Pro Ii

MN HC
NGUYN L HA CNG NGHIP

30 tit (15 LT + 7,5 BT + 7,5 TH)

TI LIU THAM KHO
1. J.P. MOULIN, Gnie des procds, tp 1 & 2, Technip, 1999.
2. Vn i - Nguyn Trng Khun - Trn Quang Tho - V Th Ngc Ti
- Trn Xoa, C s cc qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ha hc, Tp 1 & 2,
Nh xut bn i Hc v Trung hc chuyn nghip
3. P. TRAMBOUZE - H. VAN LANDEGHEM - J.P. WAUQUIER, Les
racteurs chimiques, Technip, 1984.
4. V B Minh, K thut phn ng, Trng i Hc Bch Khoa TP. H Ch
Minh, 1999.
5. R.E TREYBAL, Mass transfer operations, 1980.
Nguyn l ha cng nghip 2

NI DUNG MN HC
L thuyt v bi tp
Chng I: M u
Chng II: Chng luyn
Chng III: Trch ly
Chng IV: Thit b phn ng Bi tp p dng
Chng V: Thit b trao i nhit
Thc hnh
Vn dng phn mm PROII m phng mt s s trong cng
nghip ha hc

MC LC
CHNG 1: M U................................................................................................................. 5
1.1. PHN LOI CC QU TRNH TRONG CNG NGH HA HC........................... 5
1.2. NHNG KIN THC C BN CA QU TRNH CHUYN KHI......................... 6
1.2.1. nh ngha..................................................................................................................... 6
1.2.2. Phn loi ....................................................................................................................... 6
CHNG 2: CHNG LUYN................................................................................................... 7
2.1. NH NGHA CHNG.................................................................................................. 7
2.2. PHN LOI CC PHNG PHP CHNG............................................................... 7
2.3. PHN LOI HN HP HAI CU T.......................................................................... 8
2.4. CN BNG LNG HI CA HN HP 2 CU T................................................... 9
2.4.3. Gin ng nhit P-x-y............................................................................................... 9
2.4.4. Gin ng p T-x-y................................................................................................. 10
2.4.5. Gin phn mol x-y .................................................................................................. 11
2.5. THP CHNG LUYN............................................................................................... 12
2.5.1. Nguyn tc hot ng.................................................................................................. 12
2.5.2. Thit b ngng t nh thp (Condenser) .................................................................... 13
2.5.3. Thit b un si y thp (Reboiler)............................................................................ 14
2.5.4. Cn bng vt cht........................................................................................................ 16
2.5.5. Xc nh ch s hi lu r
f
v s a l thuyt ti thiu N
min
......................................... 17
2.5.6. Xc nh s a thc t N
TT
.......................................................................................... 19
THC HNH
VN DNG PHN MM PROII M PHNG MT S S TRONG CNG
NGHIP HA HC

I- GII THIU TNG QUAN ..................................................................................................... 21
1- MC CH, VAI TR CA THIT K M PHNG........................................................................... 21
2- CC PHN MM M PHNG TRONG CNG NGH HA HC.......................................................... 22
II- PHN MM PRO/II ............................................................................................................... 22
1- LNH VC S DNG................................................................................................................... 22
2- QU TRNH M PHNG BNG PHN MM PRO/II....................................................................... 23
III- L THUYT NHIT NG HC........................................................................................ 24
IV- C S LA CHN M HNH NHIT NG.................................................................... 25
V- CC PHN C BN CA PROII......................................................................................... 28
1- GIAO DIN CA PROII- QUI C BAN U............................................................................... 28
2- Ca s PRO/II................................................................................................................... 29
VI- CC THAO TC THNG DNG TRONG M PHNG BNG PRO/II ........................ 30
1- M MT CHNG TRNH M PHNG MI (OPENING A NEW SIMULATION)................................ 30
2- M MT CHNG TRNH M PHNG C (OPENING AN EXISTING SIMULATION) .................. 30
3- GHI MT FILE M PHNG ANG HIN HNH (SAVING THE CURRENT SIMULATION).................. 30
a- Ghi mt file m phng ang hin hnh............................................................................. 30
b- Ghi mt file m phng vi mt tn khc ........................................................................... 31
4- XA MT CHNG TRNH M PHNG (DELETING A SIMULATION)........................................... 31
5- SAO CHP MT CHNG TRNH M PHNG (COPY A SIMULATION).......................................... 31
6- THAY I DNG NG VIN CC DNG (MODIFYING THE FLOWSHEET STREAM BORDER
STYLE)........................................................................................................................................ 32
7- HIN TH TNH CHT CA DNG TRN S M PHNG ............................................................ 32
8- S DNG FLASH HOT-KEY TOOL............................................................................................ 33
9- XUT MT S M PHNG RA CA S LU TR TM (EXPORTING THE PFD TO THE WINDOWS
CLIPBOARD) ............................................................................................................................... 34
10- NHP MT FILE PRO/II C SN (IMPORTING A PRO/II KEYWORD INPUT FILE)...................... 34
11- XC NH CC TNH CHT V CN BNG LNG - HI CA CC H 2 CU T (DISPLAY BVLE).. 34
VII- BI TP P DNG............................................................................................................ 36
BI TON 1: M PHNG S CNG NGH CA PHN XNG TCH MTHANE ........................... 36
BI TON 2: M PHNG THIT B TCH KH - LNG...................................................................... 38
BI TON 3: TNH NHIT SI CA MT HN HP HAI PHA MT P SUT NHT NH.................. 39
BI TON 4: M PHNG THP TCH PROPANE ............................................................................ 40
BI TON 5: XC NH A NP LIU TI U CHO THP TCH PROPANE BNG CNG C OPTIMISER
................................................................................................................................................... 42
BI TON 6: XC NH S A L THUYT TI THIU V CH S HI LU TI THIU CHO THP TCH
PROPANE BNG PHNG PHP SHORTCUT ................................................................................... 44
CHNG 3: TRCH LY ........................................................................................................... 46
3.1. NGUYN TC................................................................................................................... 46
3.2. S .............................................................................................................................. 46
3.3. NG DNG ...................................................................................................................... 46
CHNG 4: THIT B PHN NG....................................................................................... 47
4.1. I CNG................................................................................................................. 47
4.1.1. PHN LOI THIT B PHN NG........................................................................... 47
a- Theo pha ca h ................................................................................................................ 47
b- iu kin tin hnh qu trnh............................................................................................ 47
c- Theo iu kin thy ng................................................................................................... 47
4.1.2. PHN LOI CC THIT B PHN NG THEO PHNG THC LM VIC...... 48
a- Thit b phn ng gin on :........................................................................................... 48
b- Thit b phn ng lin tc : ............................................................................................... 49
c- Thit b phn ng bn lin tc : ........................................................................................ 50
4.1.3. NHIM V THIT K THIT B PHN NG.......................................................... 50
4.2. CN BNG VT CHT V CN BNG NHIT TNG QUT ............................. 51
4.2.4. Cn bng vt cht........................................................................................................ 51
4.2.5. Cn bng nhit ............................................................................................................ 51
4.3. M T MT S DNG THIT B PHN NG NG TH C BN.................... 52
Thit b phn ng lin tc...................................................................................................... 52
a- Thit b phn ng dng ng : ............................................................................................ 52
b- Thit b phn ng dng khuy trn l tng..................................................................... 55
c- Thit b phn ng nhiu ngn (tag) ............................................................................... 59
4.4. P DNG PHNG TRNH THIT K..................................................................... 60
4.4.7. SO SNH CC THIT B PHN NG N............................................................. 60
4.4.8. H NHIU THIT B PHN NG............................................................................. 67

CHNG 1: M U
1.1. PHN LOI CC QU TRNH TRONG CNG NGH HA HC
Nhn chung cc qu trnh trong cng ngh ha hc c phn thnh 4 loi sau:
1. Cc qu trnh c hc: gm cc qu trnh: p, nghin, sng, cc vt liu
rn.
2. Cc qu trnh thu lc: nghin cu v:
Cc nh lut v thy tnh, thy ng, chuyn ng ca cht lng, cht kh.
Cc thit b vn chuyn kh, lng (bm, qut, my nn, )
Cc phng php v thit b phn ring cc h kh, lng khng ng nht (lng,
lc, ly tm, )
3. Cc qu trnh nhit: nghin cu v:
Cc nh lut v truyn nhit (dn nhit, cp nhit, bc x nhit, )
Cc qu trnh v thit b trao i nhit (un nng, lm ngui, ngng t, c c)
Cc qu trnh lm lnh.
4. Cc qu trnh chuyn khi: nghin cu v:
Cc nh lut v s di chuyn vt cht gia cc pha vi nhau
Cc thit b chuyn khi (chng luyn, hp th, hp ph, sy, trch ly, kt tinh,
)
1.2. NHNG KIN THC C BN CA QU TRNH CHUYN KHI
1.2.1. nh ngha
- L qu trnh di chuyn vt cht t pha ny sang pha khc khi hai pha tip xc
trc tip vi nhau;
- y l qu trnh ng vai tr quan trng trong nn cng nghip ha hc v c,
hu c, lc ha du, thc phm,
1.2.2. Phn loi
Tu theo c trng ca s di chuyn vt cht v tnh cht ca 2 pha phn loi:
- Chng: l qu trnh tch cc hn hp lng thnh cc cu t ring bit, trong
vt cht di chuyn t pha lng vo pha hi v ngc li. y l qu trnh rt ph
bin (qu trnh chng ct cn, chng ct du th, )
- Hp th: l qu trnh vt cht di chuyn t pha kh vo pha lng (iu ch olum
bng cch cho H
2
SO
4
m c hp th kh SO
2
; tch kh acide bng dung dch
alkanolamine);
- Hp ph: l qu trnh vt cht di chuyn t pha kh vo pha rn (tch kh acide
ra khi hn hp kh t nhin hay kh ng hnh bng ry phn t);
- Trch ly: l qu trnh tch hon ton hay mt phn cht ha tan trong cht lng
hay cht rn bng mt cht lng khc;
- Kt tinh: l qu trnh tch cht rn trong dung dch, trong vt cht di chuyn
t pha lng vo pha rn (kt tinh ng, kt tinh phn ln, );
- Sy kh: l qu trnh tch nc ra khi vt cht m, trong vt cht (hi nc)
di chuyn t pha lng hay pha rn vo pha kh (sy nng sn thc phm);
- Ha tan: l qu trnh vt cht di chuyn t pha rn vo pha lng (ha tan mui
hoc ng vo nc);

CHNG 2: CHNG LUYN
2.1. NH NGHA CHNG
- L phng php dng tch cc hn hp cht lng cng nh cc hn hp kh
lng thnh cc cu t ring bit da vo bay hi khc nhau ca cc cu t
trong hn hp;
- Trong trng hp n gin nht th chng v c c gn nh nhau, nhng gia
chng c mt ranh gii c bn:
Chng: Dung mi v cht tan u bay hi;
C c: Ch c dung mi bay hi cn cht tan khng bay hi;
- Khi chng thu c nhiu sn phm v thng c bao nhiu cu t ta s c
by nhiu sn phm;
- i vi trng hp 2 cu t :
sn phm nh gm cu t c bay hi ln + cu t c bay hi b;
sn phm y gm cu t c bay hi b + cu t c bay hi ln;
2.2. PHN LOI CC PHNG PHP CHNG
Trong sn xut, thng gp cc phng php chng sau:
1. Chng n gin:
- dng tch cc hn hp gm cc cu t c bay hi rt khc nhau
- thng dng tch s b v lm sch cc cu t khi tp cht
2. Chng bng hi nc trc tip:
- dng tch cc hn hp gm cc cht kh bay hi v tp cht khng bay hi
- thng c ng dng trong trng hp cht c tch khng tan vo nc
3. Chng chn khng: Dng trong trng hp cn h thp nhit si ca cu
t (i vi cc cu t trong hn hp d b phn hu nhit cao hay c nhit
si qu cao)
4. Chng luyn:
- L phng php ph bin nht dng tch hon ton hn hp cc cu t d bay
hi c tnh cht ha tan mt phn hoc ha tan hon ton vo nhau;
- Chng luyn p sut thp dng cho cc hn hp d b phn hu nhit cao;
- Chng luyn p sut cao dng cho cc hn hp khng ha lng p sut
thng;
2.3. PHN LOI HN HP HAI CU T
1. Dung dch l tng:
- l dung dch m trong lc lin kt gia cc phn t cng loi v lc lin kt
gia cc phn t khc loi bng nhau.
- Khi cc cu t ha tan vo nhau theo bt c t l no. cn bng lng-hi hon
ton tun theo nh lut Raout;
2. Dung dch thc:
- L nhng dung dch hon ton khng tun theo nh lut Raout;
- S sai lch vi nh lut Raout l dng nu lc lin kt gia cc phn t khc
loi < lc lin kt gia cc phn t cng loi;
- S sai lch vi nh lut Raout l m nu lc lin kt gia cc phn t khc loi
> lc lin kt gia cc phn t cng loi;
- Trng hp lc lin kt gia cc phn t khc loi << lc lin kt gia cc phn
t cng loi dung dch s phn lp.
Ta xt trng hp ph bin nht:
cht lng ha tan vo nhau theo bt
c t l no
Hnh 2-1: Quan h gia p sut v
thnh phn ca dung dch 2 cu t
1. Tun theo nh lut Raout;
2. Sai lch dng
3. Sai lch m

2.4. CN BNG LNG HI CA HN HP 2 CU T
2.4.3. Gin ng nhit P-x-y

Trong :
A : cu t d bay hi P
0
A
> P
0
B

2

1

3
P
T = const
Lng
Hi
P
0
A

P
0
B

0 1
P
M

x
M
y
M

Lng - Hi
x
M
, y
M
: thnh phn ca cu t A trong pha lng v pha hi nhit T v p sut
P
M

Thnh phn ca cu t B trong pha lng v pha hi nhit T v p sut P
M

l: 1-x
M
, 1-y
M

Biu ny t s dng v trong thc t P rt t thay i
S dng biu T-x-y
2.4.4. Gin ng p T-x-y

Trong :
A : cu t d bay hi T
0
A
< T
0
B

x
M
, y
M
: thnh phn ca cu t A trong pha lng v pha hi P

v T
M

thnh phn ca cu t B trong pha lng v pha hi nhit T v p sut P
M
l:
1-x
M
, 1-y
M
T
P = const
T
0
B

T
0
A

A B
T
M

x
M
y
M

Lng
Hi
Lng - Hi
2.4.5. Gin phn mol x-y
V d ta c gin phn mol x-y ca h 2 cu t Propane v Butane. Trong :
Trc x : biu din phn mol ca cu t nh Propane trong pha lng ;
Trc y : biu din phn mol ca cu t nh Propane trong pha hi.

90
90
2.5. THP CHNG LUYN
2.5.1. Nguyn tc hot ng
Thp chng luyn gm c 2 on :
on luyn : L phn trn, gm t
a tip liu tr ln nh ;
on chng : L phn di, gm
t a tip liu tr xung di;
Thp chng luyn gm c nhiu a
Trn mi a xy ra qu trnh
chuyn khi gia pha lng v pha hi.
Pha hi i t di ln qua cc l ca
a xuyn qua pha lng i t trn
xung theo cc ng (vch) chy
chuyn.
V nhit trong thp cng ln cao cng gim nn khi hi i qua cc a t di
ln, cc cu t c nhit si cao s ngng t li v cui cng trn nh thp, ta
s thu c hn hp sn phm gm hu ht l cc cu t nh (d bay hi). Hi ny
s i vo thit b ngng t (condenser) (mt phn hoc hon ton) nh thp
hi lu lng ngng t c v li thp v ly ra lm sn phm nh.
Ngc li, pha lng i t trn xung gp hi c nhit cao hn, mt phn cu t
c nhit si thp s bc hi nng ca cu t nng (kh bay hi) trong pha
lng s cng tng v cui cng y thp, ta s thu c hn hp sn phm gm
hu ht l cc cu t nng. Mt phn sn phm y s i vo thit b un si li
(reboiler) y thp to mt lng hi a vo t y thp, m bo trong thp
lun lun c s tip xc gia 2 pha lng v hi.
Qu trnh bc hi v ngng t lp
li nhiu ln cc a
Pha hi i ln cng giu cu t nh
Pha lng i xung cng giu cu t
nng
Theo l thuyt Mi a l mt
bc thay i nng : thnh phn hi
khi ri khi a cn bng vi thnh
phn lng khi i vo a s a = s bc thay i nng .
Thc t trn mi a qu trnh chuyn khi gia 2 pha thng khng t cn
bng S a thc t > s a l thuyt
Hiu sut a
TT
LT
N
N
= =
t thc a S
thuyt ly a S

2.5.2. Thit b ngng t nh thp (Condenser)
c 4 dng Condenser :
1. Partial (ngng t mt phn): Hi i ra t nh thp c lm lnh v ch ngng
t mt phn. Loi Condenser ny thc s l mt bc thay i nng . Nhit
trong Condenser chnh l nhit im sng ca hn hp hi cn bng.
Gm 2 loi :
- loi Distillat vapor : lng ngng t ch hi lu v nh thp, cn sn
phm ly ra th hi c gi l Overhead.
- Loi Distillat mixe : lng ngng t mt phn hi lu v nh thp, cn
li ly ra lm sn phm sn phm nh gm 2 loi l sn phm hi v
sn phm lng.
2. Bubble Temperature : Hi i ra t nh thp c lm lnh n nhit im
si ca hn hp v ngng t hon ton, mt phn cho hi lu v nh thp, phn
cn li ly ra dng sn phm lng, c gi l Fixe Rate Draw.

a- Dng Partial
Distillate vapor Distillate mixe
b- Dng Bubble
2.5.3. Thit b un si y thp (Reboiler)
c 4 dng Reboiler :
- Thermosiphon without baffles v with baffles
- Dng Kettle : c mc nh (qui chun)
- Dng one through
- Dng l

Hi

Lon
g

Hi
Long

Trong , loi Thermosiphon gm 2 loi: without baffles v with baffles.
t c cht lng sn phm y cao hn, ngi ta thit k loi
Thermosiphon with baffles c cu to nh sau:


2.5.4. Cn bng vt cht
Nu gi :
F - Lng hn hp nguyn liu i vo thp, kg/h
P - Lng sn phm nh, kg/h
W - Lng sn phm y, kg/h
a
F
, a
P
, a
W
: nng % khi lng ca cu t d bay hi trong hn hp nguyn liu,
trong sn phm nh v trong sn phm y.
Phng trnh cn bng vt cht ton thp : F = P + W
Nu i vi cu t d bay hi : F.a
F
= P.a
P
+ W.a
W

Ta tnh c P :
W P
W F
a a
a a
F P
=
W = F P

210

300

?

50

?

?

?
Chuyn t nng % khi lng sang nng phn mol :
B
F
A
F
A
F
M M
M
a 1 a
a
x
F
+
=
B
P
A
P
A
P
M M
M
a 1 a
a
x
P
+
=
B
W
A
W
A
W
M M
M
a 1 a
a
x
W
+
=
Vi M
A
, M
B
: khi lng mol ca cu t nh v cu t nng
Tnh khi lng mol trung bnh ca:
hn hp nguyn liu: M
F
= x
F
.M
A
+(1-x
F
).M
B

sn phm nh: M
P
= x
P
.M
A
+(1-x
P
).M
B

sn phm y: M
W
= x
W
.M
A
+(1-x
W
).M
B

Lp bng cn bng vt cht ton thp:
Hn hp
Nng %
khi lng
Nng phn
mol
Lu lng khi
lng, kg/h
Lu lng
mol, kg/h
Nguyn liu a
F
x
F
F
F
M
F

Sn phm nh a
P
x
P
P
P
M
P

Sn phm y a
W
x
W
W
W
M
W

2.5.5. Xc nh ch s hi lu r
f
min

Ch s hi lu r
f
l t s gia lng lng hi lu v lng sn phm nh.
xc nh ch s hi lu r
f
min
, ta thc hin theo
nhng bc sau:
1- Xc nh r
f min
:
F
*
F
*
F P
min f
x y
y x
r
=

Vi y
*
F
- nng phn mol cn bng ng vi x
F

2- Xc nh cc gi tr r
f
= b. r
fmin
vi b = 1,2 2,5
3- Xc nh cc gi tr
1 r
x
B
f
P
+
=
4- Trn ng cn bng lng hi x-y ca h hai cu t V ng lm vic ca:
- on luyn: bng cch ni im (x
P
, y
P
) vi im (0, B)
- on chng: bng cch ni im (x
W
, y
W
) vi giao im ca ng lm
vic ca on luyn vi ng x = x
F
(nu hn hp nguyn liu vo im si)
5- Xc nh s bc thay i nng N
LT
bng cch v cc ng thng song song
vi trc honh v trc tung bt u t im x
P
cho n khi qu im x
W
. N
LT
thng
thng khng phi l s nguyn.
6- Gi tr thch hp ca ch s hi lu r
f
min
tng ng
vi gi tr cc tiu ca N
LT
(r
f
+ 1)
b
r
f

B
N
LT

N
LT
(r
f
+ 1)


2.5.6. Xc nh s a thc t N
TT

S a thc t:
tb
LT
TT
N
N
=

3
W F P
tb
+ +
=

Vi :
P
,
F
,
W
- hiu sut ca a u tin nh thp, ca a np liu v ca a
cui cng y thp.
Hiu sut a l mt hm ca bay hi tng i v nht ca cht lng:
( ) = , f

x
P

B = x
P
/(R
x
+1)
x
W
x
F

ng lm vic on luyn
ng lm vic on chng
Trong : - bay hi tng i ca hn hp
- nht ca hn hp lng, N.s/m
2

bay hi tng i ca cc hn hp thc c xc nh theo cng thc:

x
x 1
y 1
y
=

y, x : nng phn mol ca cu t d bay hi trong pha hi v pha lng
Sau khi tnh c tch ( , ) Tra th Correlation de OConnel xc
nh c
P
,
F
,
W
xc nh tb N
TT

THC HNH
VN DNG PHN MM PROII M PHNG MT
S S TRONG CNG NGHIP HA HC
I- Gii thiu tng quan
1- Mc ch, vai tr ca thit k m phng
Thit k m phng l qu trnh thit k vi s tr gip ca my tnh vi cc
phn mm chuyn nghip
M phng l mt cng c cho php ngi k s tin hnh cng vic mt cch
hiu qu hn khi thit k mt qu trnh mi hoc phn tch, nghin cu cc yu
t nh hng dn mt qu trnh ang hot ng trong thc t.
Tc ca cng c m phng cho php kho st nhiu trng hp hn trong
cng thi gian vi chnh xc cao hn nu so vi tnh ton bng tay. Hn na,
chng ta c th t ng ha qu trnh tnh ton cc s cng ngh trnh
vic phi thc hin cc php tnh lp khng c c s hoc m mm.
Thit k m phng thng c s dng :
- Thit k (Designing) mt qu trnh mi
- Th li, kim tra li (Retrofitting) cc qu trnh ang tn ti
- Hiu chnh (Troubleshooting) cc qu trnh ang vn hnh
- Ti u ha (Optimizing) cc qu trnh vn hnh
xy dng mt m hnh m phng hiu qu, chng ta phi xc nh ng mc
tiu. Bc u tin trong bt c mt qu trnh m phng no l lng ha cc
mc tiu cng nhiu cng tt. Cc kt qu t c thng ph thuc vo cc
yu cu t ra. Nh vy, trc khi m phng mt qu trnh nn t ra cc cu
hi sau :
- Mc ch s dng cng c m phng trong trng hp ny lm g ?
- Qu trnh m phng s thc hin nhng vic g ?
- S phc tp c cn thit khng ?
- Cn thit phi tm ra cc kt qu no t qu trnh m phng ?
Cn nh rng cc gi tr thu c t kt qu m phng ph thuc rt nhiu vo
nhng la chn ban u m chng ta nhp vo.
2- Cc phn mm m phng trong cng ngh ha hc
Trong cng ngh ha hc, ngi ta s dng rt nhiu cc phn mm m phng :
- DESIGN II (WINSIM) : s dng trong cng nghip ha hc ni chung
- PRO/II (SIMSCI) : s dng trong cng nghip ha hc, cng nghip lc -
ha du
- PROSIM : s dng trong cng nghip ha hc
- HYSIM (HYSYS) : s dng trong cng nghip ch bin kh
Trong cc phn mm k trn, phn mm PRO/II l phn mm ni ting nht,
c s dng rng ri nht trong nhiu lnh vc cng nghip.
II- Phn mm PRO/II
1- Lnh vc s dng
Phn mm PRO/II l phn mm tnh ton chuyn dng trong cc lnh vc cng
ngh ha hc ni chung, c bit trong lnh vc lc du, ha du, polymer, ha
dc, ... y l phn mm tnh ton rt chnh xc cc qu trnh chng ct. L
sn phm ca SIMSCI, hnh thnh t nm 1967 v c chnh thc s dng vo
nm 1988 sau nhiu ln c ci tin. Hin nay, chng ta ang s dng phin
bn PRO/II 7.0
PRO/II vn hnh theo cc modul lin tip, mi thit b c tnh ring l v ln
lt tnh cho tng thit b.
PRO/II bao gm cc ngun d liu phong ph : th vin cc cu t ha hc, cc
phng php xc nh cc tnh cht nhit ng, cc k xo vn hnh cc thit b
hin i cung cp cho cc k s cng ngh cc k nng biu din tt c
cc tnh ton cn bng vt cht v nng lng cn thit khi m phng cc trng
thi dng ca cc s cng ngh.
Phn mm PRO/II c s dng theo nhm 2 mc ch chnh:
- Thit k mt phn xng mi (Sizing)
- M phng mt phn xng c xy dng trong thc t nghin cu
cc yu t nh hng n s vn hnh ca n (Rating) nh : thay i
ngun nguyn liu, iu kin vn hnh hoc tiu chun k thut ca sn
phm, ...
2- Qu trnh m phng bng phn mm PRO/II
Trc khi tin hnh m phng, chng ta phi din t cc d liu t s thc
t thnh m hnh m phng. Qu trnh ny bao gm cc bc sau :
- Xc nh h n v o : c 3 h n v o : h Anh, h Mt v h SI. Tu
trng hp, chng ta chn h n v o cho thch hp, thng thng chn
h Mt;
- Xc nh thnh phn cu t c trong h : c chn t ngun d liu
phong ph cc cu t ca PROII;
- La chn cc phng trnh nhit ng thch hp : trn c s thnh phn
ha hc ca nguyn liu v iu kin vn hnh ca thit b ;
- La chn cc dng nguyn liu v sn phm : xc nh thnh phn, trng
thi nhit ca cc dng;
- Xc nh cc d liu v thit b v iu kin vn hnh cho cc thit b.
Hn na, trong nhiu trng hp chng ta phi thay i s cng ngh thc t
sang mc ch m phng. Mc d c s tng ng gia s cng ngh thc t
v s m phng nhng vn c nhng s khc bit cn ch .
V cng c m phng ch m t trng thi dng nn trong s m phng
khng nn b tr cc thit b iu khin, kim tra.
PRO/II mc nh Condenser c xem l 1 bc thay i nng (1 a l
thuyt) v Reboiler cng c xem l mt bc thay i nng v dng Kettle
c mc nh s dng.
III- L thuyt nhit ng hc
Cc tnh cht nhit ng l c s d liu quan trng nht cho vic tnh ton qu
trnh phn tch ton h thng.
C nhiu phng php tnh ton cc tnh cht ny, trong , quan trng nht l 2
phng php :
- Phng php tng quan : API v Rackett
- Phng php phng trnh trng thi : phng trnh bc ba tng qut, cng
thc Alpha, cc qui lut hn hp, phng trnh SRK, phng trnh PR,
phng trnh SRKP, SRKM, SRKS, ...
Phng php API v Rackett tnh ton kh chnh xc t trng ca pha lng, cn
cc tnh cht nhit ng khc nh : enthalpie, entropie lng v hi, t trng pha hi,
... th c tnh ton rt chnh xc bng cc phng trnh trng thi nh : SRK,
SRKM, ...
IV- C s la chn m hnh nhit ng
La chn m hnh nhit ng thch hp cho mt ng dng c th ng mt vai
tr rt quan trng, nh hng ln n chnh xc ca kt qu m phng
Mi phng php nhit ng cho php tnh cc thng s sau :
- Hng s cn bng pha K : th hin s phn b cu t gia cc pha iu
kin cn bng
- Enthapie ca cc pha lng v pha hi : xc nh nng lng cn thit
chuyn mt h t trng thi nhit ng ny sang trng thi khc
- Enthapie ca cc pha lng v pha hi : nhm phc v vic tnh ton cc
my nn, gin n v nng lng t do ti thiu cc thit b phn ng
- T trng ca pha lng v pha hi : tnh ton qu trnh truyn nhit, tr
lc v xc nh kch thc thp chng ct
la chn m hnh nhit ng thch hp, nn da vo cc yu t sau :
- Bn cht ca cc c trng nhit ng ca h nh : Hng s cn bng
lng-hi (VLE : Vapor Liquid Equilibrium) ca cc qu trnh chng ct,
c c hoc bc hi, qu trnh trch ly, ...
- Thnh phn ca hn hp
- Phm vi nhit v p sut
- Tnh sn c ca cc thng s hot ng ca cc thit b
C th, ta c th da vo s sau :

V- Cc phn c bn ca PROII
1- Giao din ca PROII- Qui c ban u
Khi khi ng PROII, u tin s xut hin mt ca s giao din qui c ban u:

Cc nt hoc cc biu tng trong mt vi trng hp c vin quanh bi 1 trong
6 mu: , xanh lc, xanh dng, vng, nu v en. ngha ca mi mu nh sau :
: d liu yu cu cn phi nhp
Xanh lc : d liu mc nh hoc la chn
Xanh dng : d liu bn va cung cp tho mn yu cu
Vng : bo rng s liu bn va nhp ngoi khong cho php
Nu : d liu khng c gi tr
en : d liu khng yu cu nhp vo
2- Ca s PRO/II
T File menu Chn New : mt ca s View1 s xut hin cho chng ta mt
flowsheet mi nh sau:

Mn hnh bao gm :
Dng trn cng gi l Application Title Bar (Thanh tiu ng dng), c tn
ca ng dng l PRO/II with PROVISION, km theo l Document Title Bar
(Thanh tiu ti liu) c tn ca chng trnh m phng ang thc hin (chng
hn l View 1 - l tn nguyn ca ti liu khi mi khi ng PRO/II)
Dng th hai gi l Menu Bar (Thanh trnh n) gm 10 mc t File n Help ;
Dng th ba gi l Standard Tool Bar (Thanh cng c chun) cha biu tng ca
cc lnh thng dng
Bn phi v pha di mn hnh l thanh trt dc v thanh trt ngang
Bn phi mn hnh, bn ngoi thanh trt dc l thanh cng c floating PFD (Pipe
Flow Diagram). Nu thanh cng c PFD khng hin th th ta c th gi n nh sau :
- click vo biu tng Show or Hide PFD Palette trn Standard Tool Bar
- hoc t View Palettes nhp chn (hoc khng) PFD
Ngoi ra cn c thanh cng c Run. lm xut hin hoc bin mt thanh cng c
ny cng t View Palettes nhp chn (hoc khng) Run
VI- Cc thao tc thng dng trong m phng bng PRO/II
1- M mt chng trnh m phng mi (Opening a New Simulation)
T File Menu New
Nu bn mun PRO/II lun lun c m vi mt chng trnh m phng mi
Options Menu New File on Startup
2- M mt chng trnh m phng c (Opening an Existing Simulation)
Bn c th m bt k mt chng trnh m phng no c ghi trc chnh sa,
xem hoc in. Qui trnh :
T File Menu Open hin th ca s Open Simulation .
nh tn chng trnh vo hoc chn tn file m phng
OK hoc Enter hin th file Simulation cn thit
3- Ghi mt file m phng ang hin hnh (Saving the Current Simulation)
a- Ghi mt file m phng ang hin hnh
T File Menu Save nu bn cha ghi chng trnh m phng ny ln no th s
hin th ca s Save as nhp tn Chn OK hoc nhp Enter. Cn sau ln ghi
u tin, mun ghi li file ang hin hnh nhp vo biu tng Save
Chng trnh PRO/II s t ng nn 3 file d liu (*.pr1, .pr2, .pr3) v 1 file
flowsheet biu cc dng (*.sfd) thnh mt file n *.prz. V vy, bn cnh vic
gim kch thc ca cc file lu tr cn m bo rng vic ci t file hon thnh
mi khi chng ta ghi cc chng trnh m phng
Chc nng Autosave ca PRO/II s t ng to mt file sao chp d phng (backup
file). Nu bn ng hoc thot ra chng trnh m phng m khng ghi th file ny s
b xa. Hy chn Options / simulation Defaults / Autosave t menu bar hin th
ca s Autosave Options nhp chn Automatic Save File every nhp chu k
save (pht) OK
b- Ghi mt file m phng vi mt tn khc
T File Menu chn Save as hin th ca s Save as Nhp tn mi cho chng
trnh m phng Chn OK hoc nhp Enter
4- Xa mt chng trnh m phng (Deleting a Simulation)
T File Menu chn Delete PRO/II s hin th mt danh sch cc file m phng
c
Nhp hoc chn tn ca flie mun xa (Bn khng th xa mt chng trnh m
phng ang hin hnh)
Chn OK hoc nhp Enter PRO/II s xa tt c cc file lin kt vi chng trnh
m phng ny
5- Sao chp mt chng trnh m phng (Copy a Simulation)
PRO/II c th copy tt c cc file lin kt vi chng trnh m phng (3 file d liu
v 1 flowsheet) vo mt file m phng mi hoc ang hin hnh. Nu bn mun
copy vo mt file m phng ang hin hnh PRO/II s hi bn c mun vit ln
file hin hnh ny khng ?
T File Menu chn Copy PRO/II s hin th ca s Select File to Copy
Hy chn tn file cn copy (Bn khng th copy mt chng trnh m phng ang
hin hnh) Nhp tn file ch (target) OK
6- Thay i dng ng vin cc dng (Modifying the Flowsheet Stream Border
Style)
Thng thng ng vin cc dng thng c dng hnh ch nht Chng ta c th
thay i thnh ng vin dng trn. Qui trnh nh sau :
- Right-click vo dng c chn hin th ca s la chn
- Chn Display xut hin ca s Stream Style
- Chn Circle t drop-down list box ca Stream Label Border
- click OK ng vin dng c chn t dng hnh ch nht chuyn thnh
ng vin dng trn
Vi cch nh trn, bn c th thay i dng ng vin cho tng dng ring l. Cn
nu mun, bn c th click chut tri v qut chn mt hnh ch nht bao xung quanh
cc dng mun thay i dng ng vin ri tin hnh qui trnh nh trn. Hoc bn c
th mc nh dng ng vin cho tt c cc dng ngay t u theo qui trnh sau :
- T Options Menu Drawing Defauts Stream Display hin th ca s
Stream Style
- Chn Circle t drop-down list box ca Stream Label Border. V la chn ny
ch c gi tr khi chng ta chn Name mc Stream Label Type OK
7- Hin th tnh cht ca dng trn s m phng
Qui trnh nh sau :
- Right-click vo dng c chn hin th ca s la chn
- Chn Display xut hin ca s Stream Style
- Chn Properties t drop-down list box mc Stream Label Type
- Mc nh mc Property List l Property Label List s hin th tn, nhit
, p sut v lu lng dng OK

8- S dng Flash Hot-Key Tool
PRO/II c mt cng c hu ch cho php hin th nhanh chng cc tnh ton flash ca
bt k dng no c chn l cng c Flash Hot-Key, cung cp mt phng
tin nhanh chng, d dng xc nh hm lng v thnh phn ca pha lng v pha
hi ca bt k dng no

9- Xut mt s m phng ra ca s lu tr tm (Exporting the PFD to the
Windows Clipboard)
T Clipboard, bn c th dn mt cch n gin hnh v ln bt k mt chng trnh
son tho no nh trong Microsoft Word. Qui trnh nh sau :
T Menu File Export
Chn Flowsheet Drawing
Click OK PRO/II s hin th mt hp hi thoi khng nh rng flowsheet
c xut ra ca s lu tr tm
10- Nhp mt file PRO/II c sn (Importing a PRO/II Keyword Input File)
Bn c th nhp mt file keyword Input ca PRO/II dng *.inp c sn vo giao din
PRO/II ang hin hnh. PRO/II s t ng chuyn i file ny thnh mt s tnh ton
v chng ta c th tin hnh m phng nh m phng trn mt s PFD, t chng ta
c th chnh sa theo mnh
T Menu File Import
Nhp hoc chn tn ca flie mun nhp
Chn OK hoc nhp Enter
11- Xc nh cc tnh cht v cn bng lng - hi ca cc h 2 cu t (Display
BVLE)
xc nh cc tnh cht v bng lng - hi ca cc h 2 cu t ny p sut thng (1
atm) hay mt p sut bt k no , ta s dng cng c Display BVLE.
Qui trnh nh sau :
Chn h n v
Chn cu t
Chn m hnh nhit ng thch hp
Nhp chn biu tng Display BVLE Chn cc cu t, chn p sut v nhp chn
Calculate Ta s c 5 loi biu :
Biu X - Y
Biu T - X - Y
Biu h s Fugacity
Biu hng s cn bng K thay i theo thnh phn mol
Biu hng s cn bng K thay i theo

VII- BI TP P DNG
Bi ton 1: M phng s cng ngh ca phn xng tch Mthane
Thp Demethanizer tch methane ra khi hn hp kh trong s s dng turbo-
expander.
Lu lng dng kh nguyn liu : 8 m
3
/s
Nhit : 120
o
F
Ap sut : 602,7 psia (pound per square inch absolute)
(1 psi = 0,06896 bar; 602,7 psia = 588,2 psig; 1pound = 453,6 g)
Thnh phn ca hn hp kh ban u nh sau :
Cu t % mol Cu t % mol
N
2

CH
4

C
2
H
6

C
3
H
8

i-C
4
H
10

7,91
73,05
7,68
5,69
0,99
n-C
4
H
10

i-C
5
H
12

n-C
5
H
12

C
6
H
14

C
7
H
16

2,44
0,69
0,82
0,42
0,31
Trong : Hiu sut ca my nn l 75%; Hiu sut ca thit b gin n: 80%
Yu cu cht lng ca sn phm y l t l C1/C2 = 0.015
Hy xc nh:
1. Cng sut thc ca my nn C1?
2. Thnh phn, nhit v p sut ca cc dng sn phm kh v lng?
Phng php tin hnh: Chng ta s chia s trn thnh 2 vng :
Vng 1 : m phng 3 thit b n gin lm quen vi phn mm PROII
Vng 2 : Chng ta s m phng ton b qu trnh tm hiu nhng im u vit
ca phn mm PROII

Bi ton 2: M phng thit b tch kh - lng
Cho vo thit b tch kh lng mt dng nguyn liu vi cc d liu sau:
Lu lng : 100 kmol/h; t = 30
0
C ; P = 10 bar
Thnh phn ha hc: Mthane : 13 kmol/h
Ethane : 22 kmol/h
Propane : 38 kmol/h
Butane : 22 kmol/h
Pentane : 5 kmol/h
iu kin lm vic ca thit b tch: 30
0
C v 7 bar
Hy xc nh:
1. Phn mol bay hi ca nguyn liu trong iu kin ca bnh tch?
2. Thnh phn ca lng v hi ra khi thit b tch?
3. Nng sut nhit ca thit b tch?

Bi ton 3: Tnh nhit si ca mt hn hp hai pha mt p sut
nht nh
Nguyn liu c thnh phn nh bi ton 2, lu lng = 5500 kg/h.
Hy xc nh:
1. Nhit si ca hn hp nguyn liu ny p sut 7 bar?
2. Hng s cn bng pha ca cc cu t ?
3. Thnh phn hn hp hi cn bng vi lng?
4. Nng sut nhit ca thit b tch?
Gii quyt bi ton
gii quyt bi ton trn, ta tin hnh cc bc:
Gi thit cho hn hp nguyn liu ny i vo mt bnh tch lm vic p sut l 7
bar.
Tin hnh m phng nh bi ton 2
V mun xc nh nhit si ca hn hp ca s Flash Drum, mc Second
Specification Chn Bubble point mc Unit Specification
Do phi xc nh hng s cn bng pha ca cc cu t ca s Flash Drum,
mc Print Option Chn Include Component K - values
S bi ton

Bi ton 4: M phng thp tch propane
Tnh cho thp Depropanizer vi cc d liu ban u nh sau :
Nguyn liu :
- nng sut : 400 tn/ngy
- P = 18 bar
- c thnh phn 40% hi gm : 26% khi lng C3 v 74 % khi lng C4
Thp :
- 22 a l thuyt; np liu a 13
- p sut nh : 16,5 bar; tr lc : 10 mbar/a l thuyt
- thit b ngng t hon ton ; p sut bnh tch : 16,2 bar
Ch tiu cht lng sau :
- sn phm nh : c 0,5% khi lng C4
- sn phm y : c 0,5% khi lng C3
Hy xc nh :
- Ch s hi lu ?
- Nng sut nhit ca thit b un si li v thit b ngng t (MkCal/ngy)
- Lu lng sn phm nh v sn phm y ?
S bi ton

Bi ton 5: Xc nh a np liu ti u cho thp tch propane bng
cng c Optimiser

Nguyn liu :
- P = 18 bar
- c thnh phn 40% hi gm : 26% khi lng propane v 74 % khi lng
butane
Thp :
- 22 a l thuyt
- p sut nh : 16,5 bar; tr lc : 10 mbar/a l thuyt

- thit b ngng t hon ton
- p sut bnh tch : 16,2 bar
Hy xc nh a np liu ti u nng sut ca thit b un si li l b nht

Bi ton 6: Xc nh s a l thuyt ti thiu v ch s hi lu ti
thiu cho thp tch propane bng phng php shortcut

Bi ton
Nguyn liu :
- P = 18 bar
- c thnh phn 40% hi gm : 26% khi lng propane v 74 % khi lng
butane
Thp :
- p sut nh : 16,5 bar
- tr lc : 10 mbar/a l thuyt

- thit b ngng t hon ton
- p sut bnh tch : 16,2 bar
Hy xc nh :
- S a l thuyt ti thiu?
- Ch s hi lu ti thiu?

CHNG 3: TRCH LY
3.1. Nguyn tc
- Trch ly l qu trnh tch hon ton hay mt phn cht ha tan trong cht lng hay cht
rn bng mt cht lng khc Ch xt cho hn hp lng - lng
- Yu cu ca dung mi:
- Ha tan chn lc cu t cn tch;
- H s khuych tn D ln vn tc chuyn khi ln;
- Nhit dung ring v nhit ha hi nh (tit kim khi hon nguyn dung mi);
- bay hi ln (nhit si nh);
- Khng n mn thit b, khng tc dng ha hc vi cc cu t trong hn hp;
- R tin, d kim;
3.2. S

3.3. ng dng
- Trong cng nghip lc ha du: tch cc sn phm c nhit si gn nhau;
- Trong cng nghip dc phm: tch pnicilline t hn hp ln men;
- Trong cng nghip luyn kim: tch kim loi trong dung dch ;
- Trong cng nghip thc phm: tch du bo, tinh du t nguyn liu;
Hn hp lng A + B
(A: cu t cn tch)
S: dung mi Pha E (A-S + B)
Pha R (B + A-S)
CHNG 4: THIT B PHN NG
4.1. I CNG
4.1.1. PHN LOI THIT B PHN NG
a- Theo pha ca h
Theo bn cht pha : thit b phn ng pha kh, lng hoc rn ;
Theo s pha :
- thit b phn ng mt pha (ng th) : pha kh hoc lng,
- thit b phn ng nhiu pha (d th) :
- thit b phn ng hai pha : kh-lng, lng-lng, kh-rn, lng-rn
- thit b phn ng ba pha : kh-lng-rn.
Theo trng thi pha : thit b phn ng pha lin tc hoc pha phn tn
b- iu kin tin hnh qu trnh
Theo phng thc lm vic:
- thit b phn ng gin on
- lin tc
- bn lin tc
Theo iu kin nhit
- thit b phn ng ng nhit
- on nhit
c- Theo iu kin thy ng
Theo chiu chuyn ng ca cc pha :
- thit b phn ng xui dng, ngc dng hoc dng cho nhau
- thit b phn ng dc trc hoc xuyn tm
Theo ch chuyn ng :
- thit b phn ng dng ng ;
- thit b phn ng khuy trn hon ton
- thit b phn ng nhiu ngn.
Theo trng thi tng xc tc :
- thit b phn ng tng xc tc c nh ;
- thit b phn ng tng xc tc di ng ;
- thit b phn ng tng si ;
- thit b phn ng tng xc tc ko theo
4.1.2. PHN LOI CC THIT B PHN NG THEO PHNG THC LM
VIC
Tu thuc vo phng thc lm vic, ngi ta chia thit b phn ng thnh 3 loi :
a- Thit b phn ng gin on :
nh ngha : l thit b phn ng lm vic theo tng m, ngha l cc thnh phn tham
gia phn ng v cc cht ph gia (dung mi, cht tr) hoc cc cht xc tc c a
tt c vo thit b ngay t thi im u. Sau thi gian nht nh, khi phn ng t
c chuyn ha yu cu, ngi ta cho dng thit b v tho sn phm ra.
u im :
- Tnh linh ng cao : c th dng thit b thc hin cc phn ng khc nhau
to ra cc sn phm khc nhau
- t chuyn ha cao do c th khng ch thi gian phn ng theo yu cu
- Chi ph u t thp do t phi trang b cc thit b iu khin t ng
Nhc im :
- Nng sut thp do thi gian mt chu k lm vic di : i hi thi gian np liu,
t nng, lm ngui, tho sn phm v lm sch thit b
- Mc c gii ha v t ng ha thp
- Kh iu chnh v khng ch qu trnh do tnh bt n nh ca phng thc lm
vic gin on
- Mc gy c hi hoc nguy him i vi ngi sn xut cao hn do mc
t ng ha thp, ngi cng nhn phi tip xc nhiu hn vi cc ha cht
Phm vi ng dng :
- Ch thch hp vi cc phn xng nng sut nh
- Phc v cho mc ch sn xut nhiu loi sn phm khc nhau trong cng mt
thit b
b- Thit b phn ng lin tc :
nh ngha : l thit b m trong cc cht tham gia phn ng c a lin tc vo
thit b v sn phm cng c ly ra lin tc. Sau thi gian khi ng th nhit , p
sut, lu lng v nng cc cht tham gia phn ng khng thay i theo thi gian,
thit b lm vic trng thi n nh
u im :
- C kh nng c gii ha v t ng ha cao
- nng sut cao do khng tn thi gian np liu v tho sn phm
- cht lng sn phm n nh do tnh n nh ca qu trnh
Nhc im :
- Chi ph u t cao, trc ht l do i hi phi trang b cc thit b t ng iu
khin m bo tnh n nh ca qu trnh
- Tnh linh ng thp, t c kh nng thc hin cc phn ng khc nhau, to cc
sn phm khc nhau
Phm vi ng dng : thit b phn ng lin tc c s dng thch hp cho cc qu
trnh sn xut vi nng sut ln, cht lng sn phm m bo
c- Thit b phn ng bn lin tc :
nh ngha : l thit b m trong c thnh phn cht tham gia phn ng a vo
gin on cn cc cht khc a vo lin tc. Sn phm c th ly ra gin on hay
lin tc
Phm vi ng dng : c thc hin i vi nhng qu trnh khng c kh nng thc
hin theo phng thc lin tc, cn nu thc hin theo phng thc gin on li cho
nng sut thp
Khi tnh ton thit k thit b phn ng phi da trn yu cu ca sn xut (nng
sut v cht lng sn phm). Trn c s cc phng trnh cn bng vt cht v cn
bng nhit - l nhng phng trnh ton hc m t quan h gia cc thng s ng hc,
nhit ng v cc iu kin thc hin qu trnh vi cc thng s c trng cho kch
thc hnh hc ca thit b nh th tch, chiu di thit b, thi gian lu, ... t c th
tnh ton cc kch thc c bn ca thit b.
4.1.3. NHIM V THIT K THIT B PHN NG
Thit k mt thit b phn ng l xc nh kch thc ca thit b t c hiu
sut thu sn phm mong mun, ng thi xc nh nhit , p sut v thnh phn ca
hn hp phn ng iu kin vn hnh ti cc phn khc nhau ca thit b.
Cc s liu cn thit hay cn gi l iu kin thit k bao gm :
- Cc d liu ban u ca dng nguyn liu nh : lu lng, nhit , p sut,
thnh phn cc cht tham gia phn ng, ...
- Ch vn hnh ca thit b : gin on hoc lin tc, on nhit hoc ng
nhit, ...
- Yu cu v nng sut v cht lng sn phm.
Thit k ti u da trn nguyn liu, chi ph ban u, chi ph vn hnh v gi tr
thng mi ca sn phm cui cng

4.2. CN BNG VT CHT V CN BNG NHIT TNG QUT
4.2.4. Cn bng vt cht
Cn bng vt cht cho mt tc cht c vit di dng tng qut c th p dng cho
bt k mt dng thit b phn ng no.
Trong mt phn t th tch V v mt phn t thi gian t, cn bng vt cht dng
tng qut l :
Lng tc cht
nhp vo phn
t th tch
Lng tc cht
ri khi phn
t th tch
Lng tc cht
phn ng trong =
phn t th tch
Lng tc cht
cn li trong (III-1)
phn t th tch
S hng th ba ph thuc vo vn tc phn ng trong phn t th tch V v c dng
(-r
A
).V.t vi (-r
A
) - phng trnh vn tc phn ng ha hc
phng trnh (5-1) c th tnh theo khi lng hoc theo mol.
4.2.5. Cn bng nhit
Cn bng nhit nhm mc ch xc nh nhit ti mi im trong thit b phn ng
(hay ti mi thi im nu thit b hot ng gin on) xc nh ng vn tc ti
im .
Trong mt phn t th tch V v mt phn t thi gian t, phng trnh cn bng
nhit tng qut cho thit b phn ng l :
Nhit do tc cht
mang vo phn
t th tch
Nhit do tc cht
mang ra khi +
phn t th tch
Nhit trao i
vi mi trng =
bn ngoi
Nhit tch t
li trong phn (III-2)
t th tch

Dng ca phng trnh (III-1) v (III-2) ph thuc vo loi thit b phn ng v
phng php vn hnh. Trong nhiu trng hp, mt hoc nhiu s hng ca phng
trnh trn s khng c.

4.3. M T MT S DNG THIT B PHN NG NG TH C BN
Thit b phn ng lin tc
i vi dng thit b ny, ta phn thnh 2 loi c bn :
a- Thit b phn ng dng ng :
Trong thit b phn ng dng ng, nguyn liu c nhp vo mt u ca ng hnh
tr v dng sn phm ra u kia ;
Do thit b ny thng hot ng trng thi n nh, khng c s khuy trn theo
phng dc trc nn tnh cht ca dng chy thay i t im ny n im khc ch
do qu trnh phn ng. V vy, ngi ta gi thit rng trong thit b dng ny, tnh cht
ca cc phn t trn cng mt tit din l nh nhau v khng thay i theo thi gian ;
Chng ta c s n gin ca thit b phn ng dng ng nh hnh v bn di. T
c th biu din s ph thuc ca nng tc cht c xt vo chiu di ca thit
b phn ng l mt ng cong lin tc v gim dn t u vo n u ra ca thit b.
S n gin ca thit b phn ng dng ng

Thit b phn ng dng ny thng s dng 1 trong 3 loi tng xc tc sau : tng xc
tc c nh, di ng v ko theo.

x
Ao

x
Af

Tc cht Sn phm
u vo u ra Chiu di thit b
V phng din ng hc, c th m t thit b phn ng dng ng theo s sau :
Phng trnh (III-1) v (III-2) c th c vit cho mt n nguyn th tch V :

Lng tc cht
nhp vo phn
t th tch
Lng tc cht
ri khi phn
t th tch
Lng tc cht
phn ng trong =
phn t th tch
Lng tc cht
cn li trong (III-1)
phn t th tch
i vi phng trnh (III-1) :
- S hng th nht l F
Ao
.(1 - x
A
).t ;
- Nu chuyn ha khi ra khi phn t th tch l x
A
+ x
A
th s hng th hai
l : F
Ao
.(1 - x
A
- x
A
).t ;
- S hng th ba l (- r
A
). V. t ;
- S hng th t bng 0 v qu trnh trng thi n nh.
Vy phng trnh (5-1) c vit l :
F
Ao
.(1 - x
A
).t F
Ao
.(1 - x
A
- x
A
).t (- r
A
). V. t = 0
Hay : F
Ao
. x
A
(- r
A
). V = 0

C
Ao

F
Ao

x
Ao
= 0
v
o

C
Af

F
Af

x
Af

v
f

F
A

x
A

F
A
+dF
A

x
A
+ dx
A

x
A

V
dV
d
x

Chia 2 v cho V v ly gii hn khi cho V 0, ta c :

( )
0
A
A A
F
r
dV
dx
=
V F
Ao
l lu lng ban u ca tc cht nn khng i, ly tch phn theo x
A
t x
A1
n
x
A2
ta c :

( )
( ) 1 - VI

=
2 A
1 A 0
x
x A
A
A
r
dx
F
V

V d 1 : Phn ng phn hy pha kh ng th 650
o
C :
4PH
3
(k) P
4
(k) + 6H
2
(k)
y la phn ng bc mt vi phng trnh vn tc l : ( r
PH3
) = (10 h
-1
) C
PH3

Tm th tch bnh phn ng dng ng hot ng 650
o
C v 4,6 at t chuyn ha
l 80% vi lu lng dng nguyn liu phosphin tinh cht ban u l 2 kmol/h.
Gii :
t A = PH
3
, R = P
4
, S = H
2
, lc phn ng c vit di dng :
4A R + 6S
Th tch bnh phn ng dng ng c xc nh theo cng thc :

( )

=
=
=
=
8 0
0 A
A
A
8 0 x
0 x A
A
A
C k
dx
F
r
dx
F V
0
2 A
1 A
0
, ,

p sut khng i, ta c :

( )
( )
A
A
A
A 0
A A
A
A
x 1
x 1
C
x 1 V
x 1 F
V
F
C
0
0
+
=
+
= =
Ly tch phn, ta c :
( )
(
+ =
+
=
+
=
A
0
0
A
0
0
0
0
x
0
A
A A
A
A
A
A
x
0 A
A
A
A
A
A
A
x
x 1
1
1
C k
F
dx
x 1
x 1
C k
F
x 1
x 1
C k
dx
F V ln
Vi cc s liu cho trc :
F
Ao
= 2 kmol/h = 2000 mol/h
k = 10 h
-1

x
A
= 0,8
R = 0,082 at.l/mol.K

( )
75 0
4
4 7
06 0
273 650 082 0
6 4
C
Ao
,
,
,
,
=
=
=
+
=

Vy :
( )
lt
, ,
,
ln ,
,
7388 V
8 0 75 0
8 0 1
1
75 0 1
06 0 10
2000
V
=
(
=

b- Thit b phn ng dng khuy trn l tng
C 3 cch vn hnh : lin tc (n nh) , gin on v bn lin tc.

a- Lin tc b- Gin on c- Bn lin tc

c c trng bng qu trnh khuy trn l hon ton, do hn hp phn ng ng
nht v nhit v thnh phn trong tt c cc phn ca thit b v ging dng ra ca
sn phm. iu ny c ngha l phn t th tch V trong cc phng trnh cn bng
c th c ly l th tch V ca ton thit b.

Ngi ta gi thit rng u vo ca thit b phn ng, nng ca tc cht gim mt
cch t ngt v ng bng nng ca mi im trong ton th tch ca thit b v
nng ca dng sn phm ra. Ta c th biu din s thay i nng ca tc cht
t u vo n u ra ca thit b l mt ng gp khc nh sau :

Thit b phn ng khuy trn hot ng n nh :
Xt trng hp n gin ch c mt dng nhp liu v mt dng sn phm v tnh
cht ca cc dng ny khng thay i theo thi gian, nh vy :
- Hai s hng u trong phng trnh cn bng l khng i : Lng tc cht nhp
vo th tch V ca thit b phn ng l F
Ao
(1-x
Ao
).t v lng tc cht ra khi
thit b phn ng l F
Ao
(1-x
Af
).t ;
- V hn hp phn ng trong bnh c nhit v thnh phn ng nht, nn vn
tc phn ng l khng i v c xc nh vi nhit v thnh phn ca dng
sn phm v bng (-r
A
).V.t ;
- V thit b phn ng hot ng lin tc v n nh nn khng c s tch t tc
cht trong thit b, v vy s hng th t bng 0 ;
Vy phng trnh vt cht vit cho thit b phn ng khuy trn hot ng n nh
trong khong thi gian t l :
F
Ao
(1-x
Ao
).t F
Ao
(1-x
Af
).t (-r
A
).V.t = 0
C
Ao

C
Af

u vo u ra Th tch thit b
Nng ca tc cht
Hay :
( )
( ) 2 - IV
f A
Ao Af
A A
r
x x
C
V
F
V
0 0
=
trong : x
Ao
v x
Af
- chuyn ha ca tc cht trc khi vo thit b v sau khi ra
khi thit b ;
v - lu lng ca dng nguyn liu (l/h)
Nu dng nguyn liu cha cu t A hon ton cha chuyn ha, ngha l x
Ao
= 0 th :

( )
( ) 3 - IV
f A
Af
A
r
x
F
V
0
=

V d 1 : Xt phn ng pha lng, thun nghch : A + B R + S
vi k
1
= 7 lt/mol.ph v k
1
= 3 lt/mol.ph c thc hin trong bnh phn ng dng khuy
trn hot ng n nh c th tch 120 lt.
Hai dng nguyn liu : mt dng cha 2,8mol A/l, mt dng cha 1,6mol B/l c
a vo bnh phn ng vi lu lng th tch bng nhau t chuyn ha ca B gii
hn l 75%. Xc nh lu lng ca mi dng.

1,6 mol B/l
x
B
= 75%

2,8 mol A/l
Gii :
Nng ca cc cu t trong dng nguyn liu ban u l :
C
Ao
= 1,4 mol/l
C
Bo
= 0,8 mol/l
C
Ro
= C
So
= 0
Vi chuyn ha ca B l x
B
= 75%, thnh phn ca hn hp phn ng trong bnh hoc
trong dng sn phm ra l :
C
A
= C
Ao
C
Bo
.x
B
= 1,4 0,8 0,75 = 0,8 mol/l
C
B
= C
Bo
C
Bo
.x
B
= 0,8 0,8 0,75 = 0,2 mol/l
C
R
= C
S
= C
Bo
.x
B
= 0,8 0,75 = 0,6 mol/l
Lu : C
A
= C
Ao
C
Ao
.x
A
= C
Ao
C
Bo
.x
B

Vy : C
Ao
.x
A
= C
Bo
.x
B

Phng trnh vn tc ca phn ng thun nghch ny l :
(r
A
) = (r
B
) = k
1
C
A
C
B
k
2
C
R
C
S

= 7 (l/mol.ph) 0,8(mol/l) 0,2 (mol/l) 3(l/mol.ph) 0,6(mol/l) 0,6 (mol/l)
= 0,04 mol/l.ph
Theo biu thc (IV-2 ), ta c :
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ph l 8
75 0 l mol 8 0
ph l mol 04 0 l 120
x C
r V
v
r
x C
r
x C
v
V
B B
f B
f B
B B
f A
A A
0
0 0
/
, . / ,
. / ,
=
=
Vy, lu lng mi dng l 4 lt/ph.
c- Thit b phn ng nhiu ngn (tag)
c im :
- vn hnh lin tc ;
- gm nhiu ngn, mi ngn c lp cnh khuy khuy trn lin tc v hn hp
phn ng s chuyn ng t ngn u n ngn cui nh chy trn. V vy c
th xem y l h nhiu bnh phn ng khuy trn lin tc mc ni tip v nng
ca tc cht trong mi ngn l nh nhau v gim dn t ngn u n ngn
cui. Hay ni mt cch khc chuyn ha ca tc cht trong mi ngn l nh
nhau nhng tng dn t ngn u n ngn cui.
Nu s ngn tng n v cc th th tch v
i
ca mi ngn s gim n ti thiu sao cho
tng th tch l khng i. Lc , s bin thin nng ca tc cht gia hai ngn
lin tip nhau l rt b v ta c th v mt ng lin tc thay cho ng gp khc
biu din s bin thin nng ca tc cht t ngn u n ngn cui. Do , dng
thit b phn ng ny c xem l dng trung gian gia thit b phn ng dng ng v
dng khuy trn lin tc.

C
Ao

C
Af

C
Ao

C
Af

Ngn 1 Ngn 2 Ngn 3 Ngn 4
4.4. P DNG PHNG TRNH THIT K
thc hin mt phn ng theo nhng iu kin cho trc, chng ta c th dng
nhiu loi thit b phn ng khc nhau nh : thit b phn ng dng ng, thit b phn
ng khuy trn hot ng lin tc hoc gin on hoc h nhiu thit b phn ng mc
ni tip hoc song song.
Hai thng s thit k nh hng n tnh kinh t ca qu trnh l th tch ca thit b
phn ng v hiu sut thu cc sn phm. Vi mt thit b phn ng c kt cu v th
tch thch hp s cho hiu sut thu sn phm chnh cc i, ng thi hn ch lng
sn phm ph l cc tiu.
Trong chng ny, ta s so snh cc phng n thit k thit b phn ng khc nhau
cho thit b n hoc cho h nhiu thit b phn ng.
4.4.6. SO SNH CC THIT B PHN NG N
4.4.6.1 Thit b phn ng khuy trn hot ng n nh v thit b phn ng
dng ng vi phn ng bc mt v bc hai
Dng phng trnh vn tc tng qut :
( )
n
A
A
A
kC
dt
dN
V
r = =
1

vi n bin i bt k t 0 3
Vi hai dng thit b phn ng ny, chuyn ha l hm ca lu lng nguyn liu,
thnh phn nguyn liu, bc phn ng v h s bin i th tch.
Ta tnh thi gian lu i vi thit b phn ng khuy trn hot ng n nh :
( )
( )
( )
n
A
n
A A
n
Ao A
A Ao
Ao
Ao
kh
x
x x
C k r
x C
F
V C
v
V
+
=
= = =
1
1 1
1
.
.
. .

i vi thit b phn ng dng ng :
( )
( )
( )
n
A
A
n
A
x
n
Ao
x
A
A
Ao
Ao
Ao
x
dx x
C k r
dx
C
F
V C
v
V
A A
+
=
= = =

1
1 1
0
1
0

.
.

Chia hai phng trnh, v theo v ta c :
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) 1 - V

.
.
.
.
.
+
(
+
=
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
=
A
x
0
A n
A
n
A
kh
A
n
A
A
Ao
n
Ao
kh
Ao
n
Ao
1 n
Ao
kh
1 n
Ao
dx
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
x
F
V C
F
V C
C
C

Nu khi lng ring khng i, th tch s khng i v = 0, ta c :

( )
( )
( )
( )
.
.
(
A
x
0
A n
A
kh
n
A
A
1 n
Ao
kh
1 n
Ao
dx
x 1
1
x 1
x
C
C

( )
( )
( )
( ) [ ]
( ) 2 - V
.
.
: 1 n vi , tch phn Ly
1 n
A
kh
n
A
A
1 n
Ao
kh
1 n
Ao
x 1
n 1
1
x 1
x
C
C

( )
( ) ( )

ln .
.
: 1 n vi
A
kh
A
A
1 n
Ao
kh
1 n
Ao
x 1
x 1
x
C
C

|
|
\
|

Phng trnh (V-1) v (V-2) c biu din bng th trn hnh (4-1). Vi cng
nng nguyn liu ban u C
Ao
v lu lng nguyn liu F
Ao
, tung ca gin s
cho ta trc tip t s th tch ca hai dng thit b phn ng trn.
Hnh 4.1:
So snh hot ng ca TBPU khuy trn hot ng n nh v TBPU dng ng cho phn
ng bc n. Vi cng iu kin np liu, trc tung cho gi tr t s V
kh
/V


4.4.6.2 nh hng ca s bin i t l nng ban u ca tc cht trong
phn ng bc hai
Vi phn ng bc hai loi : A + B sn phm , phng trnh vn tc l :
( ) ( )
B A B A
C C k r r . . = =
Hnh (4-1) cho php ta so snh th tch ca hai loi thit b khi nng ban u
ca hai tc cht bng nhau. Tuy nhin trong thc t, nng ban u ca hai tc cht
thng khng bng nhau. T l ti u ph thuc vo cc yu t nh : chi ph phn tch
sn phm ra khi tc cht cha phn ng, chi ph hi lu tc cht, ...
Vi M = C
Bo
/ C
Ao
> 1 v = 0 , thi gian lu ca tc cht trong thit b phn ng
dng ng l :
( ) ( )
A
A
Ao Ao
Ao
M
A
A
Ao Ao
Ao
M
x
x
kC F
V C
x M
x M
M kC F
V C
=
|
|
\
|
=
=
|
|
\
|
=
=
1
1
1 1
1
1
1
.
ln
.
.

Hnh (4-2 ) cho ta so snh s hot ng ca thit b phn ng dng ng vi cc gi
tr khc nhau ca C
Ao
, F
Ao
, M v x
A
vi = 0.

Vi thit b phn ng dng khuy trn, hot ng n nh :
( )
( )
1 M Ao
1 M Ao
C
C
=

( )( )
( )
2
1
1
1
1
Ao
A
Ao
Ao
M
A A Ao
A
Ao
Ao
M
x kC
x
F
V C
x M x kC
x
F
V C
=
|
|
\
|
=

=
|
|
\
|
=
=
.
.
.

Hnh (4-3 ) cho ta so snh s hot ng ca thit b phn ng dng khuy trn, hot
ng n nh vi cc gi tr khc nhau ca C
Ao
, F
Ao
, M v x
A
vi = 0. Vi cng iu
kin F
Ao
v C
Ao
, tung ca hai hnh (4-2) v (4-3) cho ta t s ca hai loi thit b.

V d : Phn ng pha lng : A + B sn phm vi phng trnh vn tc l :
(-r
A
) = (500 l/mol.ph ) C
A
.C
B

c thc hin trong thit b phn ng dng ng vn hnh trong cc iu kin sau :
( )
( )
1 M Ao
1 M Ao
C
C
=

- th tch thit b : V = 0,1 l ;
- lu lng th tch ca nguyn liu : v = 0,05 l/ph ;
- nng ca tc cht trong nguyn liu : C
Bo
= C
Ao
= 0,01 mol/l
Hy :
a- Xc nh chuyn ha ca tc cht ?
b- Vi cng vn tc v chuyn ha, tm th tch ca thit b dng khuy trn, hot
ng n nh ?
c- Vi cng vn tc, tnh chuyn ha c th t c trong thit b b dng khuy trn
c cng th tch vi thit b dng ng ?
Khi thay i dng t l nng ban u ca tc cht trong nguyn liu : C
Bo
=
0,015 mol/l v C
Ao
= 0,010 mol/l, hy tnh :
d- Vi cng lu lng nguyn liu np vo, tm chuyn ha ca A trong thit b dng
ng ban u ?
e- Vi cng chuyn ha ban u, tm t l tng nng sut ng vi dng nguyn liu
mi ?
f- Tm lu lng nguyn liu cn thit np vo cho thit b phn ng dng khuy trn,
hot ng n nh c V = 100 l, chuyn ha ca tc cht gii hn l 99% ?
Gii :
a- Xc nh chuyn ha ca tc cht trong thit b phn ng dng ng :
Tnh thi gian lu :

( )
( )
( ) ph
ph l
l
v
V
2
05 0
1 0
= = =
/ ,
,

Do : k.C
Ao
. = 500 (l/mol.ph). 0,01 (mol/l). 2 (ph) = 10
T hnh (4-2), giao im ca ng k.C
Ao
. = 10 v ng M = 1 (nm ngang) cho ta gi
tr ca 1- x
A
= 0,09 hay x
A
= x
B
= 0,91 = 91%
b- Th tch ca thit b dng khuy trn, hot ng n nh cng iu kin :
Vi cng vn tc v chuyn ha, tung trn hnh (4-1) cho ta t s th tch ca hai
dng bnh phn ng V
kh
/ V
. Vi x
A
= 0,91, ta tra c :

( ) l V V
V
V
kh
kh
1 1 1 0 11 11
11
, ,

= = =
=

c- chuyn ha ca tc cht trong thit b khuy trn hot ng n nh c cng th
tch :
Vi cng th tch bnh th k.C
Ao
. = 10.
Giao im ca ng k.C
Ao
. = 10 v ng M = 1 (nm ngang) trn hnh (4-3) cho ta
gi tr ca 1- x
A
= 0,28 hay x
A
= 0,72 = 72%
d- chuyn ha ca tc cht trong thit b dng ng c M 1 :
M = C
Bo
/ C
Ao
= 0,015/0,010 = 1,5.
Vi cng lu lng nguyn liu np vo, gi tr ca k.C
Ao
. s khng i v bng 10
(F
Ao
= C
Ao
.V). Trn hnh (4-2), t giao im ca hai ng k.C
Ao
. = 10 v M = 1,5, ta
ngoi suy gi tr ca 1- x
A
= 0,006 hay x
A
= 0,994 = 99,4%
e- T l tng nng sut vi dng nguyn liu mi :
Dng nguyn liu mi c M = 1,5 v x
A
= 0,91. Tung trn hnh (4-3) cho ta t s :

( )
( )
30 0
1
5 1
1
5 1
,
.
.
, ,
=
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
=
=
=
=
M
Ao
M
Ao
M Ao
M Ao
C
v
V
C
v
V
C
C

M C
Ao
v V l ging nhau trong c hai trng hp, do lu lng th tch dng nguyn
liu mi s bng :
( ) ph l v v
M M
/ ,
,
,
,
,
17 0
30 0
05 0
30 0
1
1 5 1
= = =
= =

Nh vy, nng sut tng thm 240%.
f- Nng sut ca thit b khuy trn hot ng n nh c V = 100 lt v x
A
= 99% :
Vi x
A
= 99% = 0,99 1 - xA = 0,01 v M = 1,5 ; trn biu (4-3) ta suy ra :
( ) ( ) ( )
ph l
l l mol ph mol l V kC
v
v
V
kC kC
Ao
Ao Ao
/ ,
/ , . /
63 2
190
100 01 0 500
190
190 =

= = = =
4.4.7. H NHIU THIT B PHN NG
4.4.7.1 Thit b phn ng dng ng mc ni tip v / hoc mc song song
a- Mc ni tip
Xt j thit b phn ng dng ng mc ni tip v gi x
1
, x
2
, ...,x
j
l chuyn ha
ca tc cht A khi ri khi thit b phn ng 1, 2, ..., j.
T cn bng vt cht da trn lu lng mol ca A vo thit b phn ng u tin,
ta vit c cho thit b phn ng th i :

( )
=
i
A
i
A
x
x A
A
Ao
i
r
dx
F
V
1

Vi j thit b mc ni tip :

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
+ +
=
+ + +
= =
=
=
Aj
a
Aj
A
A
A
Ao
x
A
A
x
x A
A
x
x A
A
x
x A
A
Ao
j
j
i Ao
i
Ao
r
dx
r
dx
r
dx
r
dx
F
V V V
F
V
F
V
0
2 1
1
1
2
1
1
0

....
...

Nh vy, vi j thit b phn ng dng ng mc ni tip c tng th tch l V s cho
chuyn ha ng bng chuyn ha trong mt thit b phn ng dng ng c th tch V.
b- Mc song song
i vi cc thit b phn ng dng ng mc song song, s phn phi nguyn liu
phi m bo sao cho thnh phn ti mi nhnh l ging nhau, ngha l t s V/F hay thi
gian lu mi nhnh l bng nhau.
Nh vy, vi j thit b phn ng dng ng c th tch l Vi (i = 1 j ) mc song
song s cho chuyn ha ng bng chuyn ha trong mi thit b phn ng v lu
lng ca tc cht np vo h thit b phn ng s bng tng lu lng u vo ca cc
tc cht ca j thit b phn ng.

4.4.7.2 Thit b phn ng khuy trn bng nhau mc ni tip (thit b phn
ng nhiu ngn)
Xt j bnh phn ng khuy trn bng nhau mc ni tip. Gi s = 0
a- i vi phn ng bc mt
Phng trnh cn bng vt cht cho bnh phn ng th i vit cho cu t A l :

( )
( )
i
Ai
Ai
Ai
Ai Ai
Ai
Ao
Ai
Ao
Ai
Ao
i
A
Ai Ai Ao i
Ao
i Ao
i
k
C
C
kC
C C
kC
C
C
C
C
C
hay
r
x x C
v
V
F
V C
+ =
=
(
|
|
\
|

|
|
\
|
= = =
1
1 1
1
1
1
1

.

Vi thi gian lu l ging nhau cho tt c j bnh phn ng khuy trn c th tch Vi bng
nhau. Do :
( )
j
i
Aj
Aj
A
A
A
Ao
Aj Aj
Ao
k
C
C
C
C
C
C
x C
C
+ = =
=

1 .....
1
1
1
2
1
1

Vit cho c h vi j bnh phn ng khuy trn :

(
(
|
|
\
|
= = 1 .
/ 1
,
j
Aj
Ao
i kh j
C
C
k
j
j
i vi h thit b phn ng dng ng :

A
Ao
C
C
k
ln
1
=
T cc phng trnh trn, ta c th so snh hiu qu hot ng ca j bnh phn ng khuy
trn mc ni tip vi mt thit b dng ng hoc mt bnh khuy trn ring l. Kt qu
c trnh by trn hnh (4-7) cho phn ng bc mt v khi lng ring ca h bin i
khng ng k ( = 0 )

b- i vi phn ng bc hai
Vi phn ng bc hai loi hai phn t (M = 1), chng minh tng t nh trn cho j bnh
khuy trn mc ni tip :
|
\
|
+ + + +
=
i Ao
i
Aj
k C 4 1 2 1 2 1 1
k 2
1
C
Vi thit b dng ng : + = k C
C
C
Ao
A
Ao
1
Kt qu c biu din trn hnh (4-8)

V d : Mt bnh phn ng dng khuy trn c chuyn ha l 90% tc cht A thnh
sn phm theo phn ng bc hai. Ta d nh thay bnh ny bng hai bnh c tng th tch
bng th tch bnh trc.
a- Vi cng chuyn ha 90%, nng sut s tng bao nhiu ?
b- Nu gi nguyn nng sut nh trng hp mt bnh, chuyn ha s tng bao
nhiu ?
c- Gi s ta mc ni tip bnh th nht vi mt bnh th hai c cng th tch. Vi cng
chuyn ha, nng sut s tng bao nhiu ?
d- Vi cng nng sut, chuyn ha tng bao nhiu ?
Gii :
a- Vi cng chuyn ha 90%, nng sut s tng bao nhiu ?
Thay bnh phn ng dng khuy trn bng hai bnh c tng th tch bng th tch
ca bnh u v cng t chuyn ha bng x
A
= 90% 1 - x
A
= 0,10. S dng hnh
(4-8) cho phn ng bc hai, ta tra c :
3 10
1 j 1 j
=
=
= =

va : 1 j Vi

33 , 3
3
10
F
V . C
F
V . C
2 j
Ao
Ao
1 j
Ao
Ao
1 j
= =
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
=
=
=
=
=
2 j
: o Do

( )
( )
33 , 3
F
F
1 j Ao
2 j Ao
=
=
=
V va C cung Vi
Ao

Nh vy, vi cng chuyn ha l 90%, nu thay mt bnh bng hai bnh c tng
th tch bng th tch ca bnh u th nng sut s tng thm 2,33 ln hay 233%.
b- Nu gi nguyn nng sut nh trng hp mt bnh, chuyn ha s tng bao
nhiu ?
Vi nng sut khng i cho cng th tch bnh nn k, khng i ng
k.C
Ao
. chnh l ng k.C
Ao
. = 90 trong trng hp mt bnh (j = 1) t chuyn ha
l 90%. ng k.C
Ao
. s ct ng j = 2 ti im 1 - x
A
= 0,046 x
A
= 95,4%.
Nu thay 1 bnh bng 2 bnh c tng th tch bng th tch ca bnh u m vn
gi nguyn nng sut nh trng hp 1 bnh th chuyn ha s tng thm 5,4%.
c- Gi s ta mc ni tip bnh th nht vi mt bnh th hai c cng th tch. Vi cng
chuyn ha, nng sut s tng bao nhiu ?
Nh trong cu a, ta xc nh c :
( )
( )
66 6 33 3 2 2
33 3
1
2
1 2
2
1
, , : Vi
,
= = =
=
=
=
= =
=
=
j Ao
j Ao
j j
j
j
F
F
V V

Vy, nng sut tng thm 5,66 ln hay 566%.
d- Vi cng nng sut, chuyn ha tng bao nhiu ?
Vi mt bnh t chuyn ha 90%, t hnh (4-8 ) ta tra c : k.C
Ao
. = 90.
Vi hai bnh phn ng th thi gian lu s tng gp i k.C
Ao
. = 180. ng ny s
ct ng j = 2 ti im 1 - x
A
= 0,026 x
A
= 97,4%.
Nh vy, chuyn ha tng thm 7,4%.

Pro Ii

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Pro Ii

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MN HC

NGUYN L HA CNG NGHIP

Nguyn l ha cng nghip 64

Nguyn l ha cng nghip 65

You might also like