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Chng1. S dng cc trnh n (Menu)
Chng ny gii thiu tng quan v chc nng ca cc trnh n ca
STATGRAPHICS Plus (SG Plus), gip cho bn c th hiu c cu trc ca
chng, cch s dng v cu trc cc cu lnh, thanh cng c (Toolbars), thanh tc
v (Taskbar) v nhiu loi ca s, hp thoi khc nhau.
I. S dng cc trnh n
1. Trnh n File

Trnh n File cha cc lnh m, ng, lu, in tp tin v thot khi chng
trnh. C th nh sau:
M, ng, lu tp tin nh dng StatGraphics hay/v StatFolio, StatGallery,
StatReporter. c thm Chng 7 hiu hn v StatFolios, StatGallery v
StatReporter.
S dng StatLink ly d liu t cc ngun d liu a dng nh l cc
bng s liu, cc c s d liu, thit b o lng hay my o vi m k thut
s thng qua cc phn mm ca chng. c thm Chng 7 c thm chi
tit.
In v chnh sa trang in.
Lu th (Save Graph) nh dng metafile.
T hp nh dng StatFolio vi/hay cc nh dng tp d liu khc.
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Gi th c nh km (attach) tp tin ca StatGraphic thng qua mt trnh gi
th in t trn my (nh l Outlook).
Thot khi chng trnh SG Plus.

2. Trnh n Edit

Trnh n ny cha cc lnh chnh sa thng dng nh l:
Copy, Cut, Paste, Paste Link v Undo.
Thit lp chnh sa h thng - Preferences (ging nh Settings hay Options
ca cc phn mm khc).
Thay i phng ch, lp li php phn tch.
Chn thm hay xo b mt ct s liu.
Thay i mt ct trong tp d liu; a ra gi tr ca d liu thng qua mt
ton t; chuyn nh dng d liu sang nh dng ca SG Plus; sp xp d
liu.
3. Trnh n Plot
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Gip ngi s dng c th s dng cc php phn tch c bn bng cc loi
th thng dng.
Scatterplots ( th phn tn): cha cc loi th phn tn thng dng cho
thy phn tn ca tp s liu.
Exploratory Plots ( th kho st): cha cc loi th c tnh kho st, rt
hu dng trong nghin cu tnh i xng, kim tra gi thit phn b, pht
hin s liu sai (outlier).
Business Charts ... (Biu ): cha cc loi biu dng trong cng vic
kinh doanh, hu dng trong vic gii thiu v tng kt s lng ln s liu.
Probability Distributions (Phn b xc sut): cha 24 dng th phn b rt
hu dng trong vic phn tch, tnh ton xc sut nh l hm phn b
Students, Bernouli...
Response Surfaces Plots(....): cho php a s liu vo cc hm s do ngi
dng t thit lp.
Custom Charts (Biu ty bin):
4. Trnh n Describe

Cha cc phng php phn tch dng trong vic kho st v tng kt s
liu.
Numeric Data: cha cc php phn tch dng m t v tng kt cc tp d
liu.
Categorical Data: cha cc php phn tch s dng vi d liu cha cc s
liu ri rc.
Distributions: cha cc cng c cho php phn tch, kim tra xc sut phn
b, gi thit v phn b ca mt tp s liu.
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Life Data:
Hypothesis Test (Describe): tin hnh cc php th kim nh gi thit v
cc tham s lin quan nhiu n phn tch mt nhn t.
Sample-Size Determination (Describe):
5. Trnh n Compare

Two Samples
Multiple Samples
Analysis of Variance
6. Trnh n Relate

Cha cc php phn tch mi tng quan gia cc bin c lp v bin ph
thuc.
Simple Regression (Hi quy n gin):
Polinomial Regression (Hi quy tuyn tnh):
Box-Cox Transformations:
Multiple Regression: Phn tch mi quan h gia mt bin ph thuc v mt
hay nhiu bin c lp.
7. Trnh n Special

Cha cc phng php phn tch nng cao.
Quanlity Control Analyses: cc php phn tch nh kim tra cc mt nh
hng ti qu trnh v cht lng, tim nng ca qu trnh, c tnh ca mt
s loi d liu cos cha bin ngu nhin....
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Experimental Design Analyses: cha cc cng c nng cao dng m hnh
ha thc nghim.
Time-Series Analyses: cha y tp hp cc php phn tch dng xy
dng cc m hnh.
Multivariate Methods: cha cng c sp xp, nhm d liu, kim tra mi
quan h, cu trc v kim tra gi thit.
Advanced Regression Analyses: cc cng c nng cao dng kho st ton b
d liu bng cc cng thc phc tp, hi quy a thc, t chn ra m hnh
ti u.

8. Trnh n SnapStats!

Trnh n ny cha cc cng c phn tch t hp nhanh chng v thun tin.
C th k ra y nh l:
One Salmple Analysis:
Two Sample Analysis:
Paired Sample Comparison:
Multiple Sample Comparison:
Curve Fitting:
Capability Assessment (Individuals):
Capability Assessment (Grouped Data):
Gage R&R:
Automatic Forecasting:
9. Cc trnh n View, Windows v Help.
Cc trnh n ny c tc dng nh trong cc phn mm khc quen thuc nh
MS Word, MS Exel,...




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Chng 2. Lm vic vi cc th v cc trnh n ho

ng dn, cch m v save cc th

Sau khi m chng trnh STATGRAPHICS Plus, m file s liu cn s l,
khi chn lnh phn tch t cc menu trn trnh n ng dng.

ng dn v ccH m mt th

Mc d c nhiu cch m mt file ho, nhng cc bc sau l cc b-
c c bn nht cho qu trnh m mt file ho. m mt file ho:
chn phng php phn tch s liu m bn mun tin hnh t cc
menu nh: Plot, Describe, Compare, Relate, Special hoc SnapStat
khi n s hin ln hp thoi tng ng vi cc phng php phn
tch bn dng. Hon thnh cc thng s cn nh dng c mt trong
hp thoi, sau n OK gi cc hp thoi cha cc kt qu hoc
cc th tng ng vi bng s liu bn a vo trn ca s ng
dng.
Cch save th. Cc bc cn thit tin hnh save mt th:
1. kch p chut vo th phng i th ln ton
b ca s lm vic.
2. chn FileSave Graph t trnh n Menu (hoc n
F3) hin ln hp thoi Save Graph (nh trong hnh 5-
1) hoc kch chut phi ln th gi menu pop-up
v chn Save Graph.
3. hon thnh cc thng s trn hp thoi nh t tn ri n
Save save th

Thay i hoc b xung cc thng tin trong th
Sau khi c mt th kt qu, bn c th mun thay i nn, nhn
c c mt th hon ho hn. Khi c mt s trnh n cng c c th gip
bn tin hnh cc thao tc ny.

S dng cc trnh n ho trong cc ca s ng dng
1. Vic s dng Fill Tab Page
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2. Nu bn mun c mt th c mu a ra trong bo co hoc bn
mun tin hnh in mu cho bi bo co thm thuyt phc, bn c th kt
hp mu ca ng k khung vi mu nn ca th. Nu bn ch mun
quan st mu khung v nn c mu en v trng bn cng c th s dng
trnh n ny tin hnh. S dng trnh n Fill Tab Page trong trnh
n ho thay i kiu v mu ca nn c hnh th phn bit
vi cc thanh k, cc hp text, hoc cc vng nn khc trn th.
thay i kiu v mu ca cc mu nn chng ta tin hnh cc bc c
bn sau:
1. kch p chut phng i th
2. t chut ln trn vng cn t mu trn th
3. kch chut tri ln trn th, bn pha phi s xut hin mt pop-up
menu, khi bn phi tri ca cc trnh n ho s hin ln mt hp
thoi Graphics Options nh trong hnh 5-3.
4. Trong phn Fill options ca hp thoi, kch chut ln s vng m bn
mun thay i mu sc.
5. Chn mt trong 9 kiu Fill: Empty (trong vng nh du khng c hiu
ng ca Fill), Solid: t m c vng nh du, Horizontal lines: cc -
ng k ngang, Vertical Lines cc ng k dc
6. Trong phn chn mu: Color option, kch vo Fill (chn cho c vng)
hoc Outline (chn cho ng khung) ch ra l bn mun t mu cho
vng no cho c vng la chn hay ch p dng i vi cc ng vin
khung
7. kch chut vo Color hin ln ca s Color
8. chn mu m bn mun t ln vng nh du hoc cc vin khung
9. kch vo Apply, sau kch vo nt OK kt thc qu trnh


vic s dng Grid Tab Page
thay i chiu, ku cng nh mu ca cc ng chia trong cc thang o
trong th chng ta tin hnh theo cc bc sau:
1. kch p chut phng i th
2. t chut ln trn vng trng bn trong khung th
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3. kch chut tri ln trn th, bn pha phi s xut hin mt pop-up
menu, khi bn phi tri ca cc trnh n ho s hin ln mt hp
thoi Graphics Options nh trong hnh 5-3. khi n vo trnh n Grid
4. chn mt trong bn chiu: nm ngang Horizontal, thng ng Vertical, c
hai kiu trn Both v khng chn kiu no trong hai kiu trn.
5. kch chut vo Color hin ln ca s Color
6. chn mu
7. t chut ln thanh trt chn chiu dy cc ng bng cch di chuyn
chut trong khong t dy nht ti mng nht thay i khong cc
gia cc ng.
8. kch vo apply, sau kch vo nt OK kt thc qu trnh

vic s dng ca s ng dng ghi nhn cho th Label Tab Page
thay i tn nhn chng ta tin hnh cc bc sau:
1. kch p chut phng i th
2. t chut ln trn nhn th m chng ta mun i tn
3. kch chut tri la chn tn ca nhn
4. kch chut tri ln trn th, bn pha phi s xut hin mt pop-up
menu, khi bn phi tri ca cc trnh n ho s hin ln mt hp
thoi Graphics Options nh trong hnh 5-3. khi n vo trnh n Label
tab page
5. trong hp thoi Label, chn tn mi, sao n Ok thc hin lnh.
6. Tip tc in thm tn cho n khi hon thnh tn
7. Chn cc nt Font hin ra trn ca s Font
8. Chn font, kiu font, c ch, mu... sau n OK
9. kch vo apply, sau kch vo nt OK kt thc qu trnh
s dng Layout Tab Page
1. thay i cc Tickmark
a. kch p chut phng i th
b. t chut ln trn vng trng bn trong khung th
c. kch chut tri ln trn th, bn pha phi s xut hin mt
pop-up menu, khi bn phi tri ca cc trnh n ho s
hin ln mt hp thoi Graphics Options nh trong hnh 5-3. khi
n vo trnh n Layout tab page (hnh 5-6)
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d. kch vo cc trnh n tng ng vi trc m tickmark m bn
mun thay i
e. chn cc kiu tickmark: No tickmark, tickmark inside hoc
tickmark outside
f. chn hiu ng 3D nu bn mun s dng
g. kch chut vo Color hin ln ca s Color
h. chn mu
i. kch vo Apply, sau kch vo nt OK kt thc qu trnh

2. thay i Background v/ hoc Border ca mt th, chng ta tin
hnh cc bc sau:
a. kch p chut phng i th
b. t chut ln trn vng trng bn trong khung th
c. kch chut tri ln trn th, bn pha phi s xut hin mt
pop-up menu, khi bn phi tri ca cc trnh n ho s
hin ln mt hp thoi Graphics Options nh trong hnh 5-3. khi
n vo trnh n Layout tab page (hnh 5-6)
d. chn c trnh n Background v boder
e. chn hiu ng 3D nu bn mun s dng
j. kch chut vo Color hin ln ca s Color
k. chn mu
l. kch vo apply, sau kch vo nt OK kt thc qu trnh
3. Thay i hnh dng ca th: tin hnh cc thay i v th chng
ta tin hnh cc bc sau:
a. kch p chut phng i th
b. t chut ln trn vng trng bn trong khung th
c. kch chut tri ln trn th, bn pha phi s xut hin mt
pop-up menu, khi bn phi tri ca cc trnh n ho s
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hin ln mt hp thoi Graphics Options nh trong hnh 5-3. khi
n vo trnh n Layout tab page (hnh 5-6)
d. Chn mt trong hai kiu hnh dng: L-shaped hoc Square
e. Kch vo apply sau n vo Ok trn trang Layout tab thc
hin lnh



s dng Legend Tab Page




S dng Line tab Page
thay i hnh dng ca cc ng thng c trong th, chng ta s dng
Line tab Page trn hp thoi Graphics Options nh dng kiu dng cng nh
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mu sc ca cc ng thng. thay i kiu ng, chiu dy ca cc ng v
mu sc ca cc ng chng ta tin hnh theo cc bc sau:
1. kch chut kp vo th phng i th
2. t chut ln trn ng thng bn mun thay i.
3. kch chut trI ln trn th, bn pha phI s hin ra menu pop-up, khi
nhn ln bn trI ca ca s Graphics Options s hin ln mt hp thoi
Graphics Options chn Line tab Page (xem trong hnh 5-8)
4. trong phn Line options ca hp thoi, kch chut chn s ng bn
mun thay i
5. chn mt trong nm kiu ng: Solid, Dashed, Dotte, Dash-Dot hoc Dask-
Dot-Dot
6. nu bn chn Solid line, t ch chut ln thanh trt chn m ca
ng thng bng cch di chut chy t thinnest ti Thickest thay i
m nht ca ng o.
7. kch chut chn Color gi ca s Color lm vic
8. chn mu bn mun s dng ri n Ok
9. kch chut vo nt Apply sau n Ok thc hin lnh


Vic s dng Point Tab Page

Khi bn mun to th c dng chm cc im trong khng gian hai hoc
ba chiu hoc l cc dng th tng t, th vic thay i hnh dng, kch thc v
mu sc ca cc im n l rt cn thit. thay i hnh dng kch thc v mu
sc ca cc im chng ta tin hnh cc bc sau:
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1. kch chut kp vo th phng i th
2. t chut ln trn im bn mun thay i.
3. kch chut tri ln trn th, bn pha phi s hin ra menu pop-up, khi
nhn ln bn tri ca ca s Graphics Options s hin ln mt hp thoi
Graphics Options chn Points tab Page (xem trong hnh 5-9)
4. trong phn Points options ca hp thoi, kch chut chn s im bn
mun thay i
5. chn mt trong chn kiu im: Square, Plus, X, Star, Blank, iamon, Up
Arrowhead, Down Arrowhead hoc Circle.
6. kch chut ln hp thoi Fill Point hoc trng nu bn mun cc im
c t mu ton b.
7. t ch chut ln thanh trt chn cho cc im bng cch di chut chy
t Smallest ti Largest thay i m nht ca ng o.
8. t ch chut ln thanh trt chn m ca im bng cch di chut
chy t thinnest ti Thickest thay i m nht ca ng o.
9. kch chut chn Color gi ca s Color lm vic
10. chn mu bn mun s dng ri n Ok
11. kch chut vo nt Apply sau n Ok thc hin lnh


Vic s dng Profile Tab Page

Khi bn mun to th v save cc th bn c th s dng hp thoi
Profile Tab Page. Bn c th tin hnh ci tin hoc to lp mt lc 12 file. Khi tin
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hnh bn cn s dng ng tn hoc cc c im nhn dng to tn. to lp
mt User Profile chng ta tin hnh cc bc sau:
1. m hp thoi cha cc trnh n ho
2. chn cc th u tin bng cch s dng cc tab trn hp thoi
3. quay tr li Profile Tab Page, s dng Load, Save, hoc Save as.
4. kch vo trnh n User # u tin.
5. kch vo Save as hin th hp thoi Save Profile
6. trong hp thoi, kiu Scatterplot c save cho cc du hiu ring ca
Scatterplot. kch vo OK hin th chng trnh cc ng th c
save. Sau kch vo Ok kt thc lnh
7. lp li bc 4, bc 5 v bc 6, s dng Plots 3D nh l tn ca User # .
Khi bn n nt Ok, cc tn s hin ln trn Profile Tab Page nh l tn
ca hai trnh n User (nh trong hnh 5-11)
8. kch chut vo cc nt trnh n thc hin cc lnh nh bn mong mun
9. kch vo Make Default, sau n Load.



S dng Right Axis Tab Page

Trong mt s loi th, v d nh trong cc th ba trc to X-Y-Z c
cha mt trc nm bn phI Right Axis Tab Page cho php bn thay i thang o
trn trc cho ph hp vi khong gi tr. thay i thang o cho cc trc to
bn phI chng ta tin hnh cc bc sau:
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1. kch chut kp vo th phng i th
2. t chut ln trn mt trong cc gi tr ca trc bn phI m bn mun thay
i.
3. kch chut trI la chn trc, nh du s c mt ca trc ti cc gc ca
trc
4. kch chut trI ln trn th, bn pha phI s hin ra menu pop-up, khi
nhn ln bn trI ca ca s Graphics Options s hin ln mt hp thoi
Graphics Options chn Right tab Page (xem trong hnh 5-12)
5. trong hp thoi From, nh vo mt s m chng ta xc nh chnh l gi
tr cc tiu ca trc
6. trong hp thoi To chng ta nh vo mt gi tr m chng ta xc nh
chnh l gi tr cc i ca trc
7. trong hp thoi By, nh vo mt gi tr m gi tr ny s xc nh khong
cch gia cc thang chia
8. trong hp thoi Skip, chng ta nh vo mt gi tr ca thang chia m c th
b qua khi to thnh trc trn th
9. kch vo Tickmark Fonts hin th hp thoi Font, khi chn kiu font
ch bn mun dng trong th, n Ok thc hin lnh.
10. kch chut vo nt Apply sau n Ok thc hin lnh




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S dng Spinning Tab Page

Trong mt s loi th, bn c th quan st cc th khng gian ba chiu theo
cc gc cnh khc nhau bng cch s dng cc quay cc th thay i v tr
quan st. thc hin qu trnh quay ny bn s dng Spinning Tab Page trong hp
thoi Graphics Options (hnh 5-13). thay i gc quan st hay quay th chng
ta tin hnh cc bc sau:
1. kch chut kp vo th khng gian ba chiu phng i th
2. kch chut ln nt Smooth/ Rotate trn thanh cng c analysis hin th
thanh trt lin kt vi thanh cng c cho php bn thc hin qu trnh quay
th (hnh 5-14)
3. quay th theo phng nm ngang Horizontal: kch chut ln nt
Horizontal bt u qu trnh quay th.
quay th theo phng thng ng Vertically: kch chut ln nt Vertically
bt u qu trnh quay th
4. kch chut ln nt ln hai hoc kch chut ln trn th kt thc lnh
5. kch chut phI, sau kch chut trI vo Reset Scaling / Viewpoint
quay tr li th.



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S dng Text Tab Page

Trong mt s loi th, nu bn mun thm li bnh cho th, th Text Tab
Page cho php bn thay i ni dung, tin hnh thm Miscellanous Text cho mt
th chng ta tin hnh cc bc sau:
1. kch chut kp vo th phng i th
2. t chut ln phn trng trong khung ca th
3. kch chut tri ln trn th, bn pha phi s hin ra menu pop-up, khi
nhn ln bn tri ca ca s Graphics Options s hin ln mt hp thoi
Graphics Options chn Points tab Page (xem trong hnh 5-15)
4. trong hp thoi Text, nh thm on text m bn mun thm vo trong
th
5. kch vo mt trong cc trnh n chn cch trnh by on text, hoc l
dng nm ngang hoc l dng thng ng.
6. kch chut chn Font, nu bn mun thay i kiu font ch hoc cch
trnh by
7. n OK thc hin lnh



S dng Top title Tab Page

Top Title l tiu th hin trn u th. Bn c th thay i ton b tn
ca tiu hoc thm vo mt s thng tin hoc b bt mt s thng tin.
tin hnh thay i Top title cho mt th chng ta tin hnh cc bc sau:
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1. kch chut kp vo th phng i th
2. t chut ln tiu ca th m bn mun thay i tn
3. kch chut tri ln trn th, bn pha phi s hin ra menu pop-up, khi
nhn ln bn tri ca ca s Graphics Options s hin ln mt hp thoi
Graphics Options chn Top Title tab Page (xem trong hnh 5-16)
4. trong hp thoi Title u tin, nh thm on text m bn mun thm vo
tiu ca th hoc mt tn mi cho tiu
5. kch vo mt trong cc trnh n chn cch trnh by on text, hoc l
dng nm ngang hoc l dng thng ng.
6. kch chut chn Font trong Line 1 Font, nu bn mun thay i kiu font
ch hoc cch trnh by cho on text trong line 1
7. kch chut chn Font trong Line 2 Font, nu bn mun thay i kiu font
ch hoc cch trnh by cho on text trong line 2
8. kch Change Font cho All Title nu bn mun thay i tt c cc kiu ch
trong title thnh mt kiu thng nht
9. n apply v OK thc hin lnh



S dng X-Axis, Y-Axis v Z-Axis Tab Pages
Cc thang o i vi mt th c gi l cc trc to . H trc to X-Y-
Z c mc nh theo mt ch c sn. Tuy nhin bn hon ton c th thay i
thang o trn cc h trc ny bin din th khoa hc hn. thay i thang o
trn cc trc to chng ta tin hnh cc bc sau:
1. kch chut kp vo th phng i th
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2. t chut ln trn mt trong cc gi tr ca trc m bn mun thay i.
3. kch chut tri la chn trc, nh du s c mt ca trc ti cc gc ca
trc
4. kch chut tri ln trn th, bn pha phI s hin ra menu pop-up, khi
nhn ln bn trI ca ca s Graphics Options s hin ln mt hp thoi
Graphics Options chn n Axis tab page (n tng ng vi s trc c la
chn) (xem trong hnh 5-17) cho thy X-Axis tab page.
5. nh tn tiu cho trc trong hp thoi Title text.
6. nh dng xem tiu hin ln thao chiu nm ngang hay chiu thng ng
7. trong hp thoi From, nh vo mt s m chng ta xc nh chnh l gi
tr cc tiu ca trc
8. trong hp thoi To chng ta nh vo mt gi tr m chng ta xc nh
chnh l gi tr cc i ca trc
9. trong hp thoi By, nh vo mt gi tr m gi tr ny s xc nh khong
cch gia cc thang chia
10. trong hp thoi Skip, chng ta nh vo mt gi tr ca thang chia m c th
b qua khi to thnh trc trn th
11. trong hp thoi No power, nh dng nu nh thang o trn trc c tnh
theo c s 10
12. trong hp thoi Log power, nh dng nu nh thang o trn trc c tnh
theo c s log
13. trong hp thoi Hold check, nh dng cc ng o c gi nguyn ngay
c khi bn thay i s liu trong Analysis box.
14. kch vo Title Fonts hin th hp thoi Font, khi chn kiu font ch
bn mun dng cho tiu th
15. kch vo Tickmark Fonts hin th hp thoi Font, khi chn kiu font
ch bn mun dng trong th.
16. kch chut vo nt Apply sau n Ok thc hin lnh

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S dng cc phm chc nng ho
Cng vi vic s dng cc trnh n ho thay i hoc tng cng tnh
nng cho th, bn c th s dng cc phm chc nng ho t trn thanh cng
c nh: Add Text, Jittering, Brushing, Smooth/Rotate, Set Points Labels, Locate
Row, v Include/ Exclude. Vic s dng cc phm Add text khi m bn phng
i th ln ton b ca s lm vic. Khi bn n phm chc nng ny mt hp
thoi Text Options hin ra. in thm vo cc on Text khc nhau m bn mun
thm vo v c thm phn nh dng hin th trn th (xem trong hnh 5-18). S
dng Text tab page trong Graphics Options thay i hoc chnh sa on text.

S dng Jittering Button
Vic s dng cc phm Jittering Button khi m bn phng i th ln
ton b ca s lm vic. Khi m bn v th ca mt b s liu m cc s liu
trng nhau l rt nhiu, n cng tng t nh l cc im cng xut hin trn cng
mt v tr trn h trc to . iu ny khin cho trong qu trnh v th cc im s
b chng cht ln nhau v do trong qu trnh tnh ton chng ta rt kh phn
bit cc im vi nhau. Jittering ngn chn hin tng ny v cho php bn nhn ra
cc im trng nhau ti cc v tr khc nhau trn th. Jittering thm vo mt
lng nh mt cch ngu nhin ti mi im. Bn c th iu khin lng thm vo
theo chiu ngang hay chiu thng ng nh hng ln mi im . S dng hp
thoi Jittering thit lp cc phn ph thm vo .
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Jitter Points
1. kch p chut ln th phng i th
2. kch chut ln nt Jittering trn thanh cng c Analysis hin th ca s
Jittering
3. kch v di chuyn thanh trt iu khin theo chiu nm ngang hoc theo
chiu thng ng cho n khi bn tip cn ti mt im nm trn thanh c
trng cho phn thm vo m bn mun s dng cho cc im cn chn. Nh
chut ra khi thanh trt
4. n vo lnh OK a ra th c cc im c jitter


22

S dng cc phm Brushing
phm tt Brushing tr nn hu hiu khi m bn mun phng i th c cc
im phn tn ln ton b ca s. Kch chut vo phm chc nng gi ca s
Brushing lm vic, ca s ca hp thoi ny cho php bn la chn nhiu bin
nh bng cc im. Brushing cho thy nh hng ca ca vic thm bin vo b
s liu hoc ln khong s liu, cc s liu thm vo c nh du bng mu .
Cc im mu ny c sp xp theo th t cc s bn phI ln hn cc s bn
tri. nh bng mt im chng ta tin hnh cc bc sau:
1. kch p chut ln th phng i th
2. kch chut ln nt Brushing trn thanh cng c Analysis hin th ca s
Brushing (xem trong hnh 5-20)
3. chn hoc nh vo tn ca cc bin m chng ta s s dng chng
Brushing.
4. nhp chut vo nt OK gi li th vi cc gi tr bin thm vo cho trn
th c nh du bng cc k hiu mu .
5. di chuyn cc thanh trt iu khin hoc nh vo cc gi tr trong hp
thoi text cho kch thc nh nht hoc ln nht ca lng Brushing.cc gi
tr ln nht v nh nht xut hin trong hp thoi gn cc thanh trt. Khi
bn di chuyn cc thanh trt, cc gi tr ca bin Brushing tng hoc gim.



23

S dng cc nt Smooth/ Rotate

Cc phm chc nng tt ny cho php bn tin hnh lm trn cc cc im trn
mt th hoc quay mt th dng khng gian ba chiu; iu ny ch tin hnh
c khi m bn phng i th khng gian hai hoc ba chiu ca bn ln trn
ton b ca s lm vic. Smooth cc im, bn phi tin hnh cc bc theo
trnh t sau:
1. kch p chut ln th phng i th
2. kch chut ln nt Smooth/ Rotate trn thanh cng c Analysis hin th
ca s Scatterplot Smoothing option (xem trong hnh 5-22)
3. chn mt trong cc phng php Smooth: none, running Means, Running
Lines, locally eighted Regression hoc Robust Lowess.
4. nh mt s vo trong hp thoi Smooth Fraction, gi tr s ny s s dng
trong vic xc nh kch thc ca ca s smooth.
5. kch chut vo phm OK tin hnh qu trnh Smooth v hin ra th sau
khi c smooth.


S dng phm Set Point Labels
24
Cc phm chc nng tt ny cho php bn tin hnh c khi m bn phng
i th ca bn ln trn ton b ca s lm vic. Kch chut gi ca s Point
Identification nI m bn mun s dng nhp vo tn ca mt bin no m tn
ny s dng nhn dng bin. nhn dng cc im bng Its label, bn phi tin
hnh cc bc theo trnh t sau:
1. kch p chut ln th phng i th
2. kch chut vo phm Set Point Labels trn thanh cng c gi hp thoi
Point Identification (xem trong hnh 5-23)
3. nhp vo hoc chn mt tn cho bin m c cha nhn cho im
4. kch chut vo nt Ok thc hin lnh v gi li th
5. nhp tn ca nhn trong Label: trong hp thoi text trn thanh cng c. Bn
cn nh chnh xc tn nh tn n xut hin trong cc bin.
6. kch chut vo Locate Label trn thanh cng c, mu v hnh dng ca cc
im c mt trn nhn m tn ca nhn c thay i

Gi mt nhn bng im tng ng ca n.
1. kch p chut ln th phng i th
2. kch chut vo phm Set Point Labels trn thanh cng c gi hp thoi
Point Identification (xem trong hnh 5-23)
3. nhp vo tn ca bin c cha nhan cho im
4. kch chut vo phm OK hin li th
5. kch chut vo im m nhn ca n tng ng vi nhn m bn mun gi
im , khi nhn ca im s xut hin trong Label text box.

lin kt cc im bi cc hng v trc
1. kch p chut ln th phng i th
2. kch chut trI ln im cn la chn, khi bn thc hin lnh ny th mt hp
thoi pop-up hin ra trong hp thoi ny c cha s Row khi chnh l v
tr ca cc im trn cc trc





s dng cc phm tt Exclude/ Include

cc chc nng ho khc
25
t li v tr ca cc text trong th
Bn c th tin hnh qu trnh ny vi cc text mi hoc cc text bn thm vo
trong th. tin hnh thao tc ny, chng ta tin hnh cc bc sau:
1. kch p chut ln th phng i th
2. di chut ln on text m bn mun thay i v tr trn th
3. kch chut trI la chn on text; nh du s c mt ti cc gc ni ca
on text va c chn
4. va kch va di on text ti v tr mi.
5. nh chut v kch chut ln hai bn ngoi vng text v di chuyn kt
thc lnh

nh dng li kch thc ca th
Bn c th tin hnh thay i chiu ngang chiu thng ng hoc chiu cn li
ca th trong khng gian ba chiu nh dng li kch thc ca n cho ln hn
hay nh hn. tin hnh nh dng li kch thc ca th chng ta tin hnh
cc bc sau:
1. kch p chut ln th phng i th, sau kch chut vo th
nh du, nh du s la chn th ti cc gc ca th.
2. thay i th theo chiu nm ngang: t chut ln nh ca th hoc
pha di ca th sau kch chut
3. thay i kch thc th theo chiu thng ng, c chut ln pha bn
trI hoc pha bn phI ca th, sau kch chut
4. vi chiu cn li trong th khng gian ba chiu chng ta tin hnh tng
t
5. khi m hnh dng ca chut thay i thnh hnh mi tn hai chiu, chng ta
va di chut va ko cho n khi t c kch thc mong mun khi
nh chut kt thc lnh
6. lp li qu trnh ny vi cc chiu cn li n khi t c kch thc th
mong mun




s dng cc tnh nng phng to hoc thu nh th

s dng cc kha cnh lin kt nh

26











Chng 3. S dng cc th c bn

27
I. Gii thiu chung
Trong chng ny chng ti s gii thiu v cc th c bn trong trnh
n Plot.
C su loi th c bn l: Scatterplots ( th phn tn), Exploratory Plots,
Business Charts (biu kinh doanh), Probability Distributions, Response Surfaces
Plots ( th mt p ng), v Custom Charts.
1.1. Scatterplots
Scatterplots rt hu hiu khi ta phi phn tch mi quan h gia cc bin v
n cho php chng ta d dng quan st khong thay i ca d liu. C su loi
Scatterplots: Univariate Plot ( th n bin), X-Y Plot, X-Y-Z Plot, Multiple X-Y
Plot, Multiple X-Y-Z Plot, v Polar Coordinates Plot.
1.2. Exploratory Plots
Exploratory Plots c s dng hiu qu khi chng ta nghin cu tnh i
xng, kim tra cc gi nh v phn b, v pht hin nhng mu nm ngoi. C tm
loi Exploratory Plots: Box-and-Whisker Plot, Multiple Box-and-Whisker Plot,
Probability Plot, Frequency Histogram, Dot Diagram, Multiple Dot Diagram,
Bubble Chart, v Radar/Spider Plot.
1.3. Business Charts
Business Charts thch hp cho vic th hin tng quan nh lng gia cc
nhm hoc lp d liu. C nm loi Business Charts: Barchart, Multiple Barchart,
Piechart, Component Line Chart, and High-Low-Close Plot.
1.4. Probability Distributions
Bn c 24 la chn phn b to ra hoc lu li cc s ngu nhin, tnh
ton cc gi tr ti hn v xem phn b xc xut theo cc th phn b khc nhau.
Cc loi phn b c s dng l: Bernoulli, Binomial, Discrete Uniform,
Geometric, Hypergeometric, Negative Binomial, Poisson, Beta, Cauchy, Chi-
Square, Erlang, Exponential, Extreme Value, F (Variance Ratio),
Gamma, Laplace, Logistic, Lognormal, Normal, Pareto, Students t, Triangular,
Uniform, v Weibull.
1.5. Response Surfaces Plots
C hai loi th loi ny l: Response Surface (mt p ng) v Contour
(ng mc). C hai loi c s dng hiu qu trong vic xc nh nh hng ca
cc nhn t trong vic xc nh vng ti u. th Surface v ln cc mt trong
khng gian ba chiu cn th Contour v cc mt trong khng gian hai chiu vi
cc ng th hin cao c trng ca mt p ng.
II. th Scatterplots
2.1. Univariate Plot
th Univariate Plot cho php bn to mt th phn tn cho mt bin s.
N c p dng cho phng php nhm d liu lin quan n mt c trng ca
mt mu. Bn c th nhp thm point code a ra cc mc phn loi cc nhn t.
tin hnh phn tch ny, t trnh n bn chn:
PLOT... SCATTERPLOTS... UNIVARIATE PLOT...

28











2.2. X-Y Plot
th X-Y Plot to ra mt th hai chiu th hin phn tn ca mt bin
theo mt bin khc., t ta c th nghin cu c quan h ca chng. Bn c th
to cc loi th khc nhau: th ng thng, th phn tn, th phn tn c
lin kt, th phn tn c m ha, v th vi cc thanh sai s chun.
1. th ng thng th hin ng ni gia cc im m khng v cc im.
2. th phn tn li ch v cc im.
3. th phn tn c lin kt v c cc im v cc ng ni.
4. Cn th phn tn c m ha s dng cc im m ha, do n cha
nhiu thng tin hn cc loi th phn tn hai chiu khc.
5. Bn nn s dng th vi cc thanh sai s chun khi cc im th hin cc
kt qu trung bnh. Bn cng c th thy hiu qu hn khi th hin khng
chc chn xung quanh cc im . Cc thanh sai s chun l nhng on
thng : gi tr trung bnh sai s chun.
tin hnh phn tch, t trnh n bn chn:
PLOT...SCATTERPLOTS... X-Y PLOT...















2.3. X-Y-Z Plot
th X-Y-Z Plot v mi quan h ca ba bin trong khng gian ba chiu.
Tng t nh th phn tn hai chiu, th phn tn ba chiu c cc la chn l:
29
th ng thng, th phn tn, th phn tn c lin kt, th phn tn
c m ha, v th vi cc thanh sai s chun.
tin hnh phn tch, t trnh n bn chn:
PLOT...SCATTERPLOTS... X-Y-Z PLOT...



2.4. Multiple X-Y Plot
Multiple X-Y Plot l th phn tn vi mt bin th hin trn trc X cn
mt hai nhiu bin khc th hin trn trc Y. Cc la chn cho loi th ny l:
im, ng hoc c hai.
tin hnh phn tch, t trnh n bn chn
PLOT...SCATTERPLOTS...MULTIPLE X-Y PLOT...





2.5. Multiple X-Y-Z Plot
Multiple X-Y-Z Plot v th phn tn ba chiu cho t ba bin tr ln. Trn
trc X v trc Y th hin mt bin cn trn trc Z th hin mt hoc nhiu bin.
tin hnh phn tch, t trnh n bn chn
PLOT...SCATTERPLOTS...MULTIPLE X-Y-Z PLOT...
30









2.6. Polar Coordinates Plot
Polar Coordinates Plot v cc th phn tn hai chiu hoc cc th on
thng ni cp hai im c xc nh bng bn knh v gc. Ni cch khc n cung
cp cc thng tin v v tr ca mt im trn th trong ta cc. Loi th ny
thch hp khi th hin nhng im trong ta cc.

tin hnh phn tch, t trnh n bn chn
PLOT...SCATTERPLOTS... Polar Coordinates Plot...






















31



Polar Coordinates Plot
III. Exploratory Plot
3.1. Box-and-Whisker Plot
Box-and-Whisker Plot l mt cch tng kt mt tp hp cc d liu n bin
c o trong mt t l khong cch nht nh. N thng c s dng trong
Exploratory Plot minh ha nhng c im chnh ca s phn b d liu v
so snh gi tr trung bnh v khong d liu ri t ch ra nhng im ngoi v
a ra dng phn b.
D liu c chia thnh bn vng vi tn sut bng nhau. Mt hnh ch nht
khoanh vng chim 50% gia, trong hnh ch nht ny gi tr trung v c th
hin bng mt ng thng ng. Gi tr trung bnh c th hin bng mt im.
tin hnh phn tch, t trnh n bn chn
PLOT... EXPLORATORY PLOTS... BOX-AND-WHISKER PLOT...










32










3.2. Multiple Box-and-Whisker Plot
Multiple Box-and-Whisker Plot n gin ch l s m rng ca th Box-
and-Whisker. Nu bn c th chia nh d liu thnh cc nhm, dng Multiple Box-
and-Whisker Plot bn c th to ra cc th Box-and-Whisker Plot ring bit trn
cng mt th. iu ny gip ta c th so snh cc gi tr trung v, khong bin, v
cc gi tr cc oan cho tng nhm mt cch d dng hn.
M t th tng t nh th Box-and-Whisker Plot.
tin hnh phn tch, t trnh n bn chn
PLOT... EXPLORATORY PLOTS... MULTIPLE BOX-AND-WHISKER PLOT...


















33







3.3. Normal Probability Plot
Normal Probability Plot c s dng kim tra xem mt mu c phi
c ly t mt tp hp theo phn b bnh thng. Mc tiu ca php th ny l to
mt th v xc nh th ny c to thnh ng thng khng (nu cc im
ca th theo mt ng thng).
th cng a ra mt cch d dng xc nh cc im bt thng. Cc
im c sp xp theo th t tng dn hoc gim dn. th c mt trc nm
ngang c n v l cc s t nhin cn trc thng ng s c t l sao cho phn b
ca cc im thh ng thng. Khi im bt thng s th hin on nt tht
c chai.

tin hnh phn tch, t trnh n bn chn
PLOT... EXPLORATORY PLOTS... Normal Probability



34






Figure 8-31. The Frequency Histogram Analysis Dialog
Box
Cc la chn ha
Biu tn sut
Mc chn la biu tn sut to ra mt biu cc gi tr ca bin (hnh 8-32).
th ny c to ra vi cc lp trn trc nm ngang v tn s trn trc thng
ng, trc nm dc biu th tn sut ca mi lp. Dng hp thoi Chn th tn
sut nhp cc gi tr ca s lp trong nhng phn s liu c nhm, cng
nh l mc thp cho lp u tin v mc cao cho lp cui cng (hnh 8-33) . Bn
cng c th ch ra liu rng n v ca trc Y s l mang tnh tng quan hay
chng cht, v liu s n v ha s gi li nu bn c s thay i trong hp thoi,
liu bn mun to ra dng mt biu hay mt ng gp khc.

35


Figure 8-32. Frequency Histogram


Figure 8-33. Frequency Plot
Options Dialog Box

3.4 Gin im (Dot diagram)
Phn phn tch gin im l cch tnh tng cc s liu trong phn phn tch mt
s liu thc nghim, ch ra hnh nh chnh ca s phn b cc s liu mt cch d
dng. th cung cp mt dng khc ca s biu din ho vi s liu s, nhng
phn rt hu ch cho vic ch ra mi tng quan ca s liu trong tp s liu, hoc
l dng so snh hai hay nhiu tp s liu.
th ny ging nh dng biu ct hoc biu , vi cc ct hoc cc gc
vung c thay th bi dy cc im. Mi im biu din mt s c nh ca cc
th nghim c th.
vo phn phn tch vo thanh thc n chn:
PLOT... EXPLORATORY
PLOTS... DOT DIAGRAM... m t hp thoi Dot Diagram Analysis ( hnh 8-
34)


36

Figure 8-34. The Dot Diagram Analysis Dialog Box

Chn dng bng biu
Kt lun s phn tch
Mc kt lun s phn tch to ra mt kt lun v s phn tch, phn bao gm tn ca
bin s chn lc, s thc nghim ca cc bin, gi tr trung bnh, v lch tiu
chun.

Chn dng biu
Gin im
Mc gin im to ra mt biu rt hu ch dng ch ra v tr tng quan
ca cc s liu trong dy s liu, n biu din mi bin trong ct s dng mt hnh
vung nh ( Hnh 8-35).



Figure 8-35. Dot Diagram

Dng hp thoi Mc chn biu im cho thy liu s liu gin on hay khong
lch (ri rc) s xut hin trong biu , v nhp s s gia trn trc X ( Hnh 8-36)



37
Figure 8-36. Dot Diagram Plot Options Dialog Box
.

3.5. Phn tch gin a im (Multiple Dot Diagram)
S dng mc Phn tch gin a im to ra mt gin ca s liu m c
chia ra lm nhiu hn mt nhm. N m t kt lun thng k v khong tin cy cho
mi nhm.
Dng biu ny l mt cch tng kt s liu m thng c dng trogn phn
phn tch s liu thc nghim minh ho nhng dng phn b s liu mt cch
thun tin. Gin a im c th hu ch cho vic phat hin ra bt k mt thc
nghim bt bnh thng no, hoc nhng s sai khc ln trong tp s liu.
vo phn phn tch, vo thc n, chn
PLOT... EXPLORATORY
PLOTS... MULTIPLE DOT DIAGRAM... m t hp thoi Multiple Dot
Diagram Analysis (Hnh 8-37)



Figure 8-37. The Multiple Dot Diagram Analysis
Dialog Box

Mc chn dng bng biu
Kt lun s phn tch
Mc chn kt lun phn tch to ra s kt lun bao gm tn ca cc bin s m c
cha s liu v m cp . N cng biu th s mc v s thc nghim trong khi
phn tch, cng nh gi tr chn lc ca gi tr mc trn hoc mc di.
Vic s dng hp thoi Chn phn tch gin a im ch ra l ci no l loi
gi tr trung bnh hoc trung v thng k, m xut hin trn th; v nhp gi tr
trung bnh , trung v, lch tiu chun, hng s bin i; v ch ra xem ng
thng c biu th Trung bnh Ln (Grand average) nn xut hin trn th; v
nhp cc gi tr mc tin cy m c dng tnh ton khong lch ( interval)
xung quanh gi tr trung bnh ca mi nhm.
(hnh 8-38).

38

Figure 8-38. Multiple Dot Diagram Analysis Options
Dialog Box

Mc chn th
Gin a im
Mc chn gin a im to ra mt gin m ch ra v tr cho mi mc trung
bnh, cng nh khong tin cy cho cc gi tr trugn bnh ( Hnh 8-39). Trn trc X
ch ra gi tr trung bnh v lch tiu chun cho mi mc.
ng thng ng ch ra gi tr trung bnh ln ca ton b thc nghim. th
cng ch ra gi tr trung bnh ln v lch tiu chun trn nh ca cc ng
thng ng.
Hnh 8-39.


Figure 8-39. Multiple Dot Diagram

3.6 S dng Mc phn tch biu bng (Bubble chart)
S phn tch biu bng cho php chng ta to ra mt h th trc X-Y bao gm
cc vng trn, l mt cch th ha 3 thng s trn 3 trc- 2 bin c biu din
trn 2 trc ta X v Y ca cc im th, v bin th 3 c m t bng vng
trn th hay gi l bong bng Kch thc ca bong bng ph thuc vo gi tr
s ca bin th 3. Gi tr cng ln. bng cng to. ch n ny l mt cng c
ha c s hu ch khi bn tm mt cch chnh xc quan st d liu theo nhiu
chiu cao hn.
V d, gi thit bn ang phn tch ch ng cnh tranh ca cc sn phm; iu
c ngha l cc sn phm c tc cao nht v nhng sn phm tc thp hn.
Mi sn phm trong nghin cu c biu din bng mt bng m s di chuyn c
mi quan h vi v tr ca n trn th trng. Mi bng biu din mt im, cho
php bn im nhanh cc ng quan trng trn th trng.
th cng ch ra v tr ca X v Y cng nh tng quan ca n vi kch thc;
kch thc ca mi bng da trn mi kch thc ca cc bin th ba. Bn c th
dng cc mu khc nhau cho mi bng, nu bn mun t ci no, v nhp kch
thc ln nht cho mi bng.
to ra s phn tch, t danh mc ta chn: PLOT... EXPLORATORY
39
PLOTS... BUBBLE CHART... biu di trong mc thoi Phn tch th bong
bng..
(hnh 8-40).


Figure 8-40. The Bubble Chart Analysis
Dialog Box
Mc chn bng biu
Tng kt s phn tch
Mc chn s tng kt phn tch to ra s tng kt s phn tch, n biu din tn
ca bin m cha kch thc bng. S thc nghim s c ch ra y.
Mc chn ha
Biu bng

Mc biu bng to ra ng phn b X-Y (hnh 8-41). Kch thc bng ph
thuc ln ca bin s th 3.

Hnh 8-41



Figure 8-41. Bubble Chart


S dng hp thoi Mc chn biu bng ch ra bng c t mu s dng, v
nhp s xc nh l kch thc ln nht ca bng to nht.
(hnh 8-42).

Figure 8-42. Bubble Chart Options Dialog Box

40
3.7 S dng s phn tch ng mng nhn ( raa)
S phn tch ng mng nhn( raa) l mt k thut hnh ha n gin c dng
theo yu cu ca s liu a dng do kh nng thch ng vng rng ln sinh ng
ca s liu.
K thut ny v ra nhiu phng php o trn vng bn knh trong khng gian cn
bng c ni to ra dng nh hnh sao. Mng sng m rng t tm ca ng
trn v to ra im nhn tng qut ca s thay i s liu qua tn mc.
ng mng Raa, gi tr ca php o c biu din bng ng bnh knh k
thng t tm ng trn.; tuy nhin mi bn knh da trn mi mc c thay th
cho mi bin.
Cc dim ca mi mu khc nhau biu din s tng ng vi cc bin khc nhau.
Khi c qu nhiu bin v mc, mu s liu c n i.
vo mc phn tch , t menu vo PLOT... EXPLORATORY
PLOTS... RADAR/SPIDER PLOT... m t hp thoi S phn tch ng mng
nhn( raa)
Hnh 8-43

Figure 8-43. The Radar/Spider Chart Analysis
Dialog Box

Mc chn bng biu
Tng kt s phn tch
Mc chn s tng kt phn tch to ra s tng kt s phn tch, n biu din tn
ca s liu.
S dng hp thoi phn tch ng mng nhn( raa) to ra s thay i vi s
phn tch ( Hnh 8-44). Bn cng c th ch ra loi trc hay ng c s dng
cho gin , nu cc ng bc thang c v ra v s dng cc ng gp khc .
Hnh 8-44


Figure 8-44. Radar/Spider Plot Analysis Options Dialog Box
41

Mc chn ha
Gin vnh khn
Mc chn gin vnh khn to ra mt gin ch ra s liu trn mi hang, vi
kch thc ca mi bin c v theo mt bc thang ( hnh 8-45). Bn c th to
th n 16 trng hp trn mi gin n, rt hu ch trong vic so snh cc
trng hp t s a dng tng ng.

IV. Business Chart
4.1 S dng s phn tch th thanh (Bar chart)
S phn tch th thanh l cch tng kt tp d liu r rng, thng dng bng tn
s. N c dng trong phn tch s liu thc nghim ch ra nhn t chnh ca
s phn b s liu mt cch thun tin. N mt t s liu s dng m t s hnh
ch nht chiu di ging nhau tng ng loi c th. Chiu di (din tch) mi hnh
ch nht t l vi s trng hp ng vi loi n biu din.
Hnh 8-45

Figure 8-45. Radar/Spider Plot

V d, bn c th dng th thanh m t mi quan h ca ng Cng ha ca
nhiu thnh vin vi nhiu loi tn gio khc nhau: 31 % ngi theo o Tinh lnh
thng bo mi lin h vi ng Cng ha, v c c 17% ngi theo o Thin cha
cng vy. bn c th dng th thanh dng thng hoc ngang; chng bao gm
dng thanh thng, ngang, cm, dng phn trm.
S bin bn s dng nn cha trong tp s liu bng( m c) mt s m ca
s thc nghim trong mi lp. Nu tp s liu cha hn 20 lp, th s m t s b
li.
vo mc phn tch, vo menu, chn:
PLOT... BUSINESS
CHARTS... BARCHART... biu din hp thoi Phn tch th thanh ( hnh 8-
46)
Mc chn la dng bng biu
Tng kt s phn tch
Mc Tng kt s phn tch to ra s tng kt s phn tch, bao gm tn ca bin
chn lc, s gi tr ca bin, v tng gi tr.
Hnh 8-46
42

Figure 8-46. The Barchart Analysis Dialog Box

Mc chn ha
Mc chn th thanh to ra biu tng t cho mt gin bao gm cc thanh
c tch ring ( hnh 8-47). Cc lp c biu din trn trc ngang, tn sut
tng quan trn trc thng ng. Chiu cao ca thanh thng ng cn bng vi tn
sut ca lp.
Hnh 8-47

Figure 8-47. Barchart

S dng hp thoi chn nh dng thanh, ch ra liu bn mun v tn sut hoc
phn trm; hay ch ra gin s m t dng thng ng hay ngang, ch ra liu
dng tia hay ng thng (I-Beams-line) c s dng cho dng thanh; nhp gi
tr bt u mi im trn thanh (hnh 8-48).
Hnh 8-48

Figure 8-48. Barchart Options Dialog Box

4.2 S dng phn tch biu thanh phc tp (Multiple Barchart)
S dng phn tch biu thanh phc tp to ra mt gin c 1 hay nhiu thanh
tn sut cho mi nhn t phn loi-khc bit ( hng). S phn tch hu ch khi bn
cn m t hnh nh ca nhn t bc hai so vi nhn t chnh. Cc bin bn s dng
nn cha trong bng s liu( m c)- s m ca s thc nghim mi lp. Nu
s liu cha hn 20 lp, gp li khi m t.
43
vo phn phn tch, t menu, chn: BUSINESS CHARTS...
MULTIPLE BARCHART... biu din trong hp thoi phn tch biu thanh
phc tp ( hnh 8-49).
hnh 8-49

Figure 8-49. The Multiple Barchart Analysis
Dialog Box
Mc chn dng bng biu
Tng kt s phn tch: v tn ca hng (nhn t phn loi-khc bit) v bin theo
ct, s bin m bn chn v s thc nghim, s hng, ct.
Mc chn ha
Gin thanh phc tp
To ra mt gin c ct ca tng gi tr ca mi bin. ( hnh 8-50). Mi thanh
n dng cho 1 hng ca ct.
Dung hp thoi chn dnh dng cho thanh, cho thy dng th tn sut v phn
trm ; cho thy
Hnh 8-50

Figure 8-50. The Multiple Barchart

Dng biu s c dng dng thng hay ngang; dng tia hay ng thng dng
cho thanh, ; nhp gi tr cho vic v im cho thanh ( Hnh 8-51).
Hnh 8-51


44
Figure 8-51. Multiple Barchart Options Dialog Box

4.3 S dng mc phn tch biu ming ( mnh)

L cch tng kt mt tp s liu a dng. Gin cha 1 ng trn chia ra lm
nhiu mnh m t l vi s trng hp ca cc loi.
Cc bin bn s dng nn cha trong bng s liu( m c)- s m ca s thc
nghim mi lp. Nu s liu cha hn 20 lp, gp li khi m t.
Biu ming biu th dng phn chia ca phn trm. V d, n dng ch ra nh
my giy th thao dnh tin h tr cho qung co la 6 triu $: 3 triu $ cho truyn
hnh, 2 triu $ cho nh ti tr, 1 triu $ cho bo ch.
vo phn phn tch, t menu, chn: PLOT... BUSINESS
CHARTS... PIECHART.... biu din trong hp thoi mc phn tch biu
ming
(Hnh 8-52).
Hnh 8-52

Figure 8-52. The Piechart Analysis
Dialog Box

Mc chn dng bng biu
Tng kt s phn tch v tn ca bin chn lc v s thc nghim tng ng v
tng cc gi tr.
Mc chn ha
Gin ming
To ra mt gin trn to ra t cc ming m bn knh tng ng vi tn sut
ca mi hng trong bng tn sut( Hnh 8-53).
Hnh 8-53

Figure 8-53. The Piechart

Trong hp thoi mc phn tch biu ming chn nhn cho ch thch v nhn;
nhp kch thc cho mi vng; nhp s mnh c chia; dng ng thng t
nhn n ming trn biu ming. ( hnh 8-54).
Hnh 8-54
45

Figure 8-54. Piechart Options Dialog Box

4.4 S dng s phn tch th thng thnh phn
Rt hu ch cho vic biu th mt hay nhiu tp s liu thi gian, hu ch cho vic
iu tra xu hng, mu hoc mt tnh cht khng c tnh ngu nhin; v d cho gi
ca d tr.
Bn c th to ra gin gi tr c th hoc tch ly.
vo phn phn tch, t menu, chn: PLOT... BUSINESS CHARTS...
COMPONENT LINE CHART... biu din trong hp thoi s phn tch th
thng thnh phn
(Hnh 8-55).



Figure 8-55. The Component Line Chart Analysis Options
Dialog Box


Chn dng bng biu
Tng kt s phn tch: v tn ca bin trong ct, danh mc ban u v khong ly
mu. N cng ch ra s chu k ca d liu.
Hp thoi s phn tch th thng thnh phn cho bit cc bin nn c v ra
dng tch ly, l dng mc nh. ( Hnh 8-56).
Nu bn chn mc Tch ly, mu cho bin xut hin dng chng cht theo chiu
dc, ci trn nh l ca mu khc. Trn gin l s liu dng, gi tr them vo
mi im thi gian. Trong th c cha s liu m, gi tr c ghi ph di gi
tr ca cc bin trc.
46
Nu bn chn mc nh ( loi phn kim tra im), mu ca mi bin xut hin
dng vnh khn hay im cho mi bin m c th n i cc im.
Hnh 8-56

Figure 8-56. Component Line Chart Analysis Options
Dialog Box
bin ca n c th v sau. gim thiu nht vn ny. u tin phi nhp bin
nh nht; sau nhp bin th hai tip nh vy. Chng trnh v ra gi tr cui
cng u tin, t th 2 n cui trn nh ca bin cui, tip tc cho n khi tt c
cc bin xut hin.
Chn dng bng biu
S phn tch th thng thnh phn to ra cc ng gp khc c gi tr ngc vi
thi gian( Hnh 8-57).
Gi tr xut hin trn gin theo kiu bng d liu. Din tch mi lot mu theo
thi gian c trng vi mt mu duy nht. Bn c th to ra s tch ly hoc ng
khng tch ly.
Hnh 8-57


Figure 8-57. Component Line Chart

4.4 S dng mc phn tch biu ln cn- thp - cao

Phn tch biu ln cn - thp cao c gi tr khi m t dng d tr, mt hng, s
lu hnh, hay cc thng tin th trng khc hay dao ng theo tng gi, ngy, tun.
ch ra s nhy trong tng thi k thay i trong khi cng quan st c s thay
i theo thi gian di yu cu vi mi loi s liu ch ra vng gi tr.
vo phn phn tch, t menu, chn: PLOT... PLOTS... BUSINESS CHARTS...
HIGH-LOW-CLOSE PLOT... biu din trong hp thoi phn tch biu ln
cn - thp - cao.
Hnh 8-58

47
Figure 8-58. The High-Low-Close Plot Analysis Dialog Box

Chn dng bng biu

Tng kt s phn tch
Mc chn s tng kt v tn bin cho gia tr cao-thp v ln cn; v gi r cho mi
danh mc u v khong ly mu.
N cng cho bit s chu k cha s liu; gi tr mc cao ln nht; thp nh nht,
ln cn trung bnh.

Chn dng ha
Biu ln cn - thp - cao

Mc chn biu ln cn - thp cao vi cc ng m rng cho mi mc thp
tng ng vi cc mc cao ( hnh 8-59). ng nm ngang v cho mi gi tr ln
cn
hnh 8-59


hnh 8-59. Biu ln cn - thp - cao

V. S dng s phn tch s phn b xc sut
S phn tch s phn b xc sut l hm cho php biu din c 3 s phn tch c
bn cho 24 phn b xc sut khc nhau:
Xc sut tnh ton.
To ra biu xc sut v phn b tch ly.
Pht sinh cc s ngu nhin.


24 s phn b l :

Bernoulli
Phn b m gi tr kt qu ch c 2 kh nng: Thnh cng hay tht bi, v d, u
hay ui, tt hay xu, ngn chn hay khng ngn chn.
S liu ph hp vi phn b ny c gi tr l 0 hoc 1.
Binomial
Mt phn b m ph hp vi s liu cho bi s phn b Binomial, cho xc sut ca
s quan st s thnh cng vi mt s xc nh c lp hoc php th Bernoulli.
Dng phn b ny phi chn s php th( th nghim). S liu ph hp cho phn b
ny l sng nguyn >= 0.
ng nht ri rc
48
Phn b ch ra xc sut cn bng vi tt c cc s nguyn gia gi tr mc thp v
mc cao. S liu ph hp l s nguyn.
Hnh hc
Phn b ny c trng cho s nhng tht bi din ra trc thnh cng u tin
trong lot php th Bernoulli; trng hp c bit cho phn b Binomial m, khi
k=1. S liu ph hp l s nguyn.
Tng hnh hc(Hypergeometric)
Phn b tng khi s chn ngu nhin thc hin gia cc i tng ca 2 loi khc
nhau( thnh cng, tht bi). S ly mu din ra m khng c s thay th; l mi
,1 mc c v ra v nghin cu, khng b thay ngc li mt . Phn b cho bit
xc sut cho s thnh cng. S liu ph hp l cc s nguyn dng.
Negative Binomial (Binomial m)
Phn b c trng cho s tht bi trc k th nghim thnh cng trong lot php
th Bernoulli. Khi bn dng phn b ny thi phi cp bo s thnh cng. S liu
ph hp l s nguyn >=0
Poisson
Phn b ny nhn mnh xc sut tp trung s s kin trn mi n v thi gian, v
d, s ln mt my tnh sn xut mi nm. S liu ph hp l s nguyn >= 0.
Beta
Phn b ny hu ch cho bin ngu nhin v buc phi c gi tr 0 v 1, c trng
cho 2 thng s: Hnh dng 1 v 2.
Cauchy
Phn b ny ph hp vi phn b Cauchy. Hm mt xc sut phn b khng c
gi tr trung bnh v s khc bit v cng ln. N c trng cho 2 thng s: Mode(
gi tr trung tm) v Scale (mc chia). S liu ph hp cho phn b l cc s liu
lin tip vi Mode gia - v +, v Scale ( mc chia) ln hn 0.
Chi-Square
Phn b dng cho bin ngu nhin c gi tr bt buc l 0 v 1; c trng cho 1
thng s: Bc t do. Phn b ny thng dng cho vic ly mu vi cc th nghim
thng k a dng.
Erlang
Phn b hu ch vi cc bin ngu nhin, bt buc c g tr ln hn 0, nh s ln
yu cu hon thnh nhim v, c trng cho 2 thng s: Hnh dng v mc chia.
Phn b ny l c bit cho trng hp phn b Gamma, yu cu hnh dng ca
thng s l s nguyn.
Hm m(Exponential)
Phn b ph hp vi s liu dy ca s ln, v d s ln n, vi s n c yu
cu l tc khng i; hu ch cho bin ngu nhin, c gi tr bt buc >0. Phn
b ny l trng hp c bit ca c Gamma v Weibull.
Gi tr qu (Extreme Value)
Hu ch cho bin ngu nhin, bt buc c gi tr >0, c trng cho 2 thng s:
Mode ( gi tr trung tm) v Scale (mc chia) c bit nh phn b Gumbel.
F-T l sai khc. (Variance Ratio)
Phn b hu ch cho bin ngu nhin, c gi tr bt buc >0, c trng bi 2 thng
s: T s bc t do v mu s ca bc t do. N thng dng nh phn b cho s
liu thong k ca cc th nghim m c to ra nh l t s khc bit.
Gamma
49
Hu ch cho bin ngu nhin, bt buc c gi tr >0, c trng cho 2 thng s:
Shape (dng) v Scale (mc chia).
Phn b ny hay dng cho s liu mu m c lch dng, v d nh s ln hon
thnh nhim v.
Laplace
Phn b hu ch cho bin ngu nhin t mt phn b m c nhiu nh hn so
phn b thng thng, c trng bi 2 thng s: gi tr trung bnh v mc chia.
Phn b ny thnh thong c gi l m i do n nhn ging nh phn b
hm m vi hnh nh ging ht nhau.
Logistic
Phn b hu ch cho bin ngu nhin, khng bt buc >0, c trng bi 2 thng s:
Gi tr trung bnh v lch chun.
Lognormal
Phn b hu ch cho qu trnh m gi tr ca n l mt t l ngu nhin ca cc g
tr trc, v d thu nhp c nhn hoc kch thc tiu phn t qu trnh gin on.
S loga cu s liu m theo s phn b log thng l c phn b theo 1 kiu no
. Phn b ny c lch dng v c th thc hin vi nhiu dng khc nhau.
C gi tr >0, c trng cho 2 thng s : Gi tr trung bnh v lch chun.
Thng-Normal
Phn b hu ch cho v d khi bn v th tn sut ca s liu v cc thanh hnh
thnh mt cch chung, ng cong dng chung. Mc chn ny l mc inh.
Pareto
Phn b vi s gim ca hm mt ,. Mt thng s, dng, l cn thit c trng
cho phn b. S liu ph hp l cc gi tr >0.
Students t
Phn b ny hu dng khi hnh thnh khong tin cy khi s sai lch cha bit,
kim tra xc nh nu gi tr trung bnh ca mu l khc bit r rng, hoc
kim tra xc nh ngha ca h s trong phng trnh hi quy. S phn b ny
ging nh dng ca phn b Thng. Gi tr trung bnh ca phan b t lun l 0,
trong khi lch chun thng nh hn 1. Mt thng s, bc t do, l cn thit
xc nh phn b ny.
Tam gic
Phn b hu ch vi cc bin ngu nhin, bt buc c gi gia 2 gii hn xc nh.
Khng ging phn b ng nht, trong cc gi tr gia cc gii hn cn bng
nh nhau, phn b tam gic c nh mt s gi tr gia 2 gii hn. Phn b c
trng cho 3 thng s: Mc thp. gi tr trung tm ( Mode), v mc trn.
Weibull
Phn b hu ch vi cc bin ngu nhin, bt buc c g tr ln hn 0, c trng
cho 2 thng s: Dng v mc chia. Do ng cong c tc tht bi c nhiu dng
khc nhau nn, n l mt mu thch hp cho cc tht b sn phm. Phn b ny l
pht sinh ca phn b hm m. Su S phn b thch hp cho cc s liu ri rc.
c ngha l, s liu c th ly gi tr nguyn. Vi mi bin ri rc, xc sut l tn
sut tng ng. S phn b khc l thch hp cho cc bin lin tc m c cc gi
tr trong khong lin tc.
vo phn phn tch, t menu, chn: PLOT... PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTIONS... biu din trong hp thoi phn tch phn b xc sut (
hnh 8-60).

50
Chn dng bng biu
Tng kt s phn tch to ra mt kt lun v s phn b m bn chn; ni dung ca
mc ny khc nhau ph thuc vo s phn b. Kt lun cng lit k s thng s cho
mi phn b, ch ra gi tr trung bnh, v lch tiu chun.
Hnh 8-60

Figure 8-60. The Probability Distributions Analysis Dialog Box

Phn b tch ly
Mc chn s Phn b tch ly to ra kt lun v s nh lng phn b tch ly m
bn chn ( hnh 8-61). S tng kt bao gm din tch cui cho 5 gi tr ti hn. N
cng biu din gi tr chiu cao ca hm mt xc sut ca cc gi tr cho.
Dng hp thoi Phn b tch ly nhp gi tr cho cc bin ngu nhin.
Nghch o CDF
Nghch o CDF l to ra s kt lun v cc gi tr ti hn cho phn b chn lc (
hnh 8-62). Kt lun bao gm din tch cui cng cho n 5 gi tr ti hn ca mi
phn b.
Dng hp thoi Inverse CDF Options nhp gi tr cho din tch cui cng.

Hnh 8-61

Figure 8-61. Cumulative Distribution for Normal
Distribution
Hnh 8-62


Figure 8-62. Inverse CDF for Normal Distribution

S ngu nhin
51
Mc chn s ngu nhin l to ra s kt lun v cc s ngu nhin t mt phn b (
Hnh 8-63). Bn cng c th lu nhng gi tr cho cc mu ngu nhin cho cc ln
s dng sau.; v d, mi ln bn c th lu li cc kt qu dng vo hp thoi
Save Results, chng trnh s to ra mt mu ngu nhin mi.


S ngu nhin
Mc chn s ngu nhin l to ra s kt lun v cc s ngu nhin t mt phn b (
Hnh 8-63). Bn cng c th lu nhng gi tr cho cc mu ngu nhin cho cc ln
s dng sau.; v d, mi ln bn c th lu li cc kt qu dng vo hp thoi
Save Results, chng trnh s to ra mt mu ngu nhin mi.
Hnh 8-63

Figure 8-63. Random Numbers for Normal Distribution

Chn ha
Biu hm mt / khi lng
Mc chn Biu hm mt / khi lng v ra gin hm mt xc sut cho
phn b m bn nh lng ( hnh 8-64). Chiu cao ca hm ch ra xc sut ca gi
tr khc nhau thu c t phn b m bn chn.
ng CDF
Mc gin CDF to ra gin ca phn b tch ly cho phn bm bn nh
lng. ( hnh 8-65).
Gin hm tn ti ( c mt)
Mc gin hm tn ti to ra gin hm xc sut tn ti cho phn b phn b
m bn nh lng ( hnh 8-66). Hm ny ch ra xc sut ca gi tr ln hn thu
c hoc bng vi nhng gi tr trn truc X.

Hnh 8-64

Figure 8-64. Density/Mass Function Plot
Hnh 8-65
52

Figure 8-65. CDF Plot
Biu hm c mt Log
Mc chn Biu hm c mt Log to ra gin hm xc sut c mt ( Hnh 8-
67). Hm ny ch ra xc sut ca gi tr ln hn thu c hoc cn bng vi gi tr
trn trc X.
Hnh 8-66

Figure 8-66. Survivor Function Plot

Hnh 8-67

Figure 8-67. Log Survivor Function Plot

th hm ri ro
Mc th hm ri ro to ra th hm ri roc ho phn b bn nh lng ( Hnh
8-68). Hm ri ro bng vi hm mt xc sut b chia bi hm c mt. Khi bn
to mu s liu lu di, hm ny biu hin tc tht bi tc thi.

Hnh 8-68

Figure 8-68. Hazard Function Plot
53

Lu kt qu
Hp thoi Save Results Options cho php ban chn kt qu bn mun lu. y l
mt chn la: S ngu nhin cho phn b 1(Random Numbers for Dist. 1). Bn
cng c th dng Cc bin mc tiu trong hp text nhp tn ca bin m bn
mun lu bin pht sinh trong qu trnh phn tch. Bn cng c th nhp tn mi
hoc mc inh.

VI. S dng phn tch th b mt hng ng
Phn tch th b mt hng ng to ra biu B mt v ng vin cho nhng
hm m bn c trng. Bn phi vit hm cha X v Y, v d 10+2*X+3*Y-
10*X*Y .
th hu ch khi bn cn hnh dung ra dng ca b mt hng ng v khi bn
chn v tr ti u.
vo phn phn tch, t menu, chn: PLOT... RESPONSE
SURFACES...m t hp thoi th b mt hng ng, cho php bn nhp hm s
( Hnh 8-69).
Hnh 8-69

Figure 8-69. The Response Surfaces

Chn bng biu
Tng kt s phn tch m t hm s v.
Chn ha
ng B mt
Mc ny to ra biu khng gian 3 chiu ca hm (hnh 8-70). Dng hp thoi
nhp s dng ngang v dc s v trong biu , xc nh loi biu , nhp s
gi tr mt s tnh, ch ra Biu ng vin s biu din di th B mt,
xc nh gi tr cho cc thuc tnh ca ng vin, v xc nh ng no s
ni vi im v vng no ca ng vin s c v ( hnh 8-71).
Hnh 8-70

Figure 8-70. Surface Plot
54

Hnh 8-71

Figure 8-71. Surface Plot Options Dialog Box

Bn c th dng nt quay trn thanh cng c Analysis thay i gc t ch bn
quan st th.

th ng vin
To ra mt th hai ciu ca hm ( hnh 8-72)

Figure 8-72. Contour Plot

Dng hp thoi Contour Plot Options nhp gi tr cho ng vin u tin v
cui cng, nhp gi tr cho khong khng gia cc ng vin, ch ra ng thng
hay vng v s c xut hin trn th, v nhp gi tr m t s gi tr mt s
c tnh.
Hnh 8-73

Figure 8-73. Contour Plot Options Dialog Box


VII. S dng mc Phn tch th ty bin
55
Mc Custom Charts Analysis ny to ra biu c tiu khc hng, s chia,
ng thng dc v ngang. Mc ch chnh ca n l cho bn to ra biu m
bn c th dng ph ln th khc khi bn dng StatGallery. Biu iu
khin ny l mt v d loi biu ty bin m bn ta ra.
vo phn phn tch, t menu, chn: : PLOT... CUSTOM
CHARTS...m t hp thoi Custom Chart Analysis, cho php bn nhp thng tin v
biu m bn v. ( hnh 8-74)

Chn dng bng biu
Tng kt s Phn tch
Phn Analysis Summary to ra mt ch dn cho s thch ng th.
Hnh 8-74

Figure 8-74. Custom Chart Analysis
Dialog Box

S dng hp thoi Custom Chart Analysis Options chn v tr v hng n
ng th 8 cho mi th thch ng ( hnh 8-75)
Hnh 8-75

Figure 8-75. The Custom Chart
Analysis Options Dialog Box

Chn dng ha
Biu thch ng
To ra biu thch ng cha tiu chn lc v vch chia trc ( hnh 8-76).
56

Figure 8-76. Custom Chart



















Chng 4. Php phn tch hi quy
I. Hi quy n gin (Simple Regression)
Cc bng nh gi m hnh hi quy
1. Analysis Summary
Tnh: cc h s a (intercept), b (slope), t-test (nh gi tnh c ngha ca cc h s
hi quy), F-test (nh gi tnh c ngha ca m hnh)
2. Lack -of-Fit test
nh gi m hnh ang dng c hon ton ph hp vi cc s liu hay khng (nh
gi qua gi tr p-value). Ch cn phi lp li s quan st mt hay nhiu gi tr X
3. Forecasts
D on gi tr ca Y s dng m hnh ph hp. Bng ny cho bit cc gi tr gii
hn d on v gii hn tin cy.
57
4. Comparison of Alternative Models
Bng ny cho bit cc gi tr hng s tng quan v R-squared ca mt s m hnh
(simple regression)ph hp vi cc s liu cho.
5. Unusual Residuals
Bng ny cho php loi cc gi tr bt thng (c gi tr tuyt i ca phn d ln
hn 3) ca s liu quan st c.
6. I nfluential Points
Bng ny lit k tt c cc quan st c nhng gi tr n by (leverage) ln hn 3
ln gi tr im trung bnh nhmnh gi mc nh hng ca mt s liu
n gi tr ca cc h s hi quy

V d: Ngi ta dng ba mc nhit gm 105,120,135
0
C kt hp vi ba khong
thi gian l 15, 30 v 60 pht thc hin mt phn ng tng hp. Cc hiu sut
ca phn ng (%) c trnh by trong bng sau:
Thi gian (ph) X
1
Nhit (oC) X
2
Hiu sut (%) Y
15 105 1.87
30 105 2.02
60 105 3.28
15 120 3.05
30 120 4.07
60 120 5.54
15 135 5.03
30 135 6.45
60 135 7.26
Hy cho bit yu t nhit v/hoc thi gian c lin quan tuyn tnh vi hiu sut
ca phn ng tng hp? Nu c th nhit 115
0
C trong 50 pht th hiu sut
phn ng l bao nhiu.



Cch lm
1. Nhp s liu:
58

2. Chn Relate.Simple Regression n nh cc gi tr ca bin s Y v X

3.Nhn OK hin th bng Analysis Summary


+ Phng trnh hi quy hiu sut-thi gian: Y=2.73 + 0.044X
1
t
a
=2.129<t
0.05
=2.365 (P
2
=0.071>0.05)---> H s a khng c ngha (vi tin cy
thng k 95%).
59
t
b
=1.380<t
0.05
=2.365 (P
2
=0.210>0.05)---> H s b khng c ngha (vi tin cy
thng k 95%).
Vy phng trnh hi quy khng c ngha thng k. Yu t thi gian khng c
lin quan tuyn tnh vi hiu sut phn ng.


+ Phng trnh hi quy hiu sut-thi gian: Y=-11.14 + 0.128X
2
t
a
=3.417>t
0.05
=2.365 (P
2
=0.011<0.05)---> H s a c ngha (vi tin cy thng k
95%).
t
b
=4.757>t
0.05
=2.365 (P
2
=0.021<0.05)---> H s b c ngha (vi tin cy thng k
95%).
F=22.63>F
0.05
=5.590
Vy phng trnh hi quy c ngha thng k. Yu t nhit c lin quan tuyn
tnh vi hiu sut phn ng.
Trong mc ny ta cng c th kch chut phI vo mn hnh nn ca bng Analysis
Summary hin bng Analysis Options cho php chn cc m hnh hi quy n
gin khc.



4. Mt s nh gi khc

60
Kch chut vo nt Tabular Option hin th bng la chn mt s cc nh gi
khc


+Lack of Fit Test:


Gi tr p-value ca Lack-of-fit Test l 0.9 >0.1, tc l m hnh ny hon ton ph
hp vi cc s liu nhit v hiu sut quan st oc.
+Forecast



Bng ny d on cc gi tr Y (hiu sut) nhng gi tr X
2
( nhit ) cho trc
cng vi khong gii hn d on v khong gii hn tin cy. Nhp chut phI vo
mn hnh nn ca bng Forecast, chn Panel Option hin th hp thoi cho php
nhp cc gi tr X v tin cy tnh Y.

61


+Comparision of alternative model


Bng ny hin th kt qu ca mt s m hnh ph hp (fitted models) vi mi
tng quan gia hiu sut (Y) v nhit (X
2
), nhm nh gi m hnh no m t
tt nht mi tng quan ny. Ta thy gi tr R-squared ca m hnh tuyn tnh
Square root-Y (Y=(a+b*X
2
)^1/2) c gi tr ln nht, nh vy m hnh ny ph hp
hn m hnh tuyn tnh m t mi tng quan gia hiu sut v nhit .
+Unusual Residual



62
Nu gi tr Studentized Residual >2 th cp s liu (X-Y) tng ng l bt thng,
trong th nghim ny th khng c nhng gi tr bt thng ca cp s liu hiu
sut-nhit .

+Influential Points



Gi tr leverage ca im trung bnh l 0.222 v trong th nghim ny khng quan
st c cc im c gi tr leverage ln hn ba ln gi tr ny.
5. Cc la chn ho
Nhn nt Graphic Options trn ca s Simple Regression hint th hp thoi cho
php la chn cc kiu th


+Plot of Fitted model
63

Nhp chut phI vo mn hnh nn ca ca s ny, chn Panel Option hin th
hp thoi cho php nhp cc gi tr tin cy v khong n v ca trc X

+Observed versus Predicted

64
Cch v ny cho bit v tr ca cc im thc nghim so vi ng ph hp, nu
cc im ny nm cng gn ng ph hp th m hnh cng chnh xc.
+Residuals Versus X

y l loi th m t phn b cc gi tr phn d theo bin X. Nu cc im ny
phn b ngu nhin khng c quy lut chng t m hnh s dng m t ng mi
quan h gia cc s liu quan st c. S dng th ny tm cc gi tr bt
thng (cc im nm ngoI khong t -3 n +3), xem phng sai ca phn d c
phI l hng s hay khng.
+ Residual versus Predicted

th ny m t s bin thin ca phn d theo bin ph thuc Y. Nu m hnh s
dng l ph hp th cc im biu din gi tr ca phn d phn b ngu nhin
quanh trc biu din Y.
65
II. Hi quy a thc (Polinominal Regression)
V d: S ph thuc ca nhn t Y vo nhn t X c cho trong bng sau



Cch lm
1. Nhp s liu


2. Khi ng chng trnh RELATE.Polinominal Regression n nh
cc gi tr Y v X




66

3. Nhn OK hin th hp thoi Polinominal Regression Analysis


Phng trnh lin h gia X v Y (hi quy a thc bc hai)
Y=80.0751-0.978865*X + 0.00387125*X^2
Cc gi tr P ng vi cc h s hi quy <0.01 cc h s ny u c ngha vi
tin cy 99%
Gi tr P ng vi m hnh <0.01 M hnh ph hp m t mi lin h gia
X v Y.

chn bc ca a thc hi quy, kch chut phI vo mn hnh nn, chn
Analysis Option (nu khng chn bc ca a thcc c n nh l 2)

3. Mt s nh gi khc v m hnh
Chn nt Tabular Options tren ca s Polinominal Analysis hin th hp
thoi chn cc nh gi khc cho m hnh.






67

+Conditional Sum of Square



Bng ny c s dng xc nh liu mt a thc c bc nh hn c th m t
c mi quan h gia cc bin hay khng, bng cch phn tch phng sai v nh
gi tnh c ngha ca cc h s hi quy ng vi bc khc nhau.
Gi tr P ng vi h s bc hai =0.0007 <0.01, chng t m hnh bc hai ph hp
m t mi quan h gia X v Y.
+Lack of fit test


Gi tr P ca Lack-of-fit Test <0.05 m hnh ny hon ton ph hp m t mi
lin h gia X v Y.





68

+Confidential Interval



Bng ny cho bit khong tin cy xc nh cc h s hi quy.
Kch chut phI vo mn hnh nn, chn Panel Option hin th hp thoi cho
php nhp tin cy

+Forecast


Bng ny c ngha tng t nh trong phn hi quy n gin.
Kch chut phI vo mn hnh nn, chn Panel Options hin th hp thoi cho
php nhp gi tr ca X v tin cy.
69


+Unusual Residuals



ngha ca bng ny c th xem trong phn hi quy n gin
+Influentia Points


*Cc la chn ho
Cc dng ho tng t nh trong mc hi quy n gin

70


III.Box-Cox Transformation
Php phn tch Box-cox transformation cho php tm kim tham s chuyn
ha nhm ti thiu ho tng bnh phng trung bnh ca mt m hnh ph hp
(Lambdal 1).
lm ph hp ho mt m hnh hi qui n gin ngi ta gi thit rng sai
khc phng sai trong nhng nhm khc nhau l ng nht v khng lin h vi
cc gi tr trung bnh. Ngi ta cng gi thit rng tt c cc loi sai s u tun
theo phn phi chun. Nu c s sai lch khi m hnh hi qui n gin, s l tin
li nu ta c th chuyn i sliu nhm n nh sai khc phng sai v n gin
cc loi sai s. Chuyn i s liu c th tuyn tnh ho cc mi quan h khng
tuyn tnh.


V d: Nghin cu mi quan h gia hm lng cht bo v khi lng c i ca
mt s bnh nhn b mc bnh mu nhim m cho s liu sau:
Cch lm:
* nhp s liu: Nhp s liu nh trong excel.

71


* Khi ng chng trnh: chn relate..Box cox transformation

Khi s hin th hp thoi cho php bn n nh cc gi tr ca Y v X



Nhn nt ok hin th hp thoi analysis summary

72


Mi lin h giu hm lng cht bo v khi lng c i c biu din theo
phng trnh:

Boxcox (ham luong chat beo) = -26.9212 + 0.848399*khoi luong co dui
Trong :
Boxcox (ham luong chat beo) = 1 + (ham luong chat beo^1.30854 - 1) / (1.30854 *
19.5084^0.308537)

- Gi tr P nh hn 0.01 suy ra c mi lin h gia cc gi tr c chuyn
i ca hm lng cht bo v khi lng c i c tin cy 99%.
- R-square = 76.9367% ngha l m hnh c th giI thch 76.9367% ca
lng bin thin trong hm lng cht bo.
- H s tng quan = 0.877135 chng t mi quan h gia hai bin l rt
tng quan.
Kch chut phI vo mn hnh nn ca hp thoi analysis summary chn
analysis option hin th hp thoi Box-cox transformation option.

S dng hp thoi ny a vo gi tr ca power(lambda1) v dch chuyn
shift(lambda2) v chng t gi tr lambda1 c ti u ho.
* Mt s nh gi khc:
Kch vo nt tabular option trn ca s analysis summary hin th hp thoi
cho php chon cc nh gi khc v m hnh

73



- La chn lack of fit test:
xem m hnh la chn c hon ton ph hp vi cc s liu quan sat c
hay khng ngi ta tin hnh xc nh hm lng cht bo ca cng mt khi
lng c i ca mt loI ng vt. S liu cho bng sau



Kt qu cho thy



74


P = 0.1891 > 0.1 chng t m hnh hon ton ph hp m t cc s liu quan st
c
- Forecasts :
La chn Forecats cho php d on khong gi tr ca Hm lng cht bo
ca mt khi lng c i cho trc ti mt khong tin cy xc nh. Ngoi gi tr
d on tt nht n cn cho ta bit khong gi tr ca mt th nghim mi v gi tr
trung bnh ca rt nhiu th nghim lp li ti im .


Kch chut phI vo mn hnh forecasts chn Pane option gi hp thoi
Forecasts options. Hp thoi Forecasts options cho php ta a vo gi tr khi
lng c(X) tnh ra khong gi tr ca hm lng cht bo ngoI ra ta c th thay
i khong tin cy



- MSE comparison table:
La chon MSE comparison table to ra bng hin th trung bnh bnh phng
nh nht ca rt nhiu gi tr tham bin chuyn i (Lambda1) trong khong {-2
; 2}. Theo qui c th php phn tch s chn gi tr lambda1 ti u, bng cch
s dng la chn ny chng ta c th xc nh nhiu gi tr tng trung bnh bnh
phng nh nht (MSE) ng vi mi gi tr lambda1 khc nhau. Kt qu MSE
ng vi Lambda1 = 1.30854 v gi tr ny nh hn 0.960467% so vi MSE cho
cc gi tr cha oc chuyn i ca hm lng cht bo.

75


Kch chut phi vo ca s MSE comparison table chn Pane option gi hp
thoi MSE comparison table option. Hp thoi ny cho php ta n nh gi tr
min, max ca lambda1 v s khong chia gia hai gi tr min v max .


- Unusual residuals
La chn Unusual residuals cho ta mt bng lit k tt c cc th nghim c s
khc bit ( studentize residual) ln hn 2 ( v gi tr tuyt i). studentize
residual o s th nghim c s sai khc lch chun ln hn 2.Vi mi gi tr
quan st c ca bin s ph thuc sai khc vi gi tr c d on trc theo
mt m hnh hi qui ph hp, ngi ta tin hnh tnh lch chun ca cc cp
gi tr cn li tr cp s liu nghi vnnso snh vi kt qu tnh ton m c s
dng cp s liu nghi vn. Nu s khc bit l ln hn 3 th gi tr phi b
loi b khi php phn tch.
76



y khng c gi tr no cho studentized residual ln hn 2 nn khng c gi
tr no b loi khi php phn tch.
- Influent point
La chn Influent point cho ta mt bng lit k tt c cc th nghim c nh
hng ln hn 3 ln nh hng trung bnh ca tt c cc th nghim. D kin
ny rt quan trng v n nh hng mnh n h s tng quan ca m hnh



y khng c im no gy nh hng ln gp 3 ln nh hng trung bnh.

* Graphic option ( cc tu chn th)
T ca s Box-cox transformation ta chon Graphic option.


T ca s ny ta c th gi ra cc la chn v th

77


- Plot of fitted model:


ng mu tm l ng gii hn ca gi tr hm lng cht bo c d on
t mt gi tr khi lng c cho trc, hai ng mu l ng gii hn gi
tr hm lng cht bo d on ca rt nhiu th nghim lp li ti mt gi tr
khi lng c cho trc.
Tng t nh phn trn ta co th gi ra mt lot cc ng dng trong phn
graphic option.

IV. Hi quy a nhn t
Trong phng php phn tch hi qui c nhiu trng hp rt ra kt lun v
mi lin h gia cc bin s v m t cc s liu quan st c ngi ta phi
dng hi qui a nhn t c bit khi s liu cha hai hay nhiu bin s c lp
v mt bin s ph thuc.
Hi qui a nhn t gip chng ta nh gi c nh hng ca mt bin s
c lp ln bin s ph thuc v cng mt lc iu khin nh hng ca cc
nhn t khc.
T mn hnh chnh ca phn mm ta chon Fileopen.open data
file..cardata.
78


Sau khi phn mm m d kin cho bi ton ca chng ta. Chn tip
Relate.multiple regression khi ng chng trnh hi qui a nhn t.


Ca s ny cho php ta n nh cc bin: y bin s ph thuc c chn l mpg
v hai bin c lp l horsepower v weight. Nhn ok hin th ca s analysis
summary.

79

Kt qu: phng trnh hi qui th hin mi lin h gia bin s ph thuc mpg v
hai bin s c lp horsepower v weight l:

mpg = 55.7694 - 0.104891*horsepower - 0.00661426*weight

- P value = 0.000 < 0.01 c mi lin h r rt gia cc bin s mc tin cy
99%.
- R-square = 72.3401% chng t m hnh gii thch ng cho 72.3401% ca s
bin thin i vi mpg.
- R-square hiu chnh = 71.9368% ( gi tr ny thng c dng so snh cc
m hnh hi qui vi s bin s c lp khc nhau.
- Standard Error of Est. = 3.9008 : lch chun ca phn sai khc l 3.9008 gi tr
ny c dng d on gi tr gii hn cho cc th nghim tip theo.
- Mean absolute error = 3.03489 gi tr trung bnh ca phn sai khc.
- Phn tch Durbin- watson kim tra phn sai khc xc nh xem liu c mi
tng quan no da trn th t nhp vo ca bin s trong tp s liu.
P = 0.0018 < 0.05 chng t c th c mi lin h.

Conditional sums of square


80
Phn tch conditional sums of square cho ta bng phn tch tm quan trng ca mi
tham bin ng gp vo m hnh, iu ny gip ta c th xc nh liu m hnh ny
c th c on gin ho. Ta thy rng gi tr cao nht ca P value l 0.000 ca
horsepower v P value < 0.01 nn m hnh c tin cy thng k l 99% ngha l
ta khng th n gin ho bt k bin s no trong hai bin s c lp .

Confidence intervals
Bng th hin khong tin cy l 95% cho cc h s trong phng trnh. Ta c th s
dng hp thoi confidnc interval option thay i khong tin cy thng k




Correlation matrix
La chon correlation matrix cho ta bng th hin mi tng quan gia cc h s
trong phng trnh. Mi tng quan ny rt hu ch trong vic pht hin s c mt
ca quan h a tuyn gia cc bin s c lp.



Report


81

Bng report cho ta bng th hin cc thng tin v bin ph thuc:
- cc gi tr d on ca mpg da vo phng trnh hi qui
- sai s chun cho mi gi tr c d on
- gii hn gi tr cho cc th nghim mi tin cy 95.0%
- gii hn gi tr trung bnh tin cy 95.0%.
Nu chng ta mun chng trnh a ra mt d on cho th nghim mi ch
cn a vo data file gi tr ca cc bin s c lp chng trnh t ng sn ra
gi tr bin s ph thuc theo m hnh hi qui ph hp thu c trn.
T ca s Report kch chut phi chn pane option gi hp thoi report
option. Ca s ny cho php ta la chn cc thng s s c bo co.


82
Unusual residuals
Tng t nh trong phng php Box-cox transformation tu chn unusual
residual cho ta bng lit k tt c cc th nghim c sai bit ln hn 2. Ta cn
tm xem th nghim no c sai bit ln hn 3 loi ra khi tp s liu.



y c 8 th nghim c stuentize residual > 2 v 1 th nghim c stuentize
residual >3. th nghim nu nm ngoi khong d on cn phi loi ra khi tp
s liu.

Influential points


Trong trng hp ny nh hng trung bnh ca mi s liu l 0.02. C 4 s liu
nh hng ca chng gp 3 ln nh hng trung bnh, v 1 s liu nh hng gp 5
ln nh hng trung bnh. Chng ta phi xem xt k s liu ny xt xem kt qu s
thay i nh th no nu chng ta b i s liu ny khi tnh ton thnh lp
phng trnh hi qui.

Graphical option
83
Component effect
Component effect cho ta th th hin t l lin quan ca m hnh vi mi bin s,
cho ta phng trnh ng thng th hin s thay i tng ng ca gi tr d on
ca bin s ph thuc nu ta thay i gi tr ca bin s c lp trong khong gi tr
ca n.



S dung component effect option thay i bin s s c thnh lp th.


Observed versus predicted:


84


Residual versus X