Professional Documents
Culture Documents
=
J
j
j j
S S
1
% 100
Trong : j = doanh nghip
S = doanh s
Sj = tng doanh s ca tt c cc doanh nghip trn th trng
Ngun thng tin: T s biu th doanh s ca doanh nghip, c ly t cc bo co ni
b. Mu s l doanh s sn phNm/dch v c ly t cc bo co nghin cu th trng hay
tin tc cnh tranh.
Vic o lng th phn thng nh gi thnh qu marketing, c tnh c d dng
nhng khng nh gi c thng tin v khch hng.
3.1.2 o lng tng trng doanh s
o lng tng trng doanh s l so snh mc hay gi tr doanh s tng/gim trong
mt thi k xc nh so vi con s thi k trc. Tng trng doanh s cng c o
bng t l phn trm, cho bit mc ci thin doanh s gia hai hay nhiu thi k.
Tng trng doanh s trong giai on t (%) = [ ]
1
100
jt jt
S S
Trong : j = doanh nghip
jt
S = thay i doanh s trong giai on t so vi giai on t-1
61
1 jt
S = doanh s giai on t-1
Ngun thng tin: C t v mu s u ly t cc bo co ni b.
Vic o lng tng trng doanh s nhanh chng cho thy tnh trng hin ti ca doanh
nghip nhng khng cho bit khch hng no tng, khch hng no khng tng.
3.2 o lng trong Marketing da trn khch hng
o lng
da trn
khch hng
i
chng
Chin
lc
RFM Past
Customer
Value
LTV
Metrics
Size
Of
Wallet
Transition
Matrix
Shareof
Category
Reqt.
Shareof
Wallet
Customer
Equity
3.2.1 o lng da trn khch hng chnh
o lng vic t c khch hng
- T l t c
T l t c (%) =100*Lng khch hng tim nng t c/Lng khch hng tim
nng mc tiu
Vic t c khch hng xy ra khi khch hng mua ln u hoc mua trong thi k c
xc nh trc, biu th kh nng t c khch hng bnh qun t mt tng th. T l t
c lun c tnh cho mt nhm khch hng, c c tnh trn tng chin dch.
y l o lng quan trng nhng khng th tin hnh n l. T s ly t bo co ni
b, mu s ly t c s d liu khch hng tim nng v/hoc d liu nghin cu th trng.
- Chi ph t c
Chi ph t c ($) =Khon chi cho vic t c ($)/Lng khch hng tim nng t
c
Chi ph ny c o lng theo n v tin t, khon chi qua gi th trc tip tn km
hn qua phng tin truyn thng i chng. Php o lng ny kh theo di tng khch
hng. Thng tin t v mu s u ly t ngun ni b.
o lng hot ng khch hng: Mc tiu l qun tr s can thip ca marketing, phn b
ngun lc ph hp vi khch hng hin ti biu th th hin hiu bit hot ng khch
hng thm vo gi tr c ng th no. Yu t then cht ca m hnh o lng khch hng
chng hn l gi tr hin ti thun (NPV)
62
- H s khong cch mua trung bnh (Average interpurchase time AIT)
AIT ca mt khch hng =1/S ln ti mua k t ln u tin cho n ln ca k hin ti.
AIT c o theo thi k. y l ch s d tnh ton, hu ch trong nhng ngnh khch
hng mua thng xuyn. Thng tin c ly t bo co doanh s. Doanh nghip c th can
thip khi ch s ny ca khch hng gim.
- T l duy tr
T l duy tr (%) =100*Lng khch hng chnh lch giai on t so vi giai on t-
1/lng khch hng giai on t-1
T l duy tr trung bnh (%) =[1 (1/thi gian bnh qun khch hng cn tn ti)]
T l mt khch trung bnh (%) =1 t l duy tr trung bnh
T l duy tr trung bnh (%) =1 t l mt khch trung bnh
Thi gian bnh qun khch hng cn tn ti =[1/(1 t l duy tr trung bnh)]
T l duy tr thng xuyn, s khch hng c duy tr bt k thi im (t+n) no =S
lng khch hng t c * t l duy tr thi im (t+n)
- T l mt khch
Cho t l duy tr l 75%, mc thay i trong t l mt khch th hin vic gi khch trong
thi gian tn ti 4 nm ca khch hng. Nu thi gian tn ti trung bnh ca mt nhm khch
hng l 4 nm th t l duy tr trung bnh l 1 (1/4) =0.75 hay 75% mi nm.
Gi d c 100 khch hng nm th 1, th sau 4 nm cn khong 32 khch hng.
Lng khch nm 1: 100
Lng khch duy tr cho ti cui nm 1: 75 (0.75*100)
Lng khch duy tr cho ti cui nm 2: 56.25 (0.75*75)
Lng khch duy tr cho ti cui nm 3: 42.18 (0.75*56.25)
Lng khch duy tr cho ti cui nm 4: 31.64 (0.75*42.18)
Lng khch duy tr cho ti cui nm 4 l 31.64
=100*0.754
=Lng khch hng t c*T l duy tr nm
4
(=Lng khch hng t c*T l duy tr nm
t+n)
T l mt khch l 1 0.75 =0.25 hay 25%
- T l cn li
T l cn li giai on t (%) =100 * T l duy tr * T l cn li giai on t-1
T l ny c tnh cho tp hp khch hng, o lng xem c bao nhiu khch hng cn
li trong tp hp ban u.
63
Lng khch cn li giai on 1 =T l cn li giai on 1 * Lng khch ban u
Chng hn lng khch nm 1 l 1000
T l duy tr T l cn li Lng khch cn li
Giai on 1: 0.55 0.55 550
Giai on 2: 0.62 0.341 341
Giai on 3: 0.68 0.231 231
Giai on 4: 0.73 0.169 169
Trong :
Lng khch cn li giai on 1 =0.55 * 1000 =550
T l cn li giai on 2 =T l duy tr giai on 2 * T l cn li giai on 1
- T l duy tr d kin
Rrt =Rrc * (1-exp(-rt))
Trong :
Rrt l t l duy tr d kin cho mt giai on nh trc trong tng lai
Rrc l t l duy tr ti a
r l h s duy tr
r =(1/t) * (ln(Rrc) ln(Rrc Rrt ))
Chng hn t l duy tr thc t v t l duy tr d kin ca mt cng ty tn dng
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Period
R
e
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
r
a
t
e
(
%
)
Actual
retention rate
Predicted
retention rate
Rrc =0.95 ngha l nh qun tr tin rng t l duy tr ti a t c l 95%
T l duy tr trong giai on 9 l 80% trong khi giai on 10 l 82%.
Tham s r ca giai on 9 l (1/9)*(ln(0.95)-ln(0.95-0.8)) =0.205
Tham s r ca giai on 10 l (1/10)*(ln(0.95)-ln(0.95-0.82)) =0.198
C 2 giai on ny r khong chng 0.2
- Thi gian khch hng tn ti
64
Thi gian tn ti trung bnh = Thi gian duy tr khch hng * S giai on / N
=
T
t 1
Trong N l c khch hng, t l giai on ang xt.
Phn bit thng tin hon thin v khng hon thin v khch hng: Thng tin hon thin
khi bit c ln mua u tin v cui cng ca khch hng. Thng tin khng hon thin khi
khng bit mt trong hai hoc c ln mua u tin v cui cng ca khch hng.
Quan h khch hng: Quan h hp ng (lost-for-good) thi gian tn ti tnh t khi bt
u ti khi kt thc quan h, nh hp ng in thoi, quan h phi hp ng (always-a-share)
khi khch hng ch ng mua, nh nhng khch hng mua mt ln (mua ca hng).
- P (Ch ng)
P l xc sut mt khch hng ch ng trong ln t trong quan h phi hp ng.
P(Ch ng) = Tn
Trong , n l s ln mua trong giai on cho trc.
T l thi gian ca ln mua cui cng (c biu th bng mt phn s ca giai on quan
st)
Xem xt c lng xc sut ch ng trong nghin cu ca Reinartz, Werner and V.
Kumar (2000): On the Profitability of Long-Life Customers in a Noncontractual Setting: An
Empirical Investigation and Implications for Marketing. J ournal of Marketing. 64 (4),
October, p. 17-35.
Khch hng 1
Khch hng 2
Giai on quan st Giai on holdout
Thng 1 Thng Thng 8 Thng
Du X biu th mt ln mua ca khch hng trong thng
Tnh ton xc sut ch ng ca 2 khch hng trong 12 thng hot ng:
Khch hng 1: T =(8/12) =0.6667 and n =4
P(Active)1=(0.6667)4 =0.197
65
Khch hng 2: T =(8/12) =0.6667 and n =2
P(Active)2=(0.6667)2 =0.444
- T l ginh li
T l ginh li khch hng c tnh c trong quan h hp ng hay phi hp ng. y l
t l t c nhng khch hng mt trong thi k trc, th hin s thnh cng trong hot
ng truyn thng v nhng thay i quan trng trong sn phNm/dch v hay thay i trong
nhu cu khch hng.
3.2.2 o lng da trn khch hng i chng
- Ti tin ca khch hng
Ti tin khch hng ($) cho mt sn phNm/dch v =Sj
=
J
j 1
Trong Sj =doanh s doanh nghip j t c khch hng trng tm
j =doanh nghip
=
J
j 1
=tng doanh s tt c cc doanh nghip t c khi cung ng sn
phNm/dch v cho khch hng trng tm
Ngun thng tin ch yu t nghin cu th trng. y l php o lng cho khch hng
chnh ca t chc da trn vic cho rng h cng tiu nhiu tin cho sn phNm/dch v th
doanh thu v li nhun ca doanh nghip cng tng.
Chng hn mt ngi tiu dng c th chi trung bnh 400$ mi thng mua rau qu
mt siu th. Ti tin ca khch hng ny l 400$.
- Share of Category Requirement (SCR)
SCR (%) ca doanh nghip hay nhn hiu mt loi sn phNm/dch v = Vij /
Vij
=
I
i 1
=
I
i 1
=
J
j 1
Trong :
j =doanh nghip, V =mc mua, i =khch hng mua
=
I
i 1
=tng mc mua ca tt c khch hng i t doanh nghip j,
=
I
i 1
=
J
j 1
=tng mc mua ca tt c khch hng i t tt c doanh nghip j
T s l mc doanh s ca doanh nghip, c ly t bo co ni b. Mu s l tng mc
mua m doanh nghip t c t khch hng chnh, thng tin c ly t th trng, bng
phn phi hay nghin cu th trng (cc cuc kho st) v suy rng cho ton b ngi mua.
Evaluation: Accepted measure of customer loyalty for FMCG categories, controls for the
total volume of segments/individuals category requirements; however, does not indicate if a
high SCR customer will generate substantial revenues or profits.
66
V d:
Tng nhu cu v my
tnh b ti ca mi
khch hng
Tng lng my tnh b ti
mi khch hng mua t cng
ty ABC mi giai on
A
SCR ca mi khch hng i
vi cng ty ABC mi giai
on
B B/A
Khch hng 1 100 20 .20
Khch hng 2 1000 200 .20
Khch hng 3 1000 500 .25
Khch hng 3 c SCR cao nht. Do , ABC nn nhn ra khch hng 3 v n lc
marketing nhiu hn vo khch hng ny (gi th, qung co). Ti tin ca khch hng 3
(ct A) cng to nht.
- Share-of-Wallet (SW)
SW c nhn ca doanh nghip i vi khch hng =Sj / Sj
=
J
j 1
Trong : S =doanh s t khch hng chnh, j =doanh nghip, =tng doanh s tt c
cc doanh nghip j c c t khch hng mt loi sn phNm
=
J
j 1
Php o ny nh gi lng trung thnh ca khch hng, tuy nhin SW khng th cho bit
doanh thu v li nhun mong i tng lai t mt khch hng. T s ly t bo co ni b,
mu s ly t nghin cu th trng (kho st), c thc hin cho tng khch hng, thng
c thu thp cho mt mu i din v ngoi suy cho ton b c s ngi mua.
SW tp th (Aggregate SW ASW) (cp nhn hiu hay doanh nghip)
SW tp th ca doanh nghip (%) = SW c nhnji / lng khch hng
=
I
i 1
=
Si /
Sij
=
I
i 1 =
I
i 1
=
J
j 1
Trong S =doanh s t khch hng chnh, j =doanh nghip, i =khch hng
y l php o lng lng trung thnh quan trng. T s ly t bo co ni b, t s ly
t th trng v bng phn phi, hay nghin cu th trng v suy cho ton b ngi mua.
- ng dng ca SCR v SW
SCR p dng cho nhng sn phNm/dch v m s chnh lch trong chi tiu ca khch
hng tng i nh. SW p dng khi s chnh lch trong chi tiu ca khch hng tng i
cao. Vi cng mt SW th ti tin khc nhau s th hin s thu ht khch hng khc nhau. V
d :
67
SW Ti tin Chi cho doanh nghip
Ngi mua 1 50% $400 $200
Ngi mua 2 50% $50 $25
S thu ht ngi mua 1 gp 8 ln ngi mua 2
Phn on khch hng theo SW v Ti tin
Ma trn ch ra nhng chin lc nn p dng cho nhng phn on khch hng khc
nhau. Doanh nghip ra quyt nh phn b ngun lc ti u ch da trn phn on khch
hng theo c hai tiu ch trn.
High
Nh Ti ti Ln
SW
Thp
n
Nm gi
Khng
lm g c
Hng n
bn thm
Duy tr v bo
v
- SW v MS
MS ca doanh nghip = (SWi * Ti tin) /
Sj
=
I
i 1 =
J
j 1
Trong : S =doanh s t khch hng chnh, j =doanh nghip, i =khch hng
S khc nhau gia SW v MS: MS c tnh ton thng qua c ngi mua v ngi
khng mua cn SW c tnh ch da trn ngi mua. MS c o lng da trn % v c
th da trn n v, $ hay n v tng ng (gram, ounce).
V d: BINGO c 5000 khch hng vi chi tiu trung bnh ca h ti BINGO l 150$ mi
thng (=SW*ti tin). Tng doanh s tp ha l 5000000$ mi thng. MS ca BINGO l
(50000*150$)/5000000$ =15%
Ma trn chuyn i
Mua ln sau
A B C
A 70% 20% 10%
Mua hin ti
B 10% 80% 10%
68
C 25% 15% 60%
Xc sut khch hng nhn hiu A chuyn i sang nhn hiu B sau quay li vi nhn
hiu A 2 ln mua sau l 20% * 10% =2%. Nu trung bnh mt khch hng mua 2 ln trong
mt thi k, 2 ln mua c th l AA, AB, AC, BA, BB, BC, CA, CB, hoc CC. Chng ta c
th c tnh xc sut ny nu bit nhn hiu khch hng mua ln cui.
3.2.3 o lng da trn khch hng chin lc
- RFM
RFM c tnh mi, thng xuyn, th hin gi tr tin t ca d liu lch s. Trong tnh
mi th hin thi gian k t ln giao dch cui ca khch hng vi doanh nghip. Tnh thng
xuyn th hin mc thng xuyn ca giao dch khch hng vi doanh nghip trong mt
khong thi gian xc nh. Gi tr tin t l khon chi ph m khch hng tiu cho mt giao
dch trung bnh. RFM gip theo di hnh vi khch hng qua thi gian trong mt khong
khng gian xc nh.
C hai phng php thng thng c tnh RFM:
Phng php 1: Sp xp d liu khch hng da trn RFM, nhm v phn tch kt qu.
V d:
C s khch hng: 400000 khch hng
C mu: 40000 khch hng
Chin dch marketing ca cng ty: Phiu chit khu 150$
T l phn hi: 808 khch hng (2,02%)
Recency coding: Phn tch
Kim tra nhm 40000 khch hng, sp xp theo th t gim dn da trn tiu ch ngy
mua gn nht. Nhng ngi mua sm nht phn u v tr nht phn cui. D liu c
sp xp thnh 5 nhm bng nhau (20% mi nhm). Cc nhm ny c m ha theo th t t
1 n 5 (1 tng ng vi nhm u v 5 tng ng vi nhm cui). Phn tch d liu phn
hi ca khch hng ch ra rng chin dch mailer c nhm m ha 1 v 2 hng ng nhiu
nht.
69
th m t phn trm khch hng p li gim dn v recency t nhm 1 ti nhm 5. T
l phn hi chin dch cao nht (4,5%) thuc v nhm mua sm nht (c m ha thnh 1).
Recency Vs. Response
4.50%
2.80%
1.50%
1.05%
0.25%
0.00%
1.00%
2.00%
3.00%
4.00%
5.00%
1 2 3 4 5
Recency Code (1 - 5)
C
u
s
t
o
m
e
r
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
%
Response %
Frequency Vs. Response
2.45%
2.22%
2.08%
1.67% 1.68%
0.00%
0.50%
1.00%
1.50%
2.00%
2.50%
3.00%
1 2 3 4 5
Frequency Code 1-5
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
R
a
t
e
%
Response %
Biu m t phn trm khch hng phn hi li chin dch t nhm 1 cho ti nhm 5. T
l phn hi cao nht (2,45%) thuc v nhng khch hng trong nhm c t l thng xuyn
cao nht (c m ha thnh 1).
70
, mt ngi tiu nhiu hn (M
cao
m bng nhau (mi nhm 1600 ngi). Sau , s c cc m ha RF
bt u i c xp da trn gi tr tin
t v FM khi c m ha thnh 111 ti 555.
Xem mi m ha RFM l mt cell ta s c 125 cell (5 chia theo recency * 5 chia theo tnh
th tin t =124 m ha RFM).
n nh k thut hi quy. i lng quan h
d g t hng. Nhng i lng R, F, M trc da
trn m iu m cng cao th khch
hn
a mt khch hng =
Trong i = i din cho khch hng
= it khu ng
Monetary Value Vs. Response
2.35%
2.50%
2.05%
1.95%
1.90%
1.85%
0.50%
1.00%
1.50%
2.00%
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
R
a
t
e
0.00%
1 2 3 4 5
Monetary Val ue Code (1-5)
D liu khch hng c xp, nhm v m ha vi gi tr t 1 n 5. Nhm c t l phn
hi chin dch cao nht (2,35%) l nhm c gi tr tin t cao nht (c m ha thnh 1).
Hn ch: Phng php ny lin kt d liu c lp ca khch hng v gi tr R, F v M
sau nhm khch hng thnh m ha RFM c th. C th s lng khch hng mi nhm
RFM khng bng nhau t c s tng quan. Chng hn
%
Response %
) cng thng mua thng xuyn hn (F cao).
Trong thc tin, ngi ta lun mong t c chnh xc lng c nhn ngang nhau mi
RFM. Chng hn, sp xp RFM phi lit k 40000 khch hng theo Recency vo 5 nhm
bng nhau trc (mi nhm 8000 ngi). 8000 khch hng mi nhm sau li c xp
theo Frequency vo 5 nh
t 11 ti 55 vi mi nhm. Cui cng, mi nhm RF l
o 5 nhm (mi nhm 320 khch hng). R
ng xuyn * 5 chia theo gi tr
Phng php 2: c tnh R, F v M lin qua
c n nh im cng dn ca mi khch
u tra c dng quy im RFM ca mi khch hng. i
g cng sinh li trong tng lai. Phng php ny phc tp, c th c tnh ton linh ng
ty dng doanh nghip.
- Gi tr khch hng qu kh (past customer value)
PCV o kh nng sinh li ca khch hng:
PCV c
=
+
n
n
n
in
r GC
1
) 1 ( *
con s
r t l ch c p d
71
n = ian tnh t c ln mua hi i
ng thi im khc nhau sut thi gian ngi
mu
da trn ch s ny l khng bit khi no khch hng s mua
tron
g 3 Thng 4 Thng 5
thi g ln mua tr n n t
K t khi sn phNm/dch v c bn ti nh
a cn l khch hng, mi giao dch phi c iu chnh theo gi tr tin t.
Hn ch ca php o lng
g tng lai nn khng kt hp c chi ph mong i ca vic duy tr khch hng trong
tng lai.
V d:
Thng 1 Thng 2 Thn
Khon chi ($) 800 50 50 30 20
Phn gp-GC 240 15 15 9 6
Gross contribution-GC =Khon mua x 0,3
PCV = 6(1+0,0125) + 9(1+0,0125)^2 + 15(1+0,0125)^3 + 15(1+0,0125)^4 +
240(1+0,0125)^5 =302,01486
Khch hng trn ng gi 302,01 $, th hin gi tr hin ti thun thng 5. Bng php so
snh im ny trong tp hp nhng khch hng n ngi ta c nhng n lc marketing
trc tip tt hn tng lai.
- o lng LTV (m hnh gi tr hin ti thun)
y gip nh gi gi tr ca khch hng vi doanh nghip ti nhiu thi im o lng n
Doanh thu
nh k
Contribution
margin
Chi ph nh
k
Thi gian
tn ti ca
KH
Lifetime Profit
Chi ph thu
tm
LTV
T l chit
khu
Tnh LTV:
*
t
T
t
t
CM LTV
=
TV =lifetime value
CM =contribution margins
=t l li
+
=
1
1
1
Trong L
t =n v thi gian
=tng CM qua thi gian
72
L n gi tr ca khch hng c nhn vi doanh nghip. TV th hi
gu n th a khch hng. T l li, mt chc
nn
khch hng qua v b gii hn do gi tr chNn on v cc quyt nh marketing
trong tng lai.
*
N ng tin: CM v t ly t d liu mua thc t c
g trong chi ph vn, c th ly b phn k ton ti chnh. Php o lng ny da trn
hnh vi
t
T
t
+
1
1
it it it
MC DC S LTV
=
=
1
) (
ro g n ti ca khch hng i
trc tip c khch hng I mua
eting cho khch hng i
chi ph marketing t cc ti liu
ni b.
T n LTV =gi tr hi
S =mc bn cho khch hng i
DC =chi ph sn phNm
MC =chi ph mark
Ngun thng tin: Thng tin v mc bn, chi ph trc tip,
AC CM Rr LTV
t
T
t
it
T
t
1
=
1
= = 1 1
sn phNm vi t l duy tr trong giai on t 1 ti R
AC =chi ph thu tm
T =tng thi gian
Trong LTV =gi tr hin ti ca khch hng
Rr =t l duy tr
=
Gi s rng T v CM khng thay i theo thi gian.
AC
Rr
CM
LTV =
i
+ 1
h o ny th h khch hng i vi mt doanh nghip, th
hin c th nh nhng n lc qun tr khch hng
ca doanh nghip:
- Customer equity
P p in tng gi tr hin ti ca
cng ty ng gi th no ti mt thi im
t
T
t
it
I
i
CM CE
= =
+
=
1 1
1
1
Cng c th thy s lin kt vi gi tr c ng ca doanh nghip.
Customer equity share:
=
k
CE CEj CESj /
Trong CE =customer equity
j =nhn hiu ang xem xt
k =tt c cc nhn hiu
73
V d:
15006 Total
customer
equity
1179 9 16 131 0.131 0.85 20 36 0.3 120 4
1683 11 16 153 0.153 0.82 20 36 0.3 120 3
2244 12 16 187 0.187 0.75 20 36 0.3 120 2
3500 14 16 250 0.25 0.63 20 36 0.3 120 1
6400 16 16 400 0.4 0.4 20 36 0.3 120 0
11.
Total
Disctd.
Profits per
Period to
the
Manufactu
-rer
10.
Discounted
Profit per
Customer
per Period
to
Manufactu-
rer
9
Profit per
Customer
per
period
per Manu-
facturer
8.
Expected
Number
of
Active
Customer
7.
Survival
Rate
6.
Actual
Retention
Rate
5.
Mktg and
Servicing
Costs
4.
Manufac-
turer
Gross
Margin
3.
Manufa-
cturer
Margin
2
Sales per
Customer
1
Year
from
Acquis-
ition
74
Chng 4: S DNG C S D LIU KHCH HNG
4.1 C s d liu khch hng
4.1.1 Phn bit d liu vi thng tin
Trong nhng thp k trc y, cc doanh nghip tn km rt nhiu chi ph cho nhng
nghin cu v khch hng nhng kt qu cng ch l nhng hiu bit s si v khch hng.
Thng tin v khch hng ngy nay tr nn d dng thu thp. Ngun d liu th cp c th
c c qua nhng bo co v nhn khNu hc nhng khu vc a l c th m khng tn
nhiu chi ph. Doanh nghip cng c th mua nhng phn mm d liu phc tp vi mc gi
hp l. Do , vn l doanh nghip cn thng tin no ch khng phi l lm th no c
c thng tin.
D liu v thng tin u cung cp khi lng kin thc ln v khch hng. t hiu
qu, cn s dng c hai yu t i lin nhau.
D liu
D liu bao gm mi th c th i km vi s liu. Do , d liu khng gip pht hin ra
nhng xu hng ch o trong vic kinh doanh. Mun tm ra khuynh hng cn phi bit so
snh d liu gia cc mc thi gian.
D liu khch hng l bt k c s lp lun no v khch hng ca doanh nghip hoc
nhng khch hng m doanh nghip c th nh km mt con s vo . D liu thng l v
thu nhp, s nm l khch hng, mc mua sm bnh qun, trnh hc vn, tui, s tr con
trong gia nh, m vng
Thng tin
D liu thng d thu thp nn doanh nghip thng mc phi vn l c qu nhiu d
liu v khch hng m li c t c s quyt nh. Nn cn chuyn d liu thnh thng tin.
Thng tin l iu cn b sung d liu v khch hng, tr li cho nhng cu hi ti sao v
nh th no. Thng tin lm d liu tr nn c ngha.
Thng tin v khch hng gip doanh nghip a ra nhng quyt nh quan trng v vic
sp xp t chc li cng vic kinh doanh, nhng dch v cung cp cho khch hng, nghin
cu th trng v nhng chin lc khc. Thng tin cho bit khch hng cn v mun g hay
cho ta mt ci nhn tng qut v cm tng ca khch hng v mt lnh vc kinh doanh c
th.
Doanh nghip c th t tin hnh nghin cu th trng lin kt nhng thng tin c bn
v khch hng. Trng hp ny d gp ri ro khi doanh nghip khng t ng cu hi hoc
t cu hi d gy hiu lm, dn n c cu tr li sai. Khi cn t hng cho mt cng ty
chuyn nghin cu th trng c c cu tr li chnh xc v nhng phn tch chuyn su.
Xc nh d liu v thng tin
75
xc nh d liu v thng tin cn thit, doanh nghip cn xc nh mnh mun bit
iu g v khch hng ca mnh. Bn cnh , cn bit d liu no s ch ra phng hng
nh gi ng. Vi d liu c cn tm cu tr li cho cu hi ti sao nhng con s li
nh vy, t doanh nghip s bit cn tp hp thng tin g.
4.1.2 Phn tch c s d liu khch hng
C s d liu
C s d liu l ni lu tr d liu cho php tham kho nhng s liu cn tm mt cch
nhanh chng, cho php rt ra nhng tp hp con t nhng s liu thng xuyn. C s d
liu thng c lu tr trong my tnh, thng khng cha thng tin.
Phn loi c s d liu
Phn loi da trn chc nng kinh doanh chnh, c c s d liu gip qun tr vic vn
hnh v c s d liu h tr cc hot ng ra quyt nh. Cc cch phn loi khc l theo
thng tin cha trong c s d liu (c s d liu khch hng, c s d liu khch hng tim
nng, c s d liu cm, c s d liu nng cp), da trn bn cht ca hot ng marketing
(c s d liu tnh v ng), da trn cng ngh c s d liu s dng (c s d liu th bc,
c s d liu o, c s d liu c lin h).
Da trn thng tin cha trong c s d liu
C s d liu khch hng
C s d liu khch hng l d liu v khch hng cn giao dch v khch hng khng
cn giao dch. Vi khch hng cn giao dch, d liu thng gm:
- Thng tin c bn (thng tin c nhn): y l d liu gip xc nh khch hng (tn), c
th thay i nh a ch, m vng, s in thoi nn cn c cp nht thng xuyn.
- c im nhn khNu: y l thng tin t thay i theo thi gian nh tui, gii tnh, tnh
trng hn nhn, trnh gio dc, thu nhp, s ngi trong gia nh
- Hnh vi: Tn sut mua, khon chi tiu, thay i v loi hng mua
- Thi : D liu ny thng kh thu thp, lng ha, l nhng cm xc, nhn xt khen
ch ca khch hng nh khch hng thch iu g nht v doanh nghip, h mong mun
iu g
- Yu t tc ng n quyt nh giao dch: Yu t thuc v doanh nghip nh cht lng
sn phNm, gi, chng loi sn phNm, dch v khch hng, mi quan h lu di v yu t
thuc pha khch hng nh kt hn, ngh hu, truy cp internet
Cn thu thp d liu v khch hng khng cn giao dch na nhm c bin php khc
phc, c nhng tng tc thch hp thu ht khch hng quay li. Vi nhng khch hng ny,
ngoi thng tin c bn, c im nhn khNu, d liu cn thu thp gm:
76
- Hnh vi: c im hnh vi mua sm ca khch hng trc y, khon chi ph ca h
cho doanh nghip.
- Thi gian giao dch: Thi gian khch hng tng giao dch vi doanh nghip, h
khng cn giao dch bao lu.
- Cch thc trc y doanh nghip t c khch hng.
- L do khch hng thi giao dch vi doanh nghip.
C s d liu khch hng tim nng
Khch hng tim nng c h s tng t khch hng hin ti. Sn phNm c phn bit
ca doanh nghip phi p ng nhu cu c th ca khch hng tim nng. Chng hn:
- The InfoBaseR list: Cung cp mt ngun d liu ngi tiu dng sn c gm 111
triu h gia nh v 176 triu c nhn cho thu.
- Harris Selectory Online: Mt c s d liu khch hng tim nng t b phn D&B
gip cng ty tm c khch hng mi hiu rng chng ang pht trin, tng tc
vi ngi ra quyt nh v nhng c hi.
C s d liu cm: Cm c xc nh da trn cc nhm nghin cu nhn khNu, nhm
c cu trc, li sng ging nhau. Chng hn c s d liu ca Prizm phn on vng ln cn
US. thnh 62 vng ring bit. Mi c s d liu ca Prizm c phn nhm, mi nhm c
nhiu cm:
- S1 (Ngoi Elite) 5 cm vi nhng ngi giu nht nc
- U1 (Khu ph trn thnh th) nhng cm vi c ch hnh php tt, chuyn nghip
- C1 (Thng lu thnh ph) 3 cm to nn tng lp thng lu nhng thnh ph
loi 2 ca M
- T1 (Qu tc a ch nh) nhng cm gm nhng gia nh a thu nhp, c tr em
trong tui n trng vi nn gio dc tt, chuyn nghip
Hay nh tp ch Globe and Mail ca Canada to c s d liu marketing ca nhng ngi
mua di hn tim nng, nng cao d liu khch hng hin ti nh Compusearch cung cp. Tp
ch s dng c s d liu cm, nhng khch hng mc tiu trong c s d liu tim nng ri
gi nhng cung ng ca mnh cho khch hng tim nng c d liu nhn khNu ging khch
hng hin ti
C s d liu nng cp
C s d liu nng cp c s dng b sung thng tin v khch hng v khch hng
tim nng. Vic nng cp c th bao gm d liu v nhn khNu v tm l, lch s giao dch, s
thay i a ch, mc thu nhp, yu t c nhn, chng loi sn phNm mi mua gn nht
Chng hn mt doanh nghip kinh doanh hng tiu dng c th s dng d liu ny t
77
c mc tiu qung co, cc chin dch marketing, m rng nhn hiu, ci thin vic thu
tm v duy tr khch hng, tng kh nng sinh li.
Da trn bn cht hot ng marketing
C s d liu tnh (Passive database): y l mt danh sch a ch lin lc ca khch
hng ch lu tr cc thng tin v nhng khch hng c m khng h c cp nht, i
mi, b sung. Nhng n lc marketing ca doanh nghip trong tng lai ch hng n cc
khch hng trong danh sch ny m thi.
C s d liu ng (Active database): Thng xuyn c b sung, cp nht, i mi qua
tng hot ng quan h khch hng, tng tc vi khch hng.
Da trn cng ngh c s d liu
C s d liu th bc: y l tp hp tt c cc thng tin gn lin vi khch hng trong
mt h s chuyn bit, hu ch khi cn truy vn chuNn xc, thng xuyn vi tc cao. C
s d liu th bc thch hp trong ngnh ngn hng, hng khng v khch sn.
C s d liu o ngc: Thch hp cho cc ng dng marketing trc tip, c tc v
s linh hot p ng c nhng cu hi bt ng. Vic thm thnh t mi vo mt c s d
liu o ngc l d dng v thng tin cn c cp nht thng xuyn.
C s d liu c quan h: y l c s d liu linh hot nht nhng c tc chm hn
(nh Oracle, SQL server, Microsoft Access). Ngi s dng c th to ra nhng truy vn
ly thng tin t nhng bng ny v t hp li.
Li ch ca c s d liu khch hng
C s d liu khch hng m bo marketing vn hnh c hiu qu, tng kh nng ca
doanh nghip trong vic:
- Thc thi phn on th trng c li: C s d liu cho php ngi lm marketing
phn tch cc khch hng v phn loi khch hng thnh nhng nhm khc nhau
trin khai nhng chng trnh marketing mt cch c hiu qu.
- Gi khch hng v khuyn khch mua lp li: C s d liu gip doanh nghip hiu
khch hng v nhng nhn tt chnh nh hng n s hi lng khch hng, t c
th xc nh c cc chng trnh marketing, quan h khch hng nhm to lng
trung thnh cho h, p ng tt hn cc nhu cu ca h vi chi ph thp nht.
- Nhm n nhng khch hng sinh li tim nng: Khch hng sinh li tim nng l
nhng khch hng hin ti m da trn c s d liu khch hng doanh nghip c th
nhn ra u l khch hng c gi tr tim nng nht t c chnh sch quan h khch
hng ph hp.
4.2 Qun l c s d liu
Xc nh cch thc qun l
78
Trc khi doanh nghip chn mt h thng c s d liu, ni chn, cch thc lu tr d
liu v trc khi tin hnh thu thp thng tin cn thit v khch hng, doanh nghip cn xc
nh cch thc qun l d liu. Nhng iu cn xc nh gm:
- Ngi chu trch nhim bo co, cho php truy cp, quyt nh ni dung: Ngi gc
cng ny s quyt nh cn em thng tin no vo c s d liu khch hng, thng
tin no c th cung cp cho nhng nhn vin khc v chu trch nhim thng tin c
s dng ng mc ch.
- Mc hiu bit ca nhn vin v vic s dng thng tin: Khng nn cung cp thng
tin chi tit cho qu nhiu ngi, s nh hng khng tt n chin lc kinh doanh
ca doanh nghip. Nhn vin ch cn nhn c phn tch hp l c th gii p
thc mc ca nhng khch hng hiu k t thc Ny khch hng cung cp thng tin.
- Cch thc chia s thng tin trong doanh nghip: Ch nn chia s thng tin khi thng
tin c th c thu thp d dng hoc c i th cnh tranh cng b. Doanh
nghip cng cn tn trng mi quan h gia nhn vin bn hng v khch hng v
thng tin v khch hng cho nhn vin bn hng nhng tng phc v khch
hng tt hn. Ngoi ra gim tit l thng tin do nhn vin bn hng thu thp c s
trnh cho nhn vin nguy c b ng nghip li dng hay ph hoi ngm trong doanh
nghip.
Trong doanh nghip, thng tin v khch hng cn phi chnh xc v tn, a ch, s
in thoi. l iu quan trng m nhn vin cn lu . Tn khch hng cn c
pht m ng km nhng t xng h tn trng (anh/ch). Mt s iu nhy cm
cng cn c chia s l cch thc thanh ton trc y ca khch hng, thi gian
khch hng giao dch vi doanh nghip, loi giao dch h thng thc hin, giao dch
gn nht, nhng phn nn ca khch hng. Tuy nhin, nhng d liu v tui, mc thu
nhp, tnh trng hn nhn, con ci, trnh hc vn, thi ca khch hng khng
phi ai cng nn bit.
- Cch thc m bo vic s dng thng tin hp php, hp l: Doanh nghip ch c
s dng thng tin thu thp trc tip t khch hng cho mt mc ch duy nht l tr
chuyn vi khch hng, khng c bn cho cng ty khc hoc s dng cho mc ch
khc tr khi c s ng ca khch hng. Nu doanh nghip tht bi trong vic
nh gi v s dng thng tin, h s b i th tn cng. Bn cnh cng cn m
bo khch hng cm thy thoi mi khi chia s thng tin ca mnh, nu h cm thy b
xm phm tt s gy chia r trong mi quan h vi khch hng. Doanh nghip cng
khng nn ph trng thng tin m mnh bit, nu khng khch hng s cm thy
79
mnh khng c tn trng s ring t khi nhng nhn vin h cha tng gp li bit
r v vic giao dch ca mnh.
S dng c s d liu
Trong quan h khch hng, c s d liu c s dng nhm:
- Xc nh nhng khch hng sinh li nht
- Thu ht cc khch hng c gi tr tim nng
- Gi cc thng ip c nhn ha c lin quan n sn phNm/dch v
- Gi cc thng ip cho nhng khch hng sau khi mua cng c
- Cross-selling
- m bo hiu qu trong giao tip vi khch hng
- Ci thin kt qu xc tin nh nh hng ng
- C nhn ha dch v khch hng
- t c s giao tip kn o vi khch hng
Trong cc hot ng khc, c s d liu c s dng nhm:
- nh gi s iu chnh cc chnh sch marketing hin ti
- Duy tr gi tr thng hiu
- Gia tng tnh hiu lc v n tng ca cc knh phn phi
- Thc hin nghin cu sn phNm v th trng
- Tch hp cc chng trnh marketing
- To ra mt ngun lc qun tr mi c gi tr
80
Chng V: CRM CHIN LC V D N CRM
5.1 CRM chin lc
5.1.1 Cc hot ng ca CRM chin lc
Cc mc ca CRM
Mc thc dng: CRM l tp hp cc qu trnh thc thi cc chc nng marketing nh t
ng ha lc lng bn (SFA) hay qun tr chin dch.
Mc giao tip khch hng: CRM l tp hp cc hot ng thng qua tt c cc knh
tip xc. Thng tin khch hng thu thp c sn sng cho tt c cc chc nng giao tip
khch hng.
Mc t chc CRM chin lc: CRM l tch hp cc hot ng, h thng giao tip v
khng giao tip khch hng ca t chc (front-end/back-end) cng nh nhiu i tng khc
lin quan ti t chc. mc ny, CRM cung cp nhng hiu bit v khch hng, th hiu
ca h. Nhng thng tin c s dng cho ton b t chc.
CRM chin lc
CRM chin lc thnh cng l tp hp phc tp nhng hot ng to nn nn tng cho li
th cnh tranh bn vng, kh bt chc. CRM chin lc nh hnh tng tc gia khch
hng v doanh nghip nhm cc i ha LTV ca khch hng. CRM chin lc cng nhn ra
nhng khc bit gia cc khch hng v gi tr kinh t cng nh mong i ca h i vi
doanh nghip.
Cc hot ng ca CRM chin lc
nh hng qun tr khch hng
Vic nh hng qun tr khch hng l mt tp hp cc gi tr, nim tin v cc hnh ng
c tnh chin lc ca t chc, cho php thc thi cc nguyn tc ca qun tr khch hng.
Trong CRM chin lc, vic nh hng qun tr khch hng c c trng bi nim tin v
cam kt khch hng l trung tm ca nhng nh qun tr cp cao. Doanh nghip cn nhn thc
rng cc khch hng khc nhau c gi tr i vi doanh nghip v nhu cu cng khc nhau.
Do , hot ng nh hng phi th hin s sn sng i x vi cc khch hng khc nhau
theo nhng cch khc nhau v phi xem xt trn quan im di hn v thu nhp t khch
hng.
Chng hn vi m hnh kinh doanh CRM ca Capital One (thuc Falls Church, Virginia)
mt trong nhng tp on ti chnh pht trin nhanh nht nc M, c sng lp vo nm
1988. M hnh kinh doanh ca Capital One da trn c s rng mi khch hng mang li ri
ro tn dng v li nhun tim nng c trng, duy nht. Doanh nghip cng hiu, nh gi ri
ro ca tng khch hng tt th cng d qun tr ri ro . Hn na, cng hiu khch hng,
doanh nghip cng d ty bin sn phNm theo nhu cu ca h. Nh ri ro cng gim,
81
doanh nghip cng c n p cao v khch hng cng hi lng. Bn cnh nh gi ri ro
tn dng ca tng khch hng, vic qun tr v nh gi nhn vin cng ng vai tr quan
trng trong vic duy tr khch hng v o lng kh nng sinh li ca h.
Hi nhp v lin kt cc qu trnh t chc
Trong hot ng ny, doanh nghip cn thit lp v ng b ha cc qu trnh, h thng
v h thng thng pht cho php thc thi cc nguyn tc qun tr khch hng. Nhu cu ca
khch hng cng cn c kt hp cht ch vi mc tiu ca doanh nghip trong cung ng
sn phNm v dch v. Doanh nghip c gii hn v ngun lc nn ch p ng nhng khch
hng c gi tr (tc nhng khch hng m nhu cu ca h mang li gi tr cho doanh nghip)
bi theo quan im quan h khch hng hin i, c nhng i hi ca khch hng c th
mang li rc ri cho khch hng, doanh nghip hay bn th ba.
Hot ng hi nhp v lin kt cc qu trnh t chc c c trng bi s hiu bit gi
tr ca cc khch hng trng im, y l ng lc cho tt c cc qu trnh. Tng qu trnh
hot ng trong s ng b vi mc tiu chung l thu ht v gn gi cc khch hng trng
im. Cc qu trnh c thit lp sao cho nhng phn hi c thu thp v nhng kch thch
ph hp vi qun tr khch hng s nh hng cho cc nhn vin cng nh mc tiu ca t
chc.
Tr li vi trng hp ca Capital One v lin kt chc nng ni b, Capital One xem
vic lin kt mnh m qu trnh t chc vi chin lc tp trung vo khch hng l xng
sng cho thnh cng ca CRM. B phn vn hnh hp tc cht ch vi b phn marketing v
phn tch trong qu trnh gii thiu sn phNm mi. Thng tin v khch hng ca Capital One
cng c thu thp khng ch b phn tip xc trc tip vi khch hng m cn c t b
phn khng tip xc trc tip. Thng tin t b phn vn hnh c dng hon thin m
hnh NPV phc v cho nhng mc tiu nh ra quyt nh.
Nm bt thng tin v sp xp v cng ngh
Hot ng ny bao gm tt c cc quy trnh v cng ngh cn thit thu thp, lu tr v
x l thng tin v khch hng, c c trng bi kh nng chuyn i cc d liu thnh cc
thng tin hu ch cho vic ra quyt nh v hnh ng. Vic nm bt thng tin s gip cc qu
trnh qun tr khch hng hu hiu hn. Da trn nhng thng tin c c, doanh nghip c
th t c li th cnh tranh nh c nhng tng t c nhng hnh ng ph hp.
Thc thi CRM chin lc
Vic thc thi CRM chin lc gm cc hot ng v qu trnh to nn CRM phn tch,
CRM tc nghip. CRM chin lc hiu qu c trng bi kh nng hiu gi tr ca khch
hng i vi doanh nghip, s a dng trong nhu cu ca h. Da trn hiu bit v khch
82
hng, s phn bit v gi tr, nhu cu ca khch hng, doanh nghip c nhng iu chnh lin
tc cung ng ca mnh nhm thu ht v gi chn khch hng.
Xem xt vic kim tra sn phNm mi ca Capital One. H bit c im no d bo c
ri ro ca khch hng t c iu chnh cung ng ph hp. Vic cp tn dng cao cho khch
hng khin khch hng mang li ri ro cao hn v Capital One nhn ra iu . T l phn hi
v hnh vi s dng th trong nhng thng u tin c theo di cNn thn . Ngay khi c kt
qu kim tra r rng, kh nng tn ti ca sn phNm mi c nh gi v sn phNm c ty
bin theo s ng khi s pht trin sn phNm da trn d liu khch hng, phn hi. Kt qu
kim tra c tch hp vo c s d liu, c s dng li cho vic pht trin tng v thit
k sn phNm.
5.1.2 Cc bc hnh thnh CRM chin lc
Bc 1: t c cam kt
Nhng nh qun tr cp cao cng nh nhn vin tha hnh cn cam kt, m bo ngun
lc thng tin mi b phn trong t chc cng thc hin cam kt . Cc nhm d n nhit
tnh cng hin c vai tr rt quan trng trong thnh cng ca CRM chin lc. Doanh nghip
cng cn phn b ngn sch cho gii php tng th.
Bc 2: T chc cc nhm d n CRM
Vic t chc cc nhm d n CRM cn c s tham gia ca:
- Ban lnh o vi nhim v iu hnh, thc Ny v gim st
- Cc nhn vin k thut/dch v thng tin nhm m bo cho h thng CRM tng
thch vi cc phn mm ng dng hin ti
- Cc nhm bn hng, marketing v dch v: Gip nh gi tnh hu dng ca h thng
CRM da vo tnh hiu lc, hiu qu v mc hi lng.
- B phn ti chnh: Tin hnh nhng phn tch quan trng nh gi nng sut bn,
chi ph hot ng, chi ph m rng h thng v d on ROI.
- Cc chuyn gia CRM bn ngoi: Cung cp ngun thng tin khch quan v nhng phn
hi c gi tr.
Bc 3: Phn tch cc i hi kinh doanh
Doanh nghip cn thu thp thng tin xc nh cc sn phNm v dch v ang c h
tr, phc tho cc s cng vic hin ti, cc giao tip v s ph thuc ni b. K n xem
xt cng ngh hin ti, cc c im v nng lc ca mnh quyt nh c u t hay khng.
Cc quan im kinh doanh v k hoch tc nghip cn c tho lun t xc nh nhng
i hi kinh doanh.
Sau khi xc nh nhng i hi kinh doanh, s cng vic v cc quy trnh mi phi
c thit lp, xc nh nhng sai lch v cng ngh, phc tho hot ng ca cc quy trnh
83
t pht trin cng ngh mi v khung hng dn vn hnh, thit lp cc khi nim v k
hoch mu.
Bc 4: Xc nh CRM chin lc
Mt CRM chin lc bao gm:
- Xc nh nhng gi tr lin quan n khch hng: Khch hng tri nghim v sn
phNm, gi, dch v, qu trnh, truyn thng v tng tc trong quan h vi doanh
nghip. xc nh gi tr cn nhn mnh iu g l gi tr vi khch hng (iu
doanh nghip nn tp trung), doanh nghip ni g vi khch hng v sn phNm/dch v
mnh cung ng v xc nh thc s doanh nghip cung ng g cho h.
- Nhng yu cu kinh doanh: y l s kt ni trc tip vic cung ng gi tr khch
hng vi s sng to gi tr cho c ng, m bo ROI chp nhn c. Cn ch
vic hoch nh s gia tng gi tr kinh t ca cc khch hng theo qu trnh quan h
ca h vi doanh nghip, khai thc nh hng ca s gii thiu ca khch hng hi
lng n vic t c khch hng mi, nh hng ca vic gim chi ph thng qua
hiu qu ca marketing cao hn v cc sn phNm/dch v c hon thin.
- Chin lc khch hng: Chin lc khch hng xc nh cch thc doanh nghip s
thit lp v qun tr danh mc khch hng. Chin lc khch hng bao gm s hiu
bit khch hng (hnh thnh mong i ca khch hng), bi cnh cnh tranh (s hiu
bit sn phNm/dch v ca i th v cch thc gia tng phn ng gp ca khch
hng), xc nh gi tr khch hng (nhn t c bn nh hng nng lc gi v gia tng
gi tr khch hng thng qua nhng n lc cross-sell v up-sell, nng lc qun tr
khch hng (cung cp cc gii php c bit theo khch hng gm sn phNm, dch v,
gi, truyn thng c bit theo khch hng).
- K hoch bin i doanh nghip: C k hoch iu chnh cn thit v tin trnh kinh
doanh, t chc, a im v cc tin nghi, cc dng thng tin, xc nh v kin to cc
ng dng, h tng cng ngh.
- Cc bn quan tm chnh i vi CRM chin lc: Gm khch hng, ch s hu/c
ng, nhn vin, lnh o, nh cung cp v i tc, trong gi tr u tin l khch
hng. Trong nhng ngnh m khch hng c c s hi lng ch yu t tng tc
vi cc nhn vin (hng khng, khch sn) quan trng nht l khch hng ni b -
nhn vin (ci thin kiu qun tr, tuyn dng, hi nhp nhn vin vo chu k k
hoch, hun luyn k nng tng tc v dch v, truyn thng m v trao quyn cho
b phn tip xc trc tip vi khch hng). Vi doanh nghip va mi thm nhp th
trng, bn quan tm quan trng nht l i tc phn phi.
84
5.2 D n CRM
5.2.1 Thnh phn ca h thng CRM, d n CRM
H thng CRM
Giao tip vi
khch hng/cc
im tip xc
Tip xc ca
nhn vin bn
hng
Email
Website
Direct mail
Coupon
Telesale
Kiosk
Chc nng dch
v khch hng
Chc nng
marketing
Chc nng bn
hng v qun tr
bn hng
Cc ng dng
CRM
D n CRM
D n CRM gm hai thnh phn l thnh phn chin lc v thnh phn chc nng.
Thnh phn chin lc c thit k nhm ti u kh nng sinh li v s hi lng khch
hng, thc Ny hnh vi, cng ngh v cc qu trnh thc thi h tr nhng tng tc vi cc
khch hng khp cc knh giao tip. Thnh phn chc nng tch hp cc c s d liu v cc
ng dng ang tn ti doanh nghip.
CRM phi cho php doanh nghip nhn mnh hai vn chnh. l kh nng phn tch
v hiu bit cc d liu v khch hng thng qua cc cng c bo co tinh xo nhng d s
dng. Th hai l hnh ng trn nhng hiu bit c bit cc sn phNm dch v theo khch
hng, d on v p dng nhu cu khch hng.
5.2.2 ng dng ca CRM li nhun v chi ph
Cc ng dng CRM
Chc nng bn hng v qun tr bn hng
- Qun tr tip xc, qun tr cng n khch hng
- Tng tc ca lc lng bn hng vi cc khch hng c trin vng, chuyn h thnh
khch hng, duy tr mi quan h c li cho c i bn
Chc nng marketing
- Qun tr knh, qun tr chin dch, qun tr c hi, phn on th trng
- C nhn ha cung ng
Chc nng dch v khch hng
- Phn b cng vic, theo di nhn vin dch v, lp bo co, qun tr vn , gii quyt
cc vn , qun tr t hng, qun tr bo hnh
- To kh nng ch ng duy tr cc mi quan h vi cc khch hng v v vy c s
hi lng c khc hng, to lng trung thnh
- H thng CRM gip qun tr b phn tr gip v chm sc khch hng
85
ROI ca CRM
Yu t cn quan tm
tnh ton cc khon u t cho CRM, cn tnh ton:
- Chi ph cho thit lp d n
- S cn thit v mc thit lp li cc qu trnh
- Nhng phn cng v phn mm phi mua
- Nhu cu c bit ha ca h thng CRM v chi ph cho vn ny
- S d dng thit lp v duy tr h thng bi b phn IT hay i hi s tr gip t bn
ngoi doanh nghip
- Chi ph hun luyn nhn vin s dng h thng CRM
- Thi hn thc thi
- Chi ph thng xuyn vn hnh h thng
c tnh ROI
Vic c tnh Roi gii thch rng d n c sc thuyt phc hay khng trc cc gii hu
quan:
- Thit lp mc tiu ROI ca d n CRM: Da trn mc tiu, nhng d n tng t,
hiu bit bn trong v bn ngoi t chc, phi xem xt mc tiu c hiu qu khng, c
kh thi khng.
- t n mc tiu: Ny sinh nhng tng t n mc tiu thng qua s tham gia
ca nhn vin v cc cp qun tr, cc quan im bn ngoi, cc nh t vn iu
cn quan tm l yu t no cn thay i, thay i bao nhiu, li nhun ra c r rng
khng, khch hng/nhn vin c chp nhn khng
- t c s ng thun v cam kt: Cc nh qun tr v i ng c ng vi cc
mc tiu ROI xut v m bo mt cam kt t c hai pha.
Chi ph cho CRM
- Chi ph IT: Chi ph IT chim khong 1/5 n 1/3 tng chi ph, dng u t cho c
s h tng, to lp c s d liu, phn mm. Cc phn mm CRM c th s dng l
sales force automation, sales management automation, call-center automation,
marketing automation, customer-service automation, knowledge and operations
management, e-commerce functions
- Chi ph cho nhn s: Tuyn dng, b nhim, hun luyn
- Chi ph cho qu trnh: Phn on th trng, bn hng, qun tr chin dch
5.2.3 Gii php trin khai CRM
Cc hnh thc trin khai
Doanh nghip t trin khai
86
u im Nhc im
C th c c gii php ph hp vi nhu
cu v cu trc ca doanh nghip
Pht trin cc k nng v ngun lc ni b
cho php pht trin h thng mi khi c nhu
cu
Trnh s ph thuc v cc nh cung cp
CRM hoc s pht trin phn mm mi
Rt tn km do doanh nghip phi t duy tr,
vn hnh v hon thin h thng
Kh t c nhng k nng gii quyt v
i ph vi cc vn
Mt nhiu thi gian (1-2 nm)
Mua phn mm CRM
u im Nhc im
C th kim tra c khi mua v c nhiu
la chn
C c s tr gip ca nh cung cp,
doanh nghip ch cn lm sao cho phn mm
thch ng vi mnh
Chi ph ban u cao, tn km chi ph cp
nht, bo tr
i hi gii php mang tnh c bit cao theo
nhu cu ca doanh nghip nn chi ph cao
Kh khn, tn km v mt thi gian (1-3
nm) trong vic tch hp phn mm mi vi
cc ng dng hin ti
Thu ngoi
u im Nhc im
Khng cn phi tr tin cho phn mm cng
nh cc h thng
Ch tr tin cho cc kt qu r rng
Phi tip xc vi cc hng dch v cho nhng
nhu cu mi v s pht trin
C nguy c b mt ton b u t nu hng
dch v b doanh nghip
Tin trnh quyt nh trin khai CRM
Khi quyt nh thc thi CRM, nu khng outsource ton b tin trnh ng dng CRM
doanh nghip s t trin khai hoc mua v ci t hon chnh mt gii php CRM. Vic trin
khai c thc hin tun t hoc ng b.
- Trin khai tun t: Phn mm CRM c cung cp thnh nhng m un ring bit,
c lp, p ng nhu cu c th ca tng b phn. Doanh nghip c th mua phn
mm v cc m un t nhng nh cung cp khc.
- Trin khai ng b trong ton doanh nghip: Gm cc m un khc nhau t cng mt
nh cung cp. CRM c trin khai tng th thng qua vic kt ni cc m un vi c
s d liu hin ti trong tng m un thng phi c c bit theo cc nhu cu
ca doanh nghip.
87
TI LIU THAM KHO
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th
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