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Methods of Error Correction
Retransmission or ARQ
Forward Error Correction

ARQ
Automatic Repeat Request
Or
Automatic Retransmission
Request
Retransmission
As the name implies, is when the
receive station requests the transmit
station to resend a message (a portion
of a message) when the message is
received with error.
Half Duplex Link
Uses the stop and wait ARQ (the
simplest ARQ scheme)
Uses acknowledgements to indicate the
successful or unsuccessful reception of data
Two types of Acknowledgement: Positive and
Negative
Positive Acknowledgement receives error-free
message
Negative Acknowledgement receives a message
containing error to call for a retransmission

Stop and Wait ARQ
Blocks of message bits is encoded into
a code word and transmitted over the
channel
The transmitter stops and wait for the
feedback from the receiver
The feedback can be ACK/NAK
The transmitter resends the code word
in question before moving into the
next block of message bits
Block Diagram of Stop and Wait ARQ
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Flow Diagram Note:
Error correction in Stop-and-Wait ARQ is
done by keeping a copy of the sent
frame and retransmitting of the frame
when the timer expires.

Example 1.1 Full Duplex Link
Uses continuous ARQ
continuous ARQ with pull back
continuous ARQ with selective repeat


Continuous ARQ with Pull back
The transmitter continues to send a
succession of code words until it
receives a request from the receiver for a
retransmission.
Then, the transmitter stops, and pulls back
to the particular code word that was not
decoded correctly by the receiver, and
retransmits the complete sequence of
code word starting with the corrupted
one
Example 1.2
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Continuous ARQ with Selective
Repeat
Data throughout is improved further by
only retransmitting the code word that
was received with detected errors
Example 1.3
Forward Error Correction (FEC)
Also known as Channel Coding
Process in which the receiver tries to
guess the message by using redundant
bits
The only error-correction scheme that
actually detects and corrects
transmission errors without requiring
retransmission
Two major forms of FEC:
Block Coding
Convolutional Coding