
}D
l
olY\in mFch
nh7nh$
P Tng ph#n h0a ),t nhiu$
P Ghu 23n ph8m v`ng' tFo a)Yn$
P D)acking "_ "ng$
P G7ch nh0m alk&l )a khi
v`ng thm$
OE$7&0 h!" "hQ X-C 5DE&h "D+"F$&0 GH" 5C"'
X$T>ng hc ph3n Kng c)acking 4Cc t7c ga2oil l m>t v,n kh7 phKc tFp$ Ghnh
phn ngu&n liu v 23n ph8m lun tha& /i thYo chiu "c l.p 4Cc t7c /n Lnh' nga&
c3 thnh phn ch,t 4Cc t7c c=ng :L :in /i thYo th<i gian "o hin tng ng> >c' tFo
c!c$$$G)ong c7c thit :L c)acking cng nghip hoIc t)ong thit :L c0 l.p 4Cc t7c linh
>ng' c7c c,u tM "_ :L c)acking nh,t c chu&?n h0a t)ong phn u c-a )Yacto' t)ong
c7c phn tip thYo khng chR l 23n ph8m m :ao gm c3 phn ngu&n liu " kh0
c)acking$ EB vQ&' c7c ngu&n liu ua& v`ng tH c7c thit :L c)acking :ao gi< c=ng
kh0 c)acking hn ngu&n liu g!c :an u$
D+n cK vo c7c Ic i?m phKc tFp 0' fYmp v ociYchou2ki a )a m>t phng
t)Bnh >ng hc cho c)acking 4Cc t7c "u kh nh 2au1
G)ong 01
] k
im
1 hcng 2! t!c > c)acking c-a c7c c,u tM t)ong ngu&n liu$
]
i
1 phn mol c-a c,u tM thK i$
] k
m
1 hcng 2! t!c > :an u :i?u kin$
] D
r
1 nng > t#m 4Cc t7c$
] D

1 nng > t/ng c>ng c-a ga2oil$

r! hFng k
im

i
:i?u "i_n 2; 3nh h*ng c-a thnh phn ga2oil n t!c >
c)acking$
b$Ju7 t)Bnh c)acking 4Cc t7c l m>t th "N i?n hBnh v 4Cc t7c "L th?' n0 c0 th? 43&
)a c7c giai oFn 2au 1
P Ju7 t)Bnh khuch t7n ngu&n liu n : mIt 4Cc t7c Ukhuch t7n ngoiW$
"D

"N
=k
0
. C
S
. C
A
. k
i0
.

X
i
i=1

P fhuch t7n hi ngu&n liu n c7c t#m hoFt tnh t)ong lq 4!p c-a 4Cc t7c
Ukhuch t7n t)ong W$
P %,p phN ngu&n liu t)n t#m hoFt tnh 4Cc t7c$
P D7c ph3n Kng h0a hc t)n : mIt 4Cc t7c $
P fhM h,p phN c7c 23n ph8m c)acking v ngu&n liu cha tham gia ph3n Kng )a
khi : mIt v )a khi lq 4!p c-a 4Cc t7c $
P G7ch c7c 23n ph8m c)acking v ngu&n liu cha tham gia ph3n Kng )a khi vZng
ph3n Kng $
G!c > chung c-a u7 t)Bnh 2~ c u&t Lnh :*i giai oFn no chQm nh,t$
G!c > c-a ph3n Kng c)acking 4Cc t7c' t)ong a 2! c7c t)<ng hp c miu t3
:cng phng t)Bnh :Qc X 2au 1
f v
m
$ n $ lnUXP4W } Un } XW $4
G)ong 0 1
] f 1 t!c > c-a ph3n KngUmolxg$hW
] v
o
1 t!c > t)u&n ngu&n liu UmolxhW$
] n 1 2! mol 23n ph8m c tFo thnh tH m>t mol ngu&n liu$
] 4 1 mKc > chu&?n h0a Uphn molW
T!i v.i ph#n oFn "u t)n 4Cc t7c aYolic' phng t)Bnh :Qc X 1
E.i v
o
l t!c > th? tch khng gian t)u&n ngu&n liu Um
j
xhW$
^h3n Kng 43& )a t)ong vZng >ng hc ha& vZng khuch t7n hon ton phN thu>c
vo :3n ch,t c-a ngu&n liu v vo ch > cng ngh c-a u7 t)Bnh$
ChAB&0 III1 XH" 5C" "hQ X-C 5DE&h "D+"F$&0 GH" 5C"
O$ G$Z$ 5h$P- "h-&0 #[ "h\5 GH" 5C" "D+"F$&0 "]&0 &0h$PV
X$ Cc lo+i xc tc
r; ph7t t)i?n v c3i tin u7 t)Bnh c)acking 4Cc t7c t)ong cng nghip ch :in "u
m' ngoi vic c3i thin v ngu&n liu' h th!ng thit :L' ch > cng ngh $$$thB ta
K =
v
0
1-x
th,& c7i chnh l "o 2; c3i tin t)ong vic 2M "Nng c7c ch,t 4Cc t7c$ ^h3n Kng c)acking
4Cc t7c ch- &u 43& )a t)n : mIt ch,t 4Cc t7c' chiu h.ng c-a ph3n Kng phN thu>c
vo :3n ch,t c-a 4Cc t7c$
Cc t7c "Zng t)ong u7 t)Bnh c)acking th<ng l 4Cc t7c )vn' 4!p' c0 ngun g!c tH
thin nhin ha& t/ng hp' v.i : mIt )ing l.n$
P Tu tin 4Cc t7c c)acking c "Zng l ,t 2st thin nhin c0 tnh a4it$ ?5 &P:
Cc t7c t)iPclo)ua nhm lDl
j
tin hnh * nhit > th,p bmm jmm
m
D' nhc i?m
c-a 4Cc t7c n& l 4Cc t7c m,t m7t nhiu "o tFo phKc v.i c7c h&)ocac:on c-a ngu&n
liu' iu kin tip 4Cc giAa 4Cc t7c v ngu&n liu l khng t!t' cho hiu 2u,t v ch,t
lng 4+ng th,p$
P rau 0' ng<i ta 2M "Nng alumino2ilicat v Lnh hBnh$ Tu tin' ng<i ta "Zng ,t
2st :Yntonit' 2ong hiu 2u,t chu&?n h0a th,p nn ( tin hnh 2M "Nng alumino2ilicat
t/ng hp$ Cc t7c n& c0 hoFt tnh v > chn lc tng !i cao$
P %in na&' ch- &u 2M "Nng aYolit hoIc 4Cc t7c alumino2ilicat chKa aYolit$ E.i u
i?m c-a loFi 4Cc t7c chKa aYolit l gi3m c gi7 thnh c-a 4Cc t7c' "_ "ng t7i 2inh
4Cc t7c$
E2^c tc trong c>ng nghi):
P Cc t7c t)ong cng nghip th<ng c iu ch tH j bpy kh!i lng c-a
aYolit tinh th? U<ng knh c-a hFt aYolit tinh th? c* X9mW t)ong m>t ch,t nn
Umant)i4W l alumino2ilicat v Lnh hBnh hoIc kho7ng 2st$
P T? 3m :3o ch > lm vic * t)Fng th7i lu th? t)ong "`ng hi h&)ocac:on'
kch th.c hFt 4Cc t7c th<ng kho3ng bmlm9m$ Yolit ph3i c ph#n t7n vo t)ong
pha nn alumino2ilicat v Lnh hBnh ? t)7nh c7c hiu Kng nhit cNc :>' ? /n Lnh
hoFt tnh 4Cc t7c c-a aYolit' nh< c,u t)Cc 4!p v > a4it kh7c nhau giAa aYolit v pha
v Lnh hBnh$
%in na&' t)ong cng nghip 2M "Nng ch- &u l aYolit ' c0 kch th.c mao
u3n )>ng UnXm
m
W ? ch tFo 4Cc t7c "Zng cho c)acking c7c ph#n oFn )>ng v
nIng$ 6goi )a' c`n c0 th? 2M "Nng loFi aYolit mao u3n t)ung :Bnh nh r@Pp' r@P
XX$ D7c loFi 4Cc t7c t)n c ch tFo ".i "Fng hFt vi cu ? 2M "Nng cho u7 t)Bnh
c)acking v.i l.p gi3 2i UVDDW hoIc "Fng cu l.n cho thit :L c0 l.p 4Cc t7c chu&?n
>ng UwDDW$ @It kh7c' t)ong ch,t 4Cc t7c VDD' ngoi c7c hp phn c :3n l aYolit
"Fng {r v pha nn alumino2ilicat v Lnh hBnh' ng<i ta c`n thm vo c7c aYolit
phN gia Uv.i hm lng tH X Xmy kh!i lngW nh1 %Pr@Pp' %Pr@PXX' %P
:Yta $$$$? gia t+ng t)L 2! octanc-a 4+ng hoIc gia t+ng hm lng olY\in nhS t)ong thnh
phn kh c)acking v thm m>t 2! phN gia thN >ng h0a kim loFi$
OO$ V+$ 5D^ "N+ GH" 5C" "D+"F$&0'
Cc t7c t)ong u7 t)Bnh c)acking c0 tm uan t)ng ),t l.n$ 60 c0 t7c "Nng lm
gi3m n+ng lng hoFt h0a' tH 0 "n n t+ng t!c > ph3n Kng$ 6goi )a' 4Cc t7c c`n
c0 tnh chn lc' n0 c0 kh3 n+ng lm t+ng hoIc chQm khng ng u c7c loFi ph3n
Kng' c0 ngha l h.ng ph3n Kng thYo chiu c0 li nhcm thu c 23n ph8m ph3n Kng
c0 ch,t lng v hiu 2u,t cao$
OOO$ S" 5K&h "N+ GH" 5C" "D+"F$&0'
Cc t7c c)acking ph3i 3m :3o c7c &u cu 2au1
X$ @o+t t5nh xc tc )hAi cao:
P %oFt tnh 4Cc t7c l &u cu uan t)ng nh,t !i v.i 4Cc t7c "Zng t)ong c)acking$
EB mNc ch c-a u7 t)Bnh c)acking l nhQn 4+ng' nn phng ph7p "Zng hiu 2u,t
4+ng ? 7nh gi7 > hoFt >ng c-a 4Cc t7c 2~ n gi3n hn' hoFt tnh 4Cc t7c cng cao
thB cho hiu 2u,t 4+ng cng l.n$
] Cc t7c c0 hoFt tnh cao' hiu 2u,t 4+ng kpy
] Cc t7c c0 hoFt tnh t)ung :Bnh' hiu 2u,t 4+ng jm kmy
] Cc t7c c0 hoFt tnh th,p' hiu 2u,t 4+ng l jmy
P %oFt tnh 4Cc t7c phN thu>c vo tnh ch,t vQt lg' h0a hc c-a 4Cc t7c' m t).c
ht l phN thu>c vo thnh phn h0a hc c-a 4Cc t7c v phN thu>c vo iu kin cng
ngh c-a u7 t)Bnh $
b$ _; chn lc )hAi cao:
P Cc t7c cn c0 > chn lc cao ? cho 4+ng c0 ch,t lng cao v hiu 2u,t l.n$
P d kh3 n+ng c-a 4Cc t7c lm t+ng t!c > c-a c7c ph3n Kng c0 li' ng th<i lm
gi3m t!c > c-a c7c ph3n Kng khng mong mu!n$
P T> chn lc c-a 4Cc t7c u&t Lnh kh3 n+ng tFo c7c 23n ph8m c0 gi7 t)L c-a n0'
0 l c7c c,u tM 4+ng c0 t)L 2! octan cao$
P T> chn lc c0 th? c 7nh gi7 :cng c7ch 47c Lnh tR l giAa hiu 2u,t 4+ng v
c!c Uha& khW * cZng m>t > 2#u :in /i$ GR 2! giAa hiu 2u,t 4+ng v c!c Uha& khW
cng l.n thB > chn lc 4Cc t7c cng cao$
Cc t7c th<ng c 7nh gi7 ng th<i > hoFt tnh v > chn lc c-a n0 2o v.i
4Cc t7c mu khi tin hnh t)ong cZng m>t iu kin c)acking $
j$ _; Xn Nnh )hAi l`n:
Cc t7c ph3i giA c nhAng Ic tnh ch- &u UhoFt tnh' > chn lcW 2au m>t th<i
gian lam vic l#u "i$
T> /n Lnh 4Cc t7c Ic t)ng cho kh3 n+ng khng tha& /i c7c tnh ch,t t)ong u7
t)Bnh lm vic$ Cc t7c c0 > /n Lnh cng cao thB cng t!t t)ong u7 t)Bnh 2M "Nng$
k$ _A" QAo ; Qn ca# Qn nhit:
P G)ong u7 t)Bnh lm vic' 4Cc t7c c 27t v.i thnh thit :L lm cho 4Cc t7c "_ :L
v9' "o 0 lm t/n th,t 7p 2u,t ua l.p 4Cc t7c t+ng ln' lm m,t m7t 4Cc t7c l.n$ EB
vQ&' 4Cc t7c ph3i 3m :3o > :n c$
P fhi lm vic nhit > tha& /i' khi nhit > cao u7 m nu 4Cc t7c khng c0 >
:n nhit thB c0 th? :L :in /i c,u t)Cc "n n lm gi3m c7c tnh ch,t c-a 4Cc t7c$
p$ ^c tc )hAi A" QAo ; thu=n nh%t cao:
Cc t7c cn ng nh,t v thnh phn' v c,u t)Cc' v hBnh "Fng v v kch th.c$
P fch th.c khng ng u 2~ tFo )a nhAng vZng ph#n l.p v c0 t)* l;c kh7c
nhau$ Tng th<i' "o 2; ph#n l.p thYo kch th.c nn 2~ ph7 v9 ch > lm vic :Bnh
th<ng c-a thit :L$ @It kh7c' khi kch th.c khng ng u lm t+ng kh3 n+ng v9
vNn' "n n m,t m7t 4Cc t7c$
P D,u t)Cc lq 4!p khng ng u 2~ lm gi3m : mIt tip 4Cc "n n lm gi3m
hoFt tnh 4Cc t7c $
l$ ^c tc )hAi Qn v`i cc ch%t l(" ng; ;c xc tc:
Cc t7c ph3i ch!ng lFi t7c "Nng g#& ng> >c c-a c7c hp ch,t c-a 6it' du huenh
v c-a c7c kim loFi nIng ? kso "i th<i gian lm vic cho 4Cc t7c$
z$ ^c tc )hAi c! khA n4ng ti -inh:
Cc t7c c0 kh3 n+ng t7i 2inh t!t 2~ n#ng cao hiu u3 v n+ng 2u,t c-a u7 t)Bnh'
lng tiu hao 4Cc t7c c=ng gi3m 4u!ng$
n$ ^c tc )hAi &Z -An xu%t v( gi th(nh rb:
T#& c=ng l &u t! uan t)ng' g0p phn Lnh h.ng cho c7c nh nghin cKu v
23n 4u,t$
ChAB&0 IVR 3-$ 5DE&h "]&0 &0hP "D+"F$&0 GH" 5C"
O$SB J_ &0-1%& 5`" "N+ X-C 5DE&h "D+"F$&0 GH" 5C" "]&0 &0h$PV'
@nh C2C Da I nguyn t[c c<a qu trnh cracking xc tc c>ng nghi)
r gm m>t )Yacto chKa l.p 4Cc t7c chu&?n >ng' cZng v.i m>t :> phQn t7ch
hFt 4Cc t7c v 23n ph8m Uthit :L ph3n Kng 4Cc t7cW' m>t thit :L hon ngu&n 4Cc t7c'
t)ong 0 c!cP23n ph8m cac:on ph#n tM lng cao' c !t ch7& ? phNc hi hoFt tnh
4Cc t7c v m>t thit :L chng c,t ? t7ch 23n ph8m c)acking thnh c7c ph#n oFn c0
nhit > 2i kh7c nhau v m>t phn "u nIng c hi lu t)* lFi )Yacto c)acking$
@in nay# cc thi1t QN cracking xc tc c /c nhiu hcng ch1 t+o v( cAi ti1n2
OO$ CC" 1,- 54 U&h hA?&0 J,& X-C 5DE&h "D+"F$&0 GH" 5C"'
3nh h*ng n c7c chR tiu lm vic c-a u7 t)Bnh c)acking 4Cc t7c khng chR l
ngu&n liu v ch,t 4Cc t7c m c`n c0 c7c thng 2! cng ngh c-a u7 t)Bnh$ D7c
thng 2! cng ngh :ao gm1
X$ Anh hRng c<a nhit ;:
6hit > thch hp kpm pbm
m
D$ T#& l kho3ng nhit > thch hp nh,t ? tFo
4+ng$
fhi tin hnh t+ng nhit >' lCc u hiu 2u,t 4+ng t+ng v 2au 0 Ft n c;c Fi
)i gi3m 4u!ng$ Tiu n& l "o u7 t)Bnh ph#n h-& t+ng' lm ph#n h-& c7c c,u tM 4+ng
vHa c tFo thnh$
fhi t+ng nhit >' ph3n Kng ph#n h-& t+ng nhng ng th<i c7c ph3n Kng :Qc b
nh "Yh&")o c=ng t+ng' lm t+ng hiu 2u,t h&")ocac:on thm v olY\in$ fhi 0 t)ong
23n ph8m kh hm lng D
X
D
j
t+ng c`n D
k
gi3m' t t)ng v t)L 2! octan t+ng ln$
b$ Anh hRng c<a ) -u%t:
GFi 7p 2u,t X'k X'n at' u7 t)Bnh c)acking 4Cc t7c 43& )a t)ong pha hi$
fhi t+ng 7p 2u,t hiu 2u,t 4+ng t+ng ln' hiu 2u,t kh D
X
D
j
gi3m' hm lng
olY\in v h&)ocac:on thm gi3m' hm lng h&)ocac:on no t+ng v "o vQ& ch,t
lng 4+ng gi3m U t)L 2! octan i6 gi3mW$
fhi t+ng 7p 2u,t c-a u7 t)Bnh c)acking 4Cc t7c khng c0 hiu u3 kinh t cao$ EB
vQ&' chR tin hnh * 7p 2u,t th<ng$
j$ dHc ; chuyMn h!a:
T!i v.i h&)ocac:on tinh khit' khi tham gia ph3n Kng mKc > chu&?n h0a c
o :cng lng 23n ph8m tFo thnh thYo th<i gian$ 6hng !i v.i ph#n oFn phKc tFp
nh ph#n oFn "u m' t)ong c)acking 4Cc t7c ng<i ta lFi o lng 4+ng l 23n ph8m
chnh v 23n ph8m kh' c!c$ 6u gi & l y th? tch c-a 23n ph8m v.i i?m 2i cu!i
cao hn i?m 2i cu!i c-a 4+ng' thB > chu&?n h0a D c tnh thYo cng thKc1 D
Xmm } &
Tng nhin c7ch 47c Lnh nh vQ& cha 27t v.i th;c t' ? hiu chRnh thYo 2;
:in /i h0a' lg t)ong u7 t)Bnh tFo 4+ng v kh' ng<i ta 47c Lnh mKc > :in /i
thYo cng thKc 2au 1 D Xmm } & UXmm }a W
E.i a l phn y 4+ng t)ong ngu&n liu$
k$ $c ; n+) liu ring:
G!c > nFp liu )ing Uha& t!c > khng gian nFp liuW l tR l giAa lng ngu&n
liu c nFp t)ong m>t n vL th<i gian t)n lng 4Cc t7c t)ong )Yacto Uha& tR l v
th? tch c-a chCngW v c k hiu :cng @x%x@ ha& Ex%xE UExEx%W$
6u ^ l 7p 2u,t t)ong )Yacto v c tnh :cng at thB > chu&?n h0a D c0 lin
uan v.i @x%x@ thYo :i?u thKc1
^hng t)Bnh :i?n "i_n t)n chR 7p "Nng v.i t)<ng hp 4Cc t7c c! Lnh$ G)ong
t)<ng hp c)acking 4Cc t7c c! Lnh$ G)ong t)<ng hp c)acking 4Cc t7c v.i l.p tng
2i c-a 4Cc t7c VDD ta c0 > chu&?n h0a D lFi phZ hp v.i cng thKc 2au1
E.i f l hcng 2! t!c > t/ng hp c-a u7 t)Bnh$
fhi t+ng t!c > nFp liu )ing 2~ lm gi3m > chu&?n h0a v ngc lFi' vB )cng t!c
> nFp liu l Fi lng ngc lFi v.i th<i gian ph3n Kng$ fhi 2M "Nng 4Cc t7c c0 >
hoFt tnh cao' ta c0 th? t+ng t!c > nFp liu$ 6h vQ& 2~ t+ng n+ng 2u,t c-a thit :L$
fhi t+ng t!c > nFp liu' nu ta t+ng nhit > ph3n Kng' thB t)L 2! octan c-a 4+ng v
t+ng hiu 2u,t olY\in t)ong kh$ T0 l phng ph7p chnh ? iu khi?n ch > 23n 4u,t
p)op&lYn v :utYn t)ong u7 t)Bnh c)acking 4Cc t7c$
p$ Y;i -$ tu=n ho(n xc tc:
d tR l giAa lng 4Cc t7c t)n ngu&n liu Uxw%W$
C
100 - C
P.K
M/H/M
=
C
100(1-
C/100)
2
P.K
M/H/M
=
P fhi "Zng 4Cc t7c aYolit' cho phsp gi3m tR l xw% 4u!ng c`n XmxX 2o v.i 4Cc t7c
v Lnh hBnh l bmxX$
P fhi "Zng cng ngh 4Cc t7c chu&?n >ng v.i kch th.c hFt tH j p mm' tR l
xw% c`n th,p hn nAa' chR kho3ng b pxX$
P fhi t+ng tR l xw% 2~ lm t+ng > chu&?n h0a' t+ng hiu 2u,t c!c t)n ngu&n
liu nhng hm lng c!c :7m t)n 4Cc t7c lFi gi3m 4u!ng$
P fhi giA t!c > nFp liu @x%x@ l khng /i' nu t+ng tR l xw% thB th<i gian
tip 4Cc giA 4Cc t7c v ngu&n liu gi3m' khi 0 > hoFt tnh t)ung :Bnh c-a 4Cc t7c
t+ng ln$ T0 l lg "o Ft hiu u3 cao c-a u7 t)Bnh v.i l.p 4Cc t7c 2i VDD$ 6h< Ft
hiu u3 cao m cho phsp gi3m kch th.c thit :L$
Gu& nhin' nu t+ng u7 cao mKc > tun hon 4Cc t7c v lm 3nh h*ng n u7
t)Bnh t7i 2inh * l` t7i 2inh v c7c t)ang thit :L km thYo$
8h v:y# th>ng -$ Q;i -$ tu=n ho(n xc tc r%t quan trng trong qu trnh
cracking xc tc# n! Anh hRng kh>ng nh9ng ln hiu -u%t v( ch%t l/ng -An )hB"
1n cc th>ng -$ khc# "( cen Anh hRng 1n vic xc Nnh k5ch th`c cc thi1t QN
ch5nh c<a qu trnh2 Cho nn# c=n )hAi chn /c th>ng -$ n(y ";t cch t$i u2
l$ @iu Hng nhit:
%iu Kng nhit c-a u7 t)Bnh :cng t/ng hiu Kng nh c-a c7c ph3n Kng )ing :it
c-a u7 t)Bnh' hiu Kng nhit phN thu>c vo > 2#u chu&?n h0a$
T6$ O$P- 5h+ FhUQ
XP ^hr$ Gr$ Tinh GhL 6g$ %o7 hc "u m$ 6h 4u,t :3n khoa
hc v k thuQt % n>i$ bmmp$
bP hr$ Gr$ 6gu&_n %Au ^hC$ D)acking 4Cc t7c$ 6h 4u,t :3n
khoa hc v k thuQt % n>i$ bmmp$
jP Gr$ d E+n %iu$ Dng ngh ch :in "u m$ 6h 4u,t :3n
khoa hc v k thuQt % n>i$ bmmX$
kP u> mn nhin liu$ Dng ngh ch :in "u m$ G)<ng TFi
hc u7ch fhoa % 6>i$ Xonj$
pP G)n @Fnh G)$ Du kh v "u kh * Eit 6am$ 6h 4u,t :3n
khoa hc v k thuQt % n>i$ Xool$
lP u> mn u7 t)Bnh thit :L cng ngh %o7 v th;c ph8m$ D 2*
c7c u7 t)Bnh v thit :L cng ngh ho7 hc$ GQp X$ G)<ng TFi hc
u7ch khoa % 6>i$ Xooo$