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MNH TP HP

A. TM TT L THUYT
I. MNH
1. Mnh : l mt khng nh hoc l ng hoc l sai v khng th va
ng va sai.
V d: 2 + 3 = 5 l M ng. 2 l s hu t l M sai.
Mt qu! khng phi l M.

2. Mnh cha bin
V d: Cho khng nh 2 + n = 5. Khi thay mi gi tr c th ca n vo
khng nh trn th ta c mt mnh . Khng nh c c im
nh th c gi l mnh cha bin.
3. Ph nh ca mt mnh
Ph nh ca mnh P k hiu l P l mt mnh tho mn tnh cht
nu P ng th P sai, cn nu P sai th P ng.
V d: P: 3 l s nguyn t. P : 3 khng l s nguyn t.
4. Mnh ko theo
Mnh Nu P th Q gi l mnh ko theo, k hiu P Q.
Mnh P Q ch sai khi P ng ng thi Q sai.
V d: Mnh 1>2 l mnh sai.
Mnh 3 2 3 4 < < l mnh ng.
Trong mnh P Q th
P: gi l gi thit (hay P l iu kin c Q).
Q: gi l kt lun (hay Q l iu kin cn c P).
5. Mnh o Hai mnh tng ng
Mnh o ca mnh P Q l mnh Q P.
Ch : Mnh o ca mt ng cha hn l mt mnh ng.
Nu hai mnh P Q v Q P u ng th ta ni P v Q l hai mnh
tng ng nhau. K hiu P Q.

Chng
I
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Cch pht biu khc: + P khi v ch khi Q.
+ P l iu kin cn v c Q.
+ Q l iu kin cn v c P.
6. K hiu ,
: c l vi mi : c l tn ti
V d: x R, x
2
0: ng n Z, n
2
3n + 1 = 0: sai
7. Ph nh ca mnh vi mi, tn ti
Mnh P: x D, T(x) c mnh ph nh l , ( ) x D T x .
Mnh P: x D, T(x) c mnh ph nh l , ( ) x D T x .
Lu :
Ph nh ca a < b l a b Ph nh ca a = b l a b
Ph nh ca a > b l a b Ph nh ca a b l a b
V d: P: n Z, n < 0 : , 0 P n n
II. TP HP
Cho tp hp A. Nu a l phn t thuc tp A ta vit a A.
Nu a l phn t khng thuc tp A ta vit a A.
1. Cch xc nh tp hp
a. Cch lit k
Vit tt c phn t ca tp hp vo gia du {}, cc phn t cch nhau bi
du phy (,)
V d: A = {1,2,3,4,5}
b. Cch nu tnh cht c trng
Ch ra tnh cht c trng cho cc phn t ca tp .
V d: A = {x R|2x
2
5x + 3 = 0}
Ta thng minh ho tp hp bng mt ng cong khp
kn gi l biu Ven.
A

2. Tp hp rng: L tp hp khng cha phn t no. K hiu .
: A x x A
3. Tp hp con ca mt tp hp
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, A B x A x B
Ch : A A A , A B B C A C
4. Hai tp hp bng nhau:
,( ) A B x x A x B =

III. CC PHP TON TRN TP HP
1. Php giao: AB = {x [ x A v x
B}
hay
x A
x A B
x B
'
1

1
1

!
1
1
1+

B
A

2. Php hp: AB = {x [ x A hoc x
B}
hay
x A
x A B
x B

B
A

3. Hiu ca hai tp hp: A\B = {x [x
A v x B}
hay

x A
x A B
x B

A\ B
B
A

4. Phn b: Khi B A th A\B gi
l phn b ca B trong A. K hiu
B
A
C
Vy,
B
A
C = A\B khi B A .
A
B

IV. CC TP HP S:
Tp s t nhin N = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,}, ngoi ra N
*
= N\{0}
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Tp s nguyn Z = {, 3,2,1,0,1,2,3,}
Tp cc s hu t Q = {x =
m
n
| m,n Z v n 0}
Tp s thc R gm tt c cc s hu t v v t. Tp s thc c biu
din bng trc s.
-2 -1 2 1 0 +
-

1. Quan h gia cc tp s: N Z Q R
2. Cc tp con thng dng ca R
(a ; b) = {x R | a < x < b}
(a ; +) = {x R | x > a}
( ; b) = {x R | x < b}
[a ; b] = {x R | a x b}
[a ; b) = {x R | a x < b}
(a ; b] = {x R | a < x b}
[a ; +) = {x R | x a}
( ; b] = {x R | x b}
b
a
) (
+ -

a
(
+ -

b
)
+ -

b
]
a
[
+ -

[
a
b
)
+ -

(
a
b
]
+ -

a
[
+ -

b
]
+ -

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Ch : R = ( ; +)
3. Cch tm giao, hp, hiu ca cc tp hp A,B R
a. Cch tm giao ca A v B
Biu din cc tp hp A v B ln cng mt trc s thc (gch b cc
khong khng thuc A v cc khong khng thuc B). Phn cn li trn
trc s l kt qu A B
V d: [1 ; 7] (3 ; 5) = [1 ; 5)
5 -3
) ( [
1 7
]
+ -

b. Cch tm hp ca A v B
T m cc khong ca A, t m cc khong ca B (khng gch b bt
k khong no trn trc s), sau gch b cc khong khng c t
m. Ly ht tt c cc khong c t m lm kt qu cho tp A B
V d: [1 ; 7) (3 ; 5) = (3 ; 7)
) ) [ (
5 -3 1 7
+ -

c. Cch tm hiu ca A cho B
T m tp cc khong ca tp A v gch b cc khong ca tp B, sau
gch b lun cc khong cha c t hoc nh du. Phn t m khng
b gch b l tp hp A\B
V d: [1 ; 7) \ (3 ; 5) = [5 ; 7)
) ) [ (
5 -3 1 7
+ -

\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
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1. MNH
BI TP C BN
1.1. Cu no di y l mnh ng, cu no l mnh sai?
a.y l u? b.PT x
2
+ x 1 = 0 v nghim
c.x + 3 = 5 d.16 khng l s nguyn t
1.2. Cc mnh sau ng hay sai. Nu mnh ph nh ca chng
a.Phng trnh x
2
x 4 = 0 v nghim
b.6 l s nguyn t b.n N, n
2
1 l s l
1.3. Xc nh tnh ng sai ca mnh A, B v tm ph nh ca n
A: x R, x
3
> x
2
B: x N, x (x +1)
1.4. Pht biu mnh P Q, xt tnh ng sai v pht biu mnh o
ca n
a.P: ABCD l hnh ch nht v Q: AC v BD ct nhau ti trung im
mi ng
b.P: 3 > 5 v Q: 7 > 10
c.P: ABC l tam gic vung cn ti A v Q: Gc B = 45
0

1.5. Pht biu mnh P Q bng 2 cch v xt tnh ng sai ca n
a.P: ABCD l hnh bnh hnh v Q: AC v BD ct nhau ti trung
im mi ng
b.P: 9 l s nguyn t v Q: 9
2
+ 1 l s nguyn t
1.6. Hy xt tnh ng sai ca cc mnh sau y v pht biu mnh o
ca chng
P: Hnh thoi ABCD c 2 ng cho AC v BD vung gc nhau
Q: Tam gic cn c 1 gc bng 60
0
l tam gic u
R: 13 chia ht cho 2 nn 13 chia ht cho 10
1.7. Cho mnh cha bin P(x): x > x
2
. Xt tnh ng sai ca cc mnh
sau:
a.P(1) b.P(
1
3
) c.x N, P(x) d.x N, P(x)
1.8. Pht biu mnh A B v A B ca cc cp mnh sau v xt tnh
ng sai ca chng
a.A: T gic T l hnh bnh hnh, B: T gic T c hai cnh i din
bng nhau
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b.A: T gic T l hnh vung, B: T gic T c 3 gc vung
c.A: x > y, B: x
2
> y
2
(Vi x,y l 2 s thc)
d.A: im M cch u 2 cnh ca gc xOy, B: im M nm trn
ng phn gic gc xOy
1.9. Hy xem xt cc mnh sau ng hay sai v hy ph nh chng
x N, x
2
2x x N, (x
2
+ x) 2 x Z, x
2
x 1 = 0
1.10. Trong cc mnh sau, mnh no c mnh o ng
A: Mt s t nhin tn cng l 6 th s chia ht cho 2
B: Tam gic cn c 1 gc = 60
0
l tam gic u
C: Nu tch 3 s l s dng th c 3 s u l s dng
D: Hnh thoi c 1 gc vung th l hnh vung
1.11. Pht biu thnh li cc mnh sau y v xt tnh ng sai ca chng
a.A: x R,x
2
< 0 B: x R,x
2
< 0
b.C: x R,
1
x
> x + 1 D: x R,
1
x
> x + 1
c.E: x R,
2
4
2
x
x

= x + 2 F: x R,
2
4
2
x
x

= x + 2
d.G: x R,x
2

3x + 2 > 0 G: x R,x
2

3x + 2 > 0
1.12. Cho s thc x. Xt cc mnh cha bin
P: x
2
= 1 Q: x = 1
a.Hy pht biu mnh P Q, mnh o ca n v tnh ng sai
ca cc mnh .
b.Hy ch ra mt gi tr ca x lm cho mnh P Q sai.
1.13. Cho tam gic ABC. Pht biu mnh o ca cc mnh sau v xt
tnh ng sai ca chng.
a.Nu AB = BC = CA th ABC l tam gic u
b.Nu AB > BC th

ACB BAC
c.Nu
0
90 BAC = th ABC l mt tam gic vung
BI TP NNG CAO
1.14. Hy pht biu v chng minh cc nh l sau y
a.n N, n
2
2 n 2 b.n N, n
2
3 n 3
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c.n N, n
2
6 n 6
1.15. Xt tnh ng sai ca cc mnh sau, nu r l do v lp mnh
ph nh cho cc mnh di Y
a.r Q, 4r
2
1 = 0 b.n N, (n
2
+ 1) 8
c.x R,x
2
+ x + 1 > 0 d.n N
*
,(1 + 2 + + n) 11
1.16. Cho P(n): n l s chn v Q(n): 7n + 4 l s chn
a.Pht biu v chng minh nh l n N, P(n) Q(n)
b.Pht biu v chng minh nh l o ca nh l trn
c.Pht biu gp 2 nh l trn bng 2 cch.
1.17. CMR, 2 l mt s v t.

2. TP HP
BI TP C BN
2.1. Xc nh cc tp hp sau bng cch lit k
A = {x Q | (2x + 1)(x
2
+ x 1)(2x
2
3x + 1) = 0}
B = {x Z | 6x
2
5x + 1 = 0}
C = {x N | (2x + x
2
)(x
2
+ x 2)(x
2
x 12) = 0}
D = {x N | x
2
> 2 v x < 4}
E = {x Z | x 2 v x > 2}
F = {x Z ||x | 3}
G = {x Z | x
2
9 = 0}
H = {x R | (x 1)(x
2
+ 6x + 5) = 0}
I = {x R | x
2
x + 2 = 0}
J = {x N | (2x 1)(x
2
5x + 6) = 0}
K = {x | x = 2k vi k Z v 3 < x < 13}
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L = {x Z | x
2
> 4 v |x| < 10}
M = {x Z | x = 3k vi k Z v 1 < k < 5}
N = {x R | x
2
1 = 0 v x
2
4x + 3 = 0}

2.2. Hy lit k cc phn t ca cc tp hp sau y
B = {x N|6x
2
5x +1 = 0} F = {x R|2x
2
5x + 3 = 0}
G = {x Z|2x
2
5x + 3 = 0} H={x Q|
1
2
x

= , N, x
1
8
}
I l tp hp cc s chnh phng khng vt qu 400
2.3. Cho tp hp A = {x N | x
2
10x + 21 = 0 hoc x
3
x = 0}
Hy lit k tt c cc tp con ca A cha ng 2 phn t.
2.4. Tm cc tp hp con ca mi tp sau
a. b.{}
2.5. Hy xt quan h bao hm ca cc tp hp sau
A l tp hp cc tam gic
B l tp hp cc tam gic u
C l tp hp cc tam gic cn
2.6. Cho hai tp hp
A={n Z|n l c ca 6}, B={n Z|n l c chung ca 6 v 18}
Hy xt quan h bao hm ca hai tp trn
2.7. Hy xt quan h bao hm ca 2 tp hp A v B di y. Hai tp hp A
v B c bng nhau khng?
a.A l tp cc hnh vung v B l tp cc hnh thoi
b.A={n N|n l c ca 6},B={nN|n l c chung ca 24 v 30}
2.8. Xt mi quan h bao hm gia cc tp hp sau y
A l tp cc hnh t gic B l tp cc hnh bnh hnh
C l tp cc hnh vung D l tp cc hnh ch nht
2.9. Xt mi quan h bao hm gia cc tp hp sau y
A l tp cc hnh t gic B l tp cc hnh bnh hnh
C l tp cc hnh thang D l tp cc hnh ch nht
E l tp cc hnh vung G l tp cc hnh thoi.
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2.10. Cho T
v
= tp hp tt c cc tam gic vung
T = tp hp tt c cc tam gic
T
c
= tp hp tt c cc tam gic cn
T

= tp hp tt c cc tam gic u
T
vc
= tp hp tt c cc tam gic vung cn
Xc nh tt c cc quan h bao hm gia cc tp hp trn



BI TP NNG CAO
2.11. Hy lit k cc phn t ca cc tp hp sau y
A= {(x ; x
2
) | x {1;0;1}} B= {(x ;y)|x
2
+ y
2
2 v x,y Z}
2.12. Vit cc tp hp sau bng cch nu tnh cht c trng ca chng

2, 6,12, 20, 30, A =
1 1 1 1
1, , , , ,
4 9 16 25
B
' '
1 1
1 1
=
! !
1 1
1 1 + +

2 3 4 5 6
, , , , , ...
5 10 17 26 37
C
' '
1 1
1 1
=
! !
1 1
1 1 + +

3 4 5 6
2, , , , ,
2 3 4 5
D
' '
1 1
1 1
=
! !
1 1
1 1 + +

2.13. Tm tp hp X sao cho {a,b} X {a,b,c,d}
2.14. Tm tp hp X sao cho X A v X B, trong
A = {a,b,c,d,e} v B = {a,c,e,f}
2.15. Chng minh rng
Vi A = {x Z|x l c ca 6}, B = {x Z|x l c ca 18} th
A B
2.16. Cho A = {2;5} ; B = {5;x} ; C = {x;y;5}
Tm cc gi tr ca cp s (x;y) tp hp A = B = C
2.17. Cho A = {1,2,3,4} ; B = {2,4,3} ; C = {2,3} ; D = {2,3,5}
a.Tm tt c cc tp X sao cho C X B
b.Tm tt c cc tp Y sao cho C Y A
2.18. Cho A = {x | x l c nguyn dng ca 12}; B = {x N | x < 5}
C = {1,2,3} v D = {x N | (x + 1)(x 2)(x 4) = 0}
a.Tm tt c cc tp X sao cho D X A
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b.Tm tt c cc tp Y sao cho C Y B

3. CC PHP TON TRN TP HP

BI TP C BN
3.1.Cho A = {1,2,3,4} B = {2,4,6} C = {1,3,5}
Xc nh cc tp hp A B, A B, A C, A C,C B, C B
3.2.Cho tp E = {a,b,c,d} ; F = {b,c,e,g} ; G = {c,d,e,f}
Chng minh rng ( ) ( ) ( ) E F G E F E G =
3.3.Cho A = {1,2,3,4,5} v B = {2,4,6,8}. Hy xc nh A\B, B\A
3.4.Cho A = {a,e,i,o} v E = {a,b,c,d,i,e,o,f}. Xc nh
A
E
C
3.5.Cho E = {x N|x 8}, A = {1,3,5,7}, B = {1,2,3,6}
a.Tm , ,
A B A B
E E E E
C C C C b.Chng minh
A B A B
E E
C C


3.6.Cho E = {x Z||x| 5}, F = {x N||x| 5}
v B = {x Z|(x 2)(x + 1)(2x
2
x 3) = 0}
a.Chng minh A E v B E
b.Tm ,
A B A B
E E
C C

ri tm quan h gia hai tp ny
c.Chng minh rng
A B A
E E
C C

3.7.Cho A = {x N|x 6}, B = {x N|x 15}, C = {x N|x 30}
Chng minh rng C A B =
3.8.Hy xc nh , , , , ,
A
A A
A A A A A A C C

3.9.Cho A = {x R | x
2
+ x 12 = 0 v 2x
2
7x + 3 = 0}
B = {x R | 3x
2
13x + 12 =0 hoc x
2
3x = 0}
Xc nh cc tp hp sau y A B ; A\B ; B\A ; A B
3.10.Cho A = {x N | x < 7} v B = {1;2;3;6;7;8}
a.Xc nh AB ; AB ; A\B ; B\A
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b.CMR, (AB)\(AB) = (A\B)(B\A)
BI TP NNG CAO
3.11.Cho tp hp A. Hy cho bit quan h gia tp B v tp A nu
\ \
A B B A B A A B A
A B B A B A B A
= = =
= = =

3.12.Cho A v B l hai tp hp. Hy xc nh cc tp hp sau
a.(A B) A b.(A B) B
c.(A\B) B d.(A\B) (B\A)
3.13.Cho A v B l hai tp hp khc rng phn bit. Mnh no sau y l
mnh ng
a.A B\A b.A A B c.A B A B d.A\B A
3.14.Chng minh rng
a.A B A v A B B
b.A = {x Z|x l c ca 6}, B = {x Z|x l c ca 18} th A B
c.A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
d.P(A B) = P(A) P(B), vi P(X) l tp hp cc tp con ca X
e.Vi A = {x Z|x l bi ca 3 v 4}, B = {x Z|x l bi ca 12} th ta
c A = B
3.15.Tm tp hp X sao cho A X = B vi A = {a,b}, B = {a,b,c,d}
3.16.Gi N(A) l s phn t ca tp A. Cho N(A) = 25; N(B)=29, N(AB)= 41.
Tnh N(AB); N(A\B); N(B\A)
3.17.a.Xc nh cc tp hp X sao cho {a;b} X {a;b;c;d;e}
b.Cho A = {1;2} ; B = {1;2;3;4;5}. Xc nh cc tp hp X sao cho A
X = B
c.Tm A,B bit AB = {0;1;2;3;4}; A\B = {3 ; 2}
v B\A = {6 ; 9;10}
3.18.Cho A = {x Z | x
2
< 4}; B = {x Z | (5x 3x
2
)(x
2
2x 3) = 0}
a.Lit k A ; B
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b.CMR (AB)\(AB) = (A\B)(B\A)
3.19.Cho tp hp E = {x N | 1 x < 7}
A= {x N | (x
2
9)(x
2
5x 6) = 0}
B = {x N | x l s nguyn t khng qu 5}
a.CMR, A E v B E b.Tm C
E
A ; C
E
B ; C
E
(AB)
3.20.Chng minh rng
a.Nu A C v B D th (AB) (C D)
b.A\(B C) = (A\B)(A\C)
c.A \(B C) = (A\B)(A\C)



4. CC TP HP S
4.1. Xc nh cc tp hp sau v biu din chng ln trc s.
a.[3;1) (0;4] b.[3;1) (0;4]
c.(;1) (2;+) d.(;1) (2;+)
4.2. Cho tp hp A = (2;3) v B = [1;5). Xc nh cc tp hp
A B, A B, A\B, B\A
4.3. Cho A = {x R | |x | 4} ; B = {x R | 5 < x 1 8}
Vit cc tp hp sau di dng khong on na khong
A B ; A\B ; B\A ; R\(A B)
4.4. Cho A = {x R | x
2
4} ; B = {x R | 2 x + 1 < 3}
Vit cc tp hp sau di dng khong on na khong
AB ; A\B ; B\A ; R\(AB)
4.5. Cho A = {x R| 3 x 5} v B = {x Z| 1 < x 5}. Xc nh cc
tp hp A B, A B, A\B, B\A
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4.6. Cho hai tp hp A = {x R| x > 2} v B = {x R| 1 < x 5}. Xc
nh cc tp hp A B, A B, A\B, B\A
4.7. Cho hai tp hp A = {2,7} v B = (3;5]. Xc nh cc tp hp
A B, A B, A\B, B\A
4.8. Xc nh cc tp hp sau y v biu din chng ln trc s
a.R\((0;1) (2;3)) b.R\((3;5) (4;6))
c.(2;7)\[1;3] d.((1;2) (3;5))\(1;4)
4.9. Cho A = {x R|1 x 5}, B = {x R|4 x 7} v
C = {x R|2 x < 6}
a.Hy xc nh A B, A C, B C, A C, A\(B C)
b.Gi D = {x R|a x b}. Hy xc nh a,b D A B C
4.10. Vit phn b trong R ca cc tp hp: A = {x R | 2 x < 10}
B = {x R | |x | > 2} ; C = {x R |4 < x + 2 5}
4.11. Cho A = {x R | x 3 hoc x > 6}, B = {x R | x
2
25 0}
a.Tm cc khong, on, na khong sau y
A\B ; B\A ; R\(AB); R\(AB) ; R\(A\B)
b.Cho C = {x R | x a} ; D = {x R | x b}. Xc nh a v b bit
rng C B v D B l cc on c chiu di ln lt l 7 v 9. Tm C
D