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Nht
y l danh sch cch chia ng t v tnh t trong ting Nht. Hu ht chng u
th!o "uy t#c$ nh%ng v&n c' nh(ng ngo)i l* nh+t ,nh. ng t c-a ting Nht ./nh
0ng v1i 23i ch- th4$ .+t 54 ng6i th7 2+y$ s8 t hay s8 nhiu u chia gi8ng nhau.
9&u chung c-a t+t c: cc ng t l 5t thc .;ng 2 u. <rong ting Nht hi*n )i$
5h6ng c' ng t no =t nh+t l trong 2&u chung> 5t thc .;ng $ $ $ .
Th cha hon thnh
<rong ting Nht$ th4 ng t c? .:n nh+t l @ th/ ch%a hon thnh. N' 5h t%?ng
Ang v1i th/ hi*n t)i v t%?ng lai c-a chng ta$ cBn %Cc g3i l Dth/ 5h6ng "u 5h7D.
<h4 ch%a hon thnh c-a 2t ng t gi8ng v1i th4 t i4n =%Cc dEng l2 2Fc>
v 5h6ng cn Gh:i chia. H dF v1i ng t =l2>I
=> =(watashi wa) kaimono o suru$ =<6i> 2ua s#2. J =<6i> sK 2ua
s#2>.
=> =(watashi wa) ashita benky suru$ =<6i> ngy 2ai sK h3c>.
<rong cc t/nh hu8ng$ cc 2&u trLn c-a th/ ch%a hon thnh 5h6ng th4 dEng 4 diMn
t: 2t hnh ng ang diMn ra nh%I D<6i hi*n ang 2ua s#2D. ng h?n$ n' chN c'
th4 dEng 4 diMn t: th'i "u!n v nh(ng hnh ng 5hc %Cc cho l sK tiG tFc trong
t%?ng lai. Nu 2u8n th4 hi*n nh% cu trLn$ ta Gh:i dEng th4 .
Th hon thnh
<ri l)i$ th/ hon thnh l)i c' hu t8 Oc ,nh. P)ng c? .:n l 5t thc .;ng J $
nh%ng Gh:i thay Qi nhiu v ng( 2$ GhF thuc vo 2 tit cu8i c-a ng t. <h/
hon thnh 5h t%?ng Ang v1i th/ "u 5h7 c-a chng ta v th%Rng %Cc g3i l th/
"u 5h7.
Kiu ng t Dng chia V d Dng chia
ng t bt quy tc
=benky suru$ h3c> =benky shita>
=kuru> =kita> Sh6ng c' Sh6ng c'
=ika> =itta> Sh6ng c' Sh6ng c'
B3
C3
Sh6ng c' Sh6ng c'
<h4 T TD' =ikimasu$ i> D' =ikimasen>
ng t c quy tc
T TE3 =tsukau$ dEng> E3 =tsukawanai>
T T13 =yaku$ n%1ng> 13 =yakanai>
T! TF3 "! =oyogu$ .?i> "F3 =oyoganai>
T T?3 # =shimesu$ tr%ng .y> #?3 =shimesanai>
T$ T3 %$ =matsu$ Ci> %3 =matanai>
T& T33 (& =shinu$ cht> (33 =shinanai>
T) TG3 *) =yobu$ g3i> *G3 =yobanai>
T+ T3 ,+ =yomu$ 3c> ,3 =yomanai>
T =g8c GhF 2> T3 - =hashiru$ ch)y> -3 =hashiranai>
T =g8c nguyLn 2>
T. =g8c nguyLn 2>
TT3
T.3
0. =kotaeru$ tr: lRi>
/ =kuiru$ tic>
0.3 =kotaenai>
/3 =kuinai>
Tnh t
<nh t T3 2 =yasui$ rV> 23 =yasukunai>
<nh t 3
TB3
TC3
45 =kantan$ ?n gi:n>
45B3 =kantan de wa nai>
45C3 =kantan ja nai>
u6i 3 %Cc chia th!o ] cchI
Nh% 2t tnh t i. H dF$ th/ "u 5h7 c-a HI3 =tabenai> l HI31
=tabenakatta> cBn th4 t! l HI3 =tabenakute>.
<)o th4 t! Yc .i*t .;ng cch thL2 B. H dF$ HI3B =tabenaide>. H dF s^
dFngI HI3BJ? =tabenaide kudasai$ Oin ng _n>.
Th i
<h4 i =hoYc th4 liLn 5t> r+t GhQ .in$ trong t+t c: cc tr%Rng hCG th/ d)ng chung c-a
n' l thay th u .;ng i
Kiu ng t Dng chia V d Dng chia
ng t bt quy tc
=benky suru$ h3c> =benky shi>
=kuru> =ki> Sh6ng c' Sh6ng c'
BA9Sh6ng c' Sh6ng c'
ng t c quy tc
T T =tsukau$ dEng> =tsukai>
T T =yaku$ n%1ng> =yaki>
T! TK"! =oyogu$ .?i> "K =oyoki>
T T# =shimesu$ tr%ng .y> # =shimeshi>
T$ TL%$ =matsu$ Ci> %L =machi>
T& T8(& =shinu$ cht> (8 =shini>
T) TM*) =yobu$ g3i> *M =yobi>
T+ TN,+ =yomu$ 3c> ,N =yomi>
T =g8c GhF 2> T9- =hashiru$ ch)y> -9 =hashiri>
T =g8c nguyLn 2>
T. =g8c nguyLn 2>
T
T.
/ =kuiru$ tic>
0. =kotaeru$ tr: lRi>
/ =kui>
0. =kotae>
Nh(ng 5nh ng( g8c GhF 2 =irassharu>$ O =ossharu>$ ?
=5udasaru>$ PQ =go`aru>$ and 3? =nasaru> c' th4 i .+t "uy t#c. ahng %Cc
t)o thnh .;ng cch thay th u .;ng i.
Cch dng
<)o nLn 5nh t 5hi c' u6i . H dFI =iku> b =ikimasu>$
=tsukau> b = tsukaimasu>.
<h4 hi*n 2ong 2u8n 5hi c' u6i . H dFI HI =tabetai$ 2u8n _n>$
=ikitai$ 2u8n i> v %Cc coi nh% 2t tnh t i.
<h4 hi*n c Gh- ,nh 2)nh 2K 5hi c' u6i 3. H dFI 3SA'
3T =iki wa shinai yo anna basho$ 5h6ng .ao giR t6i n 2+y chd nh% vy>.
<)o 2*nh l*nh 5hi c' u6i
T3?. H dFI 6UHI3? =kore o tabenasai$ _n ci ny i>$ AV6W
3 ? =asoko e ikinasai$ n chd 5ia i>.
T 3. H dFI X!Y93 =massugu kaerina$ v nh ngay>$ Z[\M3
=nakayoku asobina$ ch?i eG vo>.
<h4 hi*n r;ng th7 g/ ' dM hay 5h' 5hi c' u6i ] =yasui$ dM> hoYc ^ =nikui$
5h'>. H dFI N] =shitashimiyasui$ dM l2 .)n>$ _19^
=wakarinikui$ 5h' hi4u>.
<h4 hi*n sZ tha th[i$ "u ng 5hi c' u6i `K =sugiru$ "u>. H dFI aN`
K =nomisugiru$ u8ng "u nhiu>
<h4 hi*n r;ng ang l2 vi*c g/ liLn 5t v1i vi*c g/ '. Shi c' u6i 3F$ ng
t sK tr@ thnh Gh' t v cu c' nghfa D\2 g/ 5hi ang l2 g/>. H dFI b3F
7 , ' =arukinagara hon o yonda$ 3c sch 5hi ang ch)y .>.
<h4 i cgng c' vi cch tZ s^ dFng nh%
<h4 hi*n 2Fc ch .;ng 8. H dFI HI8 =tabe ni ikimashita$ t6i n
4 _n>. y l d)ng 2Fc ch c? .:n.
<rong 5nh ng(. H dFI OJ? =otsukai kudasai$ Oin h[y s^ dFng>
St hCG trong ng6n ng( vit.
H1i vi ng t$ th4 i cgng t)o ra nh(ng t liLn "uan 2 5h6ng th!o "uy t#c
chung$ v dF
<h4 i c-a HI =taberu$ _n> c' th4 Yt tr%1c 4 t)o thnh HI
=tabemono$ A _n>. <%?ng tZ v1i a+ =nomu$ u8ng> v =kau$ 2ua>.
<h4 i c-a cd =kakeru$ c%Cc> l 2t tI cd =kake$ nh c%Cc>.
Th te
<h4 t! c-a ng t ting Nht =c' 5hi %Cc g3i l DGhn tD> %Cc s^ dFng 5hi ng
t c' liLn 5t v1i nh(ng t th!o sau. H1i t+t c: cc ng t$ n' %Cc t)o ra .;ng cch
thay u6i a @ th/ hon thnh sang e. <nh t h?i 5hc 2t cht.
Kiu ng t Dng chia V d Dng chia
ng t bt quy tc
=benky suru$ h3c> =benky shite>
=kuru> =kite> Sh6ng c' Sh6ng c'
=ika> =itte> Sh6ng c' Sh6ng c'
B
DU
D
=benky suru$
h3c>
t =sassuru$ on>
@ =aisuru$ yu>
B =benky
dekiru>
tDU =sasserareru>
@D aiseru
=kuru>
U
=korareru>
U =koreru>
Sh6ng c' Sh6ng c'
ng t c quy tc
T T. =tsukau$ dEng> . =tsukaeru>
T Td =yaku$ n%1ng> d =yakeru>
T! Tu "! =oyogu$ .?i> "u =oyogeru>
T TD # =shimesu$ tr%ng .y> #D =shimeseru>
T$ T %$ =matsu$ Ci> % =materu>
T& Tv (& =shinu$ cht> (v =shineru>
T) TI *) =yobu$ g3i> *I =yoberu>
T+ Tw ,+ =yomu$ 3c> ,' =yomeru>
T =g8c GhF 2> TU - =hashiru$ ch)y> -U =hashireru>
T =g8c nguyLn 2>
T. =g8c nguyLn 2>
TU
TU
T.U
T.U
/ =kuiru$ tic>
0. =kotaeru$ tr: lRi>
/U =kuirareru>
/U =kuireru>
0.U =kotaereru>
0.U =kotaerareru>
Cch dng
<h4 5h: n_ng %Cc dEng 4 diMn t: ai ' c' 5h: n_ng l2 vi*c g/. 8i t%Cng
trZc tiG sK %Cc nh d+u .;ng Ghn t F thay cho . H dFI 7xF,w
=nihongo ga yo2!ru$ c c ti!ng "h#t>
N' cgng %Cc dEng 4 yLu cu ng%Ri 5hc l2 g/ '. H dFI yz{z.|
=koohii kaeru$$ 2ua c GhL =h t6i> nhjk>.
Sh6ng gi8ng nh% ng6n ng( c-a chng ta$ th4 5h: n_ng 5h6ng dEng 4 Oin GhjG.
H dFI Da' %Cc _n "u: to ny 5h6ngkD nu dEng nh% }6n9'PFHIU
|~ =Sono ringo ga ta.!rar!ru> th/ sK 2ang nghfa Da' _n nQi "u: to ny
5h6ngkD. H v/ th%Rng sK dEng l HI =tabereru> 5l2 th!o vi*c ch- th4
hnh ng %Cc l%Cc .U th/ cu ' sK 2ang nghfa hUi l Dmu: to ny c' th4 _n
%Cc 5h6ngD =<7c n' l A con ng%Ri c' th4 _n %Cc hay 5h6ng _n %Cc. H dF
5hcI D c' th4 _n %Cc 5h6ngkD>. Hy nLn 4 Oin GhjG th/ ta dEng d)ng
hay th6ng th%Rng h?n l th!o cch dEng th4 $ cho 5t "u: l Dnn
"u: to ny %Cc ch7kD. H dFI }6n9'PHIB1|~ =%&ono
ringo o tabete mo ii desu ka$%> hoYc }6n9'PHI|~ =%&ono
ringo o tabete ii$%>.
u6i c-a ng t @ th4 5h: n_ng %Cc Ojt nh% 2t ng t g8c nguyLn 2.
Th cu khin
<h4 cu 5hin %Cc t)o ra .;ng cch chuy4n u thnh aseru.
Kiu ng t Dng chia V d Dng chia
ng t bt quy tc
?D
=benky suru$
h3c>
?D =benky
saseru>
=kuru>
?D
=kosaseru>
Sh6ng c' Sh6ng c'
ng t c quy tc
T TED =tsukau$ dEng> ED =tsukawaseru>
T T1D =yaku$ n%1ng> 1D =yakaseru>
T! TFD "! =oyogu$ .?i> "FD =oyogaseru>
T T?D # =shimesu$ tr%ng .y> #?D =shimesaseru>
T$ TD %$ =matsu$ Ci> %D =mataseru>
T& T3D (& =shinu$ cht> (3D =shinaseru>
T) TGD *) =yobu$ g3i> *GD =yobaseru>
T+ TD ,+ =yomu$ 3c> ,D =yomaseru>
T =g8c GhF 2> TD - =hashiru$ ch)y> -D =hashiraseru>
T =g8c nguyLn 2>
T. =g8c nguyLn 2>
T?D
T.?D
/ =kuiru$ tic>
0. =kotaeru$ tr: lRi>
/?D =kuisaseru>
0.?D =kotaesaseru>
Tnh t
<nh t T?D2 =yasui$ rV> 2?D =yasu kusaseru>
<nh t 3T8?D45 =kantan$ ?n gi:n> 458?D =kantan nisaseru>
<h4 cu 5hin t)o ra ng t 21i nhR u6i ru. N' sK %Cc chia tiG nh% 2t
ng t g8c GhF 2.
<h4 Gh- ,nh 5h6ng th%Rng %Cc chuy4n sang th4 cu 5hin 2 ng%Cc l)i. H
dFI HI?D3 =tabesasenai$ 5h6ng 4 cho _n> ch7 5h6ng Gh:i HI3?
D =taberanakusaseru>.
a' d)ng rt g3n c-a th4 cu 5hin$ trong ' u thnh asu v1i ng t g8c nguyLn
2$ ru thnh sasu v1i ng t g8c GhF 2.
Cch dng
<h4 cu 5hin %Cc dEng 4
X#t ai ' l2 g/. H dFI ?D =shukudai o saseru$ .#t l2 .i tG>.
4 ai ' l2 g/. H dFI B\GD =soto de asobaseru$ cho ch?i .Ln ngoi>.
H1i nh(ng hnh ng ro rng. H dFI F8?D =sensei ga
kodomo ni benky o saseta$ gio viLn cho h3c sinh h3c>
Th iu kin ea
<h4 iu 5i*n eba %Cc t)o ra .;ng cch chuy4n u thnh eba.
Kiu ng t Dng chia V d Dng chia
ng t bt quy tc
UG =benky suru$ h3c> UG =benky sureba>
=kuru> UG =kureba> Sh6ng c' Sh6ng c'
=ika> BAUG =itta> Sh6ng c' Sh6ng c'
ng t c quy tc
T T.G =tsukau$ dEng> .G =tsukaeba>
T TdG =yaku$ n%1ng> dG =yakeba>
T! TuG "! =oyogu$ .?i> "uG =oyogeba>
T TDG # =shimesu$ tr%ng .y> #DG =shimeseba>
T$ TG %$ =matsu$ Ci> %G =mateba>
T& TvG (& =shinu$ cht> (vG =shineba>
T) TIG *) =yobu$ g3i> *IG =yobeba>
T+ TwG ,+ =yomu$ 3c> ,wG =yomeba>
T =g8c GhF 2> TUG - =hashiru$ ch)y> -UG =hashireba>
T =g8c nguyLn 2>
T. =g8c nguyLn 2>
TUG
T.UG
/ =kuiru$ tic>
0. =kotaeru$ tr: lRi>
/UG =kuireba>
0.UG =kotareba>
Tnh t ! "h# $nh
<nh t TdUG 2 =yasui$ rV> 2dUG =yasu kereba>
<nh t 3TBAUG45 =kantan$ ?n gi:n> 45BAUG =kantan deareba>
T3 T3dUG13 =ikanai$ 5h6ng i> 13dUG =ikanakereba>
<nh t 3 v cc danh t th%Rng c' d)ng iu 5i*n l 3 h?n.
3dUG trong th4 Gh- ,nh th%Rng %Cc chia thnh 3 hoYc 3L h?n.
Po ' 13 sK thnh 13 =ikanakya> hoYc 13L
=ikanakucha>.
Cch dng
<h4 iu 5i*n %Cc dEng trong cc t/nh hu8ng iu 5i*n. H dF
UG1 =nani sureba ii ka$ nLn l2 g/ y =nu l2 g/ th/ 21i ng
y>>.
_1UG =wakareba ii$ nu hi4u th/ t8t>.
FAAUGS =jikan ga areba kaimono wo shiy$ nu c' thRi
gian th/ i 2ua s#2 th6i>.
Th iu kin !a
<h4 iu 5i*n ra %Cc t)o nLn .;ng cch thL2 vo sau th/ "u 5h7. a' th4 dEng
G 4 tU c trang tr3ng h?n.
Cch dng
<h4 iu 5i*n ra c' th4 dEng gi8ng th4 iu 5i*n eba. <uy vy$ n' c' nghfa gn
gi8ng Dnu v 5hiD h?n v %Cc %u tiLn h?n th4 iu 5i*n eba v/ 2ang nghfa
chnh Oc h?n.
H dFI 78: =nihon ni ittara, kamera wo kaitai$ nu
n Nht X:n$ t6i 2u8n 2ua 2t chic 2y :nh =t7c l 2ua @ Nht>>.
<h4 iu 5i*n ra c' th4 dEng 5hi 2*nh chnh @ th/ "u 5h7. <rong t/nh hu8ng
ny$ n' 2ang nghfa D5hiD v ngF c r;ng 5t "u: 5h6ng ngR tr%1c %Cc.
H dFI 8:?'8 =kissaten ni ittara, 'uzuki(san ni
deatta$ 5hi n "un c GhL$ t6i [ gYG anh pu`u5i>.
Th "ng
<h4 ., ng %Cc t)o ra .;ng cch chuy4n u thnh areru.
Kiu ng t Dng chia V d Dng chia
ng t bt quy tc
?U
=benky suru$
h3c>
?U =benky
sareru>
=kuru>
U
=korareru>
Sh6ng c' Sh6ng c'
ng t c quy tc
T TEU =tsukau$ dEng> EU =tsukawareru>
T T1U =yaku$ n%1ng> 1U =yakareru>
T! TFU "! =oyogu$ .?i> "FU =oyogareru>
T T?U # =shimesu$ tr%ng .y> #?U =shimesareru>
T$ TU %$ =matsu$ Ci> %U =matareru>
T& T3U (& =shinu$ cht> (3U =shinareru>
T) TGU *) =yobu$ g3i> *GU =yobareru>
T+ TU ,+ =yomu$ 3c> ,U =yomareru>
T =g8c GhF 2> TU - =hashiru$ ch)y> -U =hashirareru>
T =g8c nguyLn 2>
T. =g8c nguyLn 2>
TU
T.U
/ =kuiru$ tic>
0. =kotaeru$ tr: lRi>
/U =kuirareru>
0.U =kotaerareru>
ng t 21i %Cc t)o ra %Cc coi nh% 2t ng t g8c GhF 2.
<nh t v 5h6ng c' th4 ., ng.
H1i ng t th!o th4 $ Ghn 2asu %Cc thL2 vo cu8i c-a ng t
d)ng ., ng.
Cch dng
<h4 ., ng %Cc dEng
PiMn t: ., ng. H dF 6n;<=8SgU =kono terebi wa
)oshiba ni yotte tsukurareta$ ci tivi ny %Cc l2 ra .@i <oshi.a>.
PiMn t: ndi 5hQ. H dFI 8=zaU =watashi wa tomodachi ni
biiru o nomareta$ t6i ., .)n .l jG u8ng .ia>.
Nh% 2t d)ng lM GhjGI LW1U1 =dochira e ikaremasu ka$ anh i
u vy )>
Th cu khin "ng
<h4 cu 5hin ., ng %Cc t)o ra .;ng cch chia ng t @ th4 cu 5hin tr%1c$ sau
' chuy4n sang th4 ., ng. ng nh% tLn g3i$ n' dEng 4 diMn t: 2ong 2u8n @ d)ng
., ng. H dFI 8?DU =ryshin ni benky saserareru$ ., GhF huynh .#t
h3c>. H/ nh(ng t nh% %DU =mataserareru> 5h' Ght 2 nLn th%Rng trong 5hi
n'i$ Ghn gi(a ] th4 sK %Cc n8i l)i.
H dFI %DU =mataserareru$ ., .#t Gh:i Ci> sK thnh %?U =2atasar!ru>.
Si4u rt g3n ny 5h6ng dEng cho ng t g8c GhF 2 v ng t .+t "uy t#c $
.
Th # th$c
Kiu ng t Dng chia V d Dng chia
ng t bt quy tc
S =benky S
V
suru$ h3c>
@ =aisuru$
yLu>
=benky shiy>
@V =ais>
=kuru>
S
=koy>
Sh6ng c' Sh6ng c'
Sh6ng c' Sh6ng c'
B B Sh6ng c' Sh6ng c'
<h4 T
T
=ikimasu$
i>
=kimash>
ng t c quy tc
T TO =tsukau$ dEng> O =tsuka>
T T6 =yaku$ n%1ng> 6 =yak>
T! TP"! =oyogu$ .?i> "P =oyog>
T TV
# =shimesu$
tr%ng .y>
#V
=shimes>
T$ Th%$ =matsu$ Ci> %h =mat>
T& Tn(& =shinu$ cht> (n =shin>
T) T*) =yobu$ g3i> * =yob>
T+ T,+ =yomu$ 3c> , =yom>
T =g8c GhF 2> T
- =hashiru$
ch)y>
-
=hashir>
T =g8c
nguyLn 2>
T. =g8c
nguyLn 2>
TS
T.S
/ =kuiru$ tic>
0. =kotaeru$ tr:
lRi>
/S
=kuiy>
0.S
=kotaey>
Tnh t ! "h# $nh
<nh t
T1
=suki$ thch>
=sukidar>
T3
T31
>.3 =mienai$
v6 h/nh>
>.31
=mienakar>
Cch dng
<h4 c th7c %Cc dEng 4 diMn t: c ,nh$ nh% nh(ng tr%Rng hCG sau
<h6ng .o c ,nh. H dFI S =benky shiy$ h3c th6i>.
HUi c ,nh. H dFI 61 =ik ka$ i ch7k>.
PiMn t: r;ng 2t ng%Ri ,nh l2 g/ "ua =omou>. H dFI Oh =ka
to omou$ nghf v vi*c 2ua>.
<rong c+u trc Sh 2ang nghfa Ds#G s^aJ ,nh l2 g/D. H dFI F.
Sh =qnu ga ho!yr to shit! iru$ con ch' s#G s-a>.