Thuat Toan Bam Diem Cong Suat Cuc Dai Cho Pin Mat Troi MrTrongbk

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI
KHOA IN
B MN T NG HO XNCN
====o0o====
N TT NGHIP
TI:
NGHIN CU THUT TON IU KHIN BM IM
CNG SUT CC I CHO PIN MT TRI
Trng b mn
: TS. Trn Trng Minh
Gio vin hng dn
: ThS. Nguyn Duy nh
Sinh vin thc hin
: Trng Vn Trng
Lp
: K&TH K54
MSSV
: 20092846
H Ni, 6-2014
B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC BCH KHOA HN
-------------------------------
CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

c lp T do Hnh phc
---------------------
NHIM V
N TT NGHIP
H v tn sinh vin: Trng vn Trng
Kha: 54
Khoa/Vin: in
S hiu sinh vin: 20092846

Ngnh: T ng ha
1. u thit k:
Nghin cu cc thut ton bm cng sut cc i cho pin mt tri.
2. Cc s liu ban u:
-
Pin mt tri c thng s k thut c bn iu kin tiu chun: Cng sut ln

nht ti bc x 1000 w/m2 l 80W
in p ti im ln nht 18V.
3. Ni dung cc phn thuyt minh v tnh ton:

-
Cu to, nguyn l hot ng v ng dng ca pin mt tri

c tnh I V v P V ca pin mt tri
Ngyn l dung hp ti cho b bin i tng p Boost v cc thut ton INC v
P&O theo hai phng php iu khin trc tip chu k nhim v D, iu khin
gin tip qua dng in tham chiu.
Tnh ton gi tr ca phn t cho b bin i Boost v thit k b iu khin dng
in cho Boost.
M phng h thng bm cng sut cc i cho h thng pin mt tri.
4. Cc bn v, th ( ghi r cc loi v kch thc bn v ):

T 4 ti 6 bn v trn A0
5. H tn cn b hng dn:
ThS. Nguyn Duy nh
6. Ngy giao nhim v n:
7. Ngy hon thnh n: 10/06/2014
Ngy ....... thng ....... nm ...
Trng b mn
Cn b hng dn
( K, ghi r h, tn)
( K, ghi r h, tn)
Sinh vin hon thnh v np n tt nghip ngy 12 thng 06 nm 2014

Ngi duyt
Sinh vin
( K, ghi r h, tn)
( K, ghi r h, tn)
LI CAM OAN
Em xin cam oan bn n tt nghip: Nghin cu cc thut ton bm cng
sut cc i cho pin mt tri do em t thit k di s hng dn ca thy gio l
ThS. Nguyn Duy nh. Cc s liu v kt qu l hon ton ng vi thc t.
hon thnh n ny em ch s dng nhng ti liu c ghi trong danh mc
ti liu tham kho v khng sao chp hay s dng bt k ti liu no khc. Nu pht hin
c s sao chp em xin chu hon ton trch nhim.
H Ni, ngy 12 thng 06 nm 2014
Sinh vin thc hin
Trng Vn Trng
MC LC
DANH MC HNH V...................................................................................................... i

DANH MC BNG S LIU ......................................................................................... ii
DANH MC T VIT TT ........................................................................................... iii
LI NI U .................................................................................................................... 1
Chng 1. TNG QUAN V H THNG PIN MT TRI ....................................... 2
1.1. i tng v phm vi nghin cu ............................................................................ 2
1.2. Gii thiu v pin mt tri ......................................................................................... 3
1.2.1. nh ngha ......................................................................................................... 3
1.2.2. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ........................................................................ 3
1.3. c tnh lm vic ca pin mt tri ........................................................................... 4
1.3.1. S tng ng ca pin mt tri.................................................................. 4
1.3.2. c tnh ca pin mt tri ................................................................................... 6
1.4. Nhng yu t bn ngoi nh hng ti pin mt tri ................................................ 9
1.4.1. nh hng ca cng nh sng ................................................................... 9
1.4.2. nh hng ca nhit .................................................................................. 10
1.5. ng dng ca pin mt tri ..................................................................................... 11
1.5.1. Tch hp vo thit b........................................................................................ 11
1.5.2. Ngun in di ng ......................................................................................... 11
1.5.3. Ngun in cho ta nh ................................................................................... 12
1.5.4. Nh my in mt tri ..................................................................................... 12
1.6. c im chnh ca h thng Pin mt tri ............................................................. 13
1.7. Kt lun .................................................................................................................. 13
Chng 2. THUT TON BM IM CNG SUT CC I ............................ 14
2.1. Gii thiu chung ..................................................................................................... 14
2.2. Nguyn l dung hp ti .......................................................................................... 15
2.3. Thut ton xc nh im c cng sut cc i ..................................................... 19
2.3.1. Phng php nhiu lon v quan st P&O ...................................................... 19
2.3.2. Phng php in dn gia tng INC ............................................................... 23
2.4. Kt lun .................................................................................................................. 27
Chng 3. B BIN I DC DC ............................................................................ 29
3.1. Yu cu thit k ...................................................................................................... 29
3.2. B bin i Boost ................................................................................................... 29

3.3. Tnh ton la chn tham s c bn ........................................................................ 33
3.3.1. Tnh ton cun cm ......................................................................................... 34
3.3.2. Tnh ton t lc u ra ..................................................................................... 36
3.4. M hnh v thit k b iu khin .......................................................................... 37
3.4.1. M hnh ha b bin i Boost bng phng php trung bnh ha mng ng
ct............................................................................................................................... 37
3.4.2. Cu trc b iu khin..................................................................................... 43
3.4.3. Thit k b iu khin dng in .................................................................... 43
3.5. Kt lun .................................................................................................................. 49
Chng 4. M PHNG H THNG BM CNG SUT CC I .................... 50
4.1. M phng b bin i Boost .................................................................................. 50
4.2. So snh hai thut ton bm cng sut cc i ........................................................ 51
4.3. M phng thut ton bm cng sut cc i theo phng php iu khin trc tip
chu k nhim v D ghp ni vi ti thun tr............................................................... 53
4.3.1. M phng thut ton P&O iu khin trc tip chu k nhim v D .............. 54
4.3.2. M phng thut ton INC iu khin trc tip chu k nhim v.................... 56
4.3.3. So snh hai thut ton iu khin trc tip chu k nhim v P&O v INC .... 57
4.4. M phng thut ton bm im cng sut cc i gin tip thng qua b iu
khin v ghp ni vi ti thun tr................................................................................ 58
4.4.1. Thut ton P&O iu khin gin tip .............................................................. 59
4.4.2. Thut ton INC iu khin gin tip ............................................................... 60
4.4.3. So snh hai thut ton iu khin gin tip thng qua dng tham chiu INC v
P&O ........................................................................................................................... 61
KT LUN ..................................................................................................................... 64
TI LIU THAM KHO.............................................................................................. 66
PH LC ........................................................................................................................ 68
Danh mc hnh v
DANH MC HNH V
Hnh 1.1. Cu trc h thng bm cng sut cc i MPPT. ............................................... 2
Hnh 1.2. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca pin mt tri. ............................................... 3
Hnh 1.3. Mch tng ng ca mt t bo pin mt tri. ................................................. 4
Hnh 1.4. S khi chi tit bn trong ca pin mt tri. .................................................... 6
Hnh 1.5. M hnh l tng ca t bao pin mt tri. ........................................................... 6
Hnh 1.6. c tnh I V v P V ca pin mt tri. ............................................................ 7
Hnh 1.7. Mch ca pin mt tri xt ti nh hng ca Rsh . ............................................. 7
Hnh 1.8. c tnh I V khi c Rsh . .................................................................................. 8
Hnh 1.9. Mch ca pin mt tri xt ti nh hng ca Rs . ............................................... 8
Hnh 1.10. c tnh I V khi c Rsh . ................................................................................ 8
Hnh 1.11. c tnh I V v P V khi cng chiu sng thay i. ............................. 9
Hnh 1.12. c tnh I V v P V ca pin mt tri khi nhit thay i t 250C750C.
........................................................................................................................................... 10
Hnh 1.13. Trm v tr ISS v Robot t hnh trn sao ha. ............................................. 11
Hnh 1.14. Ngun sc di ng v h thng in trn tu[15]............................................ 11
Hnh 1.15. Ngun in nng lng mt tri cung cp ta nh [15]. ................................. 12
Hnh 1.16. Nh my in s dng pin mt tri [15]. ........................................................ 12
Hnh 2.1. B iu khin MPPT trong h thng pin mt tri. ............................................ 14
Hnh 2.2. Pin mt tri mc trc tip vi ti thun tr c th thay i gi tr. ................... 14
Hnh 2.3. c tnh lm vic ca pin mt tri v ca ti c th thay i gi tr. ................ 15
Hnh 2.4. Pin mt tri kt ni vi ti qua b bin i DC DC. ...................................... 16
Hnh 2.5. PMT vi in tr Rei. ......................................................................................... 17
Hnh 2.6. c tnh ca pin mt tri v ca ti thun tr [4].............................................. 17
Hnh 2.7. Khong lm vic ca b bin i tng p Boost [4]. ........................................ 18
Danh mc hnh v
Hnh 2.8. c tnh I V khi bc x thay i v v tr cc im MPP. ............................. 19

Hnh 2.9. S h thng MPPT iu khin theo dng in tham chiu Iref . ................... 20
Hnh 2.10. ng c tnh quan h gia cng sut v dng in P I ca pin mt tri. 20
Hnh 2.11. Lu thut ton P&O iu khin thng qua dng tham chiu Iref ............... 21
Hnh 2.12. S khi ca phng php MPPT iu khin trc tip chu k nhim v D.
........................................................................................................................................... 22
Hnh 2.13. Mi quan h gia tng tr vo ca mch boost vi chu k nhim v D. ....... 22
Hnh 2.14. Lu thut ton P&O iu khin trc tip chu k nhim v D. .................. 23
Hnh 2.15. ng c tnh P I v thut ton INC. ....................................................... 24
Hnh 2.16. Lu thut ton INC iu khin gin tip qua Iref. ....................................... 25
Hnh 2.17. Lu thut ton INC iu khin trc tip h s D. ...................................... 26
Hnh 3.1. M hnh BB boost........................................................................................... 29
Hnh 3.2. Mch tng ng khi Q1 m v D kha. ........................................................ 30
Hnh 3.3. Mch tng ng khi Q1 kha v D m. ........................................................ 30
Hnh 3.4. Dng sng trn cun cm L v dng sng trn t C.......................................... 31
Hnh 3.5. Dng sng dng in trn cun cm L. ............................................................. 32
Hnh 3.6. Dng sng in p u ra. ................................................................................. 33
Hnh 3.7. Hnh dng chung ca li EE[2] ........................................................................... 35
Hnh 3.8. c tnh th hin quan h ESR/ESR0 theo tn s [18]. ..................................... 37
Hnh 3.9. Mch ng ct trong s BB Boost............................................................. 38
Hnh 3.10. M hnh mng ng ct. .................................................................................. 38
Hnh 3.11. Dng in p v1(t) trn MOSFET v dng dng i2(t) qua diode . ................... 38
Hnh 3.12. M hnh trung bnh. ......................................................................................... 39
Hnh 3.13. M hnh trung bnh mng ng ct cho mch boost. ...................................... 40
Hnh 3.14. M hnh trung bnh cho mch Boost. .............................................................. 40
Hnh 3.15. M hnh trung bnh tn hiu nh cho mch Boost. .......................................... 41
ii
Danh mc hnh v
Hnh 3.16. M hnh trung bnh tn hiu nh cho mch Boost khi loi vg 0 . ............... 41
Hnh 3.17. a) M hnh quy i v th cp. b) laplace ha mch quy di. ....................... 41
Hnh 3.18. Cu trc iu khin dng cho b bin i Boost. ........................................... 43
Hnh 3.19. Cu trc b b loi 2. ...................................................................................... 43
Hnh 3.20. S iu khin mch vng dng in. ......................................................... 46
Hnh 3.21. S khi v dng sng ca khi PWM. ....................................................... 46
Hnh 3.22. th bode ca i tng dng in .............................................................. 47
Hnh 3.23. th bode ca mch vng dng in sau khi c b. ................................ 48
Hnh 4.1. S m phng BB Boost. ............................................................................ 50
Hnh 4.2. Din p trn cun cm. ...................................................................................... 50
Hnh 4.3. Dng in trn cun cm. .................................................................................. 51
Hnh 4.4. in p ra trn t in C.................................................................................... 51
Hnh 4.5. d liu bc x mt tri dng cho m phng...................................................... 52
Hnh 4.6. Du vt theo di im MPP trong ngy nhiu nng (250C). ............................. 52
Hnh 4.7. d liu bc x mt tri trong ngy nhiu my. ................................................. 53
Hnh 4.8. Du vt theo di im MPP trong ngy nhiu my (250C). .............................. 53
Hnh 4.9. S m phng MPPT vi thut ton P&O iu khin trc tip chu k D. .... 54
Hnh 4.10. Bc x mt tri thay i. ................................................................................. 54
Hnh 4.11. Thut ton P&O vi D thay i v Ts c nh ............................................. 55
Hnh 4.12. Thut ton P&O vi D c nh v Ts thay i. ............................................ 55
Hnh 4.13. S m phng MPPT vi thut ton INC iu khin trc tip chu k D. ... 56
Hnh 4.14.Thut ton INC vi D thay i v Ts c nh. .............................................. 56
Hnh 4.15. M phng INC vi D c nh v Ts thay i. .............................................. 57
Hnh 4.16. So snh thut ton P&O v INC iu khin gin tip vi Ts khng i......... 57
Hnh 4.17. So snh thut ton P&O v INC iu khin gin tip vi D khng i. ...... 58
Hnh 4.18. M phng thut ton INC iu khin trc tip. .............................................. 59
iii
Danh mc hnh v
Hnh 4.19. Thut ton P&O iu khin gin tip vi gi tr Ts khng i. ...................... 59
Hnh 4.20. Thut ton P&O gin tip vi Ts thay i v I c nh. ............................... 60
Hnh 4.21. S iu khin bm cng sut cc i s dng INC gin tip..................... 60
Hnh 4.22. Thut ton INC iu khin gin tip vi Ts c n v I thay i. ................ 61
Hnh 4.23. Thut ton INC vi chu k trnh mu Ts thay di v I c nh. ................... 61
Hnh 4.24. So snh hai thut ton INC v P&O iu khin gin tip vi I thay i. ..... 62
Hnh 4.25. So snh hai thut ton INC v P&O iu khin gin tip vi Ts thay i. ..... 62
iv
Danh mc bng s liu
DANH MC BNG S LIU

Bng 1.1. Thng s k thut ca pin mt tri [17]............................................................. 2
Bng 4.1. D liu cc im cng sut cc i ng vi cc bc x khc nhau. ............... 54
ii
Danh mc t vit tt
DANH MC T VIT TT
PMT
Pin mt tri
NLMT
Nng lng mt tri
KVL
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
nh lut kirchhoff in p
KCL
Kirchhoff's Current Law
nh lut kirchhoff dng in
BB
B bin i
PWM
Pulse Width Modulation
iu ch rng xung
MPP
Maximum Power Point
im cng sut ln nht
MPPT
Maximum Power Point Tracking
Bm cng sut cc i
P&O
Purturb and Observer
Nhiu lon v quan st
INC
Incremental Conductance
in dn gia tng
OPT
Optimal
Ti u
iii
Li ni u
LI NI U
Nhu cu v nng lng trong thi i khoa hc k thut khng ngng gia tng.
Tuy nghin cc ngun nng lng truyn thng ang c khai thc nh : than , du
m, kh t, kh thin nhin v ngay c thy inang ngy cng cn kit. Khng
nhng th chng cn c tc hi xu i vi mi trng nh: gy ra nhim mi trng,
nhim ting n, ma axit, tri t m dn ln, thng tng ozon... Do , vic tm ra v
khai thc cc ngun nng lng mi nh nng lng ht nhn, nng lng a nhit,
nng lng gi v nng lng mt tri l rt cn thit.
Vic nghin cu nng lng mt tri ngy cng thu ht s quan tm ca cc nh
nghin cu, nht l trong tnh trng thiu ht nghim trng nng lng hin nay. Nng
lng mt tri l ngun nng lng sch, di do, hon ton min ph, khng gy
nhim mi trng v khng gy nhim ting n Hin nay, nng lng mt tri
dn dn i vo cuc sng ca con ngi, chng c p dng kh rng ri trong dn
dng v trong cng nghip di nhiu hnh thc khc nhau.
Pin mt tri c rt nhiu cc u im u vit nhng gi thnh ca tm pin mt tri
cn t nn vic tng hiu sut v ko di tui th ca pin tr thnh mt vn rt quan
trng. tng hiu sut v ko di tui th ca pin th cn phi h thng pin nng
lng mt tri hot ng n nh ti im c cng sut cc i. Bi v, iu kin t nhin
bao gm bc x mt tri v nhit li lun thay i nn im lm cho h thng c cng
sut cc i cng thay i theo. V vy, cn c mt phng php no theo di c
s di chuyn ca im c cng sut cc i v p t cho h thng lm vic ti . Do
nn em chn ti: Nghin cu cc thut ton iu khin bm cng sut cc i
cho pin mt tri . ti ny c trnh by trong 4 chng:
Chng 1. Tng quan v h thng pin mt tri
Chng 2. Thut ton bm im cng sut cc i
Chng 3. B bin i DC DC
Chng 4. M phng h thng
Trong qu trnh thc hin n tt nghip, em c gng tm ti, hc hi v
nghin cu kin thc hon thnh bn n. Do kinh nghim v kin thc ca bn thn
cn nhiu hn ch nn bo co n tt nghip ny ca em kh trnh khi nhng thiu
https://www.facebook.com/Mr.Trongbk
Li ni u
st. Vy em rt mong nhn c s gp t pha thy c em hon thin thm kin

thc cho bn thn.
Qua y em xin gi li cm n chn thnh ti thy gio ThS. Nguyn Duy nh
cng cn b nghin cu ti trung tm CTI hng dn v gip em trong sut qu
trnh lm n tt nghip.

Sinh vin thc hin
Trng Vn Trng
Chng 1
TNG QUAN V H THNG PIN MT TRI
1.1. i tng v phm vi nghin cu
IPV
DC
DC
Ti
+ VPV
Tn hiu
PWM
B iu khin
MPPT
Hnh 1.1. Cu trc h thng bm cng sut cc i MPPT.

H thng bm cng sut cc i ca pin mt tri c cu trc c bn nh c trnh
by trn hnh 1.1. Cc thnh phn c bn trong cu trc ca h thng bm cng sut cc
i gm:
Tm pin nng lng mt tri: c cc thng s k thut c bn trong iu kin tiu
chun (bc x mt tri 1000W/m2 v nhit 250C) nh c lit k trong bng 1.1.
Bng 1.1. Thng s k thut ca pin mt tri [17].
Thng s
K hiu
Gi tr
Cng sut ln nht
Pmax
80W
in p ti im cc i MPP
VMPP
18V
Dng in ti im cc i MPP
IMPP
4,444A
in p h mch
VOC
22V
Dng in ngn mch
ISC
5A
B iu khin MPPT: l linh hn ca h thng. N lm cho h thng pin mt tri bm

c cng sut cc i, gip tng hiu sut lm vic ca h thng PMT.
B bin i DC DC: c nhim v ng ct van bn dn thay i tr khng vo
ca PMT.
Phm vi nghin cu ca n ny l: nghin cu l thuyt v cc thut ton bm

cng sut cc i v tnh ton mch lc cho b bin i DC DC, thit k b iu khin
cho h thng bm cng sut cc i. M phng h thng kim chng li l thuyt
nghin cu.
1.2. Gii thiu v pin mt tri

1.2.1. nh ngha
Pin mt tri hay cn gi l pin quang in l thit b ng dng hiu ng quang
in trong lp bn dn (thng gi l hin tng quang in trong quang dn) to ra
dng in mt chiu khi c chiu sng.
1.2.2. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng
Hnh 1.2. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca pin mt tri.

a. Cu to pin mt tri
Gm ba thn phn chnh nh m t trn hnh 1.2:
-
Mt ghp bn dn p n: s dng tinh th Silic, y l thnh phn chnh ca pin

v lp n thng mng nh sng c th chiu ti lp tip xc p n.
in cc: l thnh phn dn in ra ph ti, vt liu lm in cc va phi c

dn tt va phi bm dnh tt vo cht bn dn.
Lp chng phn quang: nu s phn x nh sng cng nhiu s lm cho hiu

sut ca pin gim. V vy phi ph mt lp chng phn quang.
b. Nguyn l hot ng
Nguyn l hot ng ca pin mt tri da trn hin tng quang in trong nh
c m t trong hnh 1.2. Khi lp p n hp th nh sng c bc sng hvEg = Ec Ev
to ra cp in t l trng v tr thnh cc ht ti in t do. in t di chuyn v pha

cc ca bn dn loi n v l trng di chuyn v pha cc ca bn dn loi p. Nu bn
ngoi ni gia bn dn loi n v bn dn loi p th xut hin dng in.
c. Phn loi loi pin mt tri
Cho ti nay vt liu ch to pin mt tri ch yu l Silic v c chi thnh ba loi
chnh:
-
n tinh th: c hiu sut ti 16% v loi ny thng t tin do c ct t

cc thi hnh ng.
a tinh th: lm t thi c t Silic nung chy, sau lm ngui v lm rn.

Loi ny r hn pin n tinh th nhng hiu sut li thp hn.
Di Silic to t cc ming phim mng t Silic nng chy v c cu trc a tinh

th. Loi ny c hiu sut thp nht nhng gi r nht.
1.3. c tnh lm vic ca pin mt tri

1.3.1. S tng ng ca pin mt tri
a. M hnh ton hc ca pin mt tri
PV l tng
Iph
Rs
ID
D
IPV
+
Rsh
VPV
Hnh 1.3. Mch tng ng ca mt t bo pin mt tri.

Khi c chiu sng th pin mt tri pht ra mt dng quang in Iph v vy pin
mt tri c th xem nh mt ngun dng.
Lp tip xc p n c tnh cht chnh lu tng ng nh mt diode D. Tuy
nhin khi phn cc ngc, do in tr tip xc c gii hn nn vn c mt dng in r
qua n. c trng cho dng in r qua lp tip xc p n l in tr shunt Rsh.
Dng quang in chy trong mch phi i qua cc lp bn dn p v n, cc in
cc, cc tip xc c trng cho tng cc in tr ca cc lp l mt in tr RS

mc ni tip trong mch. T , xy dng c s tng ng tng qut ca PMT
nh hnh 1.3 [16] :
d
qV
Dng in qua diode ID Is e nkT 1
Phng trnh KCL: Iph ID
VD
IPV 0
R sh
(1.1)
(1.2)
Phng trnh KVL: VPV VD R s IPV
(1.3)
trong :
- ID: dng qua diode, [A]
- IS: dng bo ha ca diode, [A]
- q: in tch electron, q = 1,602.10-19 C
- k: hng s Boltzman, k = 1,381.10-23 J/K
- T: nhit lp tip xc, [K]
- n: h s l tng ca diode
- Vd: in p nhit, [V]
- IPV: dng in ra ca pin mt tri, [A]
- VPV: in p ra ca pin mt tri, [V]
T (1.1), (1.2), (1.3) suy ra phng trnh c tnh I V ca mt t bo PMT :
I pv
q VD Ipv . RS
V I .R
pv
S
I ph I D Ish I ph Is e nkT
1 pv
R sh
(1.4)
c cng sut cng nh in p, dng in theo yu cu th phi ghp cc t bo

PMT li thnh mt module PMT. Gi s ghp ni tip Ns cc t bo PMT v ghp song
song Np cc t bo PMT li, th phng trnh c tnh I V tng qut nh sau [16]:
q Vpv Ipv .R S V I .R
N . nkT
I pv N p .I ph N p .I D Ish N p .I ph N p .Is e S 1 pv pv S
R sh
(1.5)
b. M hnh ha pin mt tri bng simulink

Xut pht t phng trnh (1.1), (1.2), (1.3), (1.5) c th xy dng c m hnh
m phng ca tm pin nh hnh 1.4.
Hnh 1.4. S khi chi tit bn trong ca pin mt tri.

1.3.2. c tnh ca pin mt tri
a. c tnh I V l tng ca pin nng lng mt tri
M hnh pin l tng c m t trn hnh 1.5 l m hnh khng xt ti nhng
nh hng ca Rs v Rsh, c ngha l Rs = 0 v Rsh = .
PV l tng
Iph
IPV
ID
D
+
VPV
_
Hnh 1.5. M hnh l tng ca t bao pin mt tri.

Phng trnh c tnh I V thu c ca pin da vo phng trnh (1.5) :
qVD
I pv N p Iph N p ID N p Iph N p Is e nkT 1
(1.6)
NpIph l ngun dng c gi tr khng i ng vi iu kin thi tit nht nh, NpID
c tnh I V ca diode l ng cong ng bin trong khong in p VD dng. T ,
Cong suat P[W]
Dong dien I [A]
theo phng trnh (1.6) suy ra dng c tnh I V v P V ca pin mt tri ng vi bc

x 1000W/m2 v 250C nh hnh 1.6.
6
Isc
MPP
20 Voc
10
15
Dien ap V [V]
100
MPP
25
X: 18.04
Y: 80
50
10
15
Dien ap V [V]
20
Voc
25
Hnh 1.6. c tnh I V v P V ca pin mt tri.

Theo hnh 1.6 cho thy quan h gia dng in v in p I(A) v quan h gia
cng sut vi in p P(V) = I.V l nhng mi quan h phi tuyn v cc quan h phi
tuyn ny thay i gi tr khi m thi tit thay i. ng vi mi iu kin kh hu c th
th c tnh P V s tn ti mt im c cng sut ln nht gi l MPP (maximum power
point), ti im hiu sut ca pin s l ln nht. hiu r rng hn v v tr v qu
trnh di chuyn ca im MPP th phn tip theo s phn tch nh hng ca cc yu t
bn trong v yu t bn ngoi nh hng ti c tnh ca pin mt tri nh th no?
b. nh hng ca Rs v Rsh ln c tnh IV ca pin nng lng mt tri
nh hng ca in tr Rsh ti c tnh I V ca pin
PV l tng
Iph
ID
D
IPV
+
Rsh
VPV
_
Hnh 1.7. Mch ca pin mt tri xt ti nh hng ca Rsh .
Khi c in tr Rsh th dng in ca pin mt tri cp cho b gim i mt lng

V
so vi c tnh l tng ca pin mt tri nn c tnh I V c dng nh hnh 1.8.
Rsh
Hnh 1.8. c tnh I V khi c Rsh .

nh hng ca in tr Rs ti c tnh I V ca pin
PV l tng
Iph
ID
D
Rs
IPV
+
VPV
_
Hnh 1.9. Mch ca pin mt tri xt ti nh hng ca Rs .
Hnh 1.10. c tnh I V khi c Rsh .

Khi xt ti nh hng ca Rs th ng c tnh thu c b ko v pha gc ta

mt lng V I.R S nh m t trong hnh 1.10.
1.4. Nhng yu t bn ngoi nh hng ti pin mt tri

Kh hu thi tit nh hng rt ln ti hot ng ca PMT. Trong , nhit v
cng nh sng l nhng yu t tiu biu nh hng mnh nht ti c tnh I V ca
PMT dn ti s thay i im lm vic c cng sut ln nht MPP ca PMT.
1.4.1. nh hng ca cng nh sng
Khi thay i iu kin ca cng nh sng mt tri t W = 400W/m2 ti bc x
W = 1000 W/m2 thu c c tnh I V v P V nh hnh 1.11. T c mt s kt
lun nh sau:
- Dng ngn mch ISC t l thun vi cng bc x chiu sng. Cng bc x
cng ln th dng ISC cng ln v ngc li.
- Do dng in v in p tng dn ti cng sut hot ng ca pin cng tng hay
ni cch khc im MPP c cng sut ln nht cng tng ln, di chuyn v pha
trn khi cng chiu sng ca mt tri tng.
Dong dien [ A ]
Anh huong cua buc xa toi PMT

5.5
600W/m2
4.5
800W/m2
1.5
0
Cong suat [ W ]
1000W/m2
10
15
Dien ap [ V ]
20
25
100
600W/m2
80
800W/m2
1000W/m2
60
40
20
0
10
15
Dien ap [ V ]
20
25
Hnh 1.11. c tnh I V v P V khi cng chiu sng thay i.

1.4.2. nh hng ca nhit

Thay i iu kin nhit ca pin mt tri thay i t 250C ti 750C. T , thu
c ng c tnh I V v P V nh hnh 1.12 pha di.
Anh huong cua nhiet do toi dac tinh cua PMT
Dong dien [ A ]
250C
500C
750C
15
10
Dien ap [ V ]
20
250C
80
Cong suat [ W ]
25
500C
60
750C
40
20
0
15
10
Dien ap [ V ]
20
25
Hnh 1.12. c tnh I V v P V ca pin mt tri khi nhit thay i t 250C750C.

T hnh 1.12 rt ra kt lun:
-
Khi nhit tng th in p hot ng ca pin mt tri gim mnh, cn dng

in th tng t.
Cng sut ca pin mt tri gim khi nhit tng.
Nhn xt: sau khi kho st c nh hng ca cc yu t bn trong (Rs,Rsh)

v cc yu t bn ngoi (Bc x mt tri, nhit ) ln c tnh ca tm pin mt tri. Cho
thy khi cc yu t kh hu bn ngoi thay i th ng c tnh s thay i theo do
im c cng sut ln nht cng di chuyn theo v v tr ca im MPP khng th bit
trc c n ang nm u. Do , vic cn thit khai thc hiu qu tm pin mt
tri l phi c mt thut ton theo di c qu trnh di chuyn, v tr ca im MPP
v p t h thng nng lng mt tri phi hot ng ti im MPP .
10
1.5. ng dng ca pin mt tri

1.5.1. Tch hp vo thit b
Pin mt tri c u im gn nh c th lp vo bt k u c nh sng mt tri,
c bit c ng dng rng ri trong lnh vc hng khng v tr. Nhng ni m cc
ngun nng lng thng dng khng th cung cp ti.
Hnh 1.13. Trm v tr ISS v Robot t hnh trn sao ha.

Pin mt tri cng c tch hp vo cc thit b s dng trong i sng hng ngy
nh: ng h, my tnh, n ng N l ngun nng lng xanh, sch ang dn c
ng dng vo cc phng tin giao thng thay th cho cc nguyn liu truyn thng gy
nhim mi trng.
1.5.2. Ngun in di ng
Ngun in ny s cung cp in cho cc thit b in ti bt k ni u. c bit
nhng mi khng c ngun in li nh vng su vng xa, hi o, trn bin
Cc ng dng ngun in di ng phi k ti b sc nng lng mt tri, cp nng
lng mt tri, o nng lng mt tri, trm in nng lng mt tri di ng.
Hnh 1.14. Ngun sc di ng v h thng in trn tu[15].
11
1.5.3. Ngun in cho ta nh

Ngun in cho ta nh l mt trong nhng gii php va gip gim ha n tin
in hng thng, va gip gim u t ca x hi cho cc cng trnh nh my in khng
l bng cch kt hp sc mnh ca ton dn trong vic to ra in phc v i sng sn
xut chung.
Hnh 1.15. Ngun in nng lng mt tri cung cp ta nh [15].

Ngun in cho ta nh c chia thnh 2 loi l ngun in mt tri cc b v
ngun in mt tri ha li in quc gia. Ring ngun in mt tri ha li in quc
gia c nhiu u im v mang li li ch kinh t cao. S dng ngun in mt tri trong
gia nh va gip bo v mi trng, va th hin phong cch sng hin i.
1.5.4. Nh my in mt tri
Bng cch kt ni nhiu ngun in mt tri vi nhau c th to ra c t hp
ngun in mt tri c kh nng thay th mt nh my pht in.
Hnh 1.16. Nh my in s dng pin mt tri [15].
12
Nh my in mt tri c th cung cp cho mt thnh ph, mt hn o Hin

nay s lng nh my in mt tri trn th gii cn hn ch, tuy nhin trong tng lai s
lng ny s tng ln khi gi thnh ca pin mt tri gim xung.
1.6. c im chnh ca h thng Pin mt tri

u im:
- Lp t, vn hnh n gin, d dng. Gn nh khng cn phi bo tr, bo
dng.
- Khng cn nhin liu, khng gy nhim mi trng (khng kh thi, khng
ting n, khng chuyn ng )
- ng dng c mi ni, c bit l vng su, vng xa, hi o nhng ni m
li in quc gia cha vn ti.
- Hot ng tin cy, lu di (tr c quy phi thay nh k).
Nhc im:
- Chi ph u t ban u cao.
- Phi chm sc v thay c quy .
- H thng khng th hot ng lin tc c, n ch hot ng khi c nh sng
mt tri chiu vo nhng tm pin.
1.7. Kt lun
Chng 1 nghin cu chi tit cc vn cu to, nguyn l hot ng v bo
v pin mt tri... tin hnh phn tch c tnh lm vic cng nh cc nh hng ca
iu kin mi trng ln c tnh lm vic ca h thng PMT, thy c r rng rng khi
iu kin mi trng thay i th im c cng sut cc i cng thay i theo vy nn
cn c mt thut ton no bm theo im c cng sut cc i . Do , chng
tip theo s nghin cu chi tit v cc thut ton bm im cng sut cc i.
13
Chng 2
THUT TON BM IM CNG SUT CC I
2.1. Gii thiu chung
MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) l phng php d tm im lm vic c
cng sut cc i ca h thng pin mt tri thng qua vic ng m kha in t ca b
bin i (BB) DC DC. Phng php MPPT c s dng rt ph bin trong h thng
pin mt tri lm vic c lp v ang dn c p dng trong h quang in lm vic vi
li. MPPT bn cht l thit b in t cng sut ghp ni ngun in PMT vi ti
khuych i ngun cng sut ra khi ngun pin mt tri khi iu kin lm vic thay i,
v t c th nng cao c hiu sut lm vic ca h. C cu trc c bn nh hnh 2.1.
IPV
DC
DC
VPV
B iu khin
MPPT
Ti
Tn hiu
PWM
Hnh 2.1. B iu khin MPPT trong h thng pin mt tri.

Khi mt tm PMT c mc trc tip vo mt ti, im lm vic ca tm PMT
s l giao im gia ng c tnh lm vic I V v ng c tnh I V ca ti. Gi
s nu ti l thun tr th ng c tnh ti l mt ng thng vi h s gc l 1/R.
IPV
+
VPV
Hnh 2.2. Pin mt tri mc trc tip vi ti thun tr c th thay i gi tr.
14
MPP
R = R2
R = Ropt
X: 18.04
Y: 4.434
Dong dien [A]
R = R1
2
10
15
Dien ap [V]
20
25
Hnh 2.3. c tnh lm vic ca pin mt tri v ca ti c th thay i gi tr.

T c tnh I V cho thy c mt im gi l MPP (maximum power point), l
im m khi h thng hot ng ti im th cng sut ra ca pin mt tri l ln nht.
Trong hu ht cc ng dng ngi ta mong mun ti u ha dng cng sut ra t
pin mng lng mt tri ti ti. lm c iu th i hi im hot ng ca h
thng phi c thit lp im MPP.
Tuy nhin, v im hot ng vi cng sut ln nht (MPP) ph thuc vo bc x
mt tri, nhit v iu kin mi trng thay i ngu nhin nn v tr im MPP cng
thay i lin tc. Do , m bo h thng lun lm vic im MPP hoc ln cn
im MPP th ngi ta s dng mt mch c bit gi l MPPT bm theo im c
cng sut cc i.
2.2. Nguyn l dung hp ti

Khi PMT c mc trc tip vi mt ti th im lm vic s do c tnh ti xc
nh. in tr ti c xc nh nh sau :
VO
IO
(2.1)
Ti ti u ca PMT c xc nh nh sau :
R opt
15
VMPP
IMPP
(2.2)
trong :
- VMPP , IMPP : ln lt l in p ln nht, dng in ln nht ca pin mt tri.
- VO , IO : ln lt l in p ra, dng in ra ca ti.
Khi gi tr ca ti khp vi gi tr Ropt th cng sut truyn t PMT n ti s l
cng sut ln nht. Tuy nhin, iu ny thng c lp v him khi khp vi thc t v
vy cn c MPPT phi hp tr khng ca ti vi tr ti u ca PMT.
B bin i Boost c ng dng rng ri khi i hi in p ra cao hn in p
u vo. Vi u im l dng in vo lin tc v d dnh iu khin nn n c s
dng nhiu trong b cng sut ca b iu khin MPPT. H thng MPPT s dng mch
Boost c trnh by nh hnh 2.4.
I0
IPV
+
DC
DC
VPV
+
V0
Rei(D,R)
Hnh 2.4. Pin mt tri kt ni vi ti qua b bin i DC DC.

B bin i Boost c th c m t bi cc h thc ton hc nh sau [4]:
VO
1
VPV 1 D
(2.3)
IO
1 D
IPV
(2.4)
VO RIO
(2.5)
Loi tr cc ton hng V0 trong (2.3) v I0 trong (2.4) th vo phng trnh (2.5)
thu c tr khng vo ca PMT:
R ei (D, R) 1 D R
2
(2.6)
T cng thc (2.6) d dng nhn thy Rei(D,R) ph thuc vo chu k nhim v D
16
ca b bin i DC DC v gi tr ca ti R, do c th thay i gi tr ca R ei bng

cch thay i gi tr ca chu k nhim v D hoc R hoc c hai, thng thng th gi tr
ti thng c nh nn ngi ta thng thay i gi tr ca D.
T phng trnh (2.6) c th thay th mch trong hnh 2.4 bng s mch tng
ng nh trong hnh 2.5 sau:
IPV
+
VPV
Rei(D,R)
Hnh 2.5. PMT vi in tr Rei.

thay i v tr ca im lm vic th chng ta cn thay i gc nghin
Re i D, R ca ng c tnh ti bng cch thay i chu k nhim v D, vic thay i
chu k nhim v D mt cch hp l s cho php giao im gia hai ng c tnh xc

lp ti ng im MPP.
Hnh 2.6. c tnh ca pin mt tri v ca ti thun tr [4].

Gc nghing ca c tnh ti c xc nh theo cng thc :
1
1
Rei D, R atan
atan
R
D
,
R
D
R
ei
17
(2.7)
Chu k nhim v D ch c th thay i t 0 ti 1 nn gc nghing ca ti b thu

hp li vi cc gii hn bi cc gc ti hn c tnh theo cc cng thc di y :
1
Rei 0, R atan
R
(2.8)
1
Rei 1, R atan 900
0
(2.9)
Do , di gi tr ca gc nghing ca ti l :
1
atan Rei D, R 900
R
(2.10)
T cng thc (2.10) c minh ha v gii thch bng hnh 2.7 n xc nh r hai
khong ring bit :
- Khong theo di: nu im MPP nm trong khong ny, th s tn ti mt gi tr
ca chu k nhim v D xc lp im lm vic ti im MPP v t cng sut
ra ca pin nng lng s l ln nht.
- Khong khng theo di: nu im MPP nm trong khong ny th s khng th
tm ra c gi tr ca chu k nhim v D lm cho im lm vic ca h thng
ti im MPP, dn ti cng sut ra ca pin mt tri khng th t gi tr ln nht
c. Do , nu im MPP nm trong khong khng theo di ny th im lm
vic s l giao im ca ng c tnh pin v gii hn di ca ng cong ti.
Hnh 2.7. Khong lm vic ca b bin i tng p Boost [4].

18
2.3. Thut ton xc nh im c cng sut cc i

V tr ca im MPP trn ng c tnh I V l khng bit trc v n lun thay
i ph thuc vo iu kin bc x v nhit . Chng hn, nh hnh 2.8 trnh by c
Dong dien [ A ]
tnh I V ca pin mt tri khi gi nhit c nh 250C v bc x mt tri thay i.

5.5
600W/m2
4.5
800W/m2
1000W/m2
3
1.5
0
10
15
Dien ap [ V ]
20
600W/m2
100
Cong suat [ W ]
25
800W/m2
80
1000W/m2
60
40
20
0
10
15
Dien ap [ V ]
20
25
Hnh 2.8. c tnh I V khi bc x thay i v v tr cc im MPP.

Do , cn c mt thut ton theo di im MPP, thut ton ny chnh l tri
tim ca b iu khin MPPT. C nhiu thut ton c nghin cu v ng dng trong
thc t, trong ph bin nht l hai thut ton P&O v INC. Nn trong gii hn n
ny em xin trnh by v hai thut ton trn.
2.3.1. Phng php nhiu lon v quan st P&O
a. Phng php iu khin gin tip thng qua dng in tham chiu Iref
Thut ton P&O, cn c gi l phng php leo i c s dng rt ph
bin nht trong thc t bi tnh n gin ca thut ton v d dng thc hin. hnh 2.10
cho thy cng sut ra ca PMT l mt hm ca dng in. Trong thut ton ny dng
in hot ng ca pin mt tri PMT b nhiu bi mt gia s nh I v kt qu lm thay
i cng sut, P c quan st (observer). Hnh 2.9 trnh by cu trc ca h thng
MPPT iu khin theo dng in tham chiu.
19
RL
IPV
Io
+
+ VPV
Cin
Vo
Resr
Tn hiu PWM
PWM
Thut ton
+
MPPT
Iref
BK
Hnh 2.9. S h thng MPPT iu khin theo dng in tham chiu Iref .
100
MPP
Cong suat P [ W ]
80
3
2
60
40
1
20
Tang Iref
0
3
Dong dien I [ A ]
Giam Iref
4
Hnh 2.10. ng c tnh quan h gia cng sut v dng in P I ca pin mt tri.
Hnh 2.10 m t nguyn l hot ng ca thut ton P&O, t c th suy ra
phng thc hot ng ca thut ton nh sau:
-
Nu im hot ng ca h thng ang di chuyn theo hng 1 tc P < 0 v

I < 0 th cn tng dng in hot ng ln di chuyn im hot ng ti
im MPP.
Nu im hot ng ca h thng ang di chuyn theo hng 2 tc P > 0 v

I > 0 th cn tng dng in hot ng ln di chuyn im hot ng ti
im MPP.
20
Nu im hot ng ca h thng ang di chuyn theo hng 3 tc P > 0 v

I < 0 th cn gim dng in hot ng di chuyn im hot ng ti im
MPP.
Nu im hot ng ca h thng ang di chuyn theo hng 4 tc P < 0 v

I > 0 th cn gim dng in hot ng di chuyn im hot ng ti im
MPP.
Start
P&O
o : V(k), I(k)
P(k) = V(k).I(k)
P = P(k) - P(k-1)
I = I(k) - I(k-1)
No
Yes
P >0
I > 0
I > 0
No
Gim Iref
Yes
Yes
No
Tng Ief
Gim Iref
Tng Iref
P(k-1) = P(k)
I(k-1) = I(k)
Hnh 2.11. Lu thut ton P&O iu khin thng qua dng tham chiu Iref .
Thuyt minh thut ton: B iu khin MPPT s o cc gi tr dng in I v in
p V. sau tnh ton sai lch P v I sau kim tra:
-
Nu P. I > 0 th tng gi tr dng in tham chiu Iref.

Nu P. I < 0 th gim gi tr dng in tham chiu Iref.
Sau cp nht cc gi tr mi thay cho gi tr trc ca I, P v tin hnh o

cc thng s I, V cho chu k lm vic tip theo.
21
b. Phng php iu khin trc tip

Phng php iu khin ny n gin hn v ch s dng mt mch vng iu
khin v n thc hin nhim v iu chnh chu k nhim v D trong thut ton MPPT.
Hnh 2.12 trnh by cu trc iu khin ca thut ton P&O iu khin trc tip chu k
nhim v D. N o cc tn hiu in p v dng in ca pin mt tri sau qua thut
ton MPPT iu chnh chu k nhim v D, nhm thay i tr khng u vo Rei ca
pin mt tri sao cho ph hp vi tr khng ti u Ropt. Khi tr khng Rei = Ropt th cng
sut ra ca h thng pin mt tri s l ln nht.
RL
IPV
Io
+
+ VPV
Cin
Vo
Resr
Tn hiu PWM
PWM
Thut ton MPPT
(iu chnh D)
Hnh 2.12. S khi ca phng php MPPT iu khin trc tip chu k nhim v D.
6
1/Rei
5
X: 18.04
Y: 4.434
1/Ropt
4
Rei decrease
3
1/Rei
2
D increase
0
10
15
20
25
Hnh 2.13. Mi quan h gia tng tr vo ca mch boost vi chu k nhim v D.

22
Theo hnh 2.13 c:

- Khi im hot ng ca h thng PMT nm bn tri im MPP th phi gim gc
nghing ca c tnh ti Re i D, R Theo phng trnh (2.7) phi gim chu k
nhim v D xung tng in p lm vic .
- Khi im hot ng ca h thng PMT nm bn phi im MPP th phi tng
gc nghing ca c tnh ti Re i D, R Tng chu k nhim v D ln, dn ti
gim in p lm vic.
T phn tch nu trn d dng suy ra c lu thut ton nh c trnh by
trong hnh 2.14 v thuyt minh lu thut ton tng t nh lu hnh 2.11.
Start
P&O
o : V(k), I(k)
P(k) = V(k).I(k)
P = P(k) - P(k-1)
V = V(k) - V(k-1)
No
Yes
P >0
V > 0
V > 0
No
Tng D
Yes
Yes
No
Gim D
Tng D
Gim D
P(k-1) = P(k)
V(k-1) = V(k)
Hnh 2.14. Lu thut ton P&O iu khin trc tip chu k nhim v D.
2.3.2. Phng php in dn gia tng INC
a. Thut ton INC iu khin gin tip thng qua dng in tham chiu Iref
Cu trc iu khin ca h thng d tm im cng sut cc i INC theo iu
khin dng in nh hnh 2.9. Phng php INC l phng php da trn thc t nh
sau:
23
dc ca ng cong cng sut bng khng ti im MPP

dc dng bn tri im MPP
dc m bn phi im MPP
dP
0 , ti im MPP
dI
dP
0 , bn tri im MPP
dI
dP
0 , bn phi im MPP
dI
Khi :
dP d(VI)
dV
V
VI
V I
dI
dI
dI
I
Do c th vit li cc h thc trn nh sau :

I
I
, ti im MPP
V
V
I
I
,bn tri im MPP
V
V
(2.11)
I
I
, bn phi im MPP
V
V
100
MPP
dP/dI = 0
Cong suat [ W ]
80
60
dP/dI < 0
dP/dI > 0
40
20
Tang Iref
0
Gang Iref
3
Dong dien I [ A ]
Hnh 2.15. ng c tnh P I v thut ton INC.

24

Start
INC
Measure V(k), I(k)
I = I(k) - I(k-1)
V = V(k) - V(k-1)
No
V = 0
Yes
I = 0
No
Yes
No
Yes
I > 0
Yes
No
No
Iref = Iref + Iref
Yes
Iref = Iref Iref
Iref = Iref + Iref
Iref = Iref Iref
V(k-1) = V(k)
I(k-1) = I(k)
Hnh 2.16. Lu thut ton INC iu khin gin tip qua Iref.
Lu thut ton hnh 2.16 gii thch s hot ng ca thut ton INC iu khin
theo dng tham chiu. Cc gi tr dng in v in p ca PMT c o v. Sau , S
dng cc gi tr tc thi v gi tr trc tnh ton cc gi tr gia tng ca I v V.
Thut ton s kim tra iu kin ca phng trnh trong (2.11):
- Nu im hot ng nm pha bn tri im MPP th chng ta phi di chuyn n
sang bn phi bng cch tng dng in ca PMT.
- Nu im hot ng nm bn phi im MPP th chng ta li phi di chuyn n
sang bn tri tc l phi gim dng in PMT.
- Khi iu kin
I
I
c tha mn tc n chnh l cc im MPP th thut
V
V
ton ny s b qua vic iu chnh dng in.

25
- Mt kim tra quan trng ca thut ton ny l pht hin iu kin ca kh quyn.
Nu im hot ng vn im MPP (iu kin V = 0) v iu kin bc x
khng thay i (I = 0) th s khng phi iu chnh dng in hot ng. Nu
nh bc x tng (I > 0) th dng in MPP gim ln nn thut ton INC phi
tng dng in hot ng theo di im MPP. Nu bc x gim (I < 0) dn ti
dng in im MPP cao hn, nn phi gim dng in hot ng theo di
im MPP.
Vo chu k cui, n s cp nht lch s bng cch lu cc gi tr in p v dng
in hin ti, s s dng chng nh l cc gi tr trc cho chu k tip theo.
b. Thut ton INC iu khin trc tip chu k nhim v D
Start
INC
o: V(k), I(k)
I = I(k) - I(k-1)
V = V(k) - V(k-1)
No
V = 0
Yes
I = 0
No
Yes
No
Yes
I > 0
Yes
No
No
D = D - D
Yes
D = D + D
D = D + D
D = D - D
V(k-1) = V(k)
I(k-1) = I(k)
Hnh 2.17. Lu thut ton INC iu khin trc tip h s D.
26
Cu trc iu khin INC trc tip chu k nhim v D c miu t nh hnh 2.12.
Khi tng in p hot ng ca pin mt tri dn ti gc nghing Re i D, R ca c tnh
ti gim, do m theo cng thc (2.7) th phi gim chu k nhim v D.
Tng t, nu in p hot ng m gim th phi tng chu k nhim v D. T ,
d dng suy ra lu thut ton INC iu khin trc tip nh hnh 2.17.
Lu thut ton ny c thuyt minh tng t nh lu hnh 2.16.
2.4. Hn ch ca MPPT
Xt mt v d c th nh hnh 2.18 thy c mt hn ch ca thut ton bm
cng sut cc i MPPT. Hnh 2.18a m t m hnh h thng pin mt tri khi b che
khut i mt phn th s thu c c tnh I V v P V nh hnh 2.18b.
T c tnh hnh 2.18b cho thy trn ng c tnh cng sut P V xut hin hai
im rt d khin b iu khin MPPT hiu nhm y l im c cng sut cc i.
Trong qu trnh hot ng rt c th thut ton MPPT s bm theo im MPP a
phng l im khng cho ra c cng sut cc i ca pin m phi l im MPP
chnh mi l im lm cho h thng PMT c cng sut cc i.
Vy cc thut ton trn ch chy tt v n nh trn ng c tnh P V nh hnh
2.18c, cn i vi c tnh nh hnh 2.18b th MPPT hot ng km hiu qu c th gy
ra lng ph nng lng. Do , trong n ny ch xt h thng pin mt tri c dng c
tnh nh hnh 2.18c m thi.
Diode
kha
PV
IPV
I PV
Isc
Isc
Isc0
Isc0
+
Diode
bo v
VPV
V PV
Voc1
Voc0
Voc
VPV
PPV
Voc0
Voc1
Voc
PPV
MPP
MPP
chnh
Tm pin
b che
MPP
a phng
VPV
a. M hnh h thng pin
Voc
b. c tnh pin khi b che
VPV
Voc
c. c tnh pin khng b che
Hnh 2.18. M hnh v c tnh I V, P V ca h thng pin mt tri.
27
2.5. Kt lun
Chng 2 ny tm hiu:
- Nguyn l chung v ha hp ti cho b bin i tng p Boost.
- Trnh by cc thut ton bn im cng sut cc i ph bin ca PMT l P&O
v INC theo hai phng php khc nhau l iu khin trc tip v iu khin
theo dng in tham chiu. Ch ra c nguyn l hot ng v lu thut
ton ca chng.
Thut ton MPPT c hai kiu iu khin bm cng sut cc i chnh l iu
khin trc tip chu k nhim v D v iu khin bm cng sut cc i theo dng tham
chiu. cc tn hiu ra ca b iu khin MPPT s iu khin s ng ct ca van ng ct
trong mch Boost. i vi thut ton MPPT bm cng sut cc i theo dng in tham
chiu th cn phi thit k thm b iu khin dng in.
Cho nn trong chng 3 ny s tp trung i phn tch nguyn l BB Boost, tnh
ton mch lc v thit k mch iu khin dng in.
28
Chng 3
B BIN I DC DC
3.1. Yu cu thit k
Thng s u vo :
+ Pin NLMT 18V 80W.
+ Tn s ng ct fc = 100kHz .
Thng s u ra :
+ in p ra : VOUT = 24V
+ dao ng dng in trn cun cm IL = 10%IL
+ dao ng in p trn t VC = 2%VOUT
3.2. B bin i Boost

B bin i Boost l b bin i DC DC thng dng thng c p dng cho
cc ng dng i hi in p ra cao hn in p vo. M hnh BB boost c cu hnh
y nh c trnh by trong hnh 3.1. Trong xy dng cc biu thc ton hc
v tm hiu nguyn l hot ng c d dng hn, nn loi b nh hng ca R esr = 0,
RL c chn khc 0.
iL(t) RL
I0
iC(t)
V0(t)
Resr
Vg
Hnh 3.1. M hnh BB boost.

Trng hp 1: khi van ng ct Q dn v diode D khng dn :
Dng in iL(t) chy t dng cc ca ngun qua in cm L ri qua van tr v
m cc ca ngun v dng in iC(t) khp vng qua in tr R, t in C, Nh vy khng
c dng chy qua it D. c m t nh hnh 3.2.pha di.
29
iL(t) RL
L
+ VL(t)
Vg
iC(t)
V0(t)
Resr
Hnh 3.2. Mch tng ng khi Q1 m v D kha.

-
in p trn cun dy v dng in trn t
v L t Vg i L t R L
i c t v t / R
-
(3.1)
Xp x cc tn hiu nh v V, i L I L t (3.1) thu c :
v L t Vg I L R l
i c t V / R
(3.2)
Trng hp 2: khi van Q1 khng dn v diode D dn :

Van ng ct Q khng dn, docun cm L c khuynh hng duy tr dng qua n
s to ra in p cm ng ln kch m diode D lm cho n tr ln dn. S mch
tng ng nh hnh 3.3.
iL(t) RL
L
+ VL(t)
Vg
iC(t)
C
Resr
V0(t)
Hnh 3.3. Mch tng ng khi Q1 kha v D m.

T s mch in d dng tm c in p qua cun cm v dng qua t in
bng cch gii mch in trong hnh 3.3 thu c h phng trnh (3.3) m t hot s
bin thin ca in p trn cun cm vL(t) v dng qua t ic(t) theo thi gian. Xp x tn
hiu nh thu c h (3.4):
30
in p qua cun cm v dng qua t :
v L t Vg i L t R L v t
i c t i L t v t / R
-
(3.3)
Xp x cc tn hiu nh
v L t Vg I L R L V
i c t I L V / R
(3.4)
T thu c cc tn hiu in p qua cun cm v dng qua t nh hnh di
Hnh 3.4. Dng sng trn cun cm L v dng sng trn t C.

T th in p cun cm ta c th nhn thy in p u ra ln hn in p u
vo. Trong khong thi gian ng kha ban u, vL bng vi in p u vo Vg in p
th cp dng t vo cun cm. V trong trng thi n nh, tng in p th cp t ln
cun cm trong mt chu k ng ct phi bng 0 nn suy ra in p ri trn cun cm khi
kha v tr 2 phi m hay (Vg - V) < 0 hay Vg < V .
T phn tch trn ta c h thc sau:
Ts
(t)dt Vg I L R L DTs (Vg IL R L V) D'Ts
31
(3.5)
Trong trng thi cn bng :
Vg DTs (Vg V) D'Ts 0

V
(3.6)
1
Vg ILR L
1 D
Dng np cho t C
Ts
i (t)dt R DT I R D'T
(3.7)
V
V
DTs I D 'Ts 0
R
R
Vg
V
I
1 D R 1 D 2 R
(3.8)
Khi cn bng
Dng sng dng in trn cun cm:

-
Trong khong thi gian (0 DTS) :
Trong khong thi gian ( DTS TS):
d
v (t) V I R
i L (t) L g L L
dt
L
L
d
v (t) V I R V
i L (t) L g L L
dt
L
L
iL t
iL
Vg I L RL
Vg I L RL V
Hnh 3.5. Dng sng dng in trn cun cm L.

S thay i dng trong khong thi gian DTS :
2 i L
L
IL R L
L
Vg DTs
2 i L
32
DTs
(3.9)
Da vo chng ta c th la chn cun cm theo nhp nh in p yu cu.

Dng sng in p u ra:
i (t)
d
V
vc (t) c
dt
C
RC
Trong khong thi gian (0 DTS) :
Trong khong thi gian ( DTS TS) :
i (t) I
d
V
vc (t) c
dt
C
C RC
Hnh 3.6. Dng sng in p u ra.

S thay i in p trong khong thi gian (0 DTS) :
V
DTs
RC
VDTs
C
2Rv
2v
(3.10)
T biu thc (3.10) dng chn gi tr t C theo dao ng in p trn t V.
3.3. Tnh ton la chn tham s c bn

Gi s hiu sut ca b bin i l l tng, t c:
Cng sut: PIN POUT 80W
2
VOUT
242
7, 2
in tr ti: R
POUT
80
Dng in qua cun cm: IL IIN

Chu k hot ng D: D 1
PIN 80 40
4, 44 A
VIN 18 9
VIN
18
1
0, 25
VOUT
24
Gi tr dao ng dng in trn cun cm : IL 10%IL 0,1.4,44 0,444 A

33
3.3.1. Tnh ton cun cm

a. Gi tr cun cm
gi tr cun cm c tnh theo cng thc (3.9) :
VIN D
18.0, 25
50,68H
2ILfS 2.0, 444.100.103
b. Thit k cun cm
Cc tham s cn thit cho thit k :
1. in cm, .L = 50,68H
2. Dng in mt chiu qua cun cm, ....IL = 4,44A
3. nhp nh dng trn cun cm , .. IL 0,444A
4. Cng sut ra, .PO = 80W
5. H s iu chnh, .. 1%
6. Tn s ng ct, fs 100kHz
7. Mt t trng, ..Bm = 0,25T
8. Vt liu lm li,.ferrite
Dng in nh Ipeak trn cun cm:
Ipeak IL IL 4,44 0,444 4,884 A

Nng lng trn cun cm:
Energy
LI 2peak
2
50,68.106.4,8842
6,04.103 [Ws]
2
H s Ke: K e 0,145.Po .B2 max .104 0,145.80.0, 252.10 4 7, 25.10 5

3
Energy 6,04.10
H s hnh hc Kg : K g
0,005 [cm5 ]
K e
7, 25.105.1
2
Chn li t h s hnh dng Kg :

T h s hnh dng Kg chn c li EE 2425 . Vi cc thng s k thut ca li
ferit nh sau:
34
1. di ng t, .MPL = 4,85 cm
2. Khi lng ca li,..Wtfe = 9,5 g
3. Din tch mt ct tr gia ca li,Ac = 0,384 cm2
4. Din tch ca s,..Wa = 0,784 cm2
5. H s, ..Ap = 0,305 cm4
6. H s hnh dng,..Kg = 0,0095 cm5
7. di ca s, .G = 1,25 cm
8. Din tch b mt, .At = 23,5 cm2
Hnh 3.7. Hnh dng chung ca li EE[2]
2.(Energy) 2 .104
396 [A / cm 2 ]
Mt dng in : J
Bmax .A p .K u
Dng in hiu dng : I rms I 2 L (2I L ) 2 4,53[A]
Tit in dy:
A W(B)
Irms
0,0114[cm 2 ]
J
T tit din dy tnh c chn dy ngoi thc t l:

-
Dy trn c tit din AW(B) 0,01039 [cm2 ] .
Dy c lp cch in c tit din A W 0,01168 [cm2 ] .
in tr dy qun : 165,8 [m/cm]
35
in tch ca s dy qun :
Ly S3 = 0,75 Wa(eff ) Wa .S3 0,794.0,75 0,5955 [cm2 ]
Tnh s vng dy, ly S2 0,61.
Wa (eff ) .S2
AW
Tnh khe h khng kh : lg
Tnh h s F : F 1
0,5955.0,6
31[vng]
0,01168
0, 4..N 2 .A c .108 MPL
0,009 [cm]
L
m
2G
.ln
1, 48
Ac lg
lg
S vng dy mi sau khi tnh c h s F :

Nn
lg
0, 4..A c .F.108
26 [vng]
c. in tr cun cm
6
6
R L MLT.N n .
.10 4,9.26.165,8.10 0,02 []
cm
3.3.2. Tnh ton t lc u ra
a. Gi tr in dung ca t
Chn nhp nho in p ra : VOUT 0,02VOUT 0,48 V
Dng in ra ca mch : IOUT
POUT 80 10
3,33 A
VOUT 24 3
Gi tr cun cm lc u ra tinh theo cng thc (3.2) :
COUT(min)
IOUT .D
3,33.0,25
17,34.106 F 17,34F
3
fS .VOUT 0,48.100.10
Chn gi tr in dung ca t : C = 47F v chu c in p 50V
36
b. Gi tr in tr RESR mc ni tip vi t
sau khi tnh ton c gi tr in dung ca t C , da vo datasheet xc nh c
gn ng gi tr in tr RESR .
Hnh 3.8. c tnh th hin quan h ESR/ESR0 theo tn s [18].

ng vi tn s ct fc = 100kHz
ESR
=0,6 ESR=0,6ESR 0 =0,6.0,16=0,1
ESR 0
3.4. M hnh v thit k b iu khin

3.4.1. M hnh ha b bin i Boost bng phng php trung bnh ha mng ng
ct
Phng php trung bnh ha mng ng ct ngy nay gy c s quan tm v m
hnh thu c gn vi m hnh vt l, c th m t cc phn t gy tn tht nh: in tr
khi dn dng qua van, st p trn van, mt s mch in k sinh.
Mc ch ca phng php l thay th phn mch c phn t ng ct bng mt
mng hai ca. T thay th mng ng ct phi tuyn bng mt mng tuyn tnh qua
php ly trung bnh.
Trn s BB Boost hnh 3.9 mng ng ct gm van MOSFET v diode. V
dng vo cng 1 i1(t) chnh l dng qua cun cm nn c th coi l bin c lp, in p
u ra trn t v2(t) chnh l in p trn ti ch thay i khi ti thay i nn cng coi l
bin c lp. V vy in p v1(t) v i2(t) c coi l bin ph thuc nh trn hnh 3.10.
37
iL(t) RL
i1(t)
i2(t)
Vg
V1(t)
iC(t)
V2(t)
Resr
I0
+
V0(t) R
Mng ng
ct
Hnh 3.9. Mch ng ct trong s BB Boost.
i1(t)
i1(t)
v1(t) v1(t)
i1(t)
v2(t)
Mng ng ct
Hnh 3.10. M hnh mng ng ct.

Dng sng ca chng c cho trn hnh 3.11 theo phn tch hot ng ca s
BB Boost. Ly trung bnh in p v1(t) v dng i2(t) trong mt chu k Ts vi gi thuyt
v2(t) v i1(t) p mch khng ng k hoc thay i gn nh tuyn tnh.
v1 (t)
i 2 (t)
Ts
1 d(t) v 2 (t)
Ts
1 d(t) i1 (t)
Ts
Ts
d '(t) v 2 (t)
d '(t) i1 (t)
Ts
Ts
Hnh 3.11. Dng in p v1(t) trn MOSFET v dng dng i2(t) qua diode .
38
(3.11)
<i1(t)>Ts
+
d (t)<v2(t)Ts
d (t)<i1(t)Ts <v2(t)>Ts
Trung bnh mng ng ct

Hnh 3.12. M hnh trung bnh.
Tin hnh tuyn tnh ha m hnh trn hnh 3.9 bng cch a cc bin ng nh:
v g (t) Vg v g (t)
i L (t) I L iL (t)
v1 (t) V1 v 1 (t)
i 2 (t) I 2 i2 (t)
v 2 (t) V2 v 2 (t)
d D d(t)
d ' 1 d D ' d(t)
(3.12)
Ngun p ph thuc cng vo 1 tr thnh:
V v (t) D' V v (t) V d(t)

d(t)v
(t)
v1 (t) d '(t) v 2 (t) D' d(t)
2
2
2
2
2
2
D' V2 v 2 (t) V2d(t)
(3.13)
S hng u tin D ' V2 v2 (t) th hin s ph thuc vo in p ra
V2 v2 (t) theo t l
D ' , c m ta bi ngun p ph thuc. S hng V2 d (t) l ngun
c iu khin bi h s iu ch d (t) nn tr thnh ngun p c lp mc ni tip

trong mch.Ngun dng ph thuc cng 2 tr thnh :
d(t)i
(t)
i 2 (t) d '(t) i1 (t) D' d(t)
I1 i1 (t) D' I1 i1 (t) I1d(t)
1
D' I1 i1 (t) I1d(t)
39
(3.14)
S hng D ' I1 i1 (t) th hin s ph thuc vo I1 i1 (t) theo t l D ' nn c

m t bi ngun dng ph thuc. S hng I1d (t) l ngun dng iu khin bi h s
d (t) tr thnh ngun dng c lp mc song song vi mch. T c m hnh trung

bnh mng ng ct cho mch boost nh hnh 3.13:
I1+i1
+
I2+i2
D :1
V2 d(t)
I1 d(t)
V1+v1
V1+v1
Trung bnh mng ng ct
Hnh 3.13. M hnh trung bnh mng ng ct cho mch boost.

T cc phn tch trn suy ra m hnh trung bnh cho mch Boost c trnh by
trn hnh 3.14:
RL
IL+iL
D :1
+
V0 d(t)
Vg+vg
IL d(t)
R V0+v0
Resr
Trung bnh mng ng ct
Hnh 3.14. M hnh trung bnh cho mch Boost.

Xt m hnh tn hiu nh nh hnh 3.15. cn xc nh cc hm truyn t quan
trng cho qu trnh thit k b iu khin dng in:
v o
G vd
d v g 0
G i L
id d
v g 0
40
tm c cc hm truyn ny ta loi b nh hng ca ngun vg 0 trong m

hnh hnh 3.15 thu c m hnh n gin nh c m t trong hnh 2.16.
RL
iL
D :1
+
V2 d(t)
vg
I1 d(t)
R v0
Resr
Trung bnh mng ng ct
Hnh 3.15. M hnh trung bnh tn hiu nh cho mch Boost.
RL
iL
D :1
+
I1 d(t)
V0 d(t)
R v0
Resr
Trung bnh mng ng ct
Hnh 3.16. M hnh trung bnh tn hiu nh cho mch Boost khi loi vg 0 .
Sau tin hnh quy i v s cp ca my bin p, laplace ha mch in ri t
da vo vic tnh ton mch in s suy ra c hm truyn mong mun Gvd v Gid.
RL
D
RL s L
2
iL
iL(s)
V0 d(t)
IL d(t)
C
Resr
R v0
V0d(s)
D
IL d(s)
sC
R v0(s)
Resr
Hnh 3.17. a) M hnh quy i v th cp. b) laplace ha mch quy di.
41
Cn bng in p trong mch hnh 4.17b thu c:
V0d(s)
v 0 (s)
R L sL
v (s) 0
o
I L d(s) 1
2
D'
D
'
R esr / /R
sC
s R R esr C 1
V d(s)
R sL
0
L 2 I L d(s)
v o (s) v o (s) 0
D'
R 1 sR esr C
D '
R sL s R R esr C 1
V R sL
L 2
1 v o (s) 0 L 2 I L d(s)
D'
D'
D ' R 1 sR esr C
V R sL V0
R sL
L 2 . s R R esr C 1 1 sR esr C v o (s) 0 L 2

1 sR esr C d(s)
D'
RD '
RD '
D'
R L sL
1
1 sR esr C
v 0 (s) V0
RD '2
G vd (s)
.
(3.15)
D ' 2 LC R R esr R L (R R esr ) C L

d(s)
RL
s
s
R esr C
1
2
RD '2
RD '2
RD '
Cn bng dng in trong mch Hnh 4.17b thu c:
i (s)D ' I d(s)

L
L
v o
1
R esr / / R
sC
i (s) 1 I d(s)
s R R esr C 1 v (s)
L
L
o
D '
R 1 sR esr C
Kt hp vi v 0 t hm truyn (3.15) suy ra c hm truyn ca i tng dng

in:
G id (s)
i (s)
Vo
L
.
d(s) RD'2
s R 2R esr C 2
LC R R esr R L (R R esr ) C L
RL
s2
s
R esr C
1
2
2
2
RD'
RD'
RD'
(3.16)
Xy dng cu trc iu khin v thit k b iu khin cho i tng dng c hm

truyn (3.16) c thit k mc tip theo. Mc ch ca vic thit k b iu khin
dng cho b bin i Boost ny nhm phc v cho thut ton INC v P&O iu khin
gin tip thng qua dng in tham chiu. Dng in tham chiu ny c theo di bm
theo dng ti im c cng sut cc i ca pin mt tri ng vi cc iu kin kh hu
thc t.
42
3.4.2. Cu trc b iu khin
RL
IPV
I0
+
PWM
Hi
VPV
Resr
V0
Tn hiu PWM
PV
IPV
Gate
driver
Cin
Thut ton
MPPT Iref +
Gci
Hnh 3.18. Cu trc iu khin dng cho b bin i Boost.

3.4.3. Thit k b iu khin dng in
a. B b loi 2
C1
R2
C2
R1
Vi
OUT
Vo
Hnh 3.19. Cu trc b b loi 2.

T s mch hnh 3.19 d dng suy ra c hm truyn ca b b loi 2 nh sau
:
G c (s)
vi C12
vo
sC2 R 2 1
vi R1C1s(sC12R 2 1)
C1C2
C1 C2
43
(3.17)
Hm truyn (3.17) c vit gn li nh sau :

s
1)
z
G c (s)
s
s(
1)
p
G c0 (
(3.18)
im khng v im cc c cho bi cc cng thc sau:
1
C2 R 2
(3.19)
1
C12 R 2
(3.20)
1
R1 (C1 C2 )
(3.21)
H s khch i ca b iu khin :
G c0
Bin v pha ca hm truyn phng trnh (3.18) tn s c th c tnh

ton nh sau:
G c ( j)
G c0
c () (
(1 j
)
z
(1 j )
p
G c0
2
)
z
1 ( )2
p
1 (
(3.22)
G c0
) (1 j ) (1 j )
j
z
p
tan 1
tan 1

tan 1
z
p 2
(p z )
z p
2
(3.23)
Pha ca b b theo cng thc (3.23) t gi tr ln nht ti tn s gc :
m p z
44
(3.24)
Cho tn s ct mong mun
c v d tr pha mong mun m . Ti tn s ct c
i tng iu khin c bin Gp v d tr pha p . vic la chn cc tham s

ca b iu khin tr nn n gin, nn biu din mi quan h m vi tn s ct mong
mun nh sau:
m c
(3.25)
Trong l h s iu chnh, thng thng chn = 1.

Ti tn s ct phng trnh (3.23) ,(3.24), (3.25) tr thnh :
c (c ) tan 1
c (p z )
c 2 z p
( z )
tan 1 p
2
c 1 2 2
(3.26)
p ng yu cu v d tr pha, cn phi lm tha mn phng trnh sau :
c (c ) p m
tan 1
(p z )
c 1
m p
(p z )
tan
m
p
cot p m
2
c 1 2
p z c 1 2 cot p m d
(3.27)
Gi h (3.24) v (3.27) sau s ra c im khng v im cc:
0.5( 2 42 )
d
m
d
z
p 0.5( d2 4m2 d )
(3.28)
Ti tn s ct : G c ( jc ) G p ( jc ) 1
Do , suy ra h s khch i ca b b loi 2 : G c0
c
G p ( jc )
c 2
)
p
(3.29)
c 2
1 ( )
z
1 (
By gi ng dng phng php thit k b iu khin nu trn vo cc mch

vng iu khin dng in v mch vng iu khin in p.
45
b. Mch vng iu khin dng in
iLref
Error
Gci(s)
PWM(s)
Gid(s)
iL
Hi(s)
Hnh 3.20. S iu khin mch vng dng in.
Vng iu khin dng c c tnh ng hc nhanh v vng lp in p c c tnh
ng thp hn. Do , dng in ca cun cm c th thay i rt nhanh so vi in p
ra.
Theo (3.16) hm truyn ca vng iu khin dng in :
G id (s)
0,008347s + 48
1,739.108 s 2 7,658.105s 4.07
B b c thit k tng li tn s thp v gim sai s trng thi n nh

gia gi tr mong mun vi gi tr thc ca dng cun cm khi duy tr PM dng ti tn
s ct la chn.
H s phn hi Hi (s): dng in trung bnh IL
P 80 40
4,44 [A] qua
Vin 18 9
cun cm. Do dng qua cun cm nh nn chn Hi(s)=1.

Thit k b iu ch: c th l mt sng tam gic hoc 1 xung rng ca, c th
n cc hoc lng cc c s dng nh mt tn hiu sng mang. Tn s ca sng
mang nn cng vi tn s ct ca b chuyn i.
Hnh 3.21. S khi v dng sng ca khi PWM.
46
Chn VM = 5V
1 s
4f s 0, 2 5.107 s
1
Hm truyn ca b iu ch : PWM(s)
.
VM 1 s
1 2,5.106 s
4f s
Hm truyn vng h Gih(s) ca mch vng dng in c cho bi :
Gih (s) Hi (s).G ci (s).P WM (s).Gid (s)

i tng ca mch vng iu khin dng in Gpi(s) thu c khi cha c tc
ng ca b iu khin c ngha l Gci(s) = 1:
G pi (s) G ih (s)
G ci (s) 1
H i (s).P WM(s).G id (s)

0,008347s + 48
0, 2 5.107 s
.
1,739.108 s 2 7,658.105s 4.07 1 2,5.106 s
Suy ra, th Bode ca i tng vng iu khin dng in nh Hnh 4.24 :

Do thi Bode cua doi tuong dong
Gm = 12.4 dB (at 3.99e+05 rad/s) , Pm = 61.6 deg (at 9.85e+04 rad/s)
Magnitude (dB)
40
20
0
-20
-40
Phase (deg)
-60
540
360
180
0
2
10
10
10
10
10
10
Frequency (rad/s)
Hnh 3.22. th bode ca i tng dng in

i tng c tn s ct
fc 15,7kHz , ti tn s ct d tr pha l 61,60 v i
tng c d tr bin l 12,4 dB. iu kin chn tn s ct f c
47
fs
25kHz .
4
H h c d tr pha cng cao th h kn c vt l cng thp. Cc nghin cu

thc nhin cho thy d tr pha ca h h ln hn 600 th vt l ca h kn nh hn
10%.
PM chn l 450 ti tn s ct f c 10kHz c 2f c 62,8krad / s
Ti tn s ct fc 10kHz i tng dng c gc pha v bin l :
0
0
p 251
p 251
20log
G
(
4,
23
pi
c
G pi (c ) 1, 6266
Theo phng trnh (4.27) v (4.28)
d c 1 2 cot p m 257.52103 rad
0.5( 2 42 ) 14,5krad
d
m
d
z
0.5( 2 42 ) 272krad
d
m
d
p
1 ( c )2
p
c
G c0
8914, 28
G pi (c ) 1 ( c ) 2
z
Do thi Bode sau khi da duoc bu
Gm = 11.7 dB (at 3e+04 Hz) , Pm = 45.2 deg (at 1e+04 Hz)
Magnitude (dB)
100
50
0
-50
Phase (deg)
-100
360
270
180
90
0
1
10
10
10
10
10
10
Frequency (Hz)
Hnh 3.23. th bode ca mch vng dng in sau khi c b.
48
s
(
1)
14,5.103
Vy b b loi 2 l : G c (s) 8914, 28.
s
s(
1)
272.103
3.5. Kt lun
Chng 3 ny phn tch c nguyn l hot ng ca BB Boost, tin hnh
m hnh ha BB Boost a ra c hm truyn Gid phc v cho vic thit k b iu
khin dng in (b b loi 2). B iu khin c thit k tha nm cc tiu ch ra
phc v cho vic m phng trong chng 4. Chng 4 s tin hnh m phng kim
chng li l thuyt c cp trong cc chng trc .
49
Chng 4. M phng h thng bm cng sut cc i
Chng 4
M PHNG H THNG BM CNG SUT CC I
4.1. M phng b bin i Boost
iu kin m phng:
Ngun cp ng vi in p ra ti im MPP ca PMT iu kin tiu chun

(bc x 1000W/m2 v nhit 250C): 18V.
Chu k hot ng: D = 25%.
Thi gian m phng: 0.2s.

Ti tr : R = 7,2.
Hnh 4.1. S m phng BB Boost.

Dien ap tren cuon cam L
20
15
20
X: 0.1999
Y: 17
15
10
10
Dien ap [ V ]
5
0
-5
X: 0.1999
Y: -5.633
-10
0.1999
0.1999
0.1999
0.1999
0.1999
0.1999
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
-5
-10
-15
-20
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
Thoi gian [ s ]
0.12
Hnh 4.2. Din p trn cun cm.
50
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2

Dong dien tren cuon cam
25
5.1
20
5
4.9
4.8
Dong dien [ A ]
4.7
15
4.6
4.5
4.4
4.3
10
4.2
4.1
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.0801
Thoi gian [s]
0.0801
0.0801
0.0801
0.0801
-5
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
Thoi gian [s]
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
Hnh 4.3. Dng in trn cun cm.

Theo hnh 4.3 dng in trn cun cm trung bnh t c l 4,5A v dao
ng so vi gi tr dng trung binh IL = (4,5 4,145) = 0,355 [A]. Ph hp vi tnh
ton l thuyt.
Dien ap tren tu C
40
23.2
35
22.8
23
22.6
30
X: 0.14
Y: 22.25
22.4
Dien ap [ A ]
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14 0.1401 0.1401 0.1401 0.1401 0.1401 0.1401
25
20
15
10
5
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
Thoi gian [ s ]
Hnh 4.4. in p ra trn t in C.

Theo hnh 4.4 in p trn t trung bnh 22,25V v dao ng in p xung
quang in p trung bnh ca t : V = 22,55 22,25 = 0,3 < 0,48V.
Theo nh m phng kt qu thu c ph hp vi tnh ton theo l thuyt.
4.2. So snh hai thut ton bm cng sut cc i

Mc ch ca phn ny l so snh hai thut ton P&O v INC, nn mi m phng
ch gm m hnh pin mt tri v thut ton bm cng sut cc i loi b bt k nh
hng no t b bin i hoc ti. Hai thut ton s c kim chng bng d liu bc
x mt tri o c trong ngy trong 12h nh c m t trong hnh 4.5 v hnh 4.7.
Sau y chng ta s m phng vi hai kiu thi tit c trng l ngy nhiu nng
v ngy nhiu my.
51
a. So snh kh nng lm vic ca hai thut ton trong ngy nng

Trong ngy nhiu nng, bc x mt tri thay i t t. im MPP c theo di
rt d dng. Hnh 4.5 trnh by, c hai thut ton xc nh v duy tr im hot ng ca
h thng PMT rt gn vi im MPP ( im c du sao mu ). Hu nh khng c s
khc bit nhiu gia hai thut ton trong trng hp ny.
Buc xa mat troi trong ngay nhieu nang
Buc xa [ KW/m 2]
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
6
Thoi gian [h]
10
11
12
Hnh 4.5. d liu bc x mt tri dng cho m phng.

INC Algorithm
P&O Algorithm
90
90
80
80
70
Module Output Power [ (W ]
Module Output Power [ W ]
70
1000W/m2
60
800W/m2
50
40
600W/m2
30
400W/m2
800W/m2
50
600W/m2
40
30
400W/m2
20
20
200W/m
10
0
1000W/m2
60
10
15
Module Voltage [ V ]
200W/m2
10
20
25
10
15
20
25
Hnh 4.6. Du vt theo di im MPP trong ngy nhiu nng (250C).

b. So sanh kh nng bm im c cng sut cc i ca hai thut ton trong ngy nhiu
my
Trong ngy nhiu my, thi tit thay i t ngt, cc m may di chuyn che
khut tm PMT s lm cho cng bc x mt tri chiu ti tm PMT thay i nhanh
chng trong khi nhit thay i chm chp. Hnh 4.7 m t dng thi tit tiu biu
cho qu trnh bin i kh hu cho ngy nhiu my.
52

Buc xa mat troi trong ngay nhieu may
Buc xa [ KW/m 2 ]
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
6
Thoi gian [ h ]
10
11
12
Hnh 4.7. d liu bc x mt tri trong ngy nhiu my.

Hnh 4.8 m t qu trnh bm im c cng sut cc i MPP ca hai thut ton
P&O v INC. Thut ton P&O c lch ca cc im c cng sut cc i MPP ln
hn mt cht so vi thut ton INC. Khi iu kin kh quyn thay i nhanh th thut
ton INC t ra lm vic tt hn thut thon INC. V vy, nu khu vc c thi tit thay i
nhanh th nn chn thut ton INC nng cao hiu sut ca h thng PMT.
INC Algorithm
90
80
80
70
1000W/m2
P&O Algorithm
90
60
800W/m2
50
40
600W/m2
30
400W/m2
20
200W/m2
10
0
10
15
70
1000W/m2
60
800W/m2
50
40
600W/m2
30
400W/m2
20
200W/m2
10
20
25
10
15
20
Hnh 4.8. Du vt theo di im MPP trong ngy nhiu my (250C).
4.3. M phng thut ton bm cng sut cc i theo phng php iu khin
trc tip chu k nhim v D ghp ni vi ti thun tr
Do nhit c qun tnh ln nn n thay i chm hn rt nhiu so vi bc x
mt tri nn n gin, cc m phng di y s khng xt qu trnh thay i ca
nhit . Nhit s lun c gi c nh 250C. Cc m phng di y h thng
PMT c ghp song song bi hai tm PMT. Bng 4.1 lit k cng sut cc i ng vi
53
25
cc bc x mt tri ca hai tm PMT mc song song tng dng in hot ng.

Bng 4.1. D liu cc im cng sut cc i ng vi cc bc x khc nhau.
1000
160
Dng in ti
im MPP [A]
8,88
800
126
600
91.68
5.08
Cng sut cc i
[W]
Bc x mt tri
[W/m2]
4.3.1. M phng thut ton P&O iu khin trc tip chu k nhim v D
Hnh 4.9. S m phng MPPT vi thut ton P&O iu khin trc tip chu k D.
iu kin m phng chung cho tt cc m phng pha di:
- Nhit c gia khng i 250C
- Bc x mt tri thay i gi nh nh trong hnh 4.10.
PV_array_INC_Iref/Buc xa thay doi tu 800W//m^2 toi 1000W//m^1 : Cuong do BXMT
1050
[ W/m^2 ]
1000
950
900
850
800
750
700
650
600
550
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Time (sec)
0.3
0.35
0.4
Hnh 4.10. Bc x mt tri thay i.
54
0.45
0.5
a. Thay i D v thi gian trch mu d c nh Ts = 0,0001s

180
160
160
120
120
Cong suat [W]
180
80
80
40
40
P&O
Pdat
Pdat
P&O
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
a. P&O vi gi tr D = 0.01
0.1
0.2
0.3
Thoi gian [s]
0.4
0.5
b. P&O vi gi tr D = 0.05
Hnh 4.11. Thut ton P&O vi D thay i v Ts c nh

Nhn xt: Cng sut ra bm c cng sut cc i, khi D tng ln th dao ng
xung quanh im MPP cng tng ln.
a. Thay i Ts v gi tr D = 0,01
180
160
160
120
120
Cong suat [W]
180
80
80
40
40
P&O
Pdat
Pdat
P&O
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
Thoi gian [s]
0.4
0.5
a. Ts = 0,0002s
a. Ts = 0,0001s
Hnh 4.12. Thut ton P&O vi D c nh v Ts thay i.

Nhn xt:
-
H thng bm st c im c cng sut cc i.

Khi Ts tng cng lm cho h thng dao ng mnh hn v thi gian hi t
lu hn.
55
4.3.2. M phng thut ton INC iu khin trc tip chu k nhim v
Hnh 4.13. S m phng MPPT vi thut ton INC iu khin trc tip chu k D.
iu kin m phng:
- Nhit c gia khng i 250C
- Bc x mt tri thay i gi nh nh trong hnh 4.10.
a. Bc nhy D thay i v Ts = 0,0001s
180
180
160
160
140
120
Cong suat [W]
Cong suat [w]
120
80
100
80
60
40
40
20
0.1
0.2
0.3
Thoi gian [s]
0.4
0.5
a. INC vi gi tr D = 0.01
Pdat
INC
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Thoi gian [s]
0.4
0.5
b. INC vi gi tr D = 0.05
Hnh 4.14.Thut ton INC vi D thay i v Ts c nh.

Nhn xt: Cng sut ra ca pin bm c cng sut cc i. Dao ng quanh im
lm vic ng vi gi tr D ln hn s ln hn.
56
b. Gi tr trch mu Ts thay i v gi tr D = 0.03

180
180
160
160
120
120
120
0.015
40
40
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
0.055
0.06
80
80
Pdat
INC
P&O
P&O
Pdat
INC
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
b.INC vi gi tr trch mu = 0,002s
a.INC vi gi tr trch mu = 0,0001s
Hnh 4.15. M phng INC vi D c nh v Ts thay i.

Nhn xt: H thng bm c cng sut cc i, khi Ts tng ln thi gian hi
t cng tng ln v dao ng mnh hn. Cht lng ca hai phng php khng khc
nhau l my.
4.3.3. So snh hai thut ton iu khin trc tip chu k nhim v P&O v INC
tin so snh, tin hnh ghp tng ng cc kt qu m phng ng vi cc iu
khin ging nhau ca hai thut ton INC v P&O trong phn 4.3 li.
a. Chu k trch mu khng i v D thay i
160
160
120
120
80
40
160
Cong suat [W]
180
Cong suat [W]
180
Pdat
INC
P&O
0.43 0.4305 0.431 0.4315 0.432 0.4325 0.433 0.4335 0.434 0.4345
Thoi gian [s]
80
40
INC
Pdat
P&O
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Pdat
INC
P&O
0
0.5
a. D = 0.01
0.1
0.2
0.3
Thoi gian [s]
0.4
0.5
b. D = 0.05
Hnh 4.16. So snh thut ton P&O v INC iu khin gin tip vi Ts khng i.
57
Nhn xt: C hai phng php c cng sut ra ca pin mt tri bm theo c
cng sut cc i ca pin v dao ng quanh im MPP ln hn nu tng hng s D.
Cht lng iu khin bm cng sut cc i ca hai thut ton P&) v INC khi iu
khin trc tip chu k nhim v D khng c im khc bit nhau l my.
b. Gi tr D = 0,03 khng i Ts thay i
180
180
160
160
140
120
Cong suat [W]
Cong suat [W]
120
100
80
80
60
40
Pdat
INC
P&O
40
20
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Thoi gian [s]
0.4
0.5
a. Ts = 0,0001s
0.1
0.2
0.3
Thoi gian [s]
0.4
0.5
b. Ts = 0,0002s
Hnh 4.17. So snh thut ton P&O v INC iu khin gin tip vi D khng i.
Nhn xt: c hai phng php u bm c cng sut cc i nhng v trong iu
kin ny cht lng bm cng sut cc i ca hai thut ton khng hn km nhau l bao
nhiu. C hai thut ton u dao ng mnh ln khi m Ts tng ln v lu hi t.
4.4. M phng thut ton bm im cng sut cc i gin tip thng qua b
iu khin v ghp ni vi ti thun tr
iu kin m phng chung cho P&O v INC iu khin gin tip theo dng in
tham chiu:
-
Nhit ca mi trng c qun tnh ln nn thay i rt chm, n gin

trong vic m phng v phn tch s liu th nhit c gi c nh ti
250C.
Bc x mt tri thay i lin tc nh c m t trn hnh 4.10
H thng PMT c ghp song song bi hai tm pin 80W .
Thi gian m phng 0,5s
58
4.4.1. Thut ton P&O iu khin gin tip
Hnh 4.18. M phng thut ton INC iu khin trc tip.
180
180
160
160
120
120
Cong suat [W]
Cong suat [W]
a. Thi gian trch mu Ts = 0,0001s v I thay i
80
40
80
40
Pdat
P&O
Pdat
P&O
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Thoi gian [s]
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
a. I = 0.03A
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
Thoi gian [s]
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
b. I = 0.05A
Hnh 4.19. Thut ton P&O iu khin gin tip vi gi tr Ts khng i.

Nhn xt: khi Ts khng i, cng sut ra ca pin bm c cng sut cc i.
Hn na, nu gi tr I tng ln th dao ng quanh im MPP s ln gy gim hiu sut
lm vic ca h thng PMT.
59
180
180
160
160
120
120
Cong suat [W]
Cong suat [W]
b. Chu k trch mu thay i v I = 0,03A
80
40
80
40
Pdat
P&O
Pdat
P&O
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Thoi gian [s]
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
a. Ts = 0,0001s
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
Thoi gian [s]
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
b. Ts = 0,0002s
Hnh 4.20. Thut ton P&O gin tip vi Ts thay i v I c nh.

Nhn xt: H thng bm im cng sut cc i bm st c im c cng
sut cc i.Khi tng gi tr I ln th dao ng quanh im MPP cng tng ln. Lm
gim hiu sut ca h thng pin mt tri.
4.4.2. Thut ton INC iu khin gin tip
Hnh 4.21. S iu khin bm cng sut cc i s dng INC gin tip

iu kin m phng:
-
Thi gian m phng 0.5s
Bc x mt tri nh trn hnh 4.10
60
180
180
160
160
120
120
Cong suat [W]
Cong suat [W]
a. Chu k trch mu khng i I thay i
80
80
40
40
Pdat
INC
0
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Thoi gian [s]
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.05
0.1
a. I = 0.03A
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
Thoi gian [s]
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
b. I = 0.05A
Hnh 4.22. Thut ton INC iu khin gin tip vi Ts c n v I thay i.

Nhn xt: vi Ts = 0.0001s, h thng bm c cng sut cc i ca PMT. Khi
I tng ln th dao ng quanh im MPP cng tng ln nh biu din trn hnh 2.23.
180
180
160
160
120
120
Cong suat [W]
Cong suat [W]
b. Chu k trch mu Ts thay i v I c nh
80
80
40
40
Pdat
INC
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Thoi gian [s]
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
Thoi gian [s]
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
Hnh 4.23. Thut ton INC vi chu k trnh mu Ts thay di v I c nh.

Nhn xt: H thng bm theo im lm vic vi cng sut ra ca pin bm c
cng sut ln nht.Khi tng gi tr I ln th dao ng xung quanh im MPP tng ln.
4.4.3. So snh hai thut ton iu khin gin tip thng qua dng tham chiu INC
v P&O
tin so snh, tin hnh ghp tng ng cc kt qu m phng ng vi cc iu
khin ging nhau ca hai thut ton INC v P&O iu khin theo dng in tham chiu
trong phn 4.4 li.
61
a. Chu k trch mu khng i Ts = 0,0001s v I thay i

180
180
160
160
120
120
80
80
40
40
Pdat
P&O
INC
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
b. Gi tr I = 0.05A
a. Gi tr I = 0.03A
Hnh 4.24. So snh hai thut ton INC v P&O iu khin gin tip vi I thay i.
Nhn xt: I tng ln th dao ng xung quanh im lm vic ca c P&O v INC
tng ln. Dao ng xung quanh im lm vic ca P&O (mu ) ln hn so vi INC
(mu xanh l m).
180
180
160
160
120
120
Cong suat [W]
Cong suat [W]
b. Chu k trch mu thay i v I = 0,03A
80
40
80
40
Pdat
P&O
INC
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Thoi gian[s]
0.4
Pdat
P&O
INC
0
0.5
a. Gi tr Ts = 0,0001s
0.1
0.2
0.3
Thoi gian[s]
0.4
0.5
b. Gi tr Ts= 0,0002s
Hnh 4.25. So snh hai thut ton INC v P&O iu khin gin tip vi Ts thay i.
62
Nhn xt: khi I c nh v Ts thay i h thng pin bm theo cng sut cc i

v khi Ts tng ln th dao ng mnh ln v lu hi t. Dao ng xung quanh im lm
vic ca P&O (mu ) ln hn so vi INC (mu xanh l m).
Nhn xt chung: khi thay i gi tr I v D th dao ng quanh im MPP
thay i. I v D tng th dao ng quanh im MPP tng ln cht lng v hiu sut
h thng PMT gim v ngc li. Trong hai trng hp m phng th thut ton P&O c
cht lng bm im c cng sut cc i km hn so vi thut ton INC. Ngoi ra, nu
thanh i thi gian trch mu th cng nh hng rt ln ti dao ng v hi t ca
thut thon MPPT. Nu thi gian trch mu m ln dn ti thi gian hi t ln hn v
dao ng ca cng sut quanh im cng sut cc i l ln.
63
Kt lun
KT LUN
Sau mt thi gian nghin cu v lm vic nghim tc di s hng dn tn tnh

ca ThS. Nguyn Duy nh em hon thnh quyn n tt nghip ny v gii
quyt c cc vn nu ra trong ti.
-
tm hiu c cu to, nguyn l hot ng, c tnh lm vic v cng ngh

sn xut ca pin mt tri.
Nghin cu nguyn l chung ly c cng sut ln nht v cc thut ton bm
im cng sut cc i, phn tch u nhc im ca tng phng php.

- Tin hnh m phng kim chng l thuyt a ra.
Kt qu thu c: Bng vic m phng hai thut ton INC v P&O theo hai
phng php khc nhau l iu khin trc tip chu k nhim v D v iu khin gin tip
thng qua dng tham chiu vi cng mt iu kin m phng: bc x mt tri ging
nhau, cc gi tr bc nhy D v I ging nhau. C th kt lun rng: c hai phng
php u bm cng sut cc di nhng thut ton INC hot ng tt hn so vi P&O,
nht l trong trng hp thi tit thay i nhanh. dao ng xung quanh im MPP
ca INC nh hn so vi P&O.
Hai thut ton ny cng tn ti nhng nhc im nh: khng th bm c cng
sut cc i ca h thng pin mt tri nu n n c tnh P V c thm cc im MPP
a phng. C th h thng MPPT s bm theo cc tr a phng ny.
Do thi gian c hn v nng lc cn hn ch nn quyn n ny cn nhiu im
thiu st, cn nhiu vn vn lin quan vn cha c cp ti. Nhng nghin cu
ny ch dng li l thuyt, thiu qu trnh thc nghim thc t c th minh chng
minh cc kt qu nghin cu p ng vi ng dng thc t.
Em rt mong thy c v cc bn ng gp thm nhiu kin, nhn xt qu bu
kin thc ca em c hon thin hn.
Qua y, Mt lm na em xin chn thnh cm n thy ThS. Nguyn Duy nh
to iu kin v gip em hon thnh quyn n tt nghip ny.
64
Kt lun
Em xin chn thnh cm n.

Sinh vin thc hin
Trng Vn Trng
65
Ti liu tham kho
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] Bi Tun ngc, Bi Ging Ngun in Thng Tin, VNPT.

[2] Ts. Hong Dng Hng, Nng lng mt tri l thuyt v ng dng, i hc
Bch Khoa Nng.
[3] ng nh Thng, silde: Nng Lng Bc X Mt Tri, Cng ngh in v
nhit mt tri,Vin VLKT BKHN.
[4] Roberto F. Coelho, Filipe M. Concer, Denizar C. Martins, Analytical and
Experimental Analysis of DC-DC Converters in Photovoltaic Maximum Power
Point Tracking Applications , Federal University of Santa Catarina - Brazil.
[5] Roberto F. Coelho, Walbermark M. dos Santos and Denizar C. Martins.
Influence of Power Converters on PV Maximum Power Point Tracking
Efficiency, Federal University of Santa Catarina Electrical Engineering
Department.
[6] N.M.Tin, P.X.Khnh,.V.Hip, H.T.K.Duyn, M hnh ha, m phng v thit
k ch to b bin i cng sut cho h thng Pin nng lng mt tri cng sut
nh, Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011.
[7] Robert W. Erickson ,Fundamentals of Power Electronics, second edition. Kluwer
Academic Publishers, 2001.
[8] Colonel Wm. T. McLyman ,Transformer and inductor design handbook, Third
edition, Marcel Decker Inc, 2004.
[9] Trn Trng Minh, Bi ging : Thit k iu khin cho cc b bin i in t
cng sut, BKHN, 12/4/2013.
[10] TI, Voltage Mode Boost Converter Small Signal Control Loop Analysis Using
the TPS61030, Application Report SLVA274AMay 2007Revised January
2009.
[11] Liyu Cao, Design Type II Compensation In A Systematic Way, Ametek
Programmable Power.
Website: http://vi.scribd.com/doc/215284187/Type-II-Compensator
[12] Nguyn Phng Quang, Matlab & Simulink dnh cho k s iu khin t ng,
NXB. Khoa hc v K thut, 20008.
66
Ti liu tham kho
[13] H.T.Hong, Slide C s t ng : Chng 3, Chng 6, 9 september 2011.

Website : http://www4.hcmut.edu.vn/~hthoang/cstd/index.htm ,ngy truy cp gn
nht 6/5/2014.
[14] Akihiro Oi, Design and simulation of photovoltaic water pumping system,
September 2005.
[15] http://pinmattroi.com/kien-thuc-co-ban-ve-pin-mat-troi.html, ngy truy cp gn
nht 5/6/2014.
[16] slide PV module sinmulink models,Spring 2008.
[17] http://vietnamese.alibaba.com/product-gs/80w-mono-solar-panel-ks80m-
36-18v-769735851.html, ngy truy cp gn nht 4/5/2014.

[18] Datasheet,Solid Tantalum Chip Capacitors, TANTAMOUNT,Conformal
Coated, Maximum CV, Low ESR, vishay.com.
67
Ph lc
PH LC
P1. Hm m phng t bo PMT
function Ipv = solar(Va,G,TaC)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
% Dau ra: Ipv = dong dien hoat dong cua module (A)
% Dau vao:
Va = dien ap cua module PV (V),
G = Buc xa mat troi (1G = 1000 W/m^2)
TaC = Nhiet do cua module PV (oC)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Ding nghia cac hang so

k = 1.381e-23;
% Hang so Boltzmann
q = 1.602e-19;
% dien tich electron
% curve fitting of I-V character (Use data for 1000W/m^2)

n = 1.62;
% He so Diode ly tuong (n),

%
Eg = 1.12;
1 (diode ly tuong) < n < 2
% nang luong Bandgap; 1.12eV (Si), 1.42 (GaAs),

% 1.5 (CdTe), 1.75 (amorphous Si)
Ns = 36;
% so luong te bao mac noi tiep
TrK = 298;
% Nhiet do chuan (25 oC)
Voc_TrK = 36*0.685 /Ns; % Voc (open circuit voltage per cell) @ temp TrK
Isc_TrK = 80/16.4;
% Isc (short circuit current per cell) @ temp TrK
a = 0.65e-3;
% He so nhiet do cua Isc (0.065%/C)
% Dinh nghia bien

TaK = 273 + TaC;
% Nhiet do cua module PV
Vc = Va / Ns;
% Dien ap cell
% Tinh dong ngan mach tai TaK

Isc = Isc_TrK * (1 + (a * (TaK - TrK)));
% Tinh toan photon tao ra dong dien tai buc xa G
Iph = G * Isc;
% Dinh nghia dien the nhiet (Vt) tai nhiet do TrK
Vt_TrK = n * k * TrK / q;
68
Ph lc
% Ding nghia
b = Eg * q/(n*k);
b = Eg * q /(n * k);
% Tinh toan dong nguoc bao hoa
Ir_TrK = Isc_TrK / (exp(Voc_TrK / Vt_TrK) -1);
Ir = Ir_TrK * (TaK / TrK)^(3/n) * exp(-b * (1 / TaK -1 / TrK));
% Tinh toan tro khang cho cac te bao (Rs = 5.1mOhm)
dVdI_Voc = -1.0/Ns;
Xv = Ir_TrK / Vt_TrK * exp(Voc_TrK / Vt_TrK);
Rs = - dVdI_Voc - 1/Xv;
% Dinh nghia dien the nhiet (Vt) tai nhiet do Ta
Vt_Ta = n * k * TaK / q;
% Ipv = Iph - Ir * (exp((Vc + Ipv * Rs) / Vt_Ta) -1)
% f(Ipv) = Iph - Ipv - Ir * ( exp((Vc + Ipv * Rs) / Vt_Ta) -1) = 0
% Giai Ipv bang phuong phap newton: Ipv2 = Ipv1 - f(Ipv1)/f'(Ipv1)
Ipv =zeros(size(Vc));
% Khoi tao Ipv voi gia tri 0
% Thuc hien 5 lan lap

for j=1:5;
Ipv = Ipv - (Iph - Ipv - Ir .* ( exp((Vc + Ipv .* Rs) ./ Vt_Ta) -1))...
./ (-1 - Ir * (Rs ./ Vt_Ta) .* exp((Vc + Ipv .* Rs) ./ Vt_Ta));
end
P2. File m phng qu trnh bm im lm vic ca thut ton P&O trong ngy
nng
% Kiem tra thuat toan INC
% Kiem tra voi thoi tiet nhieu nang
clear;
% Dinh nghia hang so
TaC = 25;
% Nhiet do te bao PV (do C)
C = 0.5;
% Buoc thay doi dien ap tham chieu (V)
% Dinh nghia bien va khoi tao dieu kien ban dau

G = 0.028;
% Buc xa MT (1G = 1000W/m^2)
V = 20;
% Dien ap PV
I = solar(V,G,TaC);
% Dong dien PV
P = V * I;
% Cong suat ra cua PV
Vref_new = V + C;
% Dien ap tham chieu moi
69
Ph lc
% Thiet lap mang luu tru du lieu cho viec ve do thi
V_array = [];
P_array = [];
x = [0:3600:43200];
y = [0.05 0.15 0.4 0.6 0.82 0.92 1 0.9 0.85 0.55 0.3 0.18 0.1];
xi = 0:1:43200;
% Thiet lap cac diem cho viec noi suy
yi = interp1(x,y,xi,'cubic');
plot(x,y,'o');
hold on;
plot(xi,yi);
% Co 43200 mau (12 gio)
for Sample = 1:43200;
G = yi(Sample);
% Lay gia tri do moi
V_new = Vref_new;
I_new = solar(Vref_new,G,TaC);
% Tinh toan gia so cua dien ap va dong dien
deltaV = V_new - V;
deltaI = I_new - I;
% Bat dau chay thuat toan MPPT
if deltaV == 0
if deltaI == 0
Vref_new = V_new;
% Khong thay doi
elseif deltaI > 0

Vref_new = V_new + C;
% Tang Vref
Vref_new = V_new - C;
% Giam Vref
else
end
else
if abs(deltaI/deltaV + I_new/V_new) ==0
Vref_new = V_new;
% Khong thay doi
else
if deltaI/deltaV > -I_new/V_new
Vref_new = V_new + C; % Tang Vref
else
Vref_new = V_new - C; % Giam Vref
end
70
Ph lc
end
end
% Calculate theoretical max
% [P_max, Imp, Vmp] = find_mpp(G, TaC);
% Cap nhat gia tri
V = V_new;
I = I_new;
P = V_new * I_new;
% Lu tru du lieu cho do thi plot
V_array = [V_array V];
P_array = [P_array P];
% Pmax_array = [Pmax_array P_max];
end
% Plot result
figure
plot (V_array, P_array, 'g')
% Overlay with P-V curves and MPP
V = linspace (0, 45, 200);
hold on
for G=.2:.2:1
I = solar(V, G, TaC);
P = I.*V;
plot(V, P)
[P_max, Imp, Vmp] = find_mpp(G, TaC);
plot(Vmp, P_max, 'r*')
end
title('Phuong phap INC')
xlabel('Dien ap [V]')
ylabel('Cong suat ra [W]')
axis([0 25 0 90])
grid on
gtext('1000W/m^2')
gtext('800W/m^2')
gtext('600W/m^2')
gtext('400W/m^2')
gtext('200W/m^2')
hold off
71
Ph lc
P3. File m phng qu trnh bm im lm vic ca thut ton INC trong ngy
nng.
% Kiem tra thuat toan INC
% Kiem tra voi thoi tiet nhieu nang
clear;
% Dinh nghia hang so
TaC = 25;
% Nhiet do te bao (deg C)
C = 0.5;
% Gia tri thay doi dien ap (V)
% Dinh nhia va khoi tao gia tri dau cho cac bien
G = 0.028;
% Buc xa
(1G = 1000W/m^2)
V = 20;
% Dien ap PV
I = solar(V,G,TaC);
% Dong dien PV
P = V * I;
% Cong suat PV
Vref_new = V + C;
% Dien ap tham chieu
% Thiet lap mang luu tru du lieu ve do thi

V_array = [];
P_array = [];
x = [0:3600:43200];
y = [0.05 0.15 0.4 0.6 0.82 0.92 1 0.9 0.85 0.55 0.3 0.18 0.1];
xi = 0:1:43200;
% Thiet lap dien noi suy
yi = interp1(x,y,xi,'cubic');
plot(x,y,'o');
hold on;
plot(xi,yi);
% co
43200 mau (12 gio)
for Sample = 1:43200;

G = yi(Sample);
% Lay gia tri do
V_new = Vref_new;
I_new = solar(Vref_new,G,TaC);
% Tinh toan gia so cua dien ap va dong dien
deltaV = V_new - V;
deltaI = I_new - I;
% Bat dau thuan toan INC
if deltaV == 0
72
Ph lc
if deltaI == 0
Vref_new = V_new;
% Khong thay doi
elseif deltaI > 0

Vref_new = V_new + C;
% Tang Vref
Vref_new = V_new - C;
% Giam Vref
else
end
else
if abs(deltaI/deltaV + I_new/V_new) ==0
Vref_new = V_new;
% Khong thay doi
else
if deltaI/deltaV > -Ia_new/V_new
Vref_new = V_new + C; % Tang Vref
else
Vref_new = V_new - C; % Decrease Vref
end
end
end
V = V_new;
I = I_new;
P = V_new * I_new;
% Luu du lieu vao mang de ve do thi
V_array = [V_array V];
P_array = [P_array P];
end
figure
plot (V_array, P_array, 'g')
V = linspace (0, 45, 200);

hold on
for G=.2:.2:1
I = solar(V, G, TaC);
P = I.*V;
plot(V, P)
[Pa_max, Imp, Vmp] = find_mpp(G, TaC);
73
Ph lc
plot(Vmp, Pa_max, 'r*')
end
title('incCond Method')
xlabel('Module Voltage (V)')
ylabel('Module Output Power (W)')
axis([0 25 0 90])
grid on
gtext('1000W/m^2')
gtext('800W/m^2')
gtext('600W/m^2')
gtext('400W/m^2')
gtext('200W/m^2')
hold off
74

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TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

: TS. Trn Trng Minh

Gio vin hng dn

: ThS. Nguyn Duy nh

Sinh vin thc hin

CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

S hiu sinh vin: 20092846

Pin mt tri c thng s k thut c bn iu kin tiu chun: Cng sut ln

3. Ni dung cc phn thuyt minh v tnh ton:

Cu to, nguyn l hot ng v ng dng ca pin mt tri

4. Cc bn v, th ( ghi r cc loi v kch thc bn v ):

Sinh vin hon thnh v np n tt nghip ngy 12 thng 06 nm 2014

DANH MC HNH V...................................................................................................... i

3.2. B bin i Boost ................................................................................................... 29

Hnh 2.8. c tnh I V khi bc x thay i v v tr cc im MPP. ............................. 19

Danh mc bng s liu

DANH MC BNG S LIU

Nng lng mt tri

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law

Kirchhoff's Current Law

nh lut kirchhoff dng in

Pulse Width Modulation

Maximum Power Point

im cng sut ln nht

Maximum Power Point Tracking

Purturb and Observer

Nhiu lon v quan st

st. Vy em rt mong nhn c s gp t pha thy c em hon thin thm kin

H Ni, ngy 12 thng 06 nm 2014

Chng 1. Tng quan v h thng pin mt tri

Hnh 1.1. Cu trc h thng bm cng sut cc i MPPT.

Cng sut ln nht

Dng in ngn mch

B iu khin MPPT: l linh hn ca h thng. N lm cho h thng pin mt tri bm

Chng 1. Tng quan v h thng pin mt tri

Phm vi nghin cu ca n ny l: nghin cu l thuyt v cc thut ton bm

1.2. Gii thiu v pin mt tri

Hnh 1.2. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca pin mt tri.

Mt ghp bn dn p n: s dng tinh th Silic, y l thnh phn chnh ca pin

in cc: l thnh phn dn in ra ph ti, vt liu lm in cc va phi c

Lp chng phn quang: nu s phn x nh sng cng nhiu s lm cho hiu

Chng 1. Tng quan v h thng pin mt tri

to ra cp in t l trng v tr thnh cc ht ti in t do. in t di chuyn v pha

n tinh th: c hiu sut ti 16% v loi ny thng t tin do c ct t

a tinh th: lm t thi c t Silic nung chy, sau lm ngui v lm rn.

Di Silic to t cc ming phim mng t Silic nng chy v c cu trc a tinh

1.3. c tnh lm vic ca pin mt tri

Hnh 1.3. Mch tng ng ca mt t bo pin mt tri.

Chng 1. Tng quan v h thng pin mt tri

cc, cc tip xc c trng cho tng cc in tr ca cc lp l mt in tr RS

Dng in qua diode ID Is e nkT 1

Phng trnh KCL: Iph ID

Phng trnh KVL: VPV VD R s IPV

c cng sut cng nh in p, dng in theo yu cu th phi ghp cc t bo

Chng 1. Tng quan v h thng pin mt tri

b. M hnh ha pin mt tri bng simulink

Hnh 1.4. S khi chi tit bn trong ca pin mt tri.

Hnh 1.5. M hnh l tng ca t bao pin mt tri.

I pv N p Iph N p ID N p Iph N p Is e nkT 1

Chng 1. Tng quan v h thng pin mt tri

Cong suat P[W]

Dong dien I [A]

theo phng trnh (1.6) suy ra dng c tnh I V v P V ca pin mt tri ng vi bc

Hnh 1.6. c tnh I V v P V ca pin mt tri.