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Gio vin: Tt Thng Trng THPT Ng Quyn Bin Ho-ng Nai
- 0 -

S GIO DC V O TO NG NAI
n v Trng THPT Ng Quyn

M s: ................................

SNG KIN KINH NGHIM

P DNG
BT NG THC PH TM
GTNN, GTLN V CHNG MINH
BT NG THC

Ngi thc hin: TT THNG.
Lnh vc nghin cu:
Qun l gio dc
Phng php dy hc b mn: TON
Phng php gio dc
Lnh vc khc: .........................................................

C nh km:
M hnh Phn mm Phim nh Hin vt khc

Nm hc: 2011-2012

- 1 -

S LC L LCH KHOA HC

I. THNG TIN CHUNG V C NHN
1. H v tn: TT THNG
2. Ngy thng nm sinh: 06/09/1981
3. Nam, n: Nam
4. a ch: 149/7 Khu ph 2 phng Trung Dng, BH-ng Nai.
5. in thoi: 0918.306.113
6. E-mail: thangtatdo@yahoo.com
7. Chc v: Gao vin Ton
8. n v cng tc: Trng THPT Ng Quyn

II. TRNH O TO
- Hc v (hoc trnh chuyn mn, nghip v) cao nht: Thc s Ton
- Nm nhn bng: 2010
- Chuyn ngnh o to: L lun v phng php dy hc mn Ton.

www.MATHVN.com www.MATHVN.com
- 2 -
P DNG
BT NG THC PH TM GTNN, GTLN V
CHNG MINH BT NG THC

I. L DO CHN TI
- Ngy nay, bt ng thc(BT) c cp n nhiu hn trong chng trnh do tm
quan trng v cch gii c o ca chng. BT l kin thc khng th thiu trong cc k
thi i hc, cao ng, thi hc sinh gii. BT p dng rt nhiu trong trong cuc sng ni
chung v ton hc ni ring chng hn: gii phng trnh, h phng trnh, bt phng
trnh, h bt phng trnh, cc bi ton cc tr . . .
- a s hc sinh khi gp BT thng hay lng tng, khng bit nn xut pht t u?
Phng php gii nh th no? Vi vai tr l gio vin dy mn Ton, ti mun hc sinh
lp 10 c tip cn mt s thi cao ng, i hc, bi BT hay t nhng kin thc bnh
thng, d hiu nht.
- p dng bt ng thc ph tm GTLN, GTNN v chng minh cc BT l mt trong
cc phng php n gin, d hiu hn so vi a s cc phng php khc, ph hp vi
hc sinh lp 10.

II. THC TRNG TRC KHI THC HIN CC GII PHP CA TI
Qua thc t dy hc v t ghi nhn trn chng ti nhn thy trong chng trnh lp 10
phn BT, s bi tp trong sch gio khoa hn ch v thi lng dnh cho n rt t. Do ,
ti mnh dn lm SKKN ny vi mong mun l mt ti liu nh gip hc sinh kh khn
hn khi gp mt s bi BT c dng trn.

III. NI DUNG TI
A) S dng bt ng thc ph chng minh bt ng thc
Bt ng thc ph:
Cho 2 s dng a, b ta c:

1 1 1 1
4 a b a b
| |
s +
|
+
\ .
Hay
1 1 4
a b a b
| |
+ >
|
+
\ .

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a b =

Khi gp mt s bi ton BT m ta p dng c BT ph, li gii s tr nn ngn
gn, d hiu hn so vi cc cch lm khc. khch quan hn chng ta cng xt bi
ton sau:

- 3 -
V d 1. Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c tho mn a + b + c =1.
Chng minh rng:
ac bc
1 1
16 + >

Li gii 1: (Khng dng BT ph)
p dng BT Bunnhiacpski ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
| |
| |
| | | | | | | | | |
|
| + + > + =
| | | | |
|
|
\ . \ . \ . \ . \ . |
\ .
\ .
+ > = =
+ +
ac bc ac bc
ac bc ac bc
ac bc ac bc a b c c c
2
2 2
2 2 1 1 1 1
. 4
1 1 4 4 4
( ) (1 )

Ta s chng minh rng
4
16
(1 ) c c
>

4 16(1 ) c c >

2
4(2 1) 0 c > (pcm)
Vy
ac bc
1 1
16 + >
.
ng thc xy ra
= =
a b
c
1
4
1
2

Li gii 2: (p dng BT ph)
p dng BT ta c:
ac bc c a b c a b
c a b
2
1 1 1 1 1 4 4
16
( )
2
| |
+ = + > > =
|
+ \ .
| | + +
|
\ .
.
ng thc xy ra
c a b
1 1
,
2 4
= = =
.
Bng so snh cc u, nhc im ca Li gii 1 v Li gii 2:

Kin thc s dng Phm vi kin thc
Kh khn hay thun
li i vi HS 10
BT Bunnhiacpski
Ngoi chng trnh
SGK ph thng.
Bin i tng ng Lp 10 LG1
Hng ng thc ng
nh
Lp 8
Kh khn
LG2 BT ph Lp 8,9,10 Thun li
- 4 -
Qua bng so snh trn ta thy :
+ p dng LG1 phi dng ti cc kin thc ngoi chng trnh(BT
Bunnhiacpski), li gii kh di dng, do gy kh hiu i vi i vi HS lp 10.
+ p dng LG2 ch dng BT ph trong chng trnh, li gii ngn gn, do rt
d hiu i vi i vi HS lp 10.

T BT ph trn chng ta cng c th chng minh c cc bi ton BT kh hn .
Sau y l mt s v d minh ha.
V d 2. Cho ba s dng a, b, c, ta c:
)
1 1 1
(
2
1 1 1 1
c b a a c c b b a
+ + s
+
+
+
+
+

Li gii:
p dng BT ta c
1 1 1 1
4 a b a b
| |
s +
|
+
\ .
(1)
1 1 1 1
4 b c b c
| |
s +
|
+
\ .
(2)
1 1 1 1
4 c a c a
| |
s +
|
+
\ .
(3)
Cng (1)+(2)+(3) ta c
)
1 1 1
(
2
1 1 1 1
c b a a c c b b a
+ + s
+
+
+
+
+
(pcm)
ng thc xy ra a b c = =

V d 3. Vi a, b, c l cc s dng Chng minh rng:
)
1 1 1
(
4
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
c b a b a c a c b c b a
+ + s
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +

Li gii:
p dng BT ta c
( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
( ) ( ) ( )
2 4 4 4 4 16 a b c a b b c a b b c a b b c a b c
( | |
= s + s + + + = + +
|
(
+ + + + + + +
\ .

1 1 1 2 1
2 16 a b c a b c
| |
s + +
|
+ +
\ .
(1)
tng t:
1 1 1 1 2
2 16 b c a a b c
| |
s + +
|
+ +
\ .
(2)

1 1 2 1 1
2 16 c a b a b c
| |
s + +
|
+ +
\ .
(3)
Cng (1)+(2)+(3) ta c:
)
1 1 1
(
4
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
c b a b a c a c b c b a
+ + s
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
(pcm)
- 5 -
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a=b=c.
Nhn xt:
+ Trong V d 3 cho
1 1 1
4
a b c
+ + = v i bin a,b,c ln lt thnh x,y,z th bi ton tr
thnh thi i hc nm 2005 khi A.
Cho , , x y z l cc s dng tha mn
1 1 1
4
x y z
+ + = . Chng minh rng:
1 1 1
1
2 2 2 x y z x y z x y z
+ + s
+ + + + + +

+ Cho ba s dng a, b, c theo V d 2 ta c:
1 1 1 1 1 1
( ) 2
a b c a b b c c a
| |
+ + > + +
|
+ + +
\ .

Nu p dng lin tip BT trn 2n ln th
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 1 1 1 1 1
( ) 2
1 1 1
2
2 2 2
1 1 1
2
2 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2
1 1 1
2
5 5 6 6 5 5 5 6 5
1 1 1
2
11 10 11 11 11 10 10 11 11
1
2
22 21
a b c a b b c c a
a b c a b c a b c
a b c a b c a b c
a b c a b c a b c
a b c a b c a b c
a b
| |
+ + > + +
|
+ + +
\ .
| |
> + +
|
+ + + + + +
\ .
| |
> + +
|
+ + + + + +
\ .
| |
> + +
|
+ + + + + +
\ .
| |
> + +
|
+ + + + + +
\ .
>
+ +
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
21 21 22 21 21 21 22
...
1 1 1
2
2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
n
n n n n n n n n n
c a b c a b c
a b c a b c a b c
| |
+ +
|
+ + + +
\ .
>
| |
|
> + + |
+ + +
|
+ + + + + +
|
\ .
T
y quan st v tng qut ha ta c BT m rng 1 :
Cho ba s dng a, b, c ,
*
n N e th
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
2
2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
n
n n n n n n n n n
a b c
a b c a b c a b c
| |
|
+ + > + + |
+ + +
|
+ + + + + +
|
\ .

- 6 -
C th chng minh BT trn bng BT VD2 kt hp vi phng php chng minh qui
np.
+ Cho ba s dng a, b, c theo V d 2 ta c:
)
1 1 1
(
2
1 1 1 1
c b a a c c b b a
+ + s
+
+
+
+
+

Nu p dng lin tip BT trn 2n+1 ln th
1
2
3
4
5
2 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
( ) 2
1 1 1
2
2 2 2
1 1 1
2
2 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2
1 1 1
2
5 5 6 6 5 5 5 6 5
1 1 1
2
11 10 11 11 11 10 10 11 11
...
1
2
2
n
a b c a b b c c a
a b c a b c a b c
a b c a b c a b c
a b c a b c a b c
a b c a b c a b c
+
| |
+ + > + +
|
+ + +
\ .
| |
> + +
|
+ + + + + +
\ .
| |
> + +
|
+ + + + + +
\ .
| |
> + +
|
+ + + + + +
\ .
| |
> + +
|
+ + + + + +
\ .
>
>
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
1 1
2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
n n n n n n n n n
a b c a b c a b c
+ + + + + + + + +
| |
|
+ + |
+ + + + + +
|
+ + + + + +
|
\ .

BT m rng 2:
*
n N e , ta
2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
2
2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
n
n n n n n n n n n
a b c
a b c a b c a b c
+
+ + + + + + + + +
| |
|
+ + > + + |
+ + + + + +
|
+ + + + + +
|
\ .

T BT m rng 1 v 2 ta nhn thy, cng p dng BT trong VD2 nhiu ln th
v phi cng nh dn. Bng cch p dng BT trong VD2 v phng php qui np chng
ta thu c cc BT m rng 3, theo ti l rt mi v hay sau.
BT m rng 3a:
- 7 -
*
, : n k N k n e s , ta c:
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
2
2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1
2
2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
k
k k k k k k k k k
n
n n n n n n n n n
a b c a b c a b c
a b c a b c a b c
| |
|
+ + |
+ + +
|
+ + + + + +
|
\ .
| |
|
> + + |
+ + +
|
+ + + + + +
|
\ .

BT m rng 3b:
*
, : n k N k n e s , ta c:
2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 1 1
2
2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1
2
2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
k
k k k k k k k k k
n
n n n n n n n n
a b c a b c a b c
a b c a b c a b
+
+ + + + + + + + +
+
+ + + + + + + +
| |
|
+ + |
+ + + + + +
|
+ + + + + +
|
\ .
> + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
1
2
3
n
c
+
| |
|
|
|
|
\ .

BT m rng 3c:
*
, : n k N k n e s
, ta c:
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
1 1 1
2
2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1
2
2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
k
k k k k k k k k k
n
n n n n n n n n n
a b c a b c a b c
a b c a b c a b c
+
+ + + + + + + + +
| |
|
+ + |
+ + +
|
+ + + + + +
|
\ .
| |
|
> + + |
+ + + + + +
|
+ + + + + +
|
\ .

BT m rng 3d:
- 8 -
*
, : n k N k n e <
, ta c:
2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
2
2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1
2
2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
k
k k k k k k k k k
n
n n n n n n n n n
a b c a b c a b c
a b c a b c a b c
+
+ + + + + + + + +
| |
|
+ + |
+ + + + + +
|
+ + + + + +
|
\ .
| |
|
> + + |
+ + +
|
+ + + + + +
|
\ .

Tt c cc BT m rng 1,2,3a,3b,3c,3d u chng minh c bng BT trong
VD2 kt hp vi phng php qui np.

V d 4. Chng minh rng vi a, b, c dng:
a c c b b a b a c a c b c b a 3
1
3
1
3
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
+
+
+
+
+
s
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +

Li gii:
Vn dng BT ta c:

c b a a c b b a a c b b a + +
=
+ + + +
>
+ +
+
+ 2
2
) 2 ( ) 3 (
4
2
1
3
1

a c b b a c c b b a c c b + +
=
+ + + +
>
+ +
+
+ 2
2
) 2 ( ) 3 (
4
2
1
3
1

b a c c b a a c c b a a c + +
=
+ + + +
>
+ +
+
+ 2
2
) 2 ( ) 3 (
4
2
1
3
1

Cng v theo v cc BT trn v rt gn ta c BT cn phi chng minh
ng thc xy ra khi:
c b a
c b a a c
b a c c b
a c b b a
= =
+ + = +
+ + = +
+ + = +
2 3
2 3
2 3

Sau y l mt s bi tp tng t luyn tp:
Bi 1. Cho a, b, c l di 3 cnh ca mt tam gic ( p l na chu vi). Chng minh rng:

p a p b p c a b c
1 1 1 1 1 1
2
| |
+ + > + +
|

\ .

( HK2 Khi 10A Trng Ng Quyn 2007-2008)
Bi 2. Cho a, b, c >0. Chng minh rng:

a b c b a c c a b a b c
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 4 4 4
+ + s + +
+ + + + + +

- 9 -
Bi 3. Chng minh rng nu a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha abc = ab + bc + ca th:
96
17
3 2
1
3 2
1
3 2
1
<
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ + b a c a c b c b a

Bi 4. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng. Chng minh cc bt ng thc:
1 1 1 1 1 1
4
2 3( ) 2 3( ) 2 3( ) 10 11 11 11 10 11 11 11 10 a b c b c a c a b a b c a b c a b c
| |
+ + > + +
|
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
\ .

Bi 5. Cho ba s dng a, b, c ,
*
n N e . cmr
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
2
2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
n
n n n n n n n n n
a b c
a b c a b c a b c
| |
|
+ + > + + |
+ + +
|
+ + + + + +
|
\ .

Bi 6. Cho ba s dng a, b, c ,
*
n N e . cmr
2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
2
2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
n
n n n n n n n n n
a b c
a b c a b c a b c
+
+ + + + + + + + +
| |
|
+ + > + + |
+ + + + + +
|
+ + + + + +
|
\ .

Bi 7. Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh rng:
a b c
a b b c c a
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 2
+ +
+ + s
+ + +

Bi 8. Cho a, b, c >0. Chng minh rng:
ab bc ca a b c
a b b c c a 2
+ +
+ + s
+ + +
.
Bi 9. Cho x, y, z > 0 tho x y z 2 4 12 + + = . Chng minh:
xy yz xz
x y y z z x
2 8 4
6
2 2 4 4
+ + s
+ + +
.
Bi 10. Cho a, b, c, d >0. Chng minh rng:
a c b d c a d b
a b b c c d d a
4
+ + + +
+ + + >
+ + + +

B) S dng bt ng thc c bn tm GTLN, GTNN ca biu thc
Trong nhiu trng hp p dng BT ph tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca mt
biu thc em li hiu qu cao, li gii ngn gn, xc tch, ph hp vi hc sinh lp 10 v
THCS.

V d 1. Cho hai s thc dng thay i x, y tha mn iu kin 3x + ys1. Tm gi tr
nh nht ca biu thc
1 1
A
x xy
= + .
( Cao ng 2010)
Li gii 1:(Khng dng BT ph)

- 10 -
Ta c
3x y 1
1 3
0
1
0
0
3
y x
x
x
y
+ s

>

< <

>

. Do
1 1 1 1
(1 3 )
A
x x xy x x
= + > +

p dng BT Csi 2 s
1 1 1 1 1 2
1 3
1 2 (1 3 )
2
x x
x x x x x x
+ > + = +
+

Xt hm s
1 2 1
( ) , (0; )
1 2 3
f x x
x x
= + e

Ta c
( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
1 4 4 1
'( )
1 2 1 2
x
f x
x
x x x
= + =

Lp BBT
x 0
1
4

1
3
+
f(x)
- 0 +

f(x)
+ 9

8
Ta c Min f(x)=8 khi
1
4
x =
. Vy Min A=8 khi
1
4
x y = =

Li gii 2:(p dng BT ph)
p dng BT ta c
1 1 4 4 8
8
3
2
x y
x x y xy x xy
x
+ > > > >
+
+ +
+

Vy Min A=8 khi
1
4
x y = =
.

Bng so snh cc u, nhc im ca Li gii 1 v Li gii 2

Kin thc s dng Phm vi kin thc
Kh khn hay thun
li i vi HS 10
BT Csi 2 s Lp 10
im ri BT Csi
Ngoi chng trnh.
i hi kh nng phn
tch tng hp ca HS.
LG1
ng dng o hm Lp 12
Kh khn
LG2 BT ph Lp 8,9,10 Thun li

Qua bng so snh trn ta thy rng i vi bi ton trn:
- 11 -
+ p dng LG1 phi dng ti cc kin thc lp 12(ng dng o hm) v kin thc
ngoi chng trnh(im ri BT C si i hi kh nng phn tch v tng hp kh
cao ca hc sinh khi d on im ri), di dng. Do gy kh hiu i vi HS lp
10.
+ p dng LG2 ch dng BT ph trong chng trnh, li gii ngn gn. Do , rt
d hiu i vi HS lp 10.

V d 2. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc tha mn iu kin x + y + z = 0, x + 1>0, y +
1 > 0, z + 4 > 0. Hy tm gi tr ln nht ca
1 1 4
x y z
Q
x y z
= + +
+ + +

Li gii:

t
1 0 1
1 0 1
4 0 4
a x x a
b y y b
c z z c
= + > =

= + > =

= + > =

Ta c: a + b + c = 6 v
1 1 4 1 1 4
3
a b c
Q
a b c a b c
| |
= + + = + +
|
\ .

Theo bt ng thc ta c:

1 1 4 4 4 16 8
( )
3 a b c a b c a b c
+ + > + > =
+ + +

8 1
3
3 3
Q s =

Vy
3
1
= MaxQ khi
=
= =
1
2
1
z
y x

Sau y l mt s bi tp tng t luyn tp:

Bi 1. Cho x >0, y >0 tha mn x +y 1 s . Tm gi tr nh nht ca:

xy
xy y x
A 4
2 1
2 2
+ +
+
=

Bi 2. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc

1 1 x y y z z x
B
t y y z z x x t

= + + +
+ + + +

Bi 3. Cho a, b, c >0 tha: a+b+c= 6.
Tm GTLN ca biu thc:
= + +
+ + +
ab bc ca
C
a b b c c a
.
Bi 4. Cho x, y, z > 0 tho x y z 2 4 12 + + = .
- 12 -
Tm GTLN ca biu thc:
= + +
+ + +
2 8 4
2 2 4 4
xy yz xz
D
x y y z z x
.
Bi 5. Cho a, b, c, d >0.
Tm GTLN ca biu thc:
+ + + +
= + + +
+ + + +
a c b d c a d b
E
a b b c c d d a

IV. KT QU
Khi p dng chuyn trn cho HS 10 th ti thy HS rt thch th, ng thi cc em
cng lng tng hn khi gp cc dng bi tp trn.
V. BI HC KINH NGHIM
Nu c thm thi gian m rng th ti ngh rng ti c th tr nn c nhiu tc dng
h tr thit thc trong vic rn luyn v pht trin t duy gp phn gii c kh nhiu
dng ton trong qu trnh dy hc sinh ni chung v bi dng hc sinh kh, gii ni ring.
VI. KT LUN
- S dng BT ph, i bin l phng php ngn gn, d hiu, hiu qu cho lp bi
ton kh rng ca BT, ph hp vi cc hc sinh lp 10 v thi i hc.
- Phng php gii trn cho HS mt cch gii khc t duy, sng to hn. To ng lc
cho HS am m Ton.
- Tuy nhin, cc dng v phng php ti la chn cha hn ti u v y , chc chn
cn phi b sung thm cho vic ging dy tt hn. Rt mong c s ng gp ca qu ng
nghip.
VII. TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Mt s trang web nh: www.maths.vn , www.nxbgd.vn/toanhoctuoitre
2. Nguyn Minh Nhin, Mt s phng php chng minh bt ng thc c cha bin
mu, trang 1 s 393 thng 3 nm 2010, Bo Ton hc vi tui tr.
VIII. LI KT
hon tt c chuyn ny. Ngoi s n lc ca bn thn cn phi k n s
gp ca cc thy c T Ton Trng THPT Ng Quyn. c bit, c L Thanh H t
trng cng Thy L Vn c Mai t ph rt nhit tnh gip , t vn ti hon thin
sng kin kinh nghim.
NGI THC HIN

TT THNG


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