Tai Lieu Ve Acetic Acid

SyHung2020@Gmail.
com Hanoi University Of Technology
Common Name ACETIC ACID

Manufactured by GENERAL CHEMICAL
CAS Number
Revised 12/01/1989
Source Dolphin (DOL.031337)
A. General Information
B. First Aid Measures
C. Hazards Information
D. Precautions/Procedures
E. Personal Protective Equipment
F. Physical Data
G. Reactivity Data
H. Hazardous Ingredients (Mixtures Only)
I. Environmental
J. References
K. Additional Information
GENERAL CHEMICAL
PRODUCT SAFETY DATA SHEET
ACETIC ACID
http://www4.ucmsds.com/site/scripts/emailmsds.asp?Name=ACETIC
%20ACID&Mfg=GENERAL
%20CHEMICAL&Date=12%2f01%2f1989&CAS=&Num=DOL.031337
------A. GENERAL INFORMATION------
TRADE NAME (COMMON NAME): ACETIC ACID (VARIOUS GRADES)
(X) C.A.S. NO (N/A) GENERAL PRODUCT CODE #:

64-19-7
(OF ACETIC ACID)
CHEMICAL NAME AND/OR SYNONYM: ACETIC ACID AQUEOUS SOLUTION
FORMULA: CH3COOH + H2O
MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 60.05 (ACETIC ACID)
ADDRESS (NO., STREET. CITY. STATE AND ZIP CODE)

GENERAL CHEMICAL CORP
90 EAST HALSEY ROAD
PARSIPPANY, N.J. 07054
Tai lieu tu Internet 12/1/2009 Trang 1

SyHung2020@Gmail.com Hanoi University Of Technology
CONTACT: MANAGER OF PRODUCT SAFETY
PHONE NUMBER: (201) 515-1840
LAST ISSUE DATE: SEPT. 1986

CURRENT ISSUE DATE: DECEMBER, 1989
------B. FIRST AID MEASURES------
EMERGENCY PHONE NUMBER

(800) 631-8050
CALL A PHYSICIAN AT ONCE.
INHALATION: REMOVE TO FRESH AIR. IF NOT BREATHING, GIVE ARTIFICIAL

RESPIRATION, PREFERABLY MOUTH-TO-MOUTH. IF BREATHING IS DIFFICULT, GIVE
OXYGEN IF QUALIFIED OPERATOR IS AVAILABLE.
INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. GIVE TAP WATER, MILK (2-3 GLASSES),
MILK OF MAGNESIA OR EGG WHITES BEATEN WITH WATER. NEVER GIVE ANYTHING BY
MOUTH TO AN UNCONSCIOUS PERSON.
SKIN: IMMEDIATELY FLUSH WITH PLENTY OF WATER FOR 15 MINUTES, WHILE

REMOVING CONTAMINATED CLOTHING. WASH CLOTHING BEFORE REUSE.
EYES: IMMEDIATELY FLUSH EYES WITH PLENTY OF WATER FOR AT LEAST 15

MINUTES. IF IRRITATION PERSISTS, FLUSH AN ADDITIONAL 15 MINUTES.
SEEK MEDICAL ASSISTANCE FOR INHALATION, INGESTION AND IRRITATION.
------C. HAZARDS INFORMATION------
HEALTH
INHALATION: VAPOR CAUSES IRRITATION OF EYES, NOSE AND THROAT; CAN AFFECT
RESPIRATORY RESPONSE, CAUSE COUGHING AND CHEST PAINS. TCLO, HUMAN = 816
PPM/3M. LC50 MOUSE = 5620 PPM/1 HR.
INGESTION: SEVERE PAIN IN MOUTH, GULLET, STOMACH; POSSIBLE CIRCULATORY

COLLAPSE, UREMIA AND DEATH (HUMAN). LD50 (ORAL-RAT) = 3310 MG/KG.
SKIN: CONCENTRATED SOLUTION CAUSES SEVERE BURNS IF NOT PROMPTLY WASHED

OFF. VAPOR MAY BLACKEN SKIN AND EXPOSED TEETH. DILUTE SOLUTIONS MAY CAUSE
DERMATITIS IN SOME SENSITIVE INDIVIDUALS. LD50 (SKIN-RABBIT) = 1060
MG/KG.

EYES: CAUSES SEVERE BURNS. MAY CAUSE PERMANENT CORNEAL INJURY, WHICH MAY
BE FOLLOWED BY BLINDNESS. HIGH VAPOR CONCENTRATIONS MAY RESULT IN
CONJUNCTIVITIS.
PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION: AIR BIOLOGICAL:

(SEE SECTION J) NONE ESTABLISHED
OSHA/TWA: 10 PPM
ACGIH/TLV: 10 PPM
UNUSUAL CHRONIC TOXICITY: IRRITATION OF RESPIRATORY TRACT, CHRONIC

BRONCHITIS, EROSION OF THE TEETH.
FIRE AND EXPLOSION

FLASH POINT: 40 DEG. C
(N/A) OPEN CUP (X) CLOSED CUP
AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE: .426 - .465 DEG C
FLAMMABLE LIMITS IN AIR (% BY VOL.) LOWER - 5.4 UPPER - 16.0
UNUSUAL FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS:

SEE HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS, SECTION G. GIVES OFF FLAMMABLE
VAPOR ABOVE ITS FLASH POINT (104 DEG. F). IT IS DANGEROUS IN CONTACT WITH
CHROMATIC ACID, SODIUM PEROXIDE, NITRIC ACID OR OTHER OXIDIZING
MATERIALS.
------D. PRECAUTIONS/PROCEDURES------
FIRE EXTINGUISHING AGENTS RECOMMENDED WATER SPRAY, FOAM, CO2 OR DRY

CHEMICAL
FIRE EXTINGUISHING AGENTS TO AVOID: WATER IN A SOLID STREAM WILL SCATTER

AND SPREAD FIRE. USE WATER SPRAY.
SPECIAL FIRE FIGHTING PRECAUTIONS:

USE WATER SPRAY TO COOL CONTAINERS EXPOSED TO FIRE AND TO PROTECT THOSE
INVOLVED IN FIRE-FIGHTING. INVOLVED PERSONNEL SHOULD WEAR SELF-CONTAINED
BREATHING APPARATUS AND EYE PROTECTION AND FULL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING, AS
NEEDED. WATER MAY BE USED TO DILUTE SPILLED MATERIAL, TO REDUCE
FLAMMABILITY AND TO DISSIPATE IRRITATING VAPORS EVOLVING FROM THE FIRE.
VENTILATION: PROVIDE ADEQUATE VENTILATION TO MEET TLV/TWA REQUIREMENTS.

LOCAL EXHAUST: FROM FLOOR AND LOW SPACES.

MECHANICAL (GENERAL): FLOOR-MOUNTED FAN OR BLOWER. MATERIAL SHOULD

PREFERABLY BE USED IN AN EXHAUSTED HOOD. EQUIPMENT SHOULD BE EXPLOSION-
PROOF AND EXHAUST DUCTS SHOULD BE ACID-RESISTANT.
NORMAL HANDLING
AVOID BREATHING VAPORS. AVOID LIQUID OR VAPOR CONTACT WITH EYES, SKIN OR
CLOTHING. USE WITH ADEQUATE VENTILATION. KEEP AWAY FROM HEAT, SPARKS AND
OPEN FLAME (ALSO, ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND WIRING). WEAR PERSONAL
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AS NEEDED.
STORAGE
STORE IN CLOSED CONTAINERS IN A WELL-VENTILATED AREA. OUTDOORS OR
DETACHED STORAGE IS PREFERRED. KEEP AWAY FROM OXIDIZING AGENTS AND
COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS. KEEP ABOVE ITS FREEZING POINT (62 DEG. F) TO AVOID
RUPTURE OF CARBOYS AND GLASS CONTAINERS DUE TO EXPANSION UPON
SOLIDIFICATION. IF FROZEN, THAW BY CAREFULLY MOVING CONTAINER TO WARM
AREA.
SPILL OR LEAK (ALWAYS WEAR PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - SECTION E)

PROVIDE ADEQUATE VENTILATION. CLEAN-UP PERSONNEL SHOULD WEAR SELF-
CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS AND PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT TO
PREVENT LIQUID CONTACT. USE WATER SPRAY TO DISPENSE VAPORS AND PROTECT
INVOLVED PERSONNEL AND TO REDUCE FLAMMABILITY. ELIMINATE IGNITION
SOURCES. SMALL SPILLS CAN BE NEUTRALIZED WITH SODA ASH OR SODIUM
BICARBONATE. LARGE SPILLS SHOULD BE CONTAINED AND COLLECTED IN COVERED
CONTAINERS, IF POSSIBLE; THEN LABELED FOR EVENTUAL WASTE DISPOSAL.
SPECIAL: PRECAUTIONS/PROCEDURES/LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

SIGNAL WORD - DANGER!
WEAR-DILUTED ACID CAN REACT WITH METALS TO PRODUCE HYDROGEN GAS. LABEL
INSTRUCTIONS READ: CAUSES SEVERE BURNS. MAY BE FATAL IF SWALLOWED.
HARMFUL IF INHALED. COMBUSTIBLE. POISON.
------E. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT------
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
WHERE VAPORS ARE BELOW 500 PPM, USE A CHEMICAL CARTRIDGE, ORGANIC VAPOR
RESPIRATOR WITH FULL FACEPIECE OR A SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS
WITH FULL FACEPIECE, NIOSH-APPROVED. VAPORS TO 1000 PPM REQUIRE AN AIR-
SUPPLIED RESPIRATOR WITH FULL FACEPIECE, APPROVED BY NIOSH. ESCAPE
CONDITIONS CALL FOR NIOSH-APPROVED GAS MASK WITH ORGANIC VAPOR CANISTER
OR SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS.

EYES AND FACE

FOR MATERIAL HANDLED NORMALLY IN CLOSED VENTILATED SYSTEM, WEAR SAFETY
GLASSES WITH NONPERFORATED SIDE SHIELDS. FOR LEAK, SPILL OR OTHER
EMERGENCY, WEAR CHEMICAL SAFETY GOGGLES OR FULL FACE SHIELD TO GUARD
AGAINST SPLASHING. DO NOT WEAR CONTACT LENSES UNDER THESE CONDITIONS.
HANDS, ARMS, AND BODY WEAR IMPERVIOUS GLOVES (RUBBER OR NEOPRENE) AND
RUBBER APRON. IN CASE OF LEAK, SPILL OR EMERGENCY SITUATIONS WITH
POSSIBILITY OF CONTACT WITH THE MATERIAL, ADD FULL IMPERVIOUS CLOTHING.
OTHER CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT

RUBBER BOOTS, DEPENDING ON CONDITIONS. EYEWASH STATIONS AND SAFETY
SHOWERS SHOULD BE PROVIDED IN AREAS OF USE OR HANDLING. PROVIDE
PROTECTIVE CARRIERS FOR HANDLING MATERIAL IN GLASS BOTTLES.
------F. PHYSICAL DATA------
MATERIAL IS (AT NORMAL CONDITIONS): (X) LIQUID (N/A) SOLID (N/A) GAS
(N/A) _____________
APPEARANCE AND ODOR: CLEAR, COLORLESS LIQUID WITH A SOUR, PUNGENT ODOR
RESEMBLING VINEGAR.
BOILING POINT: 117.9 DEG. C

(OF 100% ACETIC ACID)
MELTING POINT: 16.7 DEG. C
SPECIFIC GRAVITY (H2O=1): (LIQUID) 1.05
VAPOR DENSITY (AIR=1): 2.07
SOLUBILITY IN WATER (% BY WEIGHT): COMPLETE
pH:
(AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS)
2.4 @ 1.0M
2.9 @ 0.1M
3.4 @ 0.01M
VAPOR PRESSURE (mm Hg AT 20 DEG. C) (X) (PSIG) (N/A) : 11.4
EVAPORATION RATE (BUTYL ACETATE =1) (N/A) (ETHER =1)(X)

11.0 (BUTYL ACETATE=1): 0.97
% VOLATILES BY VOLUME (AT 20 DEG. C): 100

------G. REACTIVITY DATA------
STABILITY CONDITIONS TO AVOID

(N/A) UNSTABLE (X) STABLE NONE.
INCOMPATIBILITY (MATERIALS TO AVOID)

STRONG OXIDIZING AGENTS, HYDROXIDES, AMINES, OXIDES, CARBONATES. AVOID
CONTAMINATION WITH ACETALDEHYDE, CHROMIC ACID AND ALKALIES.
HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS WE WOULD EXPECT BURNING TO PRODUCE

CARBON MONOXIDE AND/OR CARBON DIOXIDE
HAZARDOUS POLYMERIZATION CONDITIONS TO AVOID

(N/A) MAY OCCUR (X) WILL NOT OCCUR NONE.
------H. HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS (MIXTURES ONLY)------
MATERIAL OR COMPONENT/C.A.S. # WT. % HAZARD DATA (SEE SECT. J)
NOT APPLICABLE
* = PROPRIETARY - TRADE SECRET
------I. ENVIRONMENTAL------
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT: -0.17
DEGRADABILITY/AQUATIC TOXICITY:
BOD5 (G/G): 0.34 - 0.88 STD. DILUTION/SEWAGE SEED AQUATIC TOXICITY
RATING: TLM96:100-10 PPM (TLM96=LETHAL CONCENTRATION (50% KILL)96 DAYS)
40 CFR 116-117
EPA HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE ? IF SO, REPORTABLE QUANTITY 5000 #
(CLEAN WATER ACT SECT 311) (X) (N/A) (OF 100% ACETIC ACID)
YES NO

WASTE DISPOSAL METHODS (DISPOSER MUST COMPLY WITH FEDERAL STATE AND LOCAL
DISPOSAL OR DISCHARGE LAWS) TREATMENT OR DISPOSAL OF WASTE GENERATED BY
USE OF THIS PRODUCT SHOULD BE REVIEWED IN TERMS OF APPLICABLE FEDERAL,
STATE AND LOCAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS. USERS ARE ADVISED TO CONSULT WITH
APPROPRIATE REGULATORY AGENCIES BEFORE DISCHARGING, TREATMENT OR
DISPOSING OF THIS MATERIAL. WHERE PERMITTED UNDER ABOVE-MENTIONED
REGULATIONS, WASTE MATERIAL CAN BE INCINERATED IN A FURNACE
(SUPPLEMENTARY FUEL MAY BE NECESSARY FOR BURNING); OR NEUTRALIZED WASTE
DISPOSED OF IN AN APPROVED CHEMICAL WASTES
LANDFILL.
40 CFR 261
RCRA STATUS OF UNUSED MATERIAL IF DISCARDED: NOT A "HAZARDOUS WASTE".
HAZARDOUS WASTE NUMBER (IF APPLICABLE):

NA
------J. REFERENCES------
PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION REFERENCES

TWA: OSHA REGULATIONS, 29 CFR 1910 (1982), "Z LIST".
TLV: ACGIH 1987-88 LIST, "THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES FOR CHEMICAL
SUBSTANCES..." NIOSH REGISTRY (RTECS), 1981-82, ACCESSION NO. AF1225000,
"ACETIC ACID". DOT CLASSIFICATION: CORROSIVE MATERIAL 49 CFR 173
REGULATORY STANDARDS: D.O.T. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TABLE: 49 CFR 172.101
I.D. NO.: UN2790
GENERAL
MERCK INDEX 10TH ED., 1983

VERSCHUEREN: "HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL DATA INORGANIC CHEMICALS", 2ND
ED., 1983, VAN NOSTRAND REINHOLD. U.S. COAST GUARD: CHRIS MANUAL, ENTRY:
"ACETIC ACID"
TECHNICAL GUIDE NO. 6, "HANDBOOK OF ORGANIC INDUSTRIAL SOLVENTS", 5TH
ED., 1980, ALLIANCE OF AMERICAN INSURERS, 20 N. WACKER DRIVE, CHICAGO, IL
60606.
EMERGENCY ACTION GUIDES, ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN RAILROADS, WASHINGTON,
DC (1984).
FIRE HAZARDS: NFPA MANUAL 49, "HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS DATA", 8TH ED. (1984).

------K. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION------
FOR MANUFACTURING USE ONLY NOT FOR FOOD OR DRUG USE.
THIS PRODUCT SAFETY DATA SHEET IS OFFERED SOLELY FOR YOUR INFORMATION,
CONSIDERATION AND INVESTIGATION.
GENERAL CHEMICAL CORP PROVIDES NO WARRANTIES, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,

AND ASSUMES NO RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE
DATA CONTAINED HEREIN.
CC124-366(11/84) ND = NOT DETERMINED NA = NOT APPLICABLE
THE END! Wednesday, March 18, 2009.
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Tạp chí - Ấn phẩm thông tin

Các số năm 2005 -> Số 3 năm 2005
Góp ý về thông số amoniac trong khi thực hiện TCVN 5945:1995 đối với công nghiệp chế
biến cao su thiên nhiên ở Việt Nam
TS Nguyễn Ngọc Bích
Trưởng phòng Nghiên cứu -Viện Nghiên cứu Cao su Việt Nam
LTS: Tiêu chuẩn nhà nước về môi trường (TCMT) đang được áp dụng vào các hoạt động kiểm soát và ngăn
ngừa ô nhiễm ở nước ta phù hợp với nguyên tắc quản lý môi trường chủ yếu hiện nay là “Mệnh lệnh và
Kiểm soát”, theo đó, tiêu chuẩn môi trường được cưỡng chế áp dụng để tuân thủ với qui định các chính sách
và mục tiêu quản lý môi trường. Từ khi Luật Bảo vệ Môi trường được ban hành (1994), đến nay đã có hơn
350 TCVN về môi trường đã được Bộ Khoa học Công nghệ và Môi trường (trước đây) nay là Bộ Khoa học
và Công nghệ ban hành và đang là một trong các công cụ áp dụng quan trọng cho công tác quản lý môi
trường ở nước ta. Tuy nhiên, sau 10 năm áp dụng thực tế cũng đã cho thấy, một số tiêu chuẩn còn có nội
dung bất cập hoặc chưa đáp ứng được đầy đủ cho công tác quản lý môi trường trong giai đoạn công nghiệp
hoá, hiện đại hoá hiện nay. Mặt khác, các chính sách quản lý vĩ mô của Nhà nước cũng đã được bổ sung và
sửa đổi do kinh tế phát triển nhanh, thành phần sở hữu đa dạng hơn, qui mô của các dự án ngày một lớn
hơn. Vì vậy, hiện nay Tổng cục Tiêu chuẩn Đo lường Chất lượng (TCĐLCL) đang tiến hành soát xét, sửa
đổi, bổ sung 11 TCMT cho phù hợp vớibối cảnh và những yêu cầu mới.
Bài viết sau đây của TS. Nguyễn Ngọc Bích từ một phần nội dung kết quả của chương trình khảo sát quản lý
kỹ thuật trong xử lý nước thải (XLNT) của Tổng Công ty Cao su Việt Nam do Viện Nghiên cứu Cao su Việt

Nam phối hợp với Ban Quản lý Kỹ thuật (Tổng Công ty Cao su), nêu lên một số kinh nghiệm khi áp dụng
TCVN 5945-1995 và đề xuất phương hướng để chỉnh sửa tiêu chuẩn này.
Xử lý nước thải (XLNT) trong ngành chế biến cao su thiên nhiên hiện nay được tiến hành dựa trên Tiêu
chuẩn Việt Nam TCVN 5945:1995 - Nước thải Công nghiệp - Tiêu chuẩn thải. Từ đầu những năm 1990,
Tổng Công ty Cao su Việt Nam đã chú trọng đầu tư vào công tác xử lý nước thải (XLNT) tại các nhà máy
chế biến cao su. Cho đến nay, trên tổng số 37 nhà máy chế biến cao su thuộc Tổng Công ty hiện đang hoạt
động trên toàn quốc, có 26 nhà máy đã được trang bị hệ thống XLNT, với tổng kinh phí đầu tư ước tính trên
80 tỷ đồng. Tuy nhiên, sản lượng chế biến của các nhà máy thuộc Tổng Công ty Cao su Việt Nam là khoảng
250 ngàn tấn/năm và của các nhà máy ngoài Tổng Công ty là khoảng 120 ngàn tấn/ năm (số liệu cuối năm
2003). Với sản lượng đó, ngành chế biến cao su thiên nhiên Việt Nam hằng năm thải vào môi trường khoảng
mười triệu mét khối nước thải có hàm lượng chất ô nhiễm hữu cơ và chất dinh dưỡng thuộc loại cao. Khối
lượng nước thải này đang tăng lên hằng năm và dự kiến sẽ còn tăng trong những năm sắp tới song hành theo
sự phát triển của các diện tích trồng cao su ngoài quốc doanh.
1. Đặc tính ô nhiễm của nước thải chế biến cao su
1.1. Phương pháp chế biến cao su và nguồn gốc nước thải
Trong quá trình chế biến cao su khối, mủ cao su tiếp nhận tại nhà máy được khuấy trộn đều trong một bể
chứa, rồi được pha loãng và để lắng trong một thời gian. Mủ cao su đã pha loãng sau đó được chuyển sang
các mương và được cho thêm axit (axit formic hoặc axit axêtic). Dưới tác dụng của axit, mủ cao su đông lại
thành khối, tách khỏi phần dung dịch còn lại (gọi là serum). Các khối cao su sau đó được gia công cơ học
bằng máy cán kéo, máy cán crepe, và máy cán băm hoặc máy cán cắt. Qua đó, khối cao su đông tụ giảm dần
kích thước để cuối cùng thành các hạt cốm có kích thước khoảng 3-5 mm và được sấy khô, ép thành khối.
Tương tự như các công nghiệp chế biến sản phẩm từ nông nghiệp khác, ngành chế biến cao su tạo ra nước
thải chủ yếu là từ khâu rửa nguyên liệu. Trong chế biến cao su rắn, nước thải xuất hiện từ 3 công đoạn: (A)
khuấy trộn và pha loãng, (B) đánh đông mủ, và (C) gia công cơ học và được tóm tắt như lưu đồ ở hình 1.
Thải ra từ bể khuấy trộn là nước rửa bể và dụng cụ, trong nước rửa này có chứa một ít mủ cao su còn sót lại.
Nước thải từ các mương đánh đông, vì nó chứa phần lớn là serum đã được tách ra khỏi mủ cao su trong quá
trình đông tụ của mủ. Nước thải từ công đoạn gia công cơ học cũng có bản chất tương tự như nước thải từ
mương đánh đông, nhưng loãng hơn. Đây là nước rửa được phun vào khối cao su nhằm loại bỏ serum cũng
như các chất bẩn trong quá trình gia công trên các máy.

Tính trung bình, sản

xuất một tấn thành phẩm (quy theo lượng khô) cao su khối hoặc cao su tờ từ mủ nước thải ra khoảng 25 m3
nước thải. Nếu sản xuất cao su khối từ mủ đông tạp thì khối lượng đó là khoảng 35 m3/tấn và sản xuất mủ ly
tâm thì khối lượng nước thải là khoảng 18 m3/tấn.
2.2. Đặc tính ô nhiễm của nước thải chế biến cao su
Bảng 1 dưới đây trình bày các giá trị trung bình của các chỉ tiêu đặc trưng cho tính chất gây ô nhiễm của
nước thải ngành chế biến cao su thiên nhiên theo chủng loại sản phẩm của nó.
Chủng loại sản phẩm Bảng 1. Đặc tính ô nhiễm của

Chỉ tiêu ô nhiễm Cao su khối từCao su khối từCao suMủ ly nước thải ngành chế biến cao su
mủ nước mủ đông tờ tâm
COD, mg/l 3540 2720 4350 6212 Nước thải chế biến cao su
thường có pH trong khoảng 4,2-
BOD, mg/l 2020 1594 2514 4010
Tổng nitơ , mg/l 95 48 150 565
Tai lieu tutheo
Amoniac Internet
N, mg/l 75 40 12/1/2009
110 426 Trang 10
Chất rắn lơ lửng, mg/l 114 67 80 122
pH 5.2 5.9 5.1 4.2
5,2 do việc sử dụng axit để làm đông tụ mủ cao su. Đối với mủ skim, đôi khi nước thải có pH rất thấp (đến
pH = 1). Đối với cao su khối được chế biến từ nguyên liệu đông tụ tự nhiên thì nước thải có pH cao hơn
(khoảng pH = 6) và tính axit của nó chủ yếu là do các axit béo bay hơi, kết quả của sự phân hủy sinh học các
lipid và phospholipid xảy ra trong khi tồn trữ nguyên liệu.
Hơn 90% chất rắn trong nước thải chế biến cao su là chất rắn bay hơi, chứng tỏ bản chất hữu cơ của chúng.
Phần lớn chất rắn này là những hạt cao su còn sót lại sau quá trình đông tụ.
Hàm lượng nitơ hữu cơ trong nước thải chế biến cao su thường không cao lắm và có nguồn gốc từ các
protein trong mủ cao su. Trong khi đó, hàm lượng nitơ ở dạng amoniac là rất cao, do việc sử dụng amoniac
để chống đông tụ mủ cao su trong quá trình thu hoạch, vận chuyển và tồn trữ mủ, đặc biệt là trong chế biến
mủ ly tâm.
Tóm lại, nước thải chế biến cao su có tính chất gây ô nhiễm khá nặng, do chất ô nhiễm hữu cơ và chất dinh
dưỡng thực vật.
2. Nguồn gốc các chất gây ô nhiễm trong nước thải chế biến cao su
2.1. Chất làm tiêu hao ôxy
Các chất làm tiêu hao ôxy trong nước thải chế biến cao su hầu hết có nguồn gốc từ mủ nước. Trong mủ nước
có khoảng 4,3% là các chất hữu cơ không phải là cao su. Các chất hữu cơ này gồm chủ yếu là các protein,
các hyđrat cacbon và các chất béo. Ngoài ra, amoniac và các axit hữu cơ hoặc vô cơ thêm vào trong quá trình
bảo quản và chế biến mủ cũng góp phần chủ yếu làm tăng khối lượng các chất làm tiêu hao ôxy trong nước
thải.
2.2. Chất dinh dưỡng thực vật
Do mủ cao su có chứa protein và do việc sử dụng amoniac NH3 để bảo quản mủ nước trước khi chế biến,
chất dinh dưỡng thực vật chủ yếu có mặt trong nước thải chế biến cao su là nitơ. Hai dạng chủ yếu của nitơ
trong nước thải là amoniac và nitơ hữu cơ, mà nitơ hữu cơ sau khi bị phân hủy cũng cho ra amoniac.
Bảng 2. Nguồn gốc chất gây ô nhiễm nước trong nước thải chế biến cao su
Thành phần Trung bình Nguồn gốc
% w/w nguyên liệu

Các protein 1,8 Nguyên liệu
Các lipid và phospholipid 0,95 Nguyên liệu
Các carbohydrate 0,9 Nguyên liệu
NH3 0,15 Chế biến
Các axit hữu cơ và vô cơ 0,15 Chế biến
Các axit béo và axit amin tự do 0,22 Nguyên liệu
3. Tình hình áp dụng công nghệ xử lý nước thải trong ngành chế biến cao su

Các công nghệ XLNT đang được áp dụng trong ngành chế biến cao su có thể được chia thành 3 nhóm như
dưới đây:
(a) Nhóm các công nghệ được nước ngoàithiết kế
Thuộc nhóm này có 2 hệ thống công nghệ do Mardec Engineering Sdn. Bhd. (Malaysia) thiết kế, hệ thống
này gồm [Bể gạn mủ - Hồ kỵ khí - Hồ tùy nghi - Hồ lắng] và hệ thống [Bể gạn mủ - Hồ kỵ khí - Hồ sục khí -
Hồ lắng]. Các hệ thống công nghệ này đã được nghiên cứu ứng dụng trong XLNT ngành chế biến cao su của
Viện Nghiên cứu Cao su Malaysia (RRIM) vào những năm 1970 và đã được RRIM khuyến cáo áp dụng ở
Malaysia vào những năm 1980...
Một hệ thống công nghệ khác do DAMIFA Ltd. (Pháp) phát triển, là hệ thống gồm [Bể gạn mủ - Bể tuyển
nổi - Bể thổi khí - Bể lắng - Bể lọc sinh học]. Hệ thống này chưa được nghiên cứu ứng dụng trong ngành chế
biến cao su.
(b) Nhóm các công nghệ từkết quả nghiên cứu ứng dụng trong nước
Chỉ có một hệ thống công nghệ đã được nghiên cứu trong nước nhằm mục đích ứng dụng vào XLNT ngành
chế biến cao su, là hệ thống gồm [Bể gạn mủ - Bể UASB - Hồ sục khí - Hồ Tùy nghi]. Nghiên cứu này đã
được thực hiện vào đầu những năm 1990 do Trung tâm Nước và Môi trường (CEFINEA) kết hợp với Viện
Nghiên cứu cao su Việt Nam thực hiện.
(c) Nhóm các công nghệ được các đơn vị trong nước thiết kế
Nhóm các công nghệ này được các đơn vị trong nước tự thiết kế và đã áp dụng để XLNT cho một số lĩnh vực
công nghiệp khác nhưng chưa được nghiên cứu ứng dụng trong ngành chế biến cao su. Nhóm này chủ yếu là
các hệ thống công nghệ sinh học không bao gồm công đoạn xử lý kỵ khí.
(Còn nữa)
©2000 Directorate for Standards and Quality. All rights reserved. Hoang Quoc Viet -Cau Giay-Ha noi. Tel:
(04)7562608 - Fax:(04)8361556 Contact us : tttt@tcvn.gov.vn
THE END! Thursday, March 19, 2009
http://www.vinachem.com.vn/ViewXBP.asp?CateXBPID=1
Tạp chí Công nghiệp Hoá chất
(Số 11/Năm 2003)
Khả năng sản xuất axit axetic bằng quy trình một bước

Nhà khoa học Periana và nhóm nghiên cứu tại Đại học Nam California (Mỹ) mới đây đã phát triển quy
trình xúc tác một bước chọn lọc để chuyển hóa hai phân tử metan thành axit axetic, với hiệu suất đạt
10%. Đây là một phương pháp hoàn toàn mới, tuy hiện tại nó chưa đạt đến mức hoàn thiện để có thể áp
dụng rộng rãi ở quy mô công nghiệp, nhưng các nhà khoa học tin rằng họ có thể cải tiến nó. Sự chuyển
hóa metan một cách trực tiếp và một bước như vậy để thành axit axetic sẽ ít tốn kém hơn so với những
quy trình nhiều bước hiện nay.
Axit axetic là một hóa chất công nghiệp quan trọng, thường được sản xuất từ metan hoặc than theo
quy trình ba bước, đòi hỏi phải có nhiệt độ phản ứng đến 900oC. Cho đến nay, các nhà nghiên cứu đã
thông báo về một số phương pháp trực tiếp hơn để sản xuất axit axetic, nhưng chưa phương pháp nào
trong số đó đạt đến mức có thể áp dụng công nghiệp.
Trong số những phương pháp đã được thông báo về công nghệ chuyển hóa metan thành axit axetic,
quy trình mới của các nhà khoa học Mỹ có đặc điểm độc đáo là cả hai nguyên tử cacbon của sản phẩm
đều được lấy ra từ metan trong một bước phản ứng.
Quy trình chuyển hóa mới được tiến hành ở nhiệt độ 180oC, sử dụng axit sunfuric làm dung môi và
chất oxy hóa, và PdSO4 làm xúc tác dạng tan. Periana cho rằng cơ chế phản ứng bao gồm sự kích hoạt
liên kết C-H của metan bởi chất xúc tác để tạo thành gốc phân tử Pd-CH 3, gốc phân tử này phản ứng với
gốc phân tử có chứa CO là dẫn xuất từ phân tử metan thứ hai.
Năm 1998, Periana và đồng nghiệp của ông đã thông báo về một hệ thống trên cơ sở platin (II) có thể
chuyển hóa metan thành metanol với hiệu suất trên 70%. Với phát hiện mới của mình, họ hy vọng sẽ
thiết kế lại hệ thống đó để nó sẽ sản xuất axit axetic thay cho metanol.
LÊ VÂN
Theo C & EN, 8/2003
http://www.vinachem.com.vn/ViewXBP.asp?CateXBPID=1
Tạp chí Công nghiệp Hoá chất
(Số 12/Năm 2002)
Nội dung
Khả năng sản xuất axit axetic công nghiệp ở nước ta
Axít axetic (công thức hóa học: CH3COOH) là hóa chất thông
dụng được sử dụng trong nhiều ngành công nghiệp để sản xuất:
chất dẻo, sợi tổng hợp, phim ảnh, thực phẩm, hóa dược, các loại
dung môi v.v... Tổng công suất sản xuất axit axetic toàn cầu hàng
năm là 8 triệu tấn. Trên thế giới các nhà khoa học đã nghiên cứu
và công bố tới 150 patent về tổng hợp axit axetic. Axit axetic có
thể được tổng hợp từ rượn metylic, rượu etylic, từ khí thiên nhiên
Tạp chí Công nghiệp Hoá hay khí tổng hợp...
chất Từ những năm 1990, một số cơ quan nghiên cứu khoa học ở
(Số 12/Năm 2002) nước ta đã nghiên cứu sản xuất axit axetic công nghiệp. Ở Viện
1. Quy trình sản xuất TiO2 hiệu
Hóa học Công nghiệp, cố giáo sư tiến sĩ Hồ Quý Đạo đã chỉ đạo
quả cao cho những nhà máy thực hiện đề tài nghiên cứu sử dụng rượu etylic để sản xuất axit

quy mô nhỏ axetic. Một số cơ quan nghiên cứu khoa học khác như Viện Hóa
2. Thử nghiệm oxy hoá SO2 với
học thuộc Trung tâm Khoa học Tự nhiên và Công nghệ Quốc gia,
xúc tác hạt nhỏ
khoa Hóa thuộc trường Đại học Tổng hợp Hà Nội cũng đã quan
3. Định hướng phát triển
Ngành Cao su qua công tác
tâm đến đề tài này. Nhưng do nhiều nguyên nhân mà các kết quả
thị trường nghiên cứu vẫn chưa được áp dụng trong sản xuất công nghiệp.
4. Bàn về mô hình Công ty Vào năm 1996, Sở Công nghiệp tỉnh Quảng Ngãi đã lập báo
mẹ - Công ty con cáo khả thi dự án xây dựng nhà máy sản xuất axit axetic công
5. Công ty Supe phôt phat và nghiệp có công suất 1.500 - 2.000 tấn/năm, sử dụng nguyên liệu
Hoá chất Lâm Thao đơn vị là rượn etylic sản xuất từ rỉ đường, là một sản phẩm phụ của nhà
xây dựng tốt đời sống văn máy đường. Tuy nhiên cho tới nay dự án này vẫn chưa được thực
hoá cơ sở
hiện.
6. Công ty Supe phốt phát và
Hoá chất Lâm Thao: Đầu tư Cho đến nay, gần như toàn bộ nhu cầu axit axetic ở nước ta
xây dựng dây chuyền sản đều phải đáp ứng bằng con đường nhập khẩu.
xuất NPK công suất 150.000 Trước tình hình mới, cơ hội phát triển cho ngành công nghiệp
T/năm tại chi nhánh Hải hóa chất đã được mở ra, chúng ta có thể lại phải tính toán lại bài
Dương
toán cũ: sản xuất axit axetic công nghiệp, đặc biệt khi một số cơ
7. Chế tạo phiên bản "vòng"
cho các polyme truyền thống
sở hóa dầu (như khu lọc dầu Dung Quất) đang được triển khai hay
8. Hội nghị tổng kết 2 năm có kế hoạch xây dựng. Các cơ sở khai thác khí tự nhiên đã đi vào
xây dựng đời sống văn hoá hoạt động. Người ta cũng có dự định sẽ xây dựng một nhà máy
trong công nhân viên chức, sản xuất rượu metylic với công suất lớn. Như vậy, các nguồn
lao động ngành công nghiệp nguyên liệu rẻ và dồi dào để sản xuất axit axetic đã và sẽ có sẵn.
(2000-2001) Nếu chúng ta đặt một nhà máy sản xuất axit axetic tại khu lọc
9. Hiện trạng bảo hộ quyền dầu Dung Quất thì rất tiện lợi vì được dùng chung các cơ sở phục
tác giả ở Việt Nam vụ với những nhà máy hóa chất khác sẽ được xây dựng ở đây.
10. Khả năng sản xuất axit
VŨ THÁI
axetic công nghiệp ở nước ta
11. Môi trường trong thế kỷ
21
12. Một vài suy nghĩ về hướng
phát triển Ngành Nhựa (chất
dẻo) Việt Nam trong tương lai
13. Nguồn năng lượng mới
cho xe hơi
14. Quá trình refoming mới để
chuyển hoá các phần tử sinh
khối thành hyđro
15. Tác động của thuốc trừ
sâu gốc lân hữu cơ ở người tại
khu vực ngoại thành TP.Hồ
Chí Minh
16. Tình hình sức khỏe của
công nhân tiếp xúc với Amian
ở Việt Nam
17. Tình hình sức nghe của
công nhân khi tiếp xúc với
dung môi hữu cơ ở một số cơ
sở sản xuất
18. Tiềm năng một số loại
quặng và khoáng sản ở Việt
Nam
19. Vai trò của quan hệ xã hội
đối với thành công của doanh
nghiệp

Abstract Acetic acid is a global product. About 55% of total production capacity for acetic acid is now
outside the United States, Western Europe and Japan, with the majority in Asia. Vinyl acetate monomer is
the largest end use for acetic acid in China, the United States, Western Europe and Japan.
The acetic acid manufactured intentionally is termed virgin acid; that recovered from other processing is
termed recovered, although it is often of equal quality to virgin acid if properly purified. Recovered acetic
acid represents a major source of acetic acid. This recovered acid can usually be substituted for virgin
production in many processes.
The following pie chart shows world consumption of acetic acid:
About 33% of global acetic acid consumption is for vinyl acetate monomer (VAM) production. VAM
capacity is expected to increase significantly in the next few years, with acetic acid growth tied largely to
vinyl acetate monomer manufacture in Asia. About 20% of acetic acid is used for terephthalic acid (TPA)
production. TPA is used primarily for the manufacture of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) solid-state resins,
fibers and films. Acetic acid use for acetate esters production accounts for about 15% of total global acetic
acid demand. Acetate esters are used mainly as solvents for inks, paints and coatings. Acetic acid use for
acetic anhydride production also accounts for nearly 15% of total global acetic consumption. Acetic
anhydride is used mainly for cellulose acetate flake production.
Regionally, the shift of the acetic acid market to Asia will continue. Asia is expected to dominate the acetic
acid market and to account for over 57% of acetic acid consumption in 2011. China alone will account for
32% of global acetic acid consumption by 2011. The United States is expected to remain a major player,
accounting for an estimated 19% of demand in 2011.
Copyright © 2009 SRI Consulting. All rights reserved. THE END Thursday, March 19, 2009!
http://www.au.fjfdi.com/en/cn/project.asp?diqu=30&yuyan=en
Annual Production of two hundred thousand tons of acetate project
Classification：( Petrochemistry Industry ) Region：( QuanZhou ) Time Collected：( 2008-9-6 )
1.Overview
Acetate is a clear colorless liquid, with a nauseating odor. At low temperatures, acetate crystallize
into glacial acetic acid. At room temperature, acetate turns into a clear transparent liquid. Its
melting point is 16.7oC, and it has a boiling point of 118 oC with relative densities of 1.053
(16.67oC, liquid) and 1.226 (16.60oC, solid). It's soluble in water, alcohol, glycerol, ether and
carbon tetrachloride but not soluble in carbon disulfide. When it solidifies, it expands and may
rupture its container. It is an explosion hazard when vaporized at a minimum rate of 5.4 % of the
air.
Acetic acid is an organic carboxylic acid, which is an important organic compound. Its main
purpose in industry is to produce vinyl acetate, acetic anhydride, cellulose acetate. Acetic acid

esters, terephthalic acid, monochloroacetic acid and acetic acid salts, etc.
2.Market Demand Forecast
Acetate is mainly consumed as vinyl acetate, terephthalic acid, acetic anhydride and acetic acid
esters and among other things, with the largest consumer being vinyl acetate, it accounts for
42.4% of the world's total consumption of acetic acid.The consumption of PTA, acetate, acetic
anhydride respectively account for 17.9%, 16.5% and 12.9% of the world's total consumption of
acetic acid.
Technology used to create acetate like methanol carbonylation has gradually increased, while
ethanol process techniques have gradually been fading. It is estimated that by 2010 the world
growing consumption will reach 10.8 million tons, with an in crease in average annual
consumption rate of about 3.4%. The rapid growth in consumption is mainly in the field of PTA
solvent, vinyl acetate and acetic acid ester, etc.. In 2010-2015, the world's demand for acetic acid
will continue to maintain a 2-3 percent growth rate; by 2015 the demand will reach 12 million
tons.
By the end of 2005, China's production capacity of acetic acid was nearly 1.8 million tons / year,
output was 1.3697 million tons. One methanol carbonylation synthesis output 859 thousand tons,
accounting for 62.8% of acetic acid output; acetaldehyde law ethylene production was 327.5
thousand tons, accounting for an acetic acid output of 23.9%; acetaldehyde law ethanol production
was 182,300 tons, accounting for an acetic acid output of 13.3%. In 2005-2010 China's projected
acetate average annual consumption growth rate will be 6.8%, in 2010 it is expected that demand
will be 2.412 million tons, of which terephthalic acid will be the fastest growing area, In 2005-
2010, the average annual growth rate will be as highas 15.6%. Other areas of vinyl acetate /
polyvinyl alcohol and acetic anhydride / cellulose acetate will see faster growth, In 2005-2010, the
average annual demand growth rate for both will be 5.8%. Ammonia demand will decrease from
2005-2010 at a rate of -4.7 % annually. In 2010-2015, China's acetic acid is projected to maintain
at a 6% economic growth rate, by 2015 the demand will reach 3.2 million tons.
3.Production Technology Plan
After decades of industrial development, currently the world's acetate industrial technology
consists of four routes: light hydrocarbon liquid phase oxidation, acetaldehyde oxidation method,
the direct oxidation of ethylene, methanol carbonylation synthesis. Practical operations of
carbonylation acetic acid synthesis have obvious competitive advantages. Petrochemical products
in the domestic and international market are in a slump, the majority of acetic acid ethylene
acetate has high production prices. This project recommends the methanol carbonylation synthesis
method.
4.Major Raw Materials Consumed
Item Number Product Name Unit Consumption Rate Annual Consumption
methanol t 0.55 110000
CO Nm3 478 95600000
5.Investment Opportunities
A project for the annual production of 200 thousand tons of acetate requires an investment of
approximately 942 million RMB, of this 850 million RMB will be construction cost. This will
yield an annual income of 800 million RMB, an annual expense of 509.2 million RMB, an annual
tax of 290.8 million RMB, an annual profit margin of 217.6 million RMB, a tax rate of 30.9%,
and a profit margin rate of 23.1%. This yields a profit after 7.8 years.
6.Above project cooperative method:
Joint Venture, Wholly Owned
7.Contact Information:
Quangang District Contact Person:

Contact: Zhuang Biyu

Unit: Quangang District Petrochemical Industrial Zone Construction and Development Co. Ltd.
Telephone :0595 - 27728269 13808529689
Fax: 0595-27728270
E-mail: zby1028@126.com
Hui'an County Contact Person:
Contact: Liao Guowen
Unit: Hui'an County Development and Reform Bureau
Telephone :0595 - 87396181 87382181
Fax :0595 - 87391177
E-mail: huiandpb@163.com
Fax: 0595-87391177 E-mail: huiandpb@163.com
THE END Thursday, March 19, 2009
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/
CAS
Acetic acid
64-19-7
CH3COOH RTECS
AF1225000
Synonyms & Trade Names

DOT ID & Guide
Acetic acid (aqueous), Ethanoic acid, Glacial acetic acid (pure compound), 2790 153 (10-80% acid)
Methanecarboxylic acid [Note: Can be found in concentrations of 5-8% in 2789 132 (>80% acid)
vinegar.]
Exposure NIOSH REL: TWA 10 ppm (25 mg/m3) ST 15 ppm (37 mg/m3)
Limits OSHA PEL: TWA 10 ppm (25 mg/m3)
IDLH Conversion
50 ppm See: 64197 1 ppm = 2.46 mg/m3
Physical Description
Colorless liquid or crystals with a sour, vinegar-like odor. [Note: Pure compound is a solid below 62°F.
Often used in an aqueous solution.]

MW: 60.1 BP: 244°F FRZ: 62°F Sol: Miscible

VP: 11 mmHg IP: 10.66 eV Sp.Gr: 1.05
Fl.P: 103°F UEL(200°F): 19.9% LEL: 4.0%
Class II Combustible Liquid: Fl.P. at or above 100°F and below 140°F.
Incompatibilities & Reactivities
Strong oxidizers (especially chromic acid, sodium peroxide & nitric acid), strong caustics [Note: Corrosive to
metals.]
Measurement Methods
NIOSH 1603; OSHA ID186SG
See: NMAM or OSHA Methods
Personal Protection & Sanitation

(See protection codes) First Aid
Skin: Prevent skin contact (>10%) (See procedures)
Eyes: Prevent eye contact Eye: Irrigate immediately
Wash skin: When contaminated (>10%) Skin: Water flush immediately
Remove: When wet or contaminated (>10%) Breathing: Respiratory support
Change: No recommendation Swallow: Medical attention immediately
Provide: Eyewash (>5%), Quick drench (>50%)
Respirator Recommendations
NIOSH/OSHA
Up to 50 ppm:
(APF = 25) Any supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous-flow mode£
(APF = 25) Any powered, air-purifying respirator with organic vapor cartridge(s)£
(APF = 50) Any chemical cartridge respirator with a full facepiece and organic vapor cartridge(s)
(APF = 50) Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted
organic vapor canister
(APF = 50) Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece
(APF = 50) Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece
Emergency or planned entry into unknown concentrations or IDLH conditions:
(APF = 10,000) Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-
demand or other positive-pressure mode
(APF = 10,000) Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or
other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained positive-pressure breathing
apparatus
Escape:
(APF = 50) Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted
organic vapor canister/Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus
Important additional information about respirator selection
Exposure Routes
inhalation, skin and/or eye contact

Symptoms
Irritation eyes, skin, nose, throat; eye, skin burns; skin sensitization; dental erosion; black skin,
hyperkeratosis; conjunctivitis, lacrimation (discharge of tears); pharyngeal edema, chronic bronchitis
Target Organs
Eyes, skin, respiratory system, teeth
NIOSH Home | NIOSH Search | Site Index | Topic List | Contact Us

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/srchpage.html; http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/
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Chapter:01
Introduction
Organometallic chemistry, which involves metal complexes containing direct metal-to-carbon bonds, has
grown since the early 1950s at an almost exponential rate, mostly owing to the development of an impressive
array of highly sophisticated apparatus of which in particular NMR and single-crystal X-ray equipments have
been invaluable.1 Theoretical studies of the bonding in metal compounds and of the course of reaction
pathways have not only contributed to new knowledge, but also to the purposeful design of complexes and
their-use-in-stoichiometric-and-catalytic-reactions.
Although fortunate surprises do occur frequently, our theoretical knowledge has increased to a level
where we have a deep insight into the steric and electronic properties of ligands and of their complexes.
Therefore, we are now, to a certain extent, able to design ligands and to control reactions occurring on metal
centers-in-complexes.
As this thesis is concerned with the preparation and properties of new transition-metal complexes
containing new multifunctional ligands involved in the carbonylation of methanol, we will discuss in this
introduction some historical aspects of carbonylation reactions and some recent developments in the
carbonylation of methanol. Finally, we will present the scope and the aims of this thesis.
1.1Historical-Aspects-of-Carbonylation-Reactions
Homogeneous carbonylation catalysis is concerned with the transition-metal-assisted addition of carbon
monoxide to organic compounds and involves a carbon-carbon coupling process to give higher molecular
weight carbonyl-containing products. Carbonylation chemistry was pioneered by Otto Roelen (Ruhrchemie)
and Walther Reppe (IG Farben, later BASF) in the late 1930s.2 Since then it has developed into the highest
volume and most important industrial process based on homogeneous catalysis.

The first thirty years of industrial carbonylation catalysis implied the use of simple metal carbonyl
catalysts, high reaction temperatures and pressures, and only low product selectivities. Significant cost
advantages resulted from the use of carbon monoxide (derived from natural gas) and of low-priced methanol
(from synthesis gas) as feedstocks. A first methanol-to-acetic acid carbonylation process was commercialized
in 1960 by BASF. It used an iodide-promoted cobalt catalyst, and required very high pressures (600 atm) as
well as high temperatures (230°C), but gave acetic acid in ca. 90% selectivity.2
The situation changed in the mid-sixties with the discovery that organophosphine-substituted rhodium
and palladium complexes are active catalysts for carbonylation reactions under milder reaction conditions.
The serendipitous discovery of Rh(PPh3)3Cl by Osborn and Wilkinson,3,4 which was used as a catalyst for
the hydroformylation of alkenes but also for the hydrogenation of alkenes,5 has stimulated a tremendous
amount-of-fundamental-and-applied-research-in-this-area.
1.2-Recents-Developments-in-the-Carbonylation-of-Methanol
A major advance came in 1966 with the discovery of rhodium-iodide catalysts for the carbonylation of
methanol by Monsanto, which led to the start-up of the first commercial unit in 1970. The advantages over
the cobalt-catalyzed BASF process consist in significantly milder conditions (30-60 atm pressure and 150-
200°C), allowing substantial savings in construction costs and hence in capital expenditure, and in higher
selectivity for acetic acid, making further savings on both running and capital costs. The disadvantage of
using rhodium, a costly precious metal, is counter-balanced by lower operating costs, especially as milder
reaction conditions decrease the corrosion risk due to the aggressive reaction medium (acetic acid, iodic
acid).6
In 1986, the ownership of the Monsanto technology was acquired by BP Chemicals who further
developed the process and licensed it around the world. In 1996, a new catalytic process for the carbonylation
of methanol to acetic acid named CativaTM was announced by BP Chemicals; this process is based on a
catalyst system composed of iridium complexes with ruthenium activators.6
1.3-Scope-and-Aims-of-this-Work
The research of our group has focused on the build-up of metal clusters, in particular, mixed-metal
carbonyl clusters for the carbonylation of methanol. The cluster anions [Ru3Ir(CO)13]- and [Os3Ir(CO)13]-,
which were prepared for this process, are indeed catalytically active, but unstable under the reaction
conditions, which has been confirmed by the isolation of the fragmentation products Ir4(CO)12 and
[N(PPh3)2][M(CO)3I3]-(M=Ru,Os).7-9
In this context, we were interested in the behavior of other types of complexes stabilized by
multifunctional ligands. Therefore, it was the aim of this thesis to synthesize new multifunctional ligands, to
study their coordination properties and to exploit their catalytic potential for the carbonylation of methanol.
Chapter:02
The-Catalytic-Carbonylation-of-Methanol:
State-of-the-Art
Carbonylation catalysis encompasses a large and important area of chemistry. The majority of
carbonylation reactions is carried out in homogeneous phase, because homogeneous catalysts generally give
higher rates and selectivities than heterogeneous systems.
Apart from the carbonylation of methanol, we can quote other catalytic carbonylation reactions: The
hydroformylation of olefins to give aldehydes and alcohols, which is the most important homogeneous
catalytic process on the industrial scale,2 the synthesis of ketones from olefins and the synthesis of lactones
and lactams from olefins or halide-containing alcohols.10 The production of carboxylic acids, carboxylic
esters and acyl halides from methanol is the second most important industrial homogeneous catalytic

process.11,12
2.1-Chemicals-from-Methanol-and-Carbon-Monoxide
Methanol is a versatile, readily available C1 compound obtained from synthesis gas. Large-scale
industrial methanol production from CO/H2 started up in 1925 by BASF using a ZnO/Cr2O3 catalyst.13,6 At
present, methanol still is produced almost exclusively from synthesis gas (a mixture of H2, CO and some
CO2) in a gas-phase reaction over copper-based catalysts such as Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 or Cu/ZnO/Cr2O3 at
temperatures ranging from 200 to 270°C and pressures from 50 to 100 bar, according to Eq. 1.
The present methanol production capacity has been reported to be 21 million tons/years, while the actual
demand is only in the range of 12 million tons/years.6 This overcapacity is mainly due to the set-up of new
plants, where surplus natural gas is available at a very low price.14 The ready supply as well as the low raw
material costs will keep the price of methanol down in the near future. This will stimulate the demand of
methanol and will help to introduce new methanol-based processes for motor fuels as well as for basic
organic chemicals.15
The present industrial uses of methanol include the production of formaldehyde, methyl esters, methyl
amines and methyl halides. In addition, methanol and its derivatives find an increasing interest as substrates
for carbonylation and dehydration reactions, which are summarized in Scheme 1.
Scheme 1: Summary of industrial methanol conversion reactions

Some of these processes have already been used for the commercialization of acetic acid, acetic
anhydride, or methyl formate. In addition there is a variety of carbon monoxide-based reactions which
convert methanol mainly into C2 oxygenated compounds. These can potentially replace ethylene-based
routes, e.g. in the case of ethanol, acetaldehyde, vinyl acetate, and ethylene glycol. With methanol from
cheap natural gas becoming available in the near future, these processes, although uneconomic today, might
become industrially attractive.
2.2 The Transition Metal Catalyzed Carbonylation of Methanol

While the base-catalyzed carbonylation of methanol yields methyl formate, a versatile intermediate for
formic acid and formamide synthesis, the transition metal catalyzed carbonylation of methanol involves C-C
coupling, giving acetic acid derivatives as C2 oxygenates.
Figure 1: Use of acetic acid

As shown in Figure 1, acetic acid is used primarily as a raw material for vinyl acetate monomer (VAM)
and acetic anhydride synthesis, and as a solvent for purified terephthalic acid (PTA) production.16
Acetic acid is an important industrial commodity chemical, with a world demand of about 6 million tons
per year and many industrial uses. Novel acetic acid processes and catalysts have been introduced,
commercialized, and improved continuously since the 1950s. The objective of the development of new acetic
acid processes has been to reduce raw material consumption, energy requirements, and investment costs. At
present, industrial processes for the production of acetic acid are dominated by methanol carbonylation and
the oxidation of acetaldehyde or of hydrocarbons such as ethylene, n-butane, and naphtha.
Table 1: Industrial routes to acetic acid

Method Catalyst Conditions Yield
Methanol Carbonylation Rhodium orIridium complexes 180-220 °C 30-40 bar 99%

Acetaldehyde Oxidation Manganese or cobalt acetate 50-60 °C1 bar 95%

Ethylene Direct Oxidation Palladium/copper/heteropolyacid 150-160 °C 80 bar 87%
Hydrocarbon Oxidation Manganese or cobalt acetate 150-230 °C 50-60 bar 50% (n-butane) 40%
(naphtha)
Originally, acetic acid was produced by aerobic fermentation of ethanol, which is still the major process
for the production of vinegar. The first major commercial process for the production of synthetic acetic acid
was based on the oxidation of acetaldehyde. In an early process for the conversion of acetylene to
acetaldehyde, introduced in 1916 in Germany and used in China until recently, an organo-mercury compound
was used as the catalyst. The toxicity of the mercury catalyst resulted in significant environmental pollution,
and consequently, the process was essentially replaced by alternative routes. As the petrochemical industry
developed in the 1950s, the raw material for the production of acetaldehyde shifted from acetylene to
ethylene. Other processes for the production of acetic acid, introduced in the 1950s and 1960s, were based on
the oxidation of n-butane or naphtha. The major producers of acetic acid via direct oxidation of hydrocarbons
were Celanese (via n-butane) and BP (via naphtha). However, these reactions also produce significant
amounts of oxidation by-products, and their separation can be very complex and expensive.17-20
Figure 2: Acetic acid process routes

Nowadays, approximately 60 per cent of the total world acetic acid manufacturing capacity is covered by
the carbonylation of methanol. From the industrial point of view, one of the major achievements of applied
homogeneous catalysis has been the introduction of methanol-to-acetic-acid processes via the carbonylation
of methanol, which are not only highly selective, but also allow the use of methanol as a cheaper feedstock as
compared to ethylene. The carbonylation of methanol is catalysed by Group VIII transition metal complexes,
especially by rhodium, iridium, cobalt, and nickel.21-25
All methanol carbonylation processes need iodine compounds as essential co-catalysts, the reaction
proceeding via methyl iodide, which alkylates the transition metal involved. Apart from acetic acid, the
carbonylation of methanol (Eq. 2) gives also rise to the formation of methyl acetate, according to Eq. 3. In
some carbonylation processes (CativaTM), methyl acetate is also used as a solvent. The cobalt-catalysed
BASF process was introduced in the late 1950s, and the rhodium-based Monsanto process followed in the
early seventies. As it is evident from Table 2,26-28 rhodium catalysts operate at very mild conditions and
with very high selectivities, as compared to cobalt or nickel catalysts. It is therefore not surprising that most
commercial plants now use the rhodium-based Monsanto process. Meanwhile, the worldwide capacity for
acetic acid from methanol is well over 1 000 000 tons/years and is expected to increase further.16
Table 2: Acetic acid production by carbonylation of methanol

Catalyst Temperature (°C) Pressure (bar) Selectivity (%)
Rh2O3/HI 175 1-15 99
Co(OAc)2/CoI2 250 680 90
Ni(CO)4/MeI/LiOH 180 70 84
Typical side reactions of the methanol carbonylation to acetic acid (Eq. 2) are the formation of methyl
acetate, methyl formate, dimethyl ether and the water-gas shift reaction, the formation of methyl acetate (Eq.
3) being the most important one. These reactions are equilibria, which can be controlled by reaction
conditions, catalyst metals, ligands, promoters, and solvents.
2.2.1 Cobalt Catalysts

Cobalt catalysts were used in the classical BASF process. The lower activity of Co catalysts as compared

to rhodium catalysts requires a high catalyst concentration of about 0.1 M. The selectivity reaches 90%,
based on methanol. By-products are methane, acetaldehyde, ethanol and ethers. HCo(CO)4 is supposed to be
the active species, and it is formed according to Eq. 4 and 5.27
The assumption of hydrido cobalt carbonyl as the active species is in agreement with the observation that
small amounts of H2 enhance the catalytic activity. The mechanism proposed is shown in Scheme 2.27
Scheme 2: Catalytic cycle of the cobalt-catalyzed methanol carbonylation (BASF process)

The role of iodine is not restricted to the formation of alkyl iodides, which act as alkylating agents, but
also includes the cleavage of the acyl intermediate via the formation of acetyl iodide.29 Given that, in this
process, the rate depends on the carbon monoxide pressure, high pressures of 600-700 bar are required for
good conversion. Slightly lower pressures are possible in the presence of Ru, Ir, Pd, Pt, or Cu salts as
activators.30,31 Cobalt catalysts can also be used for the carbonylation of higher alcohols, such as benzyl
alcohol.32
2.2.2 Nickel Catalysts

Nickel carbonyl, as well as a variety of nickel compounds, is also catalytically active for the
carbonylation of methanol in the presence of iodine. Ni(CO)4 is formed from NiI2 according to Eq. 6.33
The hydrogen iodide formed in Eq. 6 is used to transform the alcohol into an alkyl halide, which adds
oxidatively to nickel, as described in Scheme 3.34 The resulting acetyl iodide is hydrolyzed either by water
or alcohols. Usually nickel catalysts require rather high pressure and temperature conditions.35 However,
with high methyl iodide concentrations, carbonylation occurs already under milder conditions.28 If the molar
ratio of CH3I to CH3OH is at least 1 : 10, pressures as low as 35 bar can be applied at 150°C, using
Ni(OAc)2 • 4H2O and Ph4Sn as catalyst system.36 Vapor phase carbonylation of methanol using supported
nickel metal catalysts has also been reported.37
The activity of nickel catalyst systems can be increased, and the volatility of nickel carbonyl compounds
can be lowered by the introduction of stabilizers such as phosphines, alkali metals, tin, and molybdenum.38-
42 The active catalysts are thought to be Ni(0) complexes. In the case of phosphine-containing nickel
catalysts, 14-electron species such as Ni(PR3)2 are considered as catalysts, in addition to Ni(CO)4 observed
in all cases; the concentration of the latter species is reduced by strongly coordinating ligands or enhanced by
weakly coordinating ligands.42
Scheme 3: Catalytic cycle of the nickel-catalyzed methanol carbonylation

Recent work on nickel catalyst systems shows that reaction rates and selectivities can approach those
achieved in the rhodium catalyst system. Although nickel catalysts have the advantage of being much
cheaper than rhodium and are easy to stabilize at low water concentrations, no commercialization has been
achieved to date, since Ni(CO)4 is a very toxic and volatile compound.
Mọi người hãy vào xem và hãy đọc xem nhé!
Chao moi nguoi!MInh muon gioi thieu so qua axit axetic. Minh tim duoc tren mang. Moi nguoi co the xem
chi tiet hay co the copy tuy y theo dia chi sau!
http://www.unige.ch/cyberdocuments/unine/theses2002/ThomasC/these_body.html.
Ngoai ra minh con co ca mot dia chuong trinh goi gon cua bo sach gom gan 40 tap noi ve tinh hoa hoc, vat

ly, ung dung cung nhu cac phuong phap san xuat cua hau het cac hop chat huu co do.Xem them chi tiet tai
trang web sau: http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/emrw/9783527306732/home
THE END.
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_ic
sc03/icsc0363.pdf
International Occupational Safety and Health Information Centre

ACETIC ACID ICSC: 0363
October 1997
Glacial acetic acid

Ethanoic acid
Ethylic acid
Methanecarboxylic acid
CAS No: 64-19-7 C2H4O2 / CH3COOH

RTECS No: AF1225000 Molecular mass: 60.1
UN No: 2789 (>80%)
EC No: 607-002-00-6
TYPES OF
HAZARD / ACUTE HAZARDS / SYMPTOMS PREVENTION FIRST AID / FIRE FIGHTING
EXPOSURE
Flammable. NO open flames, NO Powder, alcohol-resistant foam,

FIRE sparks, and NO smoking. water spray, carbon dioxide.
Above 39°C explosive vapour/air Above 39°C use a closed In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool
mixtures may be formed. system, ventilation, and by spraying with water.
EXPLOSION explosion-proof electrical
equipment.
EXPOSURE AVOID ALL CONTACT!
Sore throat. Cough. Burning sensation. Ventilation, local exhaust, Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position.
Headache. Dizziness. Shortness of or breathing protection. Refer for medical attention.
Inhalation breath. Laboured breathing. Symptoms
may be delayed (see Notes).
Pain. Redness. Blisters. Skin burns. Protective gloves. Remove contaminated clothes.
Protective clothing. Rinse and then wash skin with water
Skin and soap. Rinse skin with plenty of
water or shower. Refer for medical
attention.
Redness. Pain. Severe deep burns. Loss Face shield or eye First rinse with plenty of water for
of vision. protection in combination several minutes (remove contact
Eyes with breathing protection. lenses if easily possible), then take
to a doctor.

Abdominal pain. Burning sensation. Do not eat, drink, or Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce
Ingestion Diarrhoea. Shock or collapse. Sore smoke during work. vomiting. Give plenty of water to
throat. Vomiting. drink. Refer for medical attention.
SPILLAGE DISPOSAL PACKAGING & LABELLING

Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Cautiously C Symbol Do not transport with food
neutralize spilled liquid with sodium carbonate only under R: 10-35 and feedstuffs.
the responsibility of an expert. Wash away remainder with S: (1/2-)23-26-45
plenty of water. Personal protection: chemical protection Note: B
suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. UN Hazard Class: 8
UN Subsidiary Risks: 3
UN Pack Group: II
EMERGENCY RESPONSE SAFE STORAGE

Transport Emergency Card: TEC (R)-80GCF1-II Fireproof. Separated from food and feedstuffs. See
NFPA Code: H2; F2; R0 Chemical Dangers. Keep in a well-ventilated room.
IMPORTANT DATA
Physical State; Appearance Routes of exposure
COLOURLESS LIQUID, WITH PUNGENT ODOUR. The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation
of its vapour and by ingestion.
Chemical dangers
The substance is a weak acid. Reacts violently with Inhalation risk
oxidants and bases. Attacks many metals forming A harmful contamination of the air can be reached rather
flammable/explosive gas (hydrogen - see ICSC 0001). quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20°C.
Attacks some forms of plastic, rubber and coatings.
Effects of short-term exposure
Occupational exposure limits The substance and the vapour is corrosive to the eyes, the
TLV: 10 ppm as TWA, 15 ppm as STEL; (ACGIH 2004). skin and the respiratory tract. Corrosive on ingestion.
MAK: IIb (not established but data is available); (DFG Inhalation of the vapor may cause lung oedema (see
2004). Notes). The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is
indicated.
Effects of long-term or repeated exposure

Repeated or prolonged contact with skin may cause
dermatitis. The substance may have effects on the
gastrointestinal tract, resulting in digestive disorders
including pyrosis and constipation.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ENVIRONMENTAL DATA

Boiling point: 118°C The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.
Melting point: 16.7°C
Relative density (water = 1): 1.05
Solubility in water: miscible
Vapour pressure, kPa at 20°C: 1.5
Relative vapour density (air = 1): 2.1
Relative density of the vapour/air-mixture at 20°C (air = 1):

1.02
Flash point: 39°C c.c.
Auto-ignition temperature: 427°C
Explosive limits, vol% in air: 5.4-16
Octanol/water partition coefficient as log Pow: -0.31
NOTES
The symptoms of lung oedema often do not become manifest until a few hours have passed and they are aggravated by
physical effort. Rest and medical observation is therefore essential.
Immediate administration of an appropriate inhalation therapy by a doctor or a person authorized by him/her, should be
considered.
Other UN numbers: UN 2790 acetic acid solution (10-80% acetic acid); UN hazard class 8.
Card has been partly updated in October 2005. See sections Occupational Exposure Limits, Emergency Response.
IPCS Prepared in the context of cooperation between the International

International Programme on Chemical Safety and the European Commission
Programme on © IPCS 2004
Chemical Safety
LEGAL NOTICE Neither the EC nor the IPCS nor any person acting on behalf of the EC or the IPCS is responsible for the use which might be made of
this information.
http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/summary_0199-
6103090_ITM
Acetic acid demand and production continue to grow.

Publication: China Chemical Reporter Format: Online
Publication Date: 16-DEC-06 Delivery: Immediate Online Access
Full Article Title: Acetic acid demand and production continue to grow.(MARKET REPORT: Organics)
(Statistical table)(Statistical data)
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Article Excerpt
Acetic acid is an important organic chemical raw material. It is mainly used in the production of vinyl
acetate, acetic anhydride, cellulose acetate, acetates, PTA (purified terephthalic acid) and chloroacetic acid.
Its derivatives have reached several hundred varieties extensively used in of...
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...many sectors, including chemicals, light industry, textiles, pharmaceuticals, printing/dyeing, rubber,
pesticides, photographic chemicals, electronics and food processing.
The capacity acetic acid in the world was around 10.188 million t/a in 2005 and the output was 7.874 million
tons. The main methods for acetic acid production around the world include the methanol carbonylation
process, the acetaldehyde oxidation process and the butane liquid-phase oxidation process. Units using the
methanol carbonylation process accounts for 75% of the world's total capacity.
Asia has become the largest acetic acid production base in the world today. It is also the region with the most
new acetic acid units constructed in recent years.
The consumption of acetic acid in the world was around 7.874 million tons in 2005. Vinyl acetate was the
largest consumer and the consumption accounted for 42.4% of the total. The consumption proportion in PTA,
acetates and acetic anhydride was respectively 17.9%, 16.5% and 12.9%.
It is expected that the production of acetic acid will increase at an average annual rate of 3% in the next 5

years. Owing to the rapid demand growth of polyester, the output of PTA is expected to increase at an
average annual rate of 8% in the next 5 years. The growth in demand for acetates is mainly promoted by the
development of ethyl acetate and butyl acetate. Ethyl...
NOTE: All illustrations and photos have been removed from this article.
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file:///I:/Java%20va%20Axitaxetic/Web/Acetic-acid-demand-and-production.html#abstract
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetic_acid
• International Chemical Safety Card 0363
• National Pollutant Inventory - Acetic acid fact sheet

• NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
• Method for sampling and analysis
• 29 CFR 1910.1000, Table Z-1 (US Permissible exposure limits)
• Usage of acetic acid in Organic Syntheses
• Acetic acid pH and titration - freeware for data analysis, simulation and distribution diagram
generation
• Calculation of vapor pressure, liquid density, dynamic liquid viscosity, surface tension of acetic acid
v•d•e
Otologicals (S02)
Chloramphenicol - Nitrofural - Boric acid - Aluminium acetotartrate - Clioquinol - Hydrogen

Anti-infectives peroxide - Neomycin - Tetracycline - Chlorhexidine - Acetic acid - Polymyxin B - Rifamycin
- Miconazole - Gentamicin
CorticosteroidsHydrocortisone - Prednisolone - Dexamethasone - Betamethasone
Other
Lidocaine - Cocaine
otologicals
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Tai Lieu Ve Acetic Acid

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Tai Lieu Ve Acetic Acid

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SyHung2020@Gmail.

com Hanoi University Of Technology

Common Name ACETIC ACID

PRODUCT SAFETY DATA SHEET

------A. GENERAL INFORMATION------

TRADE NAME (COMMON NAME): ACETIC ACID (VARIOUS GRADES)

(X) C.A.S. NO (N/A) GENERAL PRODUCT CODE #:

CHEMICAL NAME AND/OR SYNONYM: ACETIC ACID AQUEOUS SOLUTION

FORMULA: CH3COOH + H2O

MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 60.05 (ACETIC ACID)

ADDRESS (NO., STREET. CITY. STATE AND ZIP CODE)

Tai lieu tu Internet 12/1/2009 Trang 1

CONTACT: MANAGER OF PRODUCT SAFETY

PHONE NUMBER: (201) 515-1840

LAST ISSUE DATE: SEPT. 1986

------B. FIRST AID MEASURES------

EMERGENCY PHONE NUMBER

CALL A PHYSICIAN AT ONCE.

INHALATION: REMOVE TO FRESH AIR. IF NOT BREATHING, GIVE ARTIFICIAL

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY FLUSH WITH PLENTY OF WATER FOR 15 MINUTES, WHILE

EYES: IMMEDIATELY FLUSH EYES WITH PLENTY OF WATER FOR AT LEAST 15

SEEK MEDICAL ASSISTANCE FOR INHALATION, INGESTION AND IRRITATION.

------C. HAZARDS INFORMATION------

INGESTION: SEVERE PAIN IN MOUTH, GULLET, STOMACH; POSSIBLE CIRCULATORY

SKIN: CONCENTRATED SOLUTION CAUSES SEVERE BURNS IF NOT PROMPTLY WASHED

Tai lieu tu Internet 12/1/2009 Trang 2

PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION: AIR BIOLOGICAL:

UNUSUAL CHRONIC TOXICITY: IRRITATION OF RESPIRATORY TRACT, CHRONIC

FIRE AND EXPLOSION

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE: .426 - .465 DEG C

FLAMMABLE LIMITS IN AIR (% BY VOL.) LOWER - 5.4 UPPER - 16.0

UNUSUAL FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS:

FIRE EXTINGUISHING AGENTS RECOMMENDED WATER SPRAY, FOAM, CO2 OR DRY

FIRE EXTINGUISHING AGENTS TO AVOID: WATER IN A SOLID STREAM WILL SCATTER

SPECIAL FIRE FIGHTING PRECAUTIONS:

VENTILATION: PROVIDE ADEQUATE VENTILATION TO MEET TLV/TWA REQUIREMENTS.

Tai lieu tu Internet 12/1/2009 Trang 3

MECHANICAL (GENERAL): FLOOR-MOUNTED FAN OR BLOWER. MATERIAL SHOULD

SPILL OR LEAK (ALWAYS WEAR PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - SECTION E)

SPECIAL: PRECAUTIONS/PROCEDURES/LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

------E. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT------

Tai lieu tu Internet 12/1/2009 Trang 4

EYES AND FACE

OTHER CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT

------F. PHYSICAL DATA------

BOILING POINT: 117.9 DEG. C

SPECIFIC GRAVITY (H2O=1): (LIQUID) 1.05

VAPOR DENSITY (AIR=1): 2.07

SOLUBILITY IN WATER (% BY WEIGHT): COMPLETE

VAPOR PRESSURE (mm Hg AT 20 DEG. C) (X) (PSIG) (N/A) : 11.4

EVAPORATION RATE (BUTYL ACETATE =1) (N/A) (ETHER =1)(X)

% VOLATILES BY VOLUME (AT 20 DEG. C): 100

Tai lieu tu Internet 12/1/2009 Trang 5

------G. REACTIVITY DATA------

STABILITY CONDITIONS TO AVOID

INCOMPATIBILITY (MATERIALS TO AVOID)

HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS WE WOULD EXPECT BURNING TO PRODUCE

HAZARDOUS POLYMERIZATION CONDITIONS TO AVOID

------H. HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS (MIXTURES ONLY)------

MATERIAL OR COMPONENT/C.A.S. # WT. % HAZARD DATA (SEE SECT. J)

* = PROPRIETARY - TRADE SECRET

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT: -0.17