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Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

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Chng 2
CM BIN TIM CN (Proximity Sensor)
2.1 Gii thiu
Cm bin tim cn bao gm tt c cc loi cm bin pht hin vt th khng cn
tip xc ging nh cng tc hnh trnh, m da trn nhng mi quan h vt l gia
cm bin v vt th cn pht hin. Cm bin tim cn chuyn i tn hiu v s
chuyn ng hoc xut hin ca vt th thnh tn hiu in. C 3 h thng pht hin
thc hin cng vic chuyn i ny:
o H thng s dng dng in xoy c pht ra trong vt th kim loi nh hin
tng cm ng in t
o H thng s dng s thay i in dung khi n gn vt th cn pht hin
o H thng s dng nam chm v h thng chuyn mch cng t.
Theo tiu chun cng nghip ca Nht (JIS) nh ngha cm bin tim cn (JIS C
8201-5-2) ph hp vi chun IEC 60947-5-2 l b chuyn mch pht hin v tr
khng tip xc. Cm bin tim cn dng pht hin vt th kim loi t tnh, kim loi
khng t tnh (nh Nhm, ng..) s dng cm bin loi in cm (Inductivity
Proximity Sensor) v pht hin vt phi kim s dng loi cm bin tim cn kiu in
dung (Capacitve Proximity Sensor). ng thi c sn cc loi p ng c hu ht
cc iu kin mi trng lp t: nhit cao, nhit thp, chng nc, chng ha
cht
2.2 c im cm bin tim cn
Theo hng ng dng, cm bin tim cn thng c cc c im sau:
o Pht hin vt khng cn tip xc
o Tc p ng cao
o u cm bin nh c th lp nhiu ni
o C th s dng trong mi trng khc nghit


Hnh 2.
Cm bin tim cn l
mt vt th vi cm bin in t khng cng tc (khng ng chm). Cm bin tim
cn c mt v tr rt quan trng trong thc t. Th d pht hin vt tr
robot bt gi ly; pht hin chai, lon nhm tr
cm bin thng dng logic
Cm bin tim cn c
o Loi cm ng t: c hai lo
v ch pht hin c nh
o Loi cm ng in dung: tm pht hin ngn pht hin
in mi ln hn 1, th
o Loi cm bin quang: c ba loi xuy
tm o tng i xa c th l
o Loi cm bin siu m: c th
2.3 Cm bin tim cn
2.3.1. Gii thiu cm tim cn cm ng t
a. Hnh dng cm bin
Cm bin cm ng t
dng hnh ch nht nh h
Chng 2: C

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Hnh 2.1 Cm bin tim cn loi pht hin vt ri v v
m bin tim cn l mt k thut nhn bit s c mt hay khng c mt ca
t vt th vi cm bin in t khng cng tc (khng ng chm). Cm bin tim
n c mt v tr rt quan trng trong thc t. Th d pht hin vt tr
ly; pht hin chai, lon nhm trn bng chuyn. Tn hiu ng
ng dng logic (c hoc khng).
m bin tim cn c cc loi:
c hai loi in cm v t cm, loi ny c t
c nhng vt c t tnh
n dung: tm pht hin ngn pht hin c cc vt c hng s
, thng c b phn chnh nhy.
i cm bin quang: c ba loi xuyn sut, phn x v khuy
i xa c th ln n 30m, pht hin c hu ht cc vt
u m: c th pht hin tt c cc vt tm pht hin trung b
m cn cm ng t (Magnectic sensor)
i thiu cm tim cn cm ng t
m bin cm ng t
t c rt nhiu hnh dng khc nhau, nhng th
hnh 2.2

Hnh 2.2 Hnh dng cm bin t
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

i v vt cn.
t k thut nhn bit s c mt hay khng c mt ca
t vt th vi cm bin in t khng cng tc (khng ng chm). Cm bin tim
n c mt v tr rt quan trng trong thc t. Th d pht hin vt trn dy chuyn
n. Tn hiu ng ra ca
y c tm pht hin ngn
c cc vt c hng s
khuyt tn loi ny c
c hu ht cc vt.
pht hin tt c cc vt tm pht hin trung bnh
ng thng s dng l

Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

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b. Nguyn tc ch to cm bin cm ng t
Nguyn tc ch to cm bin t da theo hin tng cm ng t Hall

Hnh 2.3 Hin tng cm ng t Hall.
Khi t mt tm vt liu mng (thng l bn dn) khi c dng in I chy qua
s sinh ra mt t trng B c phng to vi dng in mt gc th s xut hin mt
in th V
h
theo hng vung gc gia B v I nh hnh 2.4
sin . . . B I K V
h h
= (2.1)
Trong K
h
l h s vt liu

Hnh 2.4 Hot ng cm ng t Hall.


Hiu ng Hall c d
c gn vo thanh nam chm t
to ra s thay i khi tng tc v
th l kim loi.
2.3.2. Cm bin t loi in cm
a. Hnh dng
Cm bin in cm
dng l dng hnh tr trn v b
Cm ng t loi in cm da v
quanh n nhn bit vt. Cm bin loi in cm rt a dng nh
bin tim cn in cm c nhiu kch th
ng dng khc nhau. Cm bin tim cn in cm
Chng 2: C

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c dng ch to cm bin xc nh s di chuyn ca vt, vt
o thanh nam chm to t trng B. T trng do cun dy ca cm bin
ng tc vi vt th kim loi do ch pht hin
Hnh 2.5 Nguyn tc chung ca cm bin t.
loi in cm (Inductive sensor)
m cng c rt nhiu hnh dng khc nhau, nh
n v bc bng kim loi nh hnh 2.6

Hnh 2.6 Cc loi cm bin t loi in cm
loi in cm da vo in cm ca cun dy sinh ra t tr
nhn bit vt. Cm bin loi in cm rt a dng nh
n in cm c nhiu kch thc v hnh dng khc nhau t
m bin tim cn in cm c dng
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn
ch to cm bin xc nh s di chuyn ca vt, vt
ng do cun dy ca cm bin
i vt th kim loi do ch pht hin c vi vt

a cm bin t.
ng khc nhau, nhng thng s

i in cm.
n cm ca cun dy sinh ra t trng xung
nhn bit vt. Cm bin loi in cm rt a dng nh hnh 2.6. Cm
ng khc nhau tng ng vi cc
ng pht hin cc i


tng l kim loi (nhng chng
phi l kim loi).
b. Cu to
Cm ng t lo
nh vo cun dy to cm ng t vi
ny thng a ra 2 dy cp k
ra s c led ch th bo hiu cm bin nhn thy vt
Hnh 2.
Cu trc ca cm bin g
o 1 - Cun dy v li ferit
t trn cun dy ln li ferit, vng t
bin, nn vng ny s
Chng 2: C

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nhng chng khng th pht hin cc i tng c cu to khng
Hnh 2.7 Cu to cm bin t loi in cm
loi in cm bao gm cc phn: Vng t tr
n dy to cm ng t vi tn s lm vic t 300 n 800kHz, loi
a ra 2 dy cp kt ni ngun v mt dy tn hiu ra. Khi c tn hiu
c led ch th bo hiu cm bin nhn thy vt trong vng tc
Hnh 2.8 Cu trc ca cm bin t loi in cm.
u trc ca cm bin gm 4 phn chnh nh hnh 2.9
li ferit: Phn ny to ra vng t trng nh hin t
n li ferit, vng t trng tp trung pha tr
n vng ny s tc ng ln vt cn o
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn
ng c cu to khng

i in cm.
trng c to ra
c t 300 n 800kHz, loi
t dy tn hiu ra. Khi c tn hiu
trong vng tc ng.

u trc ca cm bin t loi in cm.
ng nh hin tng cm ng
p trung pha trc u ca cm
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

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o 2 - Mch dao ng: Chc nng mch ny to ra mch dao ng vi dng tn hiu
sin tn s cao (c th ln n 1MHz) khi c s tng tc ln b mt cm bin th
bin dao ng ca tn hiu ny s gim
o 3 - Mch pht hin: Chc nng mch ny da vo in th tham chiu pht
hin gi tr bin ca mch dao ng khi c vt tc ng ln b mt cm bin,
lc bin ny gim n mt gi tr cho php no s xut ra tn hiu ng ra
o 4 - Mch u ra: Ng ra l kt qu ca mch so snh ngng nhn bit c vt
nm trong tm hot ng ca cm bin hay khng, do tn hin ra dng
ON/OFF
c. Nguyn l hot ng
Cm bin cm ng t hot ng da trn nguyn tc thay i tng tc t trn b
mt ca cm bin nh hnh 2.9

Hnh 2.9 Cc thnh phn ca cm bin t loi in cm.
Tn s mch dao ng LC thng t 300Khz n 800 Khz c tnh theo cng
thc:
LC
F
2
1
0
= (2.2)
nh hng ca dng in xoy lm thay i bin b dao ng LC. Mch pht
hin ngng (trigger) gim st s thay i bin v kch mch ng ra (output switch)
mi khi c s thay i vt ngng. Ng ra cm bin l tn hiu ON/OFF.
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

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Hnh 2.10 Trng thi tc ng ca cm bin t loi in cm.
Khi c vt th bng kim loi i vo vng t trng. T trng ny cm ng ln
vt th mt dng in xoay trn gi l dng in xoy. Dng in xoy to ra mt t
trng ngc chiu vi t trng ban u. T trng ny lm gim bin mch dao
ng LC bn trong cm bin. Hnh 2.10

Hnh 2.11 Hin tng t trng xoy ca cm bin t loi in cm.
T trng to ra xung quanh cun dy khi c dng in xoay chiu chay qua.
Khi c vt th bng kim loi a vo t trng. Dng in xoy s c cm ng vo
kim loi. Dng in xoy trong kim loi to ra t trng th hai ngc vi t trng
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

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ban u nh hnh 2.11. Dng in s b ngt qung khi c vt nt trn vt liu dn
in.
Cm bin tim cn in cm c thit k to ra mt vng in t trng, khi
mt vt bng kim loi tin vo khu vc ny, xut hin dng in xoy (dng in cm
ng) trong vt th kim loi ny. Hnh 1.12

Hnh 2.12 Nguyn l lm vic ca cm bin in cm.
Dng in xoy gy nn s tiu hao nng lng (do in tr ca kim loi), lm
nh hng n bin sng dao ng. n mt tr s no tn hiu ny c ghi
nhn. Mch pht hin s pht hin s thay i tn hiu v tc ng mch ra ln mc
ON (hnh 2.13). Khi i tng ri khi khu vc in trng, s dao ng c lp li,
cm bin tr li trng thi bnh thng.

Hnh 2.13 Hot ng ca cm bin tim cn in cm.
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

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Khi vt cn tc ng ln b mt ca cm bin, bin tn hiu ca mch dao
ng s thay i, bin ny s gim dn khi vt cng tin gn b mt tc ng. Khi
khong cch ln ng ra ca cm bin s cho ra mt xung v n ch bo s sng
ln.
d. Phn loi
Cm bin tim cn in cm c th phn lm 2 loi: Shielded (c bo v) v
unshielded (khng c bo v) nh hnh 1.14. Loi khng c bo v thng c tm pht
hin ln hn loi c bo v.

Hnh 2.14 phn loi cm bin in cm.
o Cm bin tim cn in cm loi c bo v: c 1 vng kim loi bao quanh (hnh
2.15) gip hn ch vng din t trng vng bn, tuy nhin khi co lp bo v
ny th vng t trng cng b gii hn bt i lm cho cm bin c tm pht hin
ngn li. V tr lp t cm bin c th t ngang bng vi b mt lm vic .
o Cm bin tim cn in cm loi khng c bo v: khng c vng kim loi bao
quanh, khng th lp t cm bin ngang bng b mt lm vic (bng b mt kim
loi). Loi cm bin khng c bo v xung quanh phi c 1 vng khng c cha
kim loi phn u cm bin (hnh 2.16) v th tm pht hin c xa hn
nhng d b nh hng bi cc vt xung quanh lm bng kim loi.

Hnh 2.15 Cm bin tim cn in cm loi c bo v.
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

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Hnh 2.16 Cm bin tim cn in cm loi khng c bo v.
c 2 loi cm bin c bo v v khng c bo v, nu c 1 b mt kim loi v
tr i din cm bin, khng nh hng n hot ng ca cm bin th b mt kim
loi ny phi cch b mt cm bin 1 khong cch c ln t nht gp 3 ln tm pht
hin ca cm bin.
e. u nhc im
o u im
Khng chu nh hng ca m.
Khng c b phn chuyn ng.
Khng chu nh hng ca bi bm.
Khng ph thuc vo mu sc.
t ph thuc vo b mt i tng hn so vi cc k thut khc.
Khng c vng cht (blind zone): cm bin khng pht hin ra i tng
mc d i tng gn cm bin.
o Nhc im
Ch pht hin c i tng l kim loi.
C th chu nh hng bi cc vng in t mnh.
Phm vi hot ng ngn hn so vi cc k thut khc.
2.3.3. Cm bin t loi t cm: (Inductive Magnectic sensor)
a. Loi tc ng bng tip im: (Reed Switch: li g)


Cu to
Cm bin t loi tc ng bng tip im
o B phn cha tip im: L
kh tr.
o Tip im (li g): lm b
o Led ch bo v dy n
Nguyn l hot ng
Cm bin loi n
khong cch cho php
li g lm ng tip im.
cn bng kim loi, k
Khi t trng to ra gn v tr ca l
ng li nh hnh 2.
Chng 2: C

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m bin t loi tc ng bng tip im (li g) cu to gm cc b phn sau:
phn cha tip im: L mt ng thy tinh bn trong ch
): lm bng cht c kh nng t tnh nh st hay niken.
dy ni ngun, tn hiu ra.
Hnh 2.17 Cu to cm bin t loi li g
t ng
m bin loi ny pht hin c tt c cc loi vt liu dn in trong
ng cch cho php. T trng c to ra t cun dy cm ng tc ng l
p im. Cm bin b nh hng bi 3 y
khong cch vt cn.
ng to ra gn v tr ca li g, vi lc t ln s ht l
2.18
Hnh 2.18 Hai trng thi ca li g.
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn
u to gm cc b phn sau:
n trong cha chn khng hay
t hay niken.

i g.
c tt c cc loi vt liu dn in trong
c to ra t cun dy cm ng tc ng ln
yu t: Nhit , vt
i lc t ln s ht li g

.


Khi c t trng i qua
v ht nhau, hai tip im s
ng bng tip im
S ph thuc cc t tr
o V tr ca im tc ng ph thuc v
o Dng cc i cn
b. Loi tc ng bng
Cu to
Cm bin t loi tc ng bng mch t cu to gm cc b phn sau:
o B phn cha tip im: L
kh tr.
o Tip im (li g): lm b
o Led ch bo v dy n
Hnh 2.
Cm bin t loi tc ng bng mch t da v
du thu khi c vt ti gn. Cm bin c cu to gm cc phn ging nh
tc ng bng li g
bng mch t.
Nguyn l hot ng
Chng 2: C

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ng i qua vng cng tt th s lm cho hai ti
p im s c ni li. y l c s ch to cm bin
ng bng tip im.
trng khc nhau cn c trnh:
tr ca im tc ng ph thuc vo khong cch dch chuy
c gii hn trnh chy tip im.
i tc ng bng t cm (Inductive Magnectic sensor)
m bin t loi tc ng bng mch t cu to gm cc b phn sau:
phn cha tip im: L mt ng thy tinh bn trong ch
): lm bng cht c kh nng t tnh nh st hay niken.
dy ni ngun, tn hiu ra.
Hnh 2.19 Cu to cm bin t tc ng bng t tr
m bin t loi tc ng bng mch t da vo s tc
du thu khi c vt ti gn. Cm bin c cu to gm cc phn ging nh
i g ch khc tip im trong cm bin t loi l
t ng
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn
m cho hai tip im nhim t
ch to cm bin tc
ch chuyn.
m bin t loi tc ng bng mch t cu to gm cc b phn sau:
cha chn khng hay
t hay niken.

u to cm bin t tc ng bng t trng.
tc ng ca t trng
du thu khi c vt ti gn. Cm bin c cu to gm cc phn ging nh loi
khc tip im trong cm bin t loi li g c thay


Cu to gm m
ng thu cm bin, khi vt c t tr
trng u thu v lm cho m
snh pht hin cho ng
Hnh 2.20 Cc thnh ph
Cn ch khi thc hin tr
o Thit b lm vic trng thi ngm tn s l
o Trnh dng loi cm bin n
2.3.4. c tnh v cc thng s
a. c tnh
Cm bin tim cn t
thng c hai loi nh
o Cm bin tim cn loi c bo v:
t b nhiu bi kim loi xung quanh, tuy nhi
o Cm bin tim cn loi khng c bo v:
mt cm bin nn kho
xung quanh.
Chng 2: C

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mt b to dao ng tn s cao, dao ng n
m bin, khi vt c t trng tin n gn th s lm
lm cho mch dao ng ca cm bin b nh h
n cho ng ra cm bin dng on/off.
Cc thnh phn chnh ca cm bin t tc ng bng t tr
n ch khi thc hin trn cc dng t khc nhau.
c trng thi ngm tn s lm vic cao - 1kHz
i cm bin ny nhng ni c nhiu nh hng ca t tr
v cc thng s s dng
m bin tim cn ty theo cu to s c cc c tnh s dng khc nhau,
ng c hai loi nh sau
n loi c bo v: t trng c tp trung tr
nhiu bi kim loi xung quanh, tuy nhin khong cch o s ngn i.
Hnh 2.21 Cm bin t loi c bo v.
n loi khng c bo v: khng c bo v t tr
nn khong cch o s di hn, tuy nhin d b nhiu bi kim loi
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn
ng ny to t trng
m nh hng n t
ch dao ng ca cm bin b nh hng, mch so

n chnh ca cm bin t tc ng bng t trng.

ng ca t trng.
c cc c tnh s dng khc nhau,
c tp trung trc mt sensor nn
ng cch o s ngn i.

m bin t loi c bo v.
o v t trng xung quanh
b nhiu bi kim loi


b. Cc thut ng thng s dng
Vt chun (Standard Object)
Mt vt c xem l
hp pht huy c cc c tnh k thut ca
Khong cch tc ng
Khong cch tc ng l
tnh ton nh l sai s
cp. Trong mt vi tr
khong cch tc ng n
n khi n n gn h
xem xt khi c lng
2.24
Khong cch hot ng hiu qu (E
Khong cch hot ng hiu qu iu kin ngun in cung cp n nh
vi nhit dao ng trong khong t 23
sai s trong qu trnh s
Chng 2: C

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Hnh 2.22 Cm bin t loi khng c bo v.
ng s dng
t chun (Standard Object)
c xem l chun nu: hnh dng, vt liu, kch c ca vt ph
c cc c tnh k thut ca cm bin.
Hnh 2.23 M t vt chun.
ng cch tc ng (Rated Distance): Sn
ng cch tc ng l mt gi tr l thuyt m n khng ph
tnh ton nh l sai s ca qu trnh sn xut, nhit hot ng v
i trng hp cm bin c th pht hin ra vt th nm ngo
ng cch tc ng ny. Hoc c trng hp vt th khng
n khi n n gn hn khong cch tc ng. C mt vi gi
ng khong cch tc ng trong mi trng hp c th.
ng cch hot ng hiu qu (Effective Operating Distance
ng cch hot ng hiu qu iu kin ngun in cung cp n nh
ng trong khong t 23
o
C 0.5
o
C. N da
nh sn xut. Khong cch hot ng hiu qu
Vt chun: vt liu,
hnh dng, kch
thc, tc
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

m bin t loi khng c bo v.
ng, vt liu, kch c ca vt ph

n khng ph thuc vo
n xut, nhit hot ng v in p cung
ng hp cm bin c th pht hin ra vt th nm ngoi
ng hp vt th khng c pht hin cho
i gii hn phi c
ng hp c th. Hnh
istance): Sr
ng cch hot ng hiu qu iu kin ngun in cung cp n nh
a vo vic tnh ton
n xut. Khong cch hot ng hiu qu khong 10
o
C
t chun: vt liu,
ng, kch
c, tc
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

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ca khong cch tc ng . iu ny c ngha l vt th s c pht hin trong
khong t 0 n 90% ca khong cch tc ng. Ty thuc vo mi thit b, tuy
nhin, khong cch tc ng hiu qu c th xa hn 110% ca khong cch tc
ng. Hnh 2.24
Khong cch chuyn mch hu ch (Useful Switching Distance): Su
Khong cch chuyn mch hu ch l khong cch chuyn mch c tnh
ton theo iu kin in p v nhit l thuyt. Khong cch chuyn mch hu
ch th bng khong 10% ca khong cch hot ng hiu qu. Hnh 2.24
Khong cch hot ng chc chn (Guaranteed Operating Distance): Sa
Khong cch hot ng chc chn l khong cch chuyn mch cho s hot
ng ca cm bin tim cn trong phm vi iu kin hot ng c c th chp
nhn c m bo. Khong cch hot ng chc chn nm trong khong 0
81% ca khong cch hot ng. Hnh 2.24

Hnh 2.24 Khong cch hot ng ca cm bin.
Cc chuyn mch ca cm bin tim cn ch p ng li vi vt th khi vt
th nm trong khu vc xc nh ng trc b mt ca cm bin. im m
cm bin tim cn nhn ra c mt vt th mang n gi l im tc ng. V
im m khi vt th i ra lm thit b chuyn li trng thi ban u gi l im
thot. Khong cch gia 2 im ny gi l vng tr (hysteretis zone). Hnh 2.25
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

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Hnh 2.25 Cc im chuyn mch ca cm bin.
Khong cch pht hin (Detecting Distance)
Khong cch pht hin l khong cch t b mt cm bin u cm bin
ti v tr vt chun xa nht m cm bin c th pht hin. Hnh 2.26

Hnh 2.26 M t khong cch pht hin.
Khong cch ci t (Sitting Distance)
Khong cch ci t l khong cch t b mt cm bin u cm bin ti
v tr vt cm bin cm bin c th pht hin vt n nh (thng khong cch
ny bng 70% n 0% khong cch pht hin). Hnh 2.27
Khong cch pht hin

Vt
cm
bin
Khong cch Reset
Cm bin
tim cn
B mt
cm bin
ON OFF
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

Trang 37

Hnh 2.27 M t khong cch ci t.
Thi gian p ng (Response Time)
o T1 l khong thi gian t lc i tng chun chuyn ng i vo vng
pht hin ca cm bin ti khi u ra cm bin bt v ON.
o T2 l khong thi gian t lc i tng chun chuyn ng i ra khi vng
pht hin ca cm bin ti khi u ra cm bin tt v OFF. Hnh 2.28
Hnh 2.28 M t thi gian p ng.
Tn s p ng (Response Frequency)
S ln tc ng lp li khi vt cm bin i vo vng hot ng ca cm
bin. Hnh 2.29

Vt
cm
bin
Dy hot ng
Cm bin
tim cn
B mt
cm bin
Trong di hot ng
Ngoi di hot ng
ON
OFF
T
1
T
2
Khong cch ci t

Vt
cm
bin
Khong cch pht hin c lng
Cm bin
tim cn
B mt
cm bin
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

Trang 38

Hnh 2.29 M t tn s p ng.
c. Khong cch o v cc yu t nh hng
Vt liu i tng (Material):
Vt liu i tng l khong cch pht hin ca cm bin ph thuc rt
nhiu vo vt liu ca vt cm bin. Hnh 2.30

Hnh 2.30 M t c tnh t ca vt liu.
Cc vt liu c t tnh hoc kim loi c cha st s c khong cch pht
hin xa hn cc vt liu khng c cha t tnh hoc cha st. Hnh 2.31
Kim loi cu to nn vt th cng nh hng n khong cch vng tc
ng. Nhng khi mt kim loi no khc thp th mt h s chnh sa c s
dng hiu chnh.
Khong cch
pht hin u sensor
u sensor
Vt
Vt
Kim loi khng c t tnh Kim loi c t tnh
Cm bin
tim cn
khong cch cm bin
M

M

2M

T
1
T
2
T
3
Vt cm bin
f=1/(T
2
+T
2
)
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

Trang 39

Hnh 2.31 Biu m t dn theo c tnh t.
Kch c ca i tng (Size):
Nu vt cm bin nh hn vt th chun (test object) khong cch pht hin
ca cm bin s gim. Hnh 2.32

Hnh 2.32 M t kch thc tng i ca ca i tng.
B dy ca i tng (Size):
dy ca vt th l mt h s khc cn c xem xt. Khong cch vng
tc ng th khng i i vi vt chun. Tuy nhin i vi vt th khng c st
trong thnh phn nh ng thau (brass), nhm (aluminum), v ng (copper)
th s xy ra hin tng hiu ng b mt (skin effect). Khong cch vng cm
ng s gim khi dy ca vt th tng ln. Nu dy ca vt th khc so vi
vt chun th mt h s chnh sa s c dng iu chnh li.
Vi vt cm bin thuc nhm kim loi c t tnh (st, Niken, SUS), b
dy vt phi ln hn 1mm.
Khong cch
pht hin
u sensor
u sensor
Vt
Vt
Kch thc vt ln Kch thc vt nh
dn ca vt
Khong cch cm bin
Iron
SUS
Brass
Aluminum
Copper


Vi vt cm bin thuc nhm kim loi khng c t tnh
cng mng th khong cch
Lp m bn ngoi c
Nu vt b m th
d
Khng m
Zn (5 15m)
Cd (5 15m)
Ag (5 15m)
Cu (10 20m)
Cu (5 15m)
Cu (5 10m) + Ni(Cu 10
Cu (5 10m) + Ni(10

S giao thoa v nh h
Cn phi ch khi s dng nhiu cm, khi c hai hay nhiu h
t k nhau hay i din nhau c th xy ra nhiu hoc s nh h
gia chng, dn n sai tn hiu u ra.
Chng 2: C

Trang 40
i vt cm bin thuc nhm kim loi khng c t tnh
ng cch pht hin cng xa. Hnh 2.33
Hnh 2.33 M t b dy ca i tng.
n ngoi ca vt (Plating):
u vt b m th khong cch cm bin ca vt s b nh h
dy v vt liu m Thp
100
m) 90 120
m) 100 110
m) 60 90
m) 70 90
m)
---
m) + Ni(Cu 1020m) 75 95
m) + Ni(10m) Cr(0,3m) 75 95
nh hng bi kim loi xung quanh:
n phi ch khi s dng nhiu cm, khi c hai hay nhiu h
t k nhau hay i din nhau c th xy ra nhiu hoc s nh h
n n sai tn hiu u ra.
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn
i vt cm bin thuc nhm kim loi khng c t tnh, b dy ca vt


ng cch cm bin ca vt s b nh hng
ng
100
120 95 105
110 95 105
90 85 100
90 95 105
95 105
95
---
95 95 105
n phi ch khi s dng nhiu cm, khi c hai hay nhiu hn cm bin
t k nhau hay i din nhau c th xy ra nhiu hoc s nh hng ln nhau
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

Trang 41
Khi c nhiu cm bin tim cn c t st nhau, s lm vic sai ca cc
cm bin c th l nguyn nhn giao thoa. V th phi chc chn quy nh mt
khong cch nh nht gia 2 cm bin nh hnh 2.34

Hnh 2.34 Khong cch m t cho s giao thoa.
Khi cc cm bin c t trn bng kim loi, n i hi phi che chn cm
bin trnh nh hng bi cc vt bng kim loi ngoi tr vt cn pht hin.
V th phi chc chn quy nh mt khong cch nh nht gia cc cm bin nh
hnh 2.35

Hnh 2.35 Khong cch m t nh hng bi kim loi
2.3.5. Cc loi u ra v cch mc ti
a. Loi u ra DC-2 dy
Khi cm bin c 2 dy ra ngun cung cp DC loi ny thng ti c mc
vo l relay thc hin nh hnh 2.36 v hnh 2.37
o S tc ng ng ra

Hnh 2.36 S ng ra iu khin loi DC-2 dy.
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

Trang 42
o S u dy

Hnh 2.37 S u dy ra ti loi DC-2 dy.
Ti c th mc dy ngun hoc dy mass cng ng
b. Loi DC-3 dy
Khi cm bin c 3 dy ra ngun cung cp DC loi ny thng ti c mc
vo l relay thc hin nh hnh 2.38, hnh 2.39, hnh 2.40, hnh 2.41
o S tc ng ng ra

Hnh 2.38 S ng ra iu khin loi NPN.

Hnh 2.39 S ng ra iu khin loi PNP.
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

Trang 43
o S u ni:

Hnh 2.40 S u dy ra ti loi 3 u dy ra.

Hnh 2.41 S u dy ra ti loi 3 u dy ra.
c. Loi AC-2 dy
Khi cm bin c 2 dy ra ngun cung cp AC loi ny thng ti c mc
vo l relay thc hin nh hnh 2.42 v hnh 2.43
o S ng ra iu khin:

Hnh 2.42 S ng ra iu khin loi AC-2 dy.


o S u dy:
d. Kt ni cm bin vi PLC
Cm bin c th kt ni trc tip hay gin tip v
dng dy ra ca cm bin hai hay ba dy nh
hnh 2.47
o Loi 2 u dy ra:
Hnh 2.44
Hnh 2.
Chng 2: C

Trang 44

Hnh 2.43 S u dy cho ti loi DC
t ni cm bin vi PLC
m bin c th kt ni trc tip hay gin tip vo ng vo PLC, ty theo
ng dy ra ca cm bin hai hay ba dy nh cc hnh 2.44, hnh 2.45, hnh 2.46,
i 2 u dy ra:
44 S kt ni cm bin vi PLC loi AC 220V.
Hnh 2.45 S kt ni cm bin vi PLC loi DC 24V.
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

u dy cho ti loi DC-2 dy.
o ng vo PLC, ty theo
nh 2.44, hnh 2.45, hnh 2.46,

kt ni cm bin vi PLC loi AC 220V.

kt ni cm bin vi PLC loi DC 24V.


o Loi 3 u dy ra:
Hnh 2.46
Hnh 2.47 S
e. Mt vi ch khi s dng
o Khi s dng cm bin tim c
nu khng cc linh lin b
trong 2 dy nh h
Hnh 2.
Trng hp dng t
o Loi AC-2 dy:
mong mun bi in p d
d l nh hn i
song vi ti nh
Chng 2: C

Trang 45
ra:
S kt ni cm bin vi PLC loi NPN D
S kt ni cm bin vi PLC loi PNP DC
dng
dng cm bin tim cn loi DC hay AC-2 dy, ph
u khng cc linh lin bn trong s h hng. Ti c th
nh hnh 2.48

Hnh 2.48 Kt ni ti vi cm bin loi 2 dy ra.
ng ti nh:
2 dy: C th l nguyn nhn lm ti hot ng p li khng nh
n bi in p d. Nu dng ti di 5mA, ta phi m bo in p
n in p p li ca ti bng cch kt ni mt in tr s song
nh hnh 2.49
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

kt ni cm bin vi PLC loi NPN D -3 dy.

kt ni cm bin vi PLC loi PNP DC -3 dy.
2 dy, phi kt ni vi ti
i c th c kt ni vi 1

t ni ti vi cm bin loi 2 dy ra.
i hot ng p li khng nh
i 5mA, ta phi m bo in p
i bng cch kt ni mt in tr s song
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

Trang 46
( ) =
I
V
R
S
; ( ) W
R
V
P
S
2
= (2.3)
I: dng lm vic ca ti
R: in tr s
P: cng sut gii hn

Hnh 2.49 Kt ni ti vi cm bin loi AC- 2 dy ra ti nh.
o Loi DC-2 dy: Hy to dng trn cm bin tin cn nh hn dng p li
ca ti bng cch kt ni thm mt in tr s song song vi ti nh hnh
2.50
( )

=
off o
S
I I
V
R ; ( ) W
R
V
P
S
2
= (2.4)
V
S
: ngun cung cp
I
o
: dng lm vic Min ca cm bin tim cn
I
off
: dng p li ca ti
R: in tr s
P: Tng s W ca in tr s

Hnh 2.50 Kt ni ti vi cm bin loi DC-2 dy ra ti nh.


2.3.6. Mt vi cm bin tim cn loi cm ng t
o Loi c b khuch i ri
Hnh
Hnh 2.52 Kim tra kp.
o Loi hnh ch nht
o Loi pht hin vt kim loi r
Hnh 2.
Chng 2: C

Trang 47
n tim cn loi cm ng t
i c b khuch i ri:

Hnh 2.51 Cm bin loi c b khuch i ri.

m tra kp. Hnh 2.53 Kim tra gy mi khoan.
nht

Hnh 2.54 Cm bin hnh ch nht.
i pht hin vt kim loi ri

Hnh 2.55 Cm bin pht hin vt kim loi r
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

m bin loi c b khuch i ri.

i khoan.

nht.

m bin pht hin vt kim loi ri.
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

Trang 48

Hnh 2.56 Cm bin pht hin m hay kim loi ri.
2.4 Cm bin in dung (Capacitive Sensor)
2.4.1. Gii thiu cm bin in dung
a. Hnh dng
Cm bin in dung thng c cu to dng tr trn bn ngoi c bao
bc bi lp nha do nh hnh 2.57


Hnh 2.57 Cm bin tim cn loi in dung.
Cm bin in dung dng pht hin cc loi vt th c hng s in mi ln
hn hng s in mi khng kh nh: Nha, thy tinh, g, kim loi,... Cm bin
tim cn in dung ging v kch thc, hnh dng, c s hot ng so vi cm
bin tim cn in cm. im khc bit cn bn gia chng l cm bin tim cn


in dung to ra vng i
in t trng. Cm bin tim cn in dung c th pht hin i t
liu kim loi cng nh
b. Cu to
Hnh 2.
Cm bin in dung c cu to bao g
ngun, in cc ni mass
Cng ging nh c
dung c 4 phn nh h
in cc, tip theo l
mch ng ra cng c hai dng NPN hay PNP
Chng 2: C

Trang 49
ng in trng cn cm bin tim cn in cm to ra v
ng. Cm bin tim cn in dung c th pht hin i t
i cng nh khng phi kim loi. Hnh 2.58
Hnh 2.58 Cm bin in dung pht hin vt

Hnh 2.59 Cu to cm bin tim cn loi in dung.
m bin in dung c cu to bao gm cc thnh ph
n, in cc ni mass, led ch bo v nt hiu chnh nhy nh
nh cm bin tim cn in cm, cm bin tim cn loi in
nh hnh 2.60 bao gm phn to in trng cu to gm hai
n cc, tip theo l mch dao ng, mch pht hin v m
ng c hai dng NPN hay PNP
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn
m bin tim cn in cm to ra vng
ng. Cm bin tim cn in dung c th pht hin i tng c cht

m bin in dung pht hin vt.

m bin tim cn loi in dung.
m cc thnh phn: in cc ni
u chnh nhy nh hnh 2.59.
m bin tim cn in cm, cm bin tim cn loi in
ng cu to gm hai
mch ng ra thng


Hnh 2.
o B phn cm bin (cc bn cc
o Mch dao ng
o Mch ghi nhn tn hiu
o Mch in ng ra
c. Nguyn l hot ng
Cm bin tim cn in dung p
i in dung gia v
Hnh 2.62
Cm bin mc in dung hot ng da tr
gia cht lu v khng kh. i
Chng 2: C

Trang 50
Hnh 2.60 Cc thnh phn ca cm bin dung.

Hnh 2.61 Cc in cc cm bin dung.
phn cm bin (cc bn cc cch in)

ch ghi nhn tn hiu
ra
t ng
m bin tim cn in dung pht hin theo nguyn tc tnh in (s thay
vt cm bin v u cm bin), c th pht hin

Nguyn tc hot ng cm bin tim cn loi in dung.
m bin mc in dung hot ng da trn s khc bit hng s in mi
u v khng kh. iu kin cn thit p dng ph
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

n ca cm bin dung.

n cc cm bin dung.
c tnh in (s thay
pht hin tt c cc vt.
m bin tim cn loi in dung.
khc bit hng s in mi
u kin cn thit p dng phng php ny l
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

Trang 51
hng s in mi ca cht lu phi ln hn hng s in mi ca khng kh,
thng l gp i. Hng s in mi ca khng kh l 1.0; du c hng s in
mi t 1,8 n 5; nc c hng s in mi gia khong 50 n 80.
Khi mc cht lu thay i th hng s in mi cng thay i tng ng.
Mt loi t in c gi l cu in dung o ton b in dung v cho tn hiu
o lin tc.
T in gm hai bn cc bng kim loi t cch nhau qua vt liu in mi.
Cm bin dung l t in m: Gm hai bn cc t hng ra pha trc nh
hnh 2.63

Hnh 2.63 Hai loi cm bin tim cn loi in dung.
B mt cm bin l mt bn cc. Khi c in p xoay chiu t vo b mt
to ra mt in trng bin thin. in p ny ly im t nh mc chun
T in gm hai bn cc v cht in mi gia. Khong cch gia hai
in cc nh hng n kh nng tch tr in tch ca mt t in (in dung l
i lng c trng cho kh nng tch tr in tch ca mt t in). Nguyn tc
hot ng ca cm bin tim cn loi in dung da trn s thay i in dung
khi vt th xut hin trong vng in trng. T s thay i ny trng thi On
hay Off ca tn hiu m ng ra s c xc nh. Mt bn cc l thnh phn
ca cm bin, i tng cn pht hin l bn cc cn li. Mi quan h gia bin
sng dao ng v v tr i tng cm bin tim cn in dung tri ngc so
vi cm bin tim cn in cm. Hnh 2.64
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

Trang 52

Hnh 2.64 Hot ng ca cm bin tim cn in dung

Hnh 2.65 Sng dao ng mch dao ng cm bin in cm v in dung
Cm bin tim cn loi in dung c th pht hin bt c loi i tng no
c hng s in mi ln hn khng kh. Vt liu cng c hng s in mi cng
cao th cng d c cm bin pht hin. V d nc v khng kh, cm bin
tim cn in dung rt d dng pht hin ra nc (hng s in mi = 80) nhng
khng th nhn ra khng kh (hng s in mi = 1). i vi cc cht kim loi
khc nhau, kh nng pht hin ca cm bin l khng i. Nhng i vi cc
cht khc, th phm vi pht hin ca cm bin i vi tng cht l khc nhau. V
vy, cm bin tim cn in dung c th dng pht hin cc vt liu c hng
s in mi cao nh cht lng d n c cha trong hp kn (lm bng cht liu
c hng s in mi thp hn nh thy tinh, plastic). Cn chc chn rng i
tng cm bin pht hin l cht lng ch khng phi hp cha.
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

Trang 53

Hnh 2.66 Cm bin in dung pht hin cht lng trong bnh cha.
Khi cha c vt gia hai bn cc: Hnh 2.67

Hnh 2.67 Khi khng c vt th gia hai in cc
o in dung gia hai bn cc:
d
A
C
r

0
= (2.5)

r
:Hng s in mi gia hai bn cc.

0
: Hng s in mi chn khng. ( m F / 10 . 854187 . 8
12
0

= )
o Nu khng c vt th gia hai bn cc:
d
A
C
r
0
; 1

= = (2.6)
Nu gia hai bn cc tn ti vt th khng dn in: Hnh 2.68
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

Trang 54

Hnh 2.2.68 Khi c vt th (phi kim loi) gia hai in cc
o in dung gia hai bn cc:
d
A
C
r

0
= (2.7)
o Khi c vt th gia hai bn cc th: >1
r
C s tng
Do s tng gi tr ca C c s dng pht hin vt th.
Nu tn ti vt th kim loi gia hai bn cc dn in: Hnh 2.69

Hnh 2.69 Khi c vt th (kim loi) gia hai in cc
o in dung gia hai bn cc:
e d
A
C
r

=

0
(2.8)
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

Trang 55
o V mi trng gia hai bn cc l khng kh nn:
e d
A
C
r

= =
0
1

(2.9)
S c mt ca vt dn in gia hai bn cc cng lm in dung tng
Trong trng hp in cc th hai cch ly vi mt t:
o Nguyn tc nh cc trng hp trn.
o Cn tm ng lin kt bn cc vi im ni t.

Hnh 2.70 Khng c in cc tip t
o Nu khng c ng ni t cho bn cc th 2.
o in cc t ni trc tip trn b mt cm bin.
o iu ny to ra mt in trng c lp vi im cc t.
d. Phn loi cm bin in dung
Cm bin tim cn in dung cng phn thnh 2 loi: shielded (c bo
v) v unshielded (khng c bo v).
o Loi c bo v c vng kim loi bao quanh gip hng vng in trng v
pha trc v c th t ngang bng vi b mt lm vic.
o Loi khng c bo v khng c vng kim loi bao quanh v khng th t
ngang bng vi b mt lm vic. Xung quanh cm bin phi c 1 vng trng
(ging cm bin tim cn in cm loi khng c bo v), kch thc vng
trng ty thuc vo tng loi cm bin.
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

Trang 56
e. c im cm bin in dung
o C th pht hin st, kim loi, nha, nc, si, g,
o Tui th di v tinh cy cao.
o C mch bo v chng ni ngc cc ngun.
o D dng iu chnh khong cch bng volume. iu chnh c nhy bn
trong.
o C th kim tra tnh trng hot ng bi ch th LED .
o D dng kim tra mc v v tr.
f. Nhng yu t nh hng n tm pht hin ca cm bin tim cn in dung
o Kch thc ca in cc ca cm bin.
o Vt liu v kch thc i tng.
o Nhit mi trng.
i tng tiu chun v hng s in mi
i tng tiu chun c ch nh ring vi tng loi cm bin tim cn
in dung. Thng thng cht liu ca i tng tiu chun c nh ngha l
kim loi hoc nc.

Hnh 2.71 i tng tiu chun v hng s in mi ca cm bin in dung.
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

Trang 57
Hnh 2.71 Biu din mi quan h gia kh nng pht hin i tng v
hng s in mi.
g. u im v nhc im ca cm bin tim cn in dung
u im:
o C th cm nhn vt dn in v khng dn in.
o Tnh cht tuyn tnh v nhy khng ty thuc vo vt liu kim loi.
o N c th cm nhn c vt th nh, nh.
o Tc hot ng nhanh.
o Tui th cao v n nh cng cao i vi nhit .
Nhc im:
o B nh hng bi m
o Dy ni vi sensor phi ngn in dung dy khng nh hng n b
cng hng ca b dao ng.
2.4.2. Cc i lng cn ch khi s dng
a. iu chnh nhy
Khi khng c mc tiu pht hin, hay khi c s dao ng th khong cch
gia cm bin v vt. Ty theo tng loi vt v loi cm bin m ta c th chnh
cho ph hp (xem ch dn ca nh sn xut)
b. S giao thoa v nh hng bi kim loi xung quanh
Khi c nhiu cm bin tin cn c t st nhau, s lm vic sai ca cc
cm bin c th do nguyn nhn ca s giao thao ln nhau. V th ta phi chc
chn quy nh mt khong cch nh gia 2 cm bin nh cc hnh 2.72

Hnh 2.72 Cc cch iu chnh nhy.
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

Trang 58
Khi cc cm bin c t trn cc bng kim loi, n i hi che chn cm
bin trnh nh hng bi cc vt bng kim loi ngoi tr vt cn pht hin.
V th ta phi chc chn quy nh mt khong cch nh gia 2 cm bin nh
hnh 2.73

Hnh 2.73 Cc cch che chn cm bin.
c. nh hng ca cc loi vt liu
o Vt liu ca vt cm bin: Khong cch cc cm bin c th khc nhau bi
cc c trng in ca vt cm bin (tnh cht dn in, hng s in mi) v
tnh trng ht nc, kch thc.
o in trng c tn s cao: N c th gy ra s c cho my mc m cc my
ny pht ra tn s cao ca in trng v d nh my git
o Mi trng xung quanh: C nc hoc du trn b mt cm bin, hay cc
chai pht hin mc b ph du n c th gy ra trc trc. c bit loi c
ng knh nh (15mm) c nhy cao vi cc vt c in cm ta phi ch
ng b thm nc.
o Du: khng cho du chy vo cm bin nht l i vi loi v lm bng
nha.
d. S tip t
Khong cch cm bin s c thay i bi tnh trng tip t ca cm bin
tim cn loi in dung v vt [50x50x1mm (st)]. Hy kim tra vt liu trc
khi lp n vo bng.

Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

Trang 59
2.5 Cm bin siu m: (Ultrasonic sensor)
2.5.1. Khi nim dng siu m
Siu m l sng c hc c tn s ln hn tn s m nghe thy (trn 20kHz).
Thnh gic ca con ngi rt nhy cm vi di tn s t m trm (vi chc Hz)
n cc m thanh rt cao (gn 20kHz). Mt s loi vt nh di, ong c th cm
nhn c siu m.
Gii thiu v cm bin siu m: Cm bin siu m l thit b dng xc
nh v tr ca cc vt thng qua pht sng siu m. Cm bin siu m c th pht
hin ra hu ht cc i tng l kim loi, phi kim, lng hoc cht rn, vt trong
hoc m c (nhng vt c h s phn x sng m thanh ln).
2.5.2. Nguyn l ch to
Sng siu m c truyn i trong khng kh vi vn tc khong 343m/s.
Nu mt cm bin pht ra sng siu m v thu v cc sng phn x ng thi, o
c khong thi gian t lc pht i ti lc thu v, th my tnh c th xc nh
c qung ng m sng di chuyn trong khng gian. Qung ng di
chuyn ca sng s bng 2 ln khong cch t cm bin ti chng ngi vt, theo
hng pht ca sng siu m. Hay khong cch t cm bin ti chng ngi vt
s c tnh theo nguyn l TOF (Time Of Flight) hnh 2.74

Hnh 2.74 Nguyn l TOF.


Cm bin mc sng si
gian t lc truyn sng
m s dng sng di tn s
trong khng kh 15 C) ph thuc v
bnh cha.
Hnh 2.76 Mt vi lo
2.5.3. Gii thiu cm bin si
a. Cu to
Cm bin tim cn si
o B phn pht v nh
o B phn so snh (Comparator)
o Mch pht hin (Detector Circuit)
b phn so snh tnh ton khong cch bng cch so snh
nhn v vn tc m thanh.
o Mch in ng ra (Output):
hiu t cm bin digital bo c hay khng s xut hin i t
Chng 2: C

Trang 60
Hnh 2.75 Cc loi cm bin siu m.
m bin mc sng siu m c xc nh mc bng cch o khong thi
sng ti lc nhn c sng phn hi. Cm bin mc sng si
dng sng di tn s hn 10 KHz. Tc truyn ca sng (34
15 C) ph thuc vo loi kh v nhit ca kh b

i loi cm bin tim cn siu m do Siemens s
i thiu cm bin siu m
n siu m c 4 phn chnh: Hnh 2.77
nhn sng siu m (Transducer / Receiver)
phn so snh (Comparator)
n (Detector Circuit): Khi cm bin nhn
phn so snh tnh ton khong cch bng cch so snh
n tc m thanh.
ra (Output): Tn hiu ng ra c th l digital ho
u t cm bin digital bo c hay khng s xut hin i t
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

nh mc bng cch o khong thi
m bin mc sng siu
n ca sng (343m/giy
t ca kh bn trong

u m do Siemens sn xut.
u m (Transducer / Receiver)
m bin nhn c sng phn hi,
phn so snh tnh ton khong cch bng cch so snh thi gian pht,
digital hoc analog. Tn
u t cm bin digital bo c hay khng s xut hin i tng trong vng
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

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cm nhn ca cm bin. Tn hiu t cm bin analog cha ng thng tin
khong cch ca i tng n cm bin.

Hnh 2.77 Cc thnh phn ca cm bin tim cn siu m.
b. Nguyn l hot ng
K thut cm bin siu m da trn c im vn tc m thanh l hng s.
Thi gian sng m thanh i t cm bin n i tng v quay tr li lin h trc
tip n di qung ng. V vy cm bin siu m thng c dng trong
cc ng dng o khong cch. Hnh 2.78

Hnh 2.78 Sng m thanh phn hi khi i tng l cht rn, cht lng.
Tn s hot ng: Nhn chung, cc cm bin cng nghip hot ng vi tn
s 25 khz n 500 Khz. Cc cm bin trong lnh vc y khoa th hot ng vi
khong tn s t 5MHz tr ln. Tn s hot ng ca cm bin t l nghch vi
khong cch pht hin cm bin. Vi tn s 50 kHz, phm vi hot ng ca cm
bin c th ln ti 10 m hoc hn, vi tn s 200 kHz th phm vi hot ng cm
bin b gii hn mc 1 m.
Vng hot ng: l khu vc gia 2 gii hn khong cch pht hin ln nht
v nh nht Cm bin tim cn siu m c mt vng nh khng th s dng gn
b mt cm bin gi l khu vc m hay vng cht (blind zone). Hnh 2.79
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

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Hnh 2.79 Vng hot ng ca cm bin tim cn siu m.
Cm bin siu m bao gm: mt b pht sng m lm bng a gm s s
pht sng lan tuyn trong khng gian n khi gp vt cn s c sng di li. Hnh
2.80

Hnh 2.80 S lan truyn sng m ca cm bin siu m.
Trong mt chu k lm vic cm bin s c lin tc sng di v cho n khi
xung di v c bin bng xung pht i ban u s kt thc mt chu k thu
nhn. Hnh 2.81

Hnh 2.81 Chu k c xung ca cm bin siu m.
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

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Vng hot ng ca cm bin siu m bao gm: Vng cht, vng nhn thy
v vng ci t trc c (vng hot ng). Hnh 2.82

Hnh 2.82 Cc vng hot ng ca cm bin siu m.
Khi bt u pht xung l lc sng m s pht i n khi gp vt cn sng s
di li nhng vng hot ng ph hp ch cch u cm nhn ca cm bin
khong 6 n 8 cm vng ny gi l vng cht. Hnh 2.83

Hnh 2.83 Hot ng ca cm bin siu m
Gc qut ca cm bin siu m l vng mu xanh, cn li l vng m cm
bin khng o c gi l vng m. Hnh 2.84

Hnh 2.84 Hot ng ca cm bin siu m
Cm bin siu m c m hnh ha thnh mt hnh qut, trong cc
im gia dng nh khng c chng ngi vt, cn cc im trn bin th
dng nh c chng ngi vt hnh 2.85
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

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Hnh 2.85 Hot ng ca cm bin siu m
2.5.4. Sai s nhiu ph bin vi cm bin siu m
a. Hin tng forecasting
Hin tng Forecasting l hin tng phn x gc sai lch ca cm bin.
Do nguyn l TOF, c khong cch ng, cm bin siu m phi hng
vung gc vi b mt chng ngi vt cn o. Tuy nhin, cc chng ngi vt
khng bao gi l phng, mn, nn tia phn x c th khng tng ng vi gc ti.
Cc chm tia phn x ny c nng lng phn x thp hn nh hnh 2.86.

Hnh 2.86 S phn x ca sng siu m trn b mt vt liu
Tuy vy, mt khong cch no , cm bin siu m vn c th ghi nhn
c nhng tn hiu phn x ny. Kt qu, thng s c v ca cm bin siu m
b lch do gc m ca cm bin siu m ln. Hnh nh v hin tng Forecasting
nh hnh 2.87.
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

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Hnh 2.87 Hin tng Forecasting
Ngoi ra, v gc m rng nn khng ch sai v nhn dng v tr chng ngi
vt, m khong cch ghi nhn cng b sai lch. Tuy vy, sai s ny khng ng
k nh sai s do hin tng c cho gy ra. V sai s ny l sai s c th qun l
c, trong khi , sai s do hin tng c cho khng th qun l c. Sau
y chng ta s tm hiu v hin tng c cho v phng php x l hin
tng c cho.
b. Hin tng crosstalk
Hin tng c cho (crosstalk) l hin tng m cm bin siu m ny ghi
nhn tn hiu phn x hoc tn hiu trc tip t cm bin siu m khc, hoc sau
qu trnh sng siu m truyn i v phn x qua cc b mt quay li cm bin
mt cch khng mong mun. Hnh 2.79 m t hin tng c cho ca cm bin
siu m

Hnh 2.79 Hin tng c cho ca cm bin siu m
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

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Hin tng c cho c th phn loi thnh hai loi chnh:
o Loi 1 l hin tng nhiu robot hot ng trong cng mt mi trng, v cm
bin siu m ny ghi nhn tn hiu ca cm bin siu m kia mt cch trc tip
hoc gin tip, hoc do sng siu m di chuyn trong khng gian sau mt thi
gian ngu nhin no quay tr li cm bin.
o Loi 2 l hin tng cm bin siu m ny ghi nhn tn hiu ca cm bin siu
m kia trn cng robot sau qu trnh phn x.
Cn phi phn bit hai qu trnh c cho ny, bi v ta thy rng, i vi
hin tng c cho loi mt, r rng, sng siu m sai lch l ngu nhin, khng
d on c. Tuy nhin, v tnh ngu nhin ny, vic x l nhiu (tn hiu sai t
cm bin khc) tr nn d dng hn thut ton EERUF cho php x l c hai loi
ca hin tng c cho.
tng c bn ca thut ton ny nm ch, xem cc tn hiu ghi nhn
c l nhiu, v s dng nhng quy nh pht v thu loi b c cc nhiu
khng hp l.
Phn tch x l hin tng crosstalk
Mc tiu ca vic x l hin tng c cho l nhm nng cao tc c
ca cm bin v on trc c ng c cho khi no xy ra. Ngoi vic xc
nh thi im xy ra hin tng c cho th ta c th pht thm mt cm bin
v ch c cm bin, i mt thi gian t cho nng lng sng m yu dn v
khng lm nh hng ln cc cm bin khc trong cng mt mi trng. hnh
2.80

Hnh 2.80 t lch thi gian pht sng
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

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Trong hin tng c cho loi 1, nu cc ng c cho hnh thnh ngu
nhin v khng th xc nh trc, ta nhn thy c th s dng phng php lp,
c nhiu ln nhn ra c tn hiu ln u ghi nhn c l tn hiu gy nhiu.
nh vy vic c cm bin nhiu ln cho php ta loi b c cc ng c
cho ngu nhin.
Trong hin tng c cho loi 2 khng phn bit c ng cho ln hai
v ln ba. Chng ta s dng phng php Borenstein pht hin ng c
cho khi n xut hin v thay i cc gi tr thi gian ch sau mi chu k c.
Hnh 2.81

Hnh 2.81 phng php x l hin tng c cho
c. Sai s do mi trng
Sai s do nhit i tng cn o, nhit v m mi trng c m
t nh hnh 2.82

Hnh 2.82 nh hng ca nhit i tng cn o
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

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Khi nhit mi trng thay i cng nh hng n kt qu o, th m
t qu trnh thay i nh hnh 2.83

Hnh 2.83 nh hng ca nhit i tng cn o
Khi m t mi trng thay i cng nh hng n kt qu o, th
m t qu trnh thay i nh hnh 2.84

Hnh 2.84 nh hng ca m mi trng
Nhit b mt ca i tng nh hng n phm vi hot ng ca cm
bin. Hi nng ta ra t i tng c nhit cao lm mo dng sng, lm cho
khong cch pht hin ca i tng ngn li v gi tr khong cch khng chnh
xc.
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

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Hnh 2.85 nh hng ca nhit i vi sng phn hi.
2.5.5. Cc ch khi s dng cm bin siu m
a. Cch b tr cm bin
Kch thc v vt liu ca i tng cn pht hin quyt nh khong cch
pht hin ln nht (xem hnh 2.86)

Hnh 2.86 Khong cch hot ng ca cm bin tim cn siu m.
Khong cch gia cc cm bin khi b tr cc cm bin gn nhau cng cn ch
khi b tr cm bin siu m cn ch phi tha mn cc iu kin theo cc bng theo
tng trng hp nh cho trong cc bng nh sau:
o Khi b tr song song hai cm bin khong cch gia chng nh hnh 2.87
o Khi b tr i mt hai cm bin khong cch gia chng nh hnh 2.88
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o Khi b tr cm bin gn nhng vt c b mt phn x khc nhau khong cch
gia chng nh hnh 2.89

Hnh 2.87 B tr song song hai cm bin

Hnh 2.88 B tr mt i mt.

Hnh 2.89 nh hng ca vt so vi vng hot ng
B mt phng phn hi nng lng ca sng m thanh tt hn b mt g
gh. Tuy nhin b mt trn phng li c i hi khc khe v v tr gc to thnh
gia cm bin v mt phng i tng xem hnh 2.91
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

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Hnh 2.91 t cm bin siu m i vi i tng c b mt g gh v gc
nghing so vi phng ngang 3
o
.
b. u nhc im ca cm bin siu m
u im:
o Khong cch m cm bin c th pht hin vt th ln ti 15m.
o Sng phn hi ca cm bin khng ph thuc mu sc ca b mc i tng
hay tnh cht phn x nh sng ca i tng v d b mt knh trong sut, b
mt gm mu nu, b mt plastic mu trng, hay b mt cht liu nhm sng,
trng... l nh nhau.
o Tn hiu p ng ca cm bin tim cn siu m analog l t l tuyn tnh vi
khong cch. iu ny c bit l tng cho cc ng dng nh theo di cc
mc ca vt cht, mc chuyn ng ca i tng.
Nhc im:
o Cm bin tim cn siu m yu cu i tng c mt din tch b mt ti
thiu (gi tr ny ty thuc vo tng loi cm bin).
o Sng phn hi cm bin nhn c c th chu nh hng ca cc sng m
thanh tp m.
o Cm bin tim cn siu m yu cu mt khong thi gian sau mi ln sng
pht i sn sng nhn sng phn hi. Kt qu thi gian p ng ca cm
bin tim cn siu m nhn chung chm hn cc cm bin khc khong 0,1s.
Chng 2: Cm Bin Tim Cn

Trang 72
o Vi cc i tng c mt vt cht thp nh bt hay vi (qun o) rt kh
pht hin vi khong cch ln.
o Cm bin tim cn siu m b gii hn khong cch pht hin nh nht.
o S thay i ca mi trng nh nhit (vn tc m thanh ph thuc vo
nhit ), p sut, s chuyn khng ng u ca khng kh, bi bn bay
trong khng kh gy nh hng n kt qu o.

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