ABC v nhip nh.

c s cho php ca bc danbeo, em xin paste li nguyn

vn cc bi vit bn ttvn ca bc danbeo sang y nhng
newbie ging nh em c nhng kin thc c bn v my
nh v nhip nh. Mong bc danbeo v cc bc khc dnh
thi gian b sung thm.

M U: Newbie cn bit (ci ny l em t t tn)
Trc ht xin khng nh rng 1 bc nh p khng nht thit phi c chp bng loi
my nh xn, t tin, m n ph thuc phn ln vo ch ch quan ca ngi chp. My
nh ch l phng tin thc hin, nu my tt th cng d cho ta t c mun ca
mnh thi. Bng chng l cc i gia nhip nh trc y h c bit my t ng v my
s l gi u, vy m h vn ni ting y ch. V nh vy th y l tia hy vng thp
sng cho tt c nhng ai yu mn nhip nh m ti th khng c nhiu tin sm my s
hay cc phng tin hin i khc. Th nn c nhn ti ngh vi ai c nhit thnh vi
nhip nh th ch cn 1 chic Zenit khong trn di 200.000 ng l c th lm nn
chuyn ri.

By gi xin ni v nhip nh.
Qa thc ni "chp nh" th ai cng ngh l chuyn d t, ch cn gi my ln bm "tch"
th l xong, mnh bit chp nh. Thc t l vy nhng s thc th li khng, v sao? V
dt c 1 bc nh p, iu i hi nguoi chp nh, ngay t lc u tin cm my
phi bit cch cm sao cho "chc", bm my sao cho "m", c nh vy bc nh chp ra
mi trnh b nhe, mt nt. C nhiu ngi chp rt nhiu phim, bng my nh hin i,
loi t ng ly nt y vy m khi chup ra nh vn b nhe. Nguyn nhn th c nhiu m
1 trong s chnh l cch cm v bm my.

Vy th cm nh th no v bm my nh th no mi ng? V my nh cho ti gi c
qa nhiu loi vi kch thc, hnh dng khc nhau, nn ti s trnh by vi loi my n
gin nht l my c. Hu ht my nh u c 2 phn r nt l: phn thn hnh ch nht v
phn ng knh ni vi phn gia ca thn my. Nh vy khi cm my th tay phi s nm
vo thn my, ngn tr ln nt "chp" chp nh, tay tri s nga ln vo phn
di ng knh, ngay ch tip ni gia thn my v ng knh. Ti sao lai ch , v vi
nhng ng knh c tiu c (f) ln th ng rt di v nng nn ta tay th my s
vng hn. i vi nhng my du lch hay nht l my s loi khng chuyn nghip sau
ny th hu nh khng phn bit c gia thn v ng knh v kch thc ca chng nh
gn. Vi loi ny tay phi vn lm nh trn cn tay tri s gi phn bn tri, tuy nhin
nn chu ti n (flash) ca my v n ny thng c gn pha bn tri nn khi cm
my ta hay v tnh che bt 1 phn n. Kt qu l khi chp vn thy n "n", pht sng
nhng hnh chp li b ti do thiu sng.

Cch "bm'' chp:
Khi bm chp nn chp bng ngn tr v ch c ngn tay nh nhng nhn chp thi,
ng c ly sc nhn mnh tay vo nt chp v lm nh vy d lm cho my nh b chi
xung, gy ra dao ng trong khi chp. Trong chng ta chc khng c ai l cha i tp
qun s, khi nhn nt chp cng ging nh ta bp c sng vy, tt nht l nn th v
nhn nh xung. cc i my sau ny nt chp u l in t nn n rt nh v nhy
khng nng n nh my c.

Nu lm tt 2 yu t trn l ta c c 1 cht kin thc v chp nh ri y. kinh
nghim: nn s dng chn my trong mi trng hp c th, hoc t lng hay tay vo 1
ch no cho chc hn khi chp.

Fn I: MY NH V 1 S KHI NIM S NG TRONG NHIP NH.
My nh gm 2 phn c bn l thn my v ng knh, trong ng knh l phn cn bn
quyt nh n cht lng ca bc nh s chp. Thn my hiu nm na ch l chic hp
en dng cha phim m thi. Do vy khi mua my ng qu quan tm n thn my m
coi nh ng knh, ngc li nn u t vo nhng ng knh c cht lng, cn thn my
ch cn loi tm tm c chc nng s dng l c.

*Thn my: Mt thn my cho d ca bt k hng no, ni chung gm nhng b phn
c bn sau: - Nm quay tua phim v, - Vng tc , - Cn ln phim, - Ly gt chp
chng hnh (tu tng my c my c, my khng) , - Vng ABC v nhip nh chnh
nhy bt sng ca phim., - cm n chp (n flash), - , Ly chp t ng, - Nt nh
tua phim v, - N t chp, - Np lng my.
Khi m np lng my ra ta s thy 1 mng chn nm khong gia ca thn. Mng chn
ny chnh l "ca trp". y l b phn quan trng nht ca thn my, c lin quan mt
thit ti tc chp. Tc cng cao mng trp chuyn ng cng nhanh v ngc li.
Tu tng loi my m cht liu lm v kiu hng chuyn ng cng khc nhau, nhng
chng c 1 im chung l rt mng v vy khi m np lp hay ly phim trnh khng
chm, hay lm try xc n . c bit khi chp na chng m mun tho, ct phim th
rt cn thn vi mi ko v lc ton b my nm trong "ti en", mt khng nhn thy
m ch thao tc bng cm gic thi.

ng knh: y l b phn quan trng quyt nh cht lng ca nh, n l b phn
quang hc thu hnh nh t hnh tht bng phng tin "truyn" l nh sng lu li
trn phim chp. V l b phn quang hc n n ng knh gm nhiu thu knh gp li nn
c th ni cht lng ca thu knh quyt nh cht lng ng k nh. Thu knh c lng
quang sai t s cng cho ra hnh nh sc nt, trung thc hn. da v o im ny nn cc
nh sn xut cho ra i nhiu loi ng knh vi cc cht lng khc nhau, chng hn
cng ng knh do Nikkor sn xut nh zoom 28 - 70 G, nhng nu i thnh 28-70 ED
th cht lng v gi c ca 2 loi hon ton khc nhau. Tuy nhin tin no ca y
nu c it tin th ch cn chy loi G thi cng thy p ri nn mi ngi cng khng
nn bn khon khi thy mnh t ti n qu. Song nn nh bao gi cng u tin u t vo
ng knh nhiu hn l cho thn my.

*Cu to ng knh: ng knh bao gi cng c hai b phn c bn l thu knh v ca m
sng. Vi mi loi ng knh khc nhau th s lng, cu to v hnh dng ca cc thu
knh ny cng khc nhau.
Ca m sng: Thng c lm bng cc l thp mng xp vng trn c nguyn l hot
ng xe ra cp vo nh chic qut giy. Chng c dng khng ch, iu chnh
lng nh sng mang thng tin ca hnh nh vo phim.
Trn ng knh trong bi vit ny (my Nilon FM2) vi ng Normal thng c 3 vng tr
s, cn cc ng khc ch c 2 vng.: vng iu chnh sng, vng tnh nt su ca nh,
vng ly nt.
Vng iu chnh nh sng (ca sng, iu sng...) (1) c Cc tr s thng thy trn ng
knh l: 1, 4; 2; 8; 4; 5, 6; 8; 11; 16; 22... (tr s 5,6 v 8 c gi l m trung bnh).
Tr s cng ln tc l ca sng cng ng nh v ngc li. Ca sng cng m to nt
su cng nng, ngc li ca sng cng khp nh (22, 31...) th nt su cng ln.
Vng ly nt (cn gi l focus) (2) tu tng loi ng knh m cc tr s ghi trn vch ny
khc nhau tnh bng feet (f) hay met (m).
Vng tnh (vng c nh ) tnh nt su ca nh (3) Trn vng ny ngi ta in hai
dng ch s ging nhau tnh t tm im ca vng ny v bn tri v phi. VD: Trn ng
Nikon normal: nt 5m v m 5,6 th nt su ca nh l t 3,8m n 6,2m
*Cc loi ng knh
ng Normal: l ng tiu chun, trong bi ny c tiu c f= 50mm, gc chp ca n l 46
. ng ny c u im l khng lm bin dng vt chp nn thng c dng chp li
tranh nh, bn ...
ng gc rng (Wide): l ng knh c tiu c nh hn 50mm, gc chp ln hn 46 ,
nt su ln, hay c dng trong chp qung co, phong cnh.
ng ng gc hp (Tele): l ng knh c tiu c ln hn 50mm, gc chp nh hn 46 .
Do tiu c di nn nt su km, gc chp hp thng dng chp cc vt xa, chp
chn dung, tnh vt ( xo m phng pha sau lm ni ch ).
ng Zoom: l ng knh thay i c nhiu tiu c khc nhau, v tiu cc ca ng c th
thay i nn ng ny c tnh a nng dng cho nhiu ch khc nhau.
ng Micro hay Macro: l ng knh chp cc vt c kch thc nh, thng c cc
nh sn xut ghp lun ln cc ng zoom.



NHNG KHI NIM C BN

* nhy ca phim:
L nhy bt sng ca phim thng c k hiu: ASA, ISO, DIN..., 100 Asa = 100
Iso = 20 Din. Phim c nhy bt sng cng cao th mn cng km, v ngc li phim
c nhy thp th cho mn cao. nhy trong khong t 20 n 60 ASA l phim
c nhy thp. 100, 200 ASA l phim c nhy trung bnh, thng thng ta dng
phim ny, va ph hp vi nh sng hay gp li va cho mn tng i n. T 400
ASA tr ln l phim c nhy cao, thng dng ni c nh sng yu, hoc chp th
thao v trong hon cnh ny tc di chuyn ca i tng chp rt nhanh phi chp
tc cao th mi "bt cht" i tng chp c.
*Nhit mu: n v tnh l Kelvins(K), y l nhit ca nh sng, n phn nh sc
ca vt chp, mi ngun sng khc nhau c 1 nhit mu khc nhau v do vy khi
chp mu sc cho ra cng khc nhau. nh sng cho mu sc trung thc nht l nh
sng ban ngy, (daylight) hay cn gi "nh sng trng", n c nhit mu khong 5400
K. Tuy nhin trong mt ngy tu tng thi im khc nhau th nhit mu ca nh
sng cng khc nhau. Bui sng trc 9h, nhit mu l trn 6000 K, T 9h - 12h =
5200 - 5700 K, Bui chiu t 13h - 16h = 4500 - 4000 K. Cn khi hong hn 16h -
18h th nhit mu t 4000 - 2500 K. Nu nhit mu t 6000 K tr ln (nh
sng n tup) thng cho sc xanh ca Neon, t 5200 - 5800 K (nh sng n in t
(flash)) cho mu trung thc, cn t 4500 K tr xung (nh sng n vng (n tc
trn)) th cho sc vng .
Cn c vo nhit mu th hin trn th trng c 2 loi phim: Phim c k hiu
Daylight (phim chp cho nh sng ban ngy t nhin, nh sng trng) v Phim dng cho
n Tunsram (n c sc thi vng , bng in vng) nn khi mua phim th cn lu
cho ng loi nu khng khi chp s sai mu. khc phc tnh trng ny ngi ta ch to
ra cc knh lc chuyn i nhit mu ca cc ngun sng. VD: t ngun sng c
nhit mu 6.300 k sang 5400 k hay t 4300 thnh 5400 k.

nh sng ngc, nh sng thun:
nh sng ngc l nh sng m ngun sng c chiu t pha sau lng ca i tng
chp nh mt tri chiu sau lng chiu ln. nh sng thun (hay xui sng) l nh sng
pht ra t pha ngi chp
Tiu c:
l kh nng phng i ca ng knh, tiu c cng ngn gc chp cng rng v ngc li
tiu c cng di gc chp cng hp.

nt su ca nh:
l khong nt tnh t vt chp ra pha trc v pha sau vt c chp. Khong nt ny
ph thuc vo m v tiu c. Ca sng cng m rng nt su cng hp, cng khp
su nt su cng ln. Tiu c cng di cho nt su cng hp v ngc li. VD:
Chp phong cnh i hi nt su nn ta dng ng knh c tiu c ngn v ng ht ng
knh. Chp chn dung, ni bt ch (xo phng, lm nho pha sau ch chp) nn
dng ng knh c tiu c di v m ht ng knh.

Tc chp:
L khong thi gian t khi ta bm my chp mn trp m ra n khi mn trp ng
vo. Mn trp (hay ca trp) c hiu nh cnh ca ca thn my nh. Khi n nt chp
th mn trp m ra nhn "thng tin" (l ngun sng mang "tn hiu" ca i tng
chp) i qua ng knh ghi li trn film, v khi bung tay khi nt chp th mn trp ng
vo. Tc t 1/15 tr xung c gi l tc chm, dng chp cnh m, nh sng
yu hay to dng nc chy thnh cc di la m. Khi chp nn dng chn my v dy
bm chp. K hiu B trn vng tc l tc chp chm theo mun, ca trp c
m cho n khi no ta b tay khi nt chp th lc ca trp ng. Tc ny rt thun
tin khi chp l pho hoa.Tc t: 1/30 -1/125 l trung bnh, t 1/500 tr ln l cao, tc
cao dng bt cht hnh nh trong th thao hay vt di ng.... Ngoi ra trn vng tc
cn cc k hiu khc nh hnh bng in hay tia chp l tc "n n" ca my,
ngha l tc k t n tr xung my lun lun cho chp vi n in t flash.

Thi chp:
l s phi hp gia tc chp v ca iu sng, chng hn thi chp 125-5,6 ngha l
bc nh c chp tc 1/125, ca sng m 5,6.
Ba yu t: tc , ca sng, nhy ca phim c mi quan h rt mt thit vi nhau, c
tng mt nc ca yu t ny th phi gim mt nc ca yu t kia. Trong rt nhiu trng
hp ngi ta vn dng mi tng tc ny tnh cho ng sng nh khi chp m, chp
chng hnh....
VD: Mt bc nh c thi chp: 1/125-5,6 vi ISO 100 l ng sng, ta c th i thnh
cc thi chp sau m vn m bo ng sng nh ban u: 250 - 4 - ISO 100, 500 - 2,8 -
ISO 100 hoc 125 - 4 - ISO 80, 125 - 8 - ISO 200


Phn II: MT S TNH HUNG CHP HNH C BN
I. Chp nh ngoi tri vi nh sng t nhin: nh sang t nhin l ngun sang l
tng chp hnh, nhit mu ph hp vI phim ph thong ddang dung nn lun cho
mu ng sc . Tc thng dng: 30, 60 (trong bng rm ca tri khng nng, hoc
chiu ti). 125 (trong bng rm ca tri nng) hoc 250 ca tri nng nh. Khng nn
chp di tri nng gt, chp nh vy nh thng khng ni ht cc chi tit ca i
tng chp. Ngun nh sang ny d s dng nhng nu khng cn thn khi chp s c
hin tng nh b lu m (khng trong), ta nh c lp sng mng ph ln nh, hin
tng ny ngI ta gI l b halo. trnh hin tngny nn chp xui sng, v s
dng loa chng lo sng, chp hi chc my xung so vi ngun pht sng .

2.. Chp nh ngoi tri phi hp n flash: i khi ta chp ngI ng ngc v
ngun sang, V d chp hnh ngI ng gia ca, lng quay ra ngoi sn, nu khng
dng n in t (flash) th lc hoc l cnh ngoi sn ng sng, mt ngI en, hoc
l mt ngI ng sng cn cnh ngoi sn lI lo trng do tha sng. Vy c bc nh
m c 2 I tng u ng sng th ta cn phI hp cng lc vI n flash. u tin
kim tra trn bng hng dn thn n xem vI khong cch t my tI ngI c
chp th cn m ng knh l bao nhiu, t ca sng d m . Tip theo gi nguyn
ca sng, dng ng h o sng c trong my rI phI hp vI tc chp tm ra v
tr ng sng cho ng h o (lu , tc my phI lun nh hn tc n n ghi
trn my), nh vy lc ny ta cn bng c lng sang gia nh sng n in t v
nh sang tri. Ta cng c th phI hp tnh hung ny khi chp ngI trong phng tI
c th kt hp c c nhng ngun sang khc pht ra t cc bong n trong phng.
VI nhng my t ng (tr my du lch) th ch vic t c my v n chp ch
TTL l c.

K THUT CHP LIA MY (PANNING)

Ch trong bc nh ca cch chp ny bao gi cng ni bt ra khi phng nn v nn
phng pha sau lun m nho, do vy ni dung bc nh tp trung v c ng hn. Mt
khc nn phng pha sau nho theo vt nn n to cho ta cm gic l vt c chp ang
di chuyn vi tc cao. i tng c chp thng ang trong trng thi chuyn
ng nh ngi i b, chy, xe p, xe my ang iThng c 2 trng hp xy ra
trong cch chp ny:

1. Ngi chp ng yn ti ch cn i tng c chp ang di chuyn. Trng hp
ny tc chp nn chn l: 8 dng cho ngi i b (chp nhng b gnh hng rong
ang hI h v s mun buI ch sm), 16 cho ngi chy v xe p ang i, 30 cho
xe my ang chuyn ng.
2. C ngi chp v i tng c chp u di chuyn nh cng ngi trn 2 xe my di
chuyn cng chiu. trong hon cnh ny c gng gi ng tc gia 2 xe, tc chp t
30 n 120.

Trong c 2 trng hp trn tc chp c th dng cao hn na vn chp c nhng
hiu qu khng cao, phng m nho t. VI lI chp ny nn chn tc cng chm cng
tt, nh cng p hn. Tc chm c kh nng gy mt nt nn gim bt tnh trng
ny khi chp nn chn tiu c ngn ngha l dng ng knh gc rng. Khi dng tiu c
ny th nt su ca nh ln, gim bt tnh trng mt nt khi chp, ng thI cho php
ta d dng nI lng b cc. Do phn v I tng chp ang chuyn ng dn n kh b
cc chnh xc, phn do I a s my nh u c im ngm nt nm vo gia khung
hnh nn ch ca bc nh chp kiu ny thng nm vo chnh gia, do vy sau khi
chp xong thng phI ct cp lI nh, ct cp c p th ngay khi chp nn to sn
khong trng trong bc nh , ngha l khng nn b cc cht qu m nI lng ra 1
cht.

Nu chp vI my c th nn xc nh trc im chp, ngm vo ly nt thI chp,
b cc rI hng my v pha I tng chp ng thI r my theo I tng cho
tI khi di chuyn n im dnh chp ( xc nh trc) th bm chp. I vI cc my
t ng ly nt nh Nikon f801, F90, F80.th chuyn phn ly nt v k hiu C
(continue- lun t dng ly nt khi vt di chuyn). Lu lun lun r my ngay c khi
ang bm chp.


K THUT CHP M V PHO HOA

Chp m
nh sng, mu sc ca bng n phn chiu trn nn tri m tht lung linh huyn o, ai
1 ln cm my th th no cng c 1 ln th chp m. Thi im chp cnh m
p nht l lc chng vng ti, khi y nn tri cn phng pht 1 mu xanh du, nh khin
cho cy ci, hnh khi nh ca vn in trn nn tri khin cho b cc thm sinh ng.
Trong lc th nh in ng hay nh n t nhng ca s cng va c thp ln
to cho khng gian bc nh 1 lung sng u, khng b ch ti qu hay sng qu, nhng
vt sng vng hay pht ra t n t, xe my to nn nhng nt v mm mi, uyn
chuyn, un ln nh mun m ly c khung hnh. Vi thi khc ny th hnh nh thu
vo khung hnh thng rng, d b cc. nu chp lc m xung hon ton th nn b
cc cht v nu ly rng ra s c qu nhiu khang en chim trong khung hnh... Khi
chp m, nh sng pht ra t nhng im sng nh n ng thng c hnh tia sao.
nhng tia sao ny cng di th ta cn phi khp cht ng knh, thng thng ti dng f
8 hoc 11. Cng khp cht th tc cng chm nn trnh b nhe cn phi c chn
my v dy bm mm. (cch khc c hnh tia sao l lp thm knh lc tia sao trc
ng knh)
Vic chp m vi nhng my t ng o sng th rt n gin, ch vic k chc my, ly
nt v b cc ri bm l my s t o sng cho chp (nhng my ny tc chm nht
trc B l 30s), ring my t ng loi du lch th khng chp m c v lc gi my
ln o sng chp my s t ng bt n in t (flash) v nh vy th khng th chup
c. Chp bng my c th hi phc tp hn 1 cht, i hi ngi chp phi bit cht t
v mi tng tc gia 3 yu t: tc chp, ca iu sng v nhy bt sng ca phim
(xem phn ny bi tr li bi ABC v nhip nh) . Khi chp bng my c khi a
my ln o sng th my lun bo m, thiu sng khng th no o c cho sng.
Lc ny thay v nhy ca phim gi tr phim ang s dng (v d phim ang dng
l 100 ASA) th ta thay i vng iu chnh nhy bt sng ca phim theo chiu tng
cho ti khi no ng h o sng bo sng th thi, v d lc ny l: nhy bt sng =
800 Asa, tc chp 1/4, ca m sng l 11. Theo nh trn ni c tia sng hnh sao ta
gi nguyn c iu sng f 11, nh vy ch cn 2 yu t thay i l Asa v tc chp
m 2 yu t ny li t l nghch vi nhau, ngha l c tng 1 khong gi tr yu t ny
th s gim 1 khong y nh th yu t kia. Do vy gim t 800 Asa xung 100
Asa cho ng vi gi tr thc t ca phim ang chp th ta s phi gim xung 3 nc
(800, 400, 200, 100), ng thi tng 3 nc cho tc chp t 1/4 lc ny s l (1/4, 1/2,
1s, 2s). Ngha l ta s chp tc 2s, ca m sng 11, phim 100 Asa. C nhng trng
hp tc chp rt chm xung n 8 hay 10s, lc ny trn vng tc s khng c
nhng gi tr , khi chp trong hon cnh ny ta t my ch B v dng dy bm
mm chp. Tc B l tc cho ta bm v gi ca m sng lu bao nhiu ty , khi
no mun ng ca sng li th th tay gi nt bm ra l ca sng ng, do qu trnh giu
nt bm lu nh vy nn ta cn phi dng n dy bm mm trnh lm rung ng
my. V nhng gi tr nh 8 hay 10s khng c trn thang chia ca my nn khi dng tc
ny ta nn c ng h eo tay o hoc c th c lng bng cch m t 1 n 10
theo nhp chy ca ng h, gi s c m qu ln cht t cng khng sao v cnh m
nh sng thng yu khng nh hng nhiu lm khi ta chp qu sng.

Chp pho hoa
Chp pho hoa thc ra chnh l 1 phn ca chp m, nn cng lun cn chn my v
dy bm mm. Chp pho hoa khc vi chp m 1 cht thi im bm my. Nn c
gng chp pho hoa ngay nhng qu bn u tin v lc ny do mi bn ln nn nn
tri khng c nhiu khi khin cho bc nh trong hn, cn gi sau ny th tri s vn c,
ng mu xm do b khi qun in vo, nht l hm li khng c gi th khi s che mt
pho hoa.
Nu ch chp pho hoa khng m khng c cnh pha di (chp sau ny ghp sau)
th my c khng phi tnh ton lng nhng nh trn m c gi ln tc chp B l
s c pho hoa.

Nu chp c cnh pha di th my c vn phi tnh ton nh trn c c hnh nh
ng sng cho phn cnh pha di. Tuy nhin khi chp li khng bm chp ngay thi
gian chp nh phn chp m, m ch chp 1 na thi gian , phn na cn li s ch
khi pho hoa bn ln th chp nt, nh vy nh mi khng b qu sng.

C my c v my t ng o sng (tr my du lch) khi chp pho hoa u nn s dng
tc B, vi tc ny cho php ta la chn qu no thch th ly, qu no khng thch
th thi. Th no l la chn, v d nh khi bn vo dp nm mi 2003 th th no trn
nn tri cng s c ch 2003, vy ta phi lm sao ch c ch 2003 lt vo m khng b
cc bng khc ln t y ch l 1 mo nh rt ra trong qu trnh chp xin ph bin li cho
cc bn. Trc khi chp ngoi dy bm mm nn chun b sn 1 ming vi mm, dy
mu sm, tt nht mu en hay tin hn c l 1 chic m ni mu ti, va trnh sng
gi m 30, va dng lun chp. My k chc chn trn chn chp, lp dy bm mm,
tho b np ng knh hng n ni cn chp, ly b cc, t nt vch v cc, ca
sng 8 ri chp m ni ln ng knh, lc ny m ni c nhim v thay np ng knh,
bm dy bm mm chp ri gi ngay ly n, ngha l lc ny my ang ch
chp, mng chp vn ang m nhng do c m ni che ngoi nn khng c hnh nh
no lt c vo phim. Ngi i khi no pho hoa bn ln nu thy ng qu no th nhc
m ni ra, lc mi c hnh nh ghi ln phim, khi no thy khng chp na th bm
th dy bm mm kt thc bc nh . C kin tr chn la nh vy ta s loi c
nhng qu xu ra khi khung hnh, nh chp ra s p hn, khng b ri rm do c nhiu
pho hoa chng cho ln nhau. Ti sao khng dng ngay np ng knh y m li
dng vi mm v nu dng np ng knh th mi khi y np ng knh s rt c th ta lm
rung my v nh vy nh hng ti cc chi tit khc lm n nho trong trng hp ta
chp c pho hoa v cnh pha di.

Chp bnh minh hay hong hn.

y l th loi nh phong cnh do vy i hi nt su ca nh ln. t c iu
nn dng ng gc rng (ng c tiu c ngn), ng thi khp cht ng knh, tc ca
m sng ( m) t gi tr ti a (thng l 22). Thi im chp nh loi ny thng
c cng nh sng yu v nht l ng knh li khp cht nn tc chp thng
thp. Do vy trnh cho nh khi b rung , nho th khi chp nn dng chn my.

Bc nh th loi ny c coi l p l do hnh khi, ng nt vt chp phi kt vi nh
sng mu sng ca ton cnh. Chp th loi ny chc ai cng bit cc i tng chnh s
khng c chiu sng r rng, m hu ht ch ni hnh khi ca n ln nn sng, ngha
l nhng hnh khi s mang mu en (do khng c chiu sng trc tip) in trn nn
ca mt mng sng rc r (c th l nn tri hay mt nc c mt tri chiu ti), mu
ca mng sng ny ph thuc vo tng, ni dung ca bc nh nhng thng l mu
cam cho mt cm gic m cng, m thm, song i khi ngi ta dng mu tm lnh
t ni c n ca chic thuyn bn b sng vng lng.Khi chp trc tip m khng c
s can thip t bn ngoi vo th nh sng lc ny thng mang mu cam, cn mun c
cc mu khc nh : tm, xanh th phi dng knh lc hay s x l bng photoshop.

Ci m phn ln mi ngi mc phi v cm thy kh chp, ti ngh l nh sng, mu
sc. Bc nh sau khi chp xong thng khng cho cc bn thy c ci m bn nh
chp, ni ng hn l khng cho bn c c ci ng sng nh bn mong mun. Li
ny xy ra l do bn o khng ng sng, c c mu trung thc nh mt bn nhn
thy th khi chp bn phi o ng sng cho i tng c chp. Chng hn bn thy
nh sng ca nn tri tht rc r, v bn mun c c mu sc ca n th khi o sng
bn phi o nh sng ca nn tri thay v bn o nh sng vo hnh khi bn nh in
ln nn tri. Thc ra th mi thao tc ca bn khi chp l ng, bn cng o sng vo
vng sng nhng chp xong th n khng nh bn mong mun, iu ny l do my
ca bn, bn cha hiu ht v cha nm ht c tnh nng ca chic my bn ang s
dng. Ti c th khng nh phn ln cc bn gp s c kiu ny l nhng ngi ang
dng my s v my chp phim c phn o sng t ng dng chuyn nghip. Nhng
dng my ny phn o sng thng c thit k thnh 3 kiu o:
+ o ton cnh, trung cnh (my s o ton b nh ri s a ra 1 thng s trung bnh no
ph hp cho c phn sng nht v ti nht ca nh), nu bn o sng bng kiu ny th
v hnh chung c phn hnh khi bn nh chp cng s uc o sng, ng thi nh sng
ca phn mng sng m bn mun c y s b gim bt i b vo phn ti ca hnh khi
kia.
+ Kiu cn li l kiu o im (spot meter), o kiu ny th my ch o vng m bn
ch nh thi v ci im my cn c vo m o nm chnh gia tm ca khung
hnh bn ngm.

Nh vy trc khi chp bn hy chc chn my ch o sng im. Bc tip
theo l o sng. Nh ti va ni, im o sng s nm gia khung hnh do vy khi
hng tm khung hnh vo mng sng cn o th b cc bc nh s b lch khng ng
nh mnh nh chp, tc l sau khi o sng xong bn s phi x dch li my c c
b cc p v chnh ngay khi bn va dch my cng l lc bn li lm sai lch thng s
o sng. khc phc n bn hy s dng nt kho thi chp (AE-lock), vi cc my
chuyn nghip th nt ny nm pha trn mt ng sau ca my, trng vi v tr ca
ngn tay ci phi. Sau khi hng tm my vo mng sng cn o, n nh nt chp o
sng ng thi hy nhn ngay nt kho thi chp (AE lock) v gi ly n ri dch my
li ly b cc v li n nh tay nt chp ly nt ri mi n tip nt chp xung
chp. Bn hy chp th nghim cng 1 lc vi 1 khung cnh nhng c 3 ln chp khc
nhau bn s thy 3 kt qu khc nhau: ln 1: my o trung hay ton cnh ri chp
bnh thng nh bn vn chp, ln 2 my o ch im v chp nh trn va nu,
ln 3 cng chp trong ch o im, nhng ch ngay sau khi bn nhn nh nt chp
o sng th thay v ng thi n v gi nt kho thi chp (AE-lock), bn gi lun nt
chp , r my cho ng khung hnh b cc v n chp.

i vi my c th hu nh khng c chuyn ny xy ra v my c ch c 1 ch o l
o im v sau khi o ri cho d bn quay ng knh n bt k ch no th thi chp vn
c gi nguyn nh lc trc bn o.

im cn lu nht khi chp trong tnh hung ny l nh hay b halo, hoc l c 1 mn
sng m c ph ln 1 phn ca nh, hoc l c 1 vt sng chy t pha mt tri xung.
trnh tnh trng ny khi chp nn ng knh my nh hi chc xung, ngha l to 1
gc xin so vi hng chiu ti ca nh sng mt tri.

* Chp chn dung:
1 bc nh chn dung p th ngai p v hnh thc : nh sng, b cc th i hi p c
v ni dung, ngha l nhn vo bc chn dung ngi xem s cm nhn c ni tm
ca nhn vt, qua s bit c tnh cch, ngh nghip ca nhn vt. Ci ny qu thc
l kh, kh vi tt c mi ngi ch khng ring g anh em ta. Th nn y ti ch nu
nhng vn m anh em ta c kh nng lm c, ngha l ch p v 1 v l b cc v
nh sng. Cn hiu r khi nim chn dung, nhiu ngi lm tng rng c nh chn
dung l ch c na ngi, iu khng ng. nh chn dung c th l na ngi (cn
gi l: bn thn nh nh chng minh th, h chiu..), c th l 2/3 hay c ngi nh chn
dung thi trang.
nh sng: i vi nh chn dung nn chp bng 2 ngun sng chiu t 2 bn ti v bn
ny yu hn bn kia 1/3, c vy th khun mt mi ni khi, mt mi, mi r rng hn,
trnh chp bng ngun sng trc tip thng t my nh ti, vi ngun sng ny khun
mt thng b "bt" trng khng p. nh sng chp chn dung p nh t l nh sng tri
t nhin trong bng rm. Ngun sng ny n mm, du khng gt trnh cho ta khi b
"lp" (nhng mng qu sng trong nh thng gt c mu trng), da d trng min mng
hn.
*"Nhng ngi khng n nh".
Rt nhiu ngi t ti cho rng mnh xu khng mun chp nh, m h khng bit chnh
h li l nhng ngi d cc ng th nh "c kinh nghim" c c hi kim tin t h.
Tht ra ni "khng n nh" hay "ti xu lm" khng chp nh u l khng ng. Mi
ngi u c v p ring ca mnh m chng ta, nhng ngi cm my, cha pht hin
ra nhng "gc chp" m thi. Bi vy chp cho nhng ngi kiu ny th trc khi
chp nn c 1 khong thi gian tr chuyn ci m vi h, nhm xo i phn no ci "ti"
t ti trong h v cng nhn m khm ph ra nhng gc chp p. c ngi chp ch
thng gc mi p, c ngi quyay nghing 2/3 hay nghing hon ton mi p...
*Vi nhng ng hay "ng nguy" m ta khng dng chn my.
Trng hp ny ta phi tnh ton sao cho tc cao ln ngi c ng nguy cng
khng b mt nt. Vy nh th no l "cao'''' v cao bao nhiu th va. V ngi ngi ng
nguy th tc chuyn ng ca h cng khng ln lm nn tc chn trong khong
1/60 n 1/125 l va khng mt nt ri. Nn hiu "cao" y khng c ngha l
phi dng ti tc cao ca my nh 1/500, 1/1200 ..m cao y l thut ng "cao",
cn nu m t c tc cao tht nh vy th tt qu. 1 im khc cng nh hng ti
tc chp lm cho my b rung mt nt l tiu c ca ng knh. ni th hi bun ci
song thc t cho thy nu tiu c ca ng knh m ln hn tc chp th khi chp s rt
d b rung tay. Do vy khi chn tc chp th phi n tiu c ca ng knh. V d:
ng knh chp l zoom 35 - 105 mm th tc chp nn chn l 1/125 tr ln.
V m: nn d khu ln nht (tc tr s nh nht - 2 ci ny rt d nhm ) ca
ng knh, vi m ny th th nht ta li v tc v m cng ln th tc chp
cng nhanh ln. th 2 m cng ln, nt su ca nh cng hp v nh vy ph phng
(phn nn) pha sau vt chp s cng nho m i, hin nhin l hnh chp s ni, c ng
hn. 1 yu t na nh hng ti vic lm nho phng nn l khong cch t my n
ngi c chp v t ngi n phng nn pha sau. 2 khong cch ny nn chn
cng xa cng tt, cng xa ra th phng cng m nho. Tuy nhin vi khong cch th
nht: t my n ngi chp th nn chn lm sao khi zoom ng knh n ch nm
trong khong tiu c t 105 n 135 l p nht v khong tiu c ny hnh c chp
s trung tht nht, khun mt khng b "vnh" hay mo m, bin dng do nh hng
quang sai ca cc thu knh trong ng knh.

Chp lu nim:

Thng thng cc bn mi chp nh hay mc mt s li v lng tng khi sp xp cc
nhn vt c chp. nh lu nim khng i hi cu k nhng cng cn m bo tnh
m quan, m thut nh sp xp th t, b tr mu sc, nh sng sao cho hi ho.

+ Ci u tin ti mun ni ti l khng gian bc nh. Phn ln ngi mi cm my
hay c tnh tham ngha l khi gi my ln th ci g cng mun ly vo khung hnh, n
lm cho ni dung, ch nh chp b phn tn, nh tr nn ri rm, nhn vo n ngi
xem khng hiu bn nh chp g. Do vy hy c gng hn ch ti mc ti a s lng
thng tin a vo nh. Chc chn trong khung hnh phi c ngi mnh nh chp v
ngi ny s l trung tm ca bc nh ri sau mun t ngi ny ang ng ni no
th hy chn thm 1 hay 2 c trng ca ci ni ngi ang ng a vo nh. i
vi th loi nh lu nim ny tu thuc vic bn phng ng sau nt hay nho m
chn m ca ng knh, thng hnh lu nim th cnh ng sau cng s nt.

+ Hng chp hnh: Khi chp hnh ngi ang dng th nn chp ht t di ln, ngi
chp th ngi xung cn ngi c chp th ng. Chp kiu ny, ngi c chp
dng nh trng cao ln, do phn chn gn ng knh hn nn trng nh di thm ra
cn phn trn th ngn li. Li chp ny rt ph hp vi ngi Vit chng ta v chiu cao
trung bnh ca dn ta hin gi vn cn thp. Nu chp chn dung cho nhng ngi c
khun mt vung hay trn th phi la my v phn mt pha di trng s to ra khin
cho hai bn hm cng bnh thm, nht l li chp chn dung, khun mt li cng gn my
nh hn, cm cng to hn na.

+ Chp gc rng b mo hnh: Khi chp bng ng gc rng t 28 tr xung l hnh d b
mo, v d chp mt hng ngi ng dn hng ngang, nu ngi chp m cng ng
cng t th vi h th u ca 2 ngi ngoi cng s b mo ko vnh ln nh mun
chc ra khi bc nh. Do vy trong t th ny hy h thp my nh xung tm ngang tht
lng hoc thp hn 1 cht.

+ Trnh vt u: Lu khi chp trnh c vt g ln u ca ngi c chp
khin cho ngi nh ang mang 1 vt nng trn u. V d chp ngi vi cnh th
trnh cc th nh ct in, thn cy.. thng vo u ngi, hoc 1 ng ngang no
nh mp pha trn nc nh chng hn li chy ct qua gia u hay ct ngang c
ngi c chp.

+ B tr mu sc: mu sc cn hi ho, trnh bn nng, bn nh nh c 5 ngi trong
bc nh, 2 ngi o vng, , 2 ngi mu trng v 1 ngi mu hi ti th nn ngi
c mu ti vo gia nh, 2 ngi mu trng v 2 ngi o mu th chia u 2 bn trnh
2 ngi o trng sang 1 bn v 2 ngi c mu cn li sang 1 bn, lm nh vy mu
sc mt cn i khng hi ho v m thut.

+ Th t xp ngi ng trong hnh : Khi c nhiu ngi chp cng trong 1 kiu nh th
phi sp xp lm sao trng cao ca mi ngi trong nh l u u nh nhau, to nh
cng nh nhau. t c iu ny th ta cng vn vn dng tnh cht ai gn my hn
trng s cao to hn, hy xp nhng ngi c chp theo hnh vng cung, ai to ln
nht th ng vo gia, ai thp nh b cho ra ng pha ngoi cng, v xp theo hnh
vng cung nn nhng ngi gia s xa my nh nht, ngc li nhng ngi ngoi
cng s gn my nh nht Do vy ng t pha my nh trng vo th cao v rng
ngang (bo hay gy) ca mi ngi trong hnh s l tng i ngang nhau. Trn thc t
khi chp nh ta s gp nhng hon cnh tht o le, bo ngi ny ng y th h khng
ng c mun len vo gia, v ai cng quan nim ng gia s l nhn vt trung tm
quan trng nht nn ai cng mun ng vo gia ch khng mun ng ra ra, phn ln
nhng ngi ny li nh b nn khi c nh ri h c trch ta l khng bit chp, hnh ca
h b t, h c bit u l li ca chnh h gy ra.

+ X l bng en sau u ngi khi chp bng n in t (flash): Khi chp nh bng
n flash gn trn my bao gi cng li nhng bng en sau u trng rt xu. Khc
phc tnh trng ny bng cch dng thm 1 n flash na (n nhi) chiu xin 1 bn
vo, hoc nu khng dng ngay n trn my nh vo tm phn quang no nh trn
nh, mng tng sng bn cnh ch ng khi chiu n vo cc tm phn quang ny
th nh m thm ca sng t n 3/2 na.


+ Chp trong phng rng nh hi ngh: Nu chp trong cc gian phng ln nh hi
trng.cn tn dng ht tt c cc ngun sng ang c ni nh m tt c cc ca
s, bt tt c cc n chiu sng ang c trong phng ng thi kt hp vi vic cn bng
nh sng gia n flash v nh sng hin c trong phng
__________________


CHP CHNG HNH TRN CNG 1 TM PHIM

Vi s ra i ca phn mm x l nh photoshop, vic nhn thy 1 bc hnh c 2 hay 3
hnh nh ging nhau l khng c g l lm i vi chng ta. Tuy nhin vn khng hng
th v th v bng vic ghp trc tip hnh nh ln cng 1 tm phim ngay khi ta bm
chp. K thut chp ny ch ng dng cho nhng my chp phim m c ch chp
chng hnh. my c 100% s c ly gt chp chng hnh (ly gt l ci then ngng
khi ta ln phim th phim khng b tua ko i m vn ng nguyn ti v tr ).

d hiu hn trong vic chp chng hnh ta hy hnh dung tm phim s chp l 1
ming nha en c cha ho cht. Khi ta chp nh sng s i qua ng knh ri in ln
phim, ni no c nh sng in ln l ni phim oc bt sng, phn cn li coi nh l
cha b chp. Cn c vo tnh cht ny ta chia vic chp chng hnh thnh 2 trng hp:

+ Chng hnh trn nn phng chp mu en v chng hnh theo kiu l sng tng phn
(che tng phn ng knh cho mi ln chp)
+ Chng hnh l sng ton phn

A. Chng hnh trn nn phng chp mu en v chng hnh theo kiu l sng tng
phn (che tng phn ng knh cho mi ln chp).Trong c 2 tr ng hp chng hnh ny
th mi ln bm chp nh sng ch in ln 1 phn ca phim v ho cht ch coi nh
b "t" chy, khong ti en cn li ca phim coi nh cha b chp nn tt c cc ln
chp tip theo m ca ng knh vn gi nguyn nh khi chp ln u.

- Chng hnh trn nn phng chp mu en. Khi ta chp trn nn phng mu en th
ng ngha vi vic cc khong en ca phng s khgng c ghi ln phim (thc ra th
n c ghi ln phim nhng v l mu en nn ho cht ca vng phim c khong en in
ln cha b t chy do vy ta vn c th tip tc ghi hnh ln m khng s tha
sng). V d chp chng 3 ln hnh nh ca 1 ngi ln 1 tm phim vi nn phng pha
sau l mu en (trong studio chng hn). Vic u tin l o sng, m va o c
ny s c gi nguyn trong c qu trnh chp ca nhng ln chp tip theo. tip n l
vic xc nh v tr ca nhn vt s c chp, hy nh k nhng v tr trn khung
ngm (c th phng to thu nh (zoom) nhn vt tu vo s kho lo sp xp ca ngi
chp). Sau khi hon tt cng vic l tip n giai on chp chnh thc. a nhn vt
vo v tr th nht bm chp bnh thng ri k n l v tr th 2, tuy nhin khi chp ln
th 2 nh l trc khi ln phim phi gt ly chp chng hnh m bo tm phim
vn ng yn m khng b chuyn qua kiu k tip, ln ghp chp th 3 cng vy, ch
cn nh phi gt ly chp chng hnh. (nu l my t ng nh Nikon F801, f90 th ch
vic chnh my v ch chp chng hnh v thit lp s ln nh chp chng)
- Chng hnh theo kiu l sng tng phn. y l kiu che ng knh mi ln chp. Kiu
chp ghp ny kh hn so vi kiu chp ghp c nn phng en. ln chp u ta ct
ming giy hay ba en. che 1 khong no ca ng knh ri bm chp, lc ny phn
b che s khng in hnh trn phim v ti ln chp tip theo ta li o ngc vng che
phn c chp ln trc khng b l sng ln na m ch c phn c che ln
chp trc c phi sng thi. Ta c th p dng cch chp ny khi chp ghp ngoi
tri hoc trong nh m nn sau n khng phi l mu en. Cng ging nh trn trong
kiu chp chng ny m ca ng knh lun c gi nguyn trong c qu trnh chp.
Ch c 1 ch nh l khi che ng knh th nn khong tip gip gia 2 ln che ng
knh rng hn thc t 1 cht, nu kht qu th khi nh in ra s c 1 vt en gia cc vng
ghp do b thiu sng.

Lu ci quan trng nht ca qu trnh chp l bn phi cn hnh tht chnh xc nu
khng hnh nh ca cc ln chp s chng ln nhau (trong 1 s my trn khung ngm c
chia sn cc vung nh li, vi cc li ny s gip cho ta cn chnh chnh xc hn)

B. Chng hnh theo kiu l sng ton phn: Kiu chp ny ngi ta l sng ton b
khung hnh trong mi ln chp, do vy tu thuc vo s ln chp chng v ci hiu ng
ca mnh nh chp nh th no m ta chn m ca mi ln chp. Ti khng bit c
cng thc hay nguyn l no tnh ton m ca mi ln chp ny hay khng. Vi ti
khi chp chng 3 ln 1 khm hoa cc th ln chp u tin o sng bnh thng ri ly
li li 1/3, ly nt ri chp. Ln chp th 2 li li 2/3 khu, hi phng to hnh ln (zoom
gn li), xoay vng nt cho hi mt nt v ln th 3 th li li hn 1 khu v cng lm hi
to ln v mt nt. Hiu qu ca n sau khi chp trng ta nh bc v mu.

Mt s t th cm my. Hnh nh ny em ly t cun Photography basic ca hi qun
M. Hy vng s dch xong c cun ny up ln phc v cc bc khng thch c ngoi
ng.(480 trang y - nhiu kinh )
Hnh nh Km