Loc Thich Nghi

N TT NGHIP
Trang i
PHN A :
GII THIU
Phn A : Gii thiu
N TT NGHIP
Trang ii
LI CM N
Nhm thc hin ti xin c gi li cm n chn thnh n qu Thy
c trong khoa in in T, v nht l qu Thy c thuc b mn in T
Vin Thng ging dy v truyn t kin thc chuyn ngnh cho ngi
thc hin n trong thi gian va qua.
c bit nhm thc hin xin gi li cm n su sc ti thy Ng Quc
Cng v s tn tnh hng dn cng nh to nhng iu kin thun li
nht cho ngi thc hin n c th thc hin v hon thnh tt ti
ny.
Nhm thc hin n cng khng qun cm n cc bn trong lp trao
i, g p ngi thc hin hon thnh ti ny mt cch tt p v ng
thi gian.
Mc d c nhiu c gng v n lc thc hin, nhng do kin thc cng
nh kh nng bn thn cn nhiu hn ch nn trong qu trnh thc hin ti
khng th trnh khi nhng sai phm, thiu s tRt mong nhn c s gp
, ch dn t ni qu thy c v cc bn sinh vin.
Nhm sinh vin thc hin ti
Phn A : Gii thiu
N TT NGHIP
Trang iii
B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG H S PHM K THUT TP.HCM
CNG HO X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

C LP-T DO-HNH PHC
QUYT NH GIAO TI
H v tn sinh vin :
V Phong Ph
MSSV : 10117050
Minh Ton
MSSV : 10117070
Ngnh : Cng ngh in t -Vin Thng

ti : LC THCH NGHI V NG DNG THC THI TRN KIT
TMS320C6713
1. C s ban u :
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2. Ni dung cc phn thuyt minh v tnh ton:
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3. Cc bn v :
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4. Gio vin hng dn :
ThS. Ng Quc Cng
5. Ngy giao nhim v : . //2014.
6. Ngy hon thnh nhim v : ././2014.
Gio vin hng dn
Ngy thng.nm 2014

Ch nhim b mn
Phn A : Gii thiu
N TT NGHIP
Trang iv
NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN

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TP.HCM, Ngy thng .nm 2014
Gio vin hng dn.
Phn A : Gii thiu
N TT NGHIP
Trang v
NHN XT CA GIO VIN PHN BIN

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Tp.HCM, Ngy.thng.nm 2014
Gio vin phn bin 1
Phn A : Gii thiu
TP.HCM, Ngy.thng.nm 2014

Gio vin phn bin 2
N TT NGHIP
Trang vi
Abstract
Echo and noise are common occurrence in today's telecommunication systems.
Noise problems in the environment have gained attention due to the tremendous
growth of technology that has led to noisy engines, heavy machinery, high speed wind
buffeting and other noise sources.
This acoustic echo is actually the noise which is created by the reflection of
sound waves by the wall of the room and the other things exist in the room.
This problem will cause the bad quality of voice signal and thus talkers could
not hear clearly the content of the conversation, even thought lost the important
information.
The problem of cancellation the noise and echo provides an echo free
environment for speakers during conversation .
In last few years various adaptive algorithms are developed for noise
cancellation.
In this thesis we present an implementation of LMS (Least Mean Square), and
RLS (Recursive Least Square) algorithms on MATLAB platform with the intention to
compare their performance in noise cancellation. We simulate the adaptive filter in
MATLAB with a noisy tone signal and white noise signal and analyze the performance
of algorithms in terms of MSE (Mean Squared Error), percentage noise removal,
computational complexity and stability.
In this project , the concept of echo cancellation system and and noise
cancellation system are studied, simulated and implemented in Matlab and TI
TMS320C6713 DSK.
The obtained results shows that RLS has the best performance but at the cost of
large computational complexity and memory requirement.
Phn A : Gii thiu
N TT NGHIP
Trang vii
Li ni u
Ngy nay x l tn hiu s ngy cng pht trin mnh m v ang lm thay i c
tnh cch mng trong rt nhiu lnh vc, t nhng lnh vc tng qut nht nh phn
tch tn hiu, lc s, lc thch nghi n vic p dng cc thut ton FFT, LMS, RLS
thit k, lp trnh to nn cc thit b phn cng ng dng trong cc lnh vc c th.
S dng cc thut ton thch nghi LMS, RLS trit nhiu, kh tp m tr
nn ph bin v c ng dng rng ri trong thc t nh vo s hot ng hiu qu
ca n m cc mch lc tng t trc y khng kh nng p ng.
Chnh v th chng minh kh nng hot ng hiu qu ca cc thut ton
thch nghi, nhm thc hin chn ti ny tm hiu l thuyt ca b lc s, b
lc thch nghi, cc thut ton thch nghi, m phng v ng gi cc thut ton thch
nghi bng MATLAB. Nhm thc hin cng tm hiu kh nng hot ng ca cc thut
ton thch nghi trong cc ng dng thc t trn mi trng KIT DSP TMS320C6713.
Ni dung n gm c 3 phn :
Phn A : Gii thiu
Phn B : Ni dung
o Chng 1: Tng quan v lc s.
o Chng 2: B lc thch nghi.
o Chng 3: ng dng lc thch nghi.
o Chng 4 : Gii thiu phn mm CCS v KIT TMS320C6713
o Chng 5 : Kh nhiu, trit echo trn KIT TMS320C6713.
o Chng 6 : Kt lun.
Phn C : Ph lc v ti liu tham kho.
Phn A : Gii thiu
N TT NGHIP
Trang viii
MC LC
Trang
PHN A :GII THIU .................................................................................................... i
LI CM N ................................................................................................................. ii
QUYT NH GIAO TI ...................................................................................... iii
NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN ........................................................... iv
NHN XT CA GIO VIN PHN BIN ............................................................... v
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... vi
LI NI U............................................................................................................... vii
DANH MC T VIT TT ......................................................................................... ix
LIT K BNG ............................................................................................................. xi
LIT K HNH ............................................................................................................. xii
PHN B :NI DUNG ................................................................................................... 14
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V LC S ................................................................... 15
1.1
M u ............................................................................................................. 15
1.2
Gii thiu v b lc s ..................................................................................... 17
CHNG 2: B LC THCH NGHI .......................................................................... 19

2.1
Mt s khi nim c bn.................................................................................. 19
2.1.1 Bin ngu nhin. ........................................................................................... 19

2.1.2 Qu trnh ngu nhin. ................................................................................... 19
2.1.3 c tnh tng phn ca qu trnh ngu nhin ri rc theo thi gian. ........... 20
2.1.4 Tng quan ca cc tn hiu. ....................................................................... 21
2.2
Gii thiu v lc thch nghi. ............................................................................ 21
2.3
Cc cu trc lc thch nghi. ............................................................................. 22
2.3.1 Kh nhiu. .................................................................................................... 22

2.3.2 Nhn dng h thng. ..................................................................................... 23
2.3.3 B d on thch nghi. ................................................................................. 23
2.4
Cc thut ton lc thch nghi. .......................................................................... 24
2.4.1 Thut ton LMS............................................................................................ 24

2.4.2 Thut ton RLS. ........................................................................................... 27
CHNG 3 : NG DNG LC THCH NGHI ......................................................... 33
3.1
L thuyt kh nhiu thch nghi. ....................................................................... 33
Phn A : Gii thiu
N TT NGHIP
Trang ix
3.1.1 Cc ch kh nhiu kiu thch nghi. ......................................................... 33

3.1.2 Cc thut ton cp nht cho cc b lc. ....................................................... 35
3.2
Cc thut ton thch nghi. ................................................................................ 36
3.3
Gii thiu Echo v trit echo dng thut ton thch nghi. ............................... 43
3.3.1 Cc loi ting vng. ...................................................................................... 44

3.3.2 Qu trnh trit ting vng. ............................................................................ 44
CHNG 4 : GII THIU PHN MM CCS V KIT TMS320C6713 .................. 49
4.1
Gii thiu v phn mm CCS (Code Composer Studio). ................................ 49
4.2
Gii thiu v kit TMS320C6713. .................................................................... 50
4.2.1 S khi v cc c trng ca kit TMS320C6713. .................................. 52

4.2.2 Hot ng c bn.......................................................................................... 53
4.2.3 Bn nh. .................................................................................................. 53
4.3
Cc thnh phn ca kit TMS320C6713. .......................................................... 54
CHNG 5 : KH NHIU,TRIT ECHO TRN KIT TMS320C6713 .................... 59

5.1
Kh nhiu thch nghi bng thut ton LMS trn kit TMS320C6713. ............. 59
5.2
Kh nhiu thch nghi bng thut ton RLS trn kit TMS320C6713. .............. 62
5.3
Trit Echo dng thut ton LMS trn KIT TMS320C6713. ........................... 64
5.4
Trit echo s dng thut ton RLS trn kit TMS320C6713. ........................... 67
CHNG 6 :KT LUN ............................................................................................. 69

6.1
Kt qu t c. ................................................................................................ 69
6.2
Tn ti v hng pht trin ca ti. ................................................................ 69
6.2.1 Nhng mt cn tn ti : ................................................................................... 69

6.2.2 Hng pht trin. ............................................................................................. 70
PHN C :PH LC V TI LIU THAM KHO ................................................... 71
Ph lc A. ................................................................................................................... 72
1.
Hng dn bin dch Simulink sang code C. ...................................................... 72
2.
Hng dn ci t CCS V3.3 trn Windows XP. ............................................... 79
Ph lc B : Code Matlab. ........................................................................................... 82

Ti liu tham kho ...................................................................................................... 91
Phn A : Gii thiu
N TT NGHIP
Trang x
DANH MC T VIT TT
AEC
Acoustic Echo Canceller
AF
Adaptive Filters
ANC
Active Noise Canceller
CCS
Code Composer Studio
CPLD
Complex Programmable Logic Device
DSP
Digital Signal Processing
EMIF
Extrenal Memory InterFace
ERL
Echo return loss
ERLE
Echo Return Loss Enhancement
FIR
Finite Impulse Response
IIR
Infinite Impulse Response
LMS
Least-Mean-Squared
MSE
Mean-Squared Error
NLMS
Normalized Least-Mean-Squared
RLS
Recursive Least-Squares
Phn A : Gii thiu
N TT NGHIP
Trang xi
LIT K BNG
Bng 3.1: Bng cc thng s thut ton LMS v RLS.42
Bng 3.2: Bng so snh thng s ERLE gia thut ton LMS v RLS...47
Bng 5.1: Bng thng k gi tr bin thu c khi thay i thng s variance..62
Phn A : Gii thiu
N TT NGHIP
Trang xii
LIT K HNH
Hnh 1.1: Qu trnh hot ng ca mt b lc s...................................................... 15
Hnh 1.2: p ng xung, p ng bc v p ng tn s ca b lc ..................... 17
Hnh 2.1: Cu trc b lc thch nghi c bn.............................................................. 22
Hnh 2.2: Cu trc b lc thch nghi cho kh nhiu ................................................. 22
Hnh 2.3: Cu trc b lc thch nghi cho nhn dng h thng .................................. 23
Hnh 2.4: Cu trc cho b d on thch nghi ........................................................ 23
Hnh 2.5: ng biu din cht lng lm vic ca 1 h s .................................... 25
Hnh 2.6: Gin cp nht trng s .......................................................................... 28
Hnh 3.1: Cu trc kh nhiu thch nghi ................................................................... 33
Hnh 3.2: S thut ton LMS ............................................................................... 37
Hnh 3.3: Kh nhiu tch cc s dng thut ton LMS ............................................ 38
Hnh 3.4: S thut ton RLS ................................................................................ 40
Hnh 3.5: Kh nhiu tch cc s dng thut ton RLS ............................................. 41
Hnh 3.6: So snh thng s MSE gia LMS v RLS ................................................ 42
Hnh 3.7: C ch hnh thnh Echo ............................................................................ 43
Hnh 3.8: S to Echo trong DSP ......................................................................... 43
Hnh 3.9: Hot ng ca mt b trit ting vng ...................................................... 44
Hnh 3.10: S h thng trit ting vng ............................................................... 45
Hnh 3.11: S nguyn l s dng lc thch nghi trit echo .................................. 45
Hnh 3.12: Trit echo s dng thut ton LMS ......................................................... 46
Hnh 3.13: Trit echo s dng thut ton RLS.......................................................... 46
Hnh 3.14:Biu so snh ERLE gi thut ton RLS v LMS ............................... 48
Hnh 4.1: Lu pht trin phn mm to ra m i tng t ngn ng C............. 50
Hnh 4.2: Board DSK 6713 ....................................................................................... 51
Hnh 4.3: Cc thnh phn i km vi DSK TMS320C6713 ..................................... 51
Hnh 4.4: S khi DSK C6713 ............................................................................. 52
Hnh 4.5: Bn nh v t chc b nh ca DSK C6713 ....................................... 54
Hnh 4.6: H thng DSP vi tn hiu v, ra tng t ................................................ 55
Phn A : Gii thiu
N TT NGHIP
Trang xiii
Hnh 4.7: Giao tip ca Codec trn DSK .................................................................. 56

Hnh 4.8: S khi TLV320AIC23 codec ............................................................. 57
Hnh 5.1: M hnh kh nhiu thch nghi dng thut ton LMS ................................ 59
Hnh 5.2: M hnh chi tit khi Noise Channel ........................................................ 59
Hnh 5.3: M hnh kt ni kit TMS320C6713 h thng ANC .................................. 60
Hnh 5.4: Tn hiu ng vo h thng trit nhiu thch nghi dng thut ton LMS ... 60
Hnh 5.5: Dng sng tn hiu ng vo cng vi nhiu dng thut ton LMS ........... 61
Hnh 5.6: Dng sng tn hiu thu c sau khi trit nhiu dng thut ton LMS .... 61
Hnh 5.7: S h thng lc nhiu s dng thut ton RLS .................................... 62
Hnh 5.8: Dng sng tn hiu ng vo cng vi nhiu dng thut ton RLS ........... 63
Hnh 5.9: Dng sng tn hiu thu c sau khi trit nhiu dng thut ton RLS ..... 63
Hnh 5.10: M hnh kt ni kit TMS320C6713 h thng AEC ................................ 64
Hnh 5.11: H thng to ting vng .......................................................................... 64
Hnh 5.12: H thng trit ting vng dng thut ton LMS ..................................... 65
Hnh 5.13: Dng sng tn hiu ng vo h thng trit Echo dng thut ton LMS .. 65
Hnh 5.14: Dng sng tn hiu echo dng thut ton LMS ...................................... 66
Hnh 5.15: Dng sng tn hiu thu c sau khi trit Echo dng thut ton LMS ... 66
Hnh 5.16: S h thng trit echo s dng thut ton RLS................................. 67
Hnh 5.17: Dng sng tn hiu Echo dng thut ton RLS ....................................... 67
Hnh 5.18: Dng sng tn hiu thu c sau khi trit echo dng thut ton RLS..... 68
Phn A : Gii thiu
N TT NGHIP
Trang 14
PHN B :
NI DUNG
Phn B : Ni dung
N TT NGHIP
Trang 15
CHNG 1:
TNG QUAN V LC S
1.1
M u
Lc s l qu trnh rt quan trng ca x l tn hiu s, v chnh nhng kh nng
phi thng ca cc b lc s lm cho chng tr nn rt ph bin nh ngy nay. Cc

b lc s gm c hai ng dng chnh : phn tch tn hiu v phc hi tn hiu. Phn tch
tn hiu c p dng khi tn hiu mong mun b giao thoa vi cc tn hiu khc hay b
cc loi nhiu tc ng vo n. Cn phc hi tn hiu l khi tn hiu m ta mong mun
hay cn nh gi, xt nghim b sai lch i bi nhiu yu t ca mi trung tc ng
vo; lm cho n b bin dng gy nh hng n kt qu nh gi.
C hai kiu lc chnh: Tng t v s. Chng khc nhau hon ton v cu to vt
l v cch lm vic. Mt b lc tng t s dng cc mch in tng t c to ra
t cc thit b nh l in tr, t in, hay opamp, C cc chun k thut tt tn
ti trong mt thi gian di cho vic thit k mt mch b lc tng t. Cn mt b lc
s th s dng mt b x l s hot ng tnh ton s ho trn cc gi tr c ly
mu ca tn hiu. B x l c th l mt my tnh mc ch chung nh mt PC, hay
mt chp DSP chuyn dng. Cc qu trnh hot ng ca mt b lc s c th hin
nh hnh 1.1 sau:
Hnh 1.1: Qu trnh hot ng ca mt b lc s.

Ni chung cc cng vic ca b lc s c th c thc hin bi b lc tng t(
Analog Filter). Cc b lc tng t c u im l gi thnh r, tc ng nhanh, di
Chng 1 : Tng quan v lc s.
N TT NGHIP
Trang 16
ng( Dynamic Range) v bin v tn s u rng. Tuy nhin cc b lc s th c

cc cp thc hin hn hn cc b lc tng t, v d nh: cc b lc s thng thp
c th c li( Gain) 1+/-0.0002 t DC n 1000Hz v li s nh hn 0.0002
cc tn s trn 1001Hz. Tt c cc hot ng din ra ch trong khong 1Hz. iu ny
khng th thc hin c cc b lc tng t. V v vy cc b lc s s dn dn
thay th cho cc b lc tng t vi cc u im c th nh sau:
1) Mt b lc s th c kh nng lp trnh c, cn mt b lc tng t, mun
thay i cu trc th phi thit k li b lc.
2) Cc b lc s d dng thit k, d kim tra v d thi hnh trn mt my tnh mc
ch chung hay mt trm lm vic.
3) c im cc mch lc tng t l b nh hng bi s tri v ph thuc nhiu
vo nhit . Cc b lc s th khng c cc vn ny, v rt n nh vi c thi
gian v nhit .
4) Cc b lc s c th x l cc tn hiu tn s thp rt chnh xc. Tc ca
cng ngh DSP ngy cng tng ln, lm cho cc b lc s c kh nng x l cc tn
hiu tn s cao trong min m tn( Radio Frequency), m trong qu kh l lnh
vc c quyn ca cng ngh tng t.
5) Cc b lc s linh hot hn nhiu trong x l tn hiu, vi nhiu cch khc nhau
hay chnh l s x l thch nghi.
6) Cc b x l DSP nhanh c th x l cc t hp phc tp, phn cng tng i
n gin, v mt tch hp rt cao.
nng cao cht lng ca cc b lc tng t, ta ch trng khc phc hn ch
ca linh kin nh chnh xc, n nh, s ph thuc vo nhit v .v.v. Cn i
vi cc b lc s, vn d bn thn n c nhiu u im nn ta ch ch trng n cc
hn ch ca tn hiu v cc phng php thit k v thut ton chng trnh x l tn
hiu.
Trong chng ny, chng ta s tm hiu v mt s l thuyt c s v lc tn hiu,
lm tin cho vic thit k mt b lc s thch nghi.
N TT NGHIP
Trang 17
1.2 Gii thiu v b lc s

Trong x l tn hiu s, ta thng ni tn hiu vo v ra ca mt b lc u
min thi gian, bi v tn hiu thng c to ra bng cch ly mu cc thi im
cch u nhau. Tuy nhin, ta cng c th ly mu cc v tr cch u nhau trong
khng gian hay trong mt s phm tr khc, nhng thng thng nht l ly mu trong
min thi gian v min tn s. Trong x l tn hiu s th t min thi gian ta c th
lin h tng qut n cc phm tr khc. V d hnh 1.2 sau s m t iu . Mi b
lc tuyn tnh u c mt p ng xung, mt p ng bc v mt p ng tn s. Mi
p ng ny u cha y thng tin v b lc, nhng di mi dng khc nhau.
Nu mt trong ba p ng c xc nh th hai p ng kia cng s c tnh ra trc
tip. C ba p ng ny u rt quan trng, v chng m t b lc cc hon cnh khc
nhau.
Vi p ng xung l u ra ca h thng khi u vo l xung n v, p ng
bc l u ra ca h thng khi u vo l bc nhy n v( hay xung bc thang). V
hm bc nhy l tch phn ca hm xung n v, nn p ng bc chnh l tch phn
ca p ng xung. T ta c hai cch tm p ng bc thang:
a mt s ng bc nhy vo b lc v xem kt qu u ra hay;
Ly tch phn ca p ng xung.
Cn p ng tn s ly t bin i Fourier ca p ng xung.
Hnh 1.2: p ng xung, p ng bc v p ng tn s ca b lc.

N TT NGHIP
Trang 18
Phng php trc tip nht thc hin lc s l dng php tch chp ca tn hiu
vo vi p ng xung ca b lc s, khi p ng xung c xem l ct li cho vic
thit k ca b lc. Mt phng php khc thc hin lc s l dng phng php
quy. Khi b lc c thc hin bng php tch chp, mi mu trong tn hiu ra c
tnh ton bng cch t hp c trng s cc mu trong tn hiu vo. Cc b lc kiu
quy m rng thm qu trnh trn bng cch s dng c cc tr s tnh c t tn
hiu ra, bn cch cc im ly t tn hiu vo, thay v dng mt li lc, cc b lc
quy c xc nh bi mt dy h s quy. Cc b lc quy cn c gi l cc b
lc c p ng xung di v hn IIR, cn cc b lc thc hin theo phng php chp
th gi l cc b lc c p ng xung di hu hn FIR.
C nhiu cch con ngi biu din thng tin qua tn hiu nh trong cc kiu
iu ch hay m ha tn hiu: AM, FM, PCM,Cn cc tn hiu sinh ra trong t nhin
th ch c hai cch biu din l theo min thi gian hay l min tn s. Thng tin
c th hin trong min thi gian c m t bng ln ca s kin ti thi im
xut hin. Mi mu trong tn hiu cho thy ci g xut hin thi im y v ln
ca n. Tri li, thng tin c biu th trong min tn s c tnh cht gin tip hn v
mi mu tn hiu n c khng th th hin c thng tin y m phi trong mi
quan h nhiu im ca tn hiu.
T ta thy tm quan trng ca p ng bc v p ng tn s; p ng bc
m t s bin i ca thng tin trong min thi gian bi h thng cn p ng tn s
cho thy s bin i ca thng tin trong min tn s. Vi mi ng dng khc nhau th
tm quan trng ca hai loi p ng cng khc nhau.
N TT NGHIP
Trang 19
CHNG 2:
B LC THCH NGHI
Cc b lc thch nghi( Adaptive Filter) c s dng tt nht trong cc loi b
lc, cc tn hiu c iu kin hay cc thng s h thng thay i rt chm v b lc
c iu chnh b cho s thay i ny. Thut ton LMS l mt thut ton d
tm c s dng cung cp mt k hoch qun l tt vic iu chnh cc h s b
lc, ngoi ra cn c mt s thut ton khc cng c kh nng thch nghi nh: RLS,
NLMS,Mi thut ton c cc u, khuyt im khc nhau; chng ta s tm hiu r
iu qua cc phn sau y.
Mt s khi nim c bn.
2.1
2.1.1 Bin ngu nhin.

Khi ta thc hin mt th nghim ngu nhin, tp hp tt c cc kt qu( loi tr
nhau) c th xy ra gi l khng gian mu ca th nghim ngu nhin .
S kin l tp hp c th gm mt hay nhiu kt qu trong mt khng gian mu.
Nh vy bin ngu nhin l php nh x cc s kin sang cc gi tr thc ( hay
phc).
2.1.2 Qu trnh ngu nhin.
Qu trnh ngu nhin l tp hp cc hm s c cc thng s ( thng l thng s
thi gian), m c thuc tnh thng k no . Mt qu trnh ngu nhin c th c
biu din bi mt tp hp cc bin ngu nhin.
Mt qu trnh ngu nhin c gi l dng cht ( Strictly Stationary) nu cc
thuc tnh thng k ca n khng thay i khi dch chuyn i mt khong thi gian no
. Chng hn, i vi qu trnh ngu nhin ri rc theo thi gian c biu din bi
chui tn hiu theo thi gian u(n), u(n-1),, u(n-M+1) gi l dng cht khi hm mt
ng xc sut ( Joint Probability Density Function) ca n ti cc thi im quan
st n, n-1,, n-M+1 l khng i khi n thay i ( M khng i).
Chng 2 : B lc thch nghi.
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Trang 20
2.1.3 c tnh tng phn ca qu trnh ngu nhin ri rc theo thi gian.
Thc t cho thy kh c th xc nh hm mt ng xc sut ca tp hp cc
thi im quan st trong qu trnh ngu nhin. Do chng ta cn quan tm n cc
c tnh thng k tng phn ( Partial) ca n.
Xt mt qu trnh ngu nhin ri rc theo thi gian nh trn ta nh ngha k vng
v hm gi tr trung bnh ca bin ngu nhin trong qu trnh ngu nhin nh sau:
K vng ca i lng ngu nhin l trung bnh theo xc sut cc gi tr c th
nhn ca i lng ngu nhin , k hiu l E.
Cn hm gi tr trung bnh (n):
(n) = E[u(n)]
(2.1)
Trong , E l ton t k vng thng k, v hm t tng quan ca qu trnh ngu

nhin c nh ngha:
r( n, n-k) = E[u(n)u*(n-k)];
k = 1, 2,,
(2.2)
Trong , du * l k hiu ca lin hp phc.

Khi mt qu trnh ngu nhin l dng cht th lc ta c :
Hm gi tr trung bnh ca qu trnh ngu nhin lun lun bng hng s
, vi mi n.
Hm t tng quan ch cn ph thuc vo s khc nhau trong khong thi
gian quan st gia thi im n v n-k, chnh l k: r( n, n-k) = r(k).
Tuy nhin hai phng trnh trn khng m bo rng qu trnh ngu nhin
l dng cht. Nhng nu, hai phng trnh trn c m bo, ta ni rng
qu trnh ngu nhin ri rc theo thi gian l dng theo ngha rng.
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Trang 21
2.1.4 Tng quan ca cc tn hiu.

Trong vic x l tn hiu, chng ta lun cn phi so snh cc tn hiu vi nhau;
Mt phng php so snh hay dng nht l tng quan( Correlation) s c m
t sau y:
nh ngha tng quan cho( Cross_Correlation):
Gi s c hai dy x(n) v y(n), ti thiu mt trong hai dy c nng lng hu hn.
Tng quan cho ca x(n) v y(n) c nh ngha nh sau:
rxy(n) =
x(m) y(m n)
n 0,1,...,
(2.3)
nh ngha t tng quan( Auto_Correlation):

Trong nh ngha tng quan cho nu ta c x(n) y(n) th ta c nh ngha t
tng quan. Vy hm t tng quan c nh ngha nh sau:
rxx(n) =
x(m) x(m n)
n 0,1,...,
(2.4)
rxx(n) l hm t tng quan ca dy x(n).

2.2
Gii thiu v lc thch nghi.
Trong cc b lc s quy c( FIR v IIR), cc thng s ca qu trnh lc dng

xc nh cc c trng ca h thng coi nh bit, cc thng s ny c th bin i
theo thi gian, nhng bn cht ca s bin i th coi nh bit. Trong nhiu bi ton
thc tin, mt s thng s c th c bt nh ln do d liu th nghim trc v qu
trnh khng c thch hp. Mt s thng s c th bin thin theo thi gian nhng bn
cht chnh xc ca s bin thin th khng th tin on c. Trong cc trng hp
, chng ta cn phi thit k b lc c kh nng t nm bt, c th thch nghi vi
hon cnh hin thi.
Cc h s (Coefficient) ca mt b lc thch nghi c hiu chnh b li cc thay
i trong cc tn hiu vo, tn hiu ra hoc trong cc thng s ca h thng. Thay v b
cng nhc, mt h thng thch nghi c th nm bt cc c trng ca tn hiu v d
N TT NGHIP
Trang 22
theo cc bin i chm. Mt b lc thch nghi c th rt hu ch cho s bt nh v cc

c trng ca mt tn hiu hoc khi cc c trng thay i. Hnh 2.1 sau th hin
mt cu trc c bn ca b lc thch nghi.
d
+ e
x
B lc
thch nghi
Hnh 2.1: Cu trc b lc thch nghi c bn.

Trong ng ra y ca b lc thch nghi c so snh vi tn hiu mong mun
(Desire) d cho ra tn hiu sai s ( Error ) e, tn hiu sai s ny c hi tip v
iu chnh b lc thch nghi.
Cc h s ca b lc thch nghi c iu chnh, hay ti u h a, s dng cc thut
ton thch nghi nh LMS, RLS da trn tn hiu sai s e. phn cc thut ton ca b
lc thch nghi chng ta s ni r v thut ton ny.
2.3
Cc cu trc lc thch nghi.
Mt s cc cu trc thch nghi c s dng cho cc ng dng khc nhau trong

lc thch nghi. Mi ng dng c mt cu trc thch nghi c th tng ng. Sau y
chng ta ch xt ba trng hp c th l: th nht, cu trc thch nghi cho kh
nhiu( Noise Cancellation); th hai, cho h thng nh v( System Identification) v
th ba, cho cc b tin on( Predictor) thch nghi.
2.3.1 Kh nhiu.
Hnh 2.2 sau y th hin cho cu trc ng dng kh nhiu.
d+n
+
e
B lc thch nghi
y
e
Hnh 2.2: Cu trc b lc thch nghi cho kh nhiu.
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Trang 23
Tn hiu mong mun d, b sa i bi nhiu cng n, khng tng quan. Nhiu

n c th n t vi ngun ging nh n nhng b thay i bi iu kin mi trng.
Ng ra y c thch ng vi nhiu n, khi iu ny xy ra, tn hiu sai s e tin n gn
tn hiu mong mun d, ton b ng ra l tn hiu sai s e ny.
2.3.2 Nhn dng h thng.
Hnh 2.3 sau y th hin mt cu trc thch nghi c dng cho ng dng nhn
dng hay m hnh mu. Cng mt tn hiu vo, c a n hai h thng song song l
h thng cha xc nh v b lc thch nghi. Tn hiu sai s e l s khc nhau gia p
ng ca h thng cha bit d v p ng ca b lc thch nghi y. Tn hiu sai s ny
c phn hi v b lc thch nghi v c dng cp nht( Update) cc h s cho
b lc cho n khi ton b ng ra y = d. Khi iu ny xy ra, hot ng x l thch
nghi c kt thc, v e tin gn n 0. Trong s kt hp ny, b lc thch nghi lm
mu cho h thng cha xc nh.
H thng cha bit
B lc thch nghi
Hnh 2.3: Cu trc b lc thch nghi cho nhn dng h thng.

2.3.3 B d on thch nghi.
Hnh 2.4 sau y s minh ha cho cu trc ca mt b d on thch nghi, m c th
cung cp mt s c lng ca u vo.
u vo
IN1 = d(n)
e(n)
y(n)
Khi tr
B lc
y(n)
thch nghi
IN2
Hnh 2.4: Cu trc cho b d on thch nghi.
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2.4
Trang 24
Cc thut ton lc thch nghi.

2.4.1 Thut ton LMS.
Thut ton LMS, thng c gi l mt thut ton Stochastic Gradient; n
thng c s dng cho cc b lc thch nghi, bi v cc l do sau y:

N l c bn u tin.
N rt n gin.
Trong thc t n lm vic rt tt.
N yu cu t php ton.
N cp nht cc h s rt n gin, nn n thch nghi lin tc cho b lc.
N nh du s thay i chm trong thng tin tn hiu s rt tt.
Thut ton ny i km vi mt b lc FIR hiu chnh c. Cc h s hay trng
s ca b lc FIR thch nghi c th hiu chnh da trn mt mi trng thay i nh
mt tn hiu vo. Cng c th s dng b lc IIR thch nghi, nhng cc im cc ca
mt b lc IIR trong qu trnh thch nghi c th cp nht n cc gi tr nm ngoi
vng trn n v, lm cho b lc khng n nh.
Tn hiu vo b lm tr ca b lc tuyn tnh kt hp c o v cng li cho
tn hiu ra y(n):
N 1
y(n) =
w(n, k ) x(n k )
(2.5)
k 0
Phng trnh ny c vit li di dng vector l:

y(n) = W(n)XT(n) = X(n)WT(n)
(2.6)
Trong :
W(n) = [w(0,n) w(1,n) w(N,n)]
(2.7)
X(n) = [x(0,n) x(1,n) x(N,n)]
(2.8)
S m T biu th cho ma trn chuyn v.

S o cht lng lm vic ca mt b lc l da trn tn hiu sai s:
e(n) = d(n) y(n)
(2.9)
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Trang 25
Cc h s ca b lc c hiu chnh sao cho ti thiu ha mt hm sai s trung

bnh bnh phng. l hm E[e2(n)], vi E biu th l gi tr k vng hay l ton t
k vng thng k:
E[e2(n)] = E[d2(n)]- 2E[d(n)y(n)] + E[y2(n)]
(2.10)
Nu ta xt khi ch c mt h s th phng trnh(2.27) tr thnh:

E[e2(n)] = E[d2(n)]- 2E[d(n)x(n)]w(0) + E[x2(n)]w2(0)
(2.11)
Nu d(n) v x(n) hon ton c lp vi nhau, ta c:

E[d(n)x(n)] = E[d(n)]E[x(n)]
(2.12)
Nu cc tn hiu d v x hon ton khng i theo thi gian, cc gi tr mong i

ca tch ca chng cng s khng i theo thi gian. Trong trng hp , phng
trnh(2.13) c vit li l:
E[e2(n)] = A - 2 w(0) + Cw2(0)
Vi
E[d2(n)];
E[d(n)y(n)];
(2.13)
C
E[x2(n)]
E[x(n)]E[x(n)]
=E[y(n)/w(0)]E[x(n)]
w(0) = E[y(n)]E[x(n)]/C = E[y(n)x(n)]/C = E[y(n)d(n)]/C = /C; do , s o cht
lng lm vic cho mt h s l:

w(0) = /C
(2.14)
m n biu th gi tr ti E[e2(n)] l cc tiu. biu din kt qu trn ta th hin

hnh v(2.11) sau y.
E[e2(n)]
min
0
/C
w(0)
Hnh 2.5: ng biu din cht lng lm vic ca 1 h s.

H s c cp nht theo cch sau:
w(0,n+1) = w(0,n) -
d
E[e2(n)]
dw(0)
(2.15)
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Trang 26
y, l mt hng s xc nh tc hi t. Du tr trong phng trnh(2.15)

gn lin vi chiu ca bc. T hnh 2.5 ta thy nu gi tr hin ti ca h s bn tri
ca tr cc tiu /C, bc phi l dng( tng ln). Mt khc, nu gi tr hin ti ca
h s bn phi ca tr cc tiu /C, bc phi l m( gim xung).
Trng hp ny s xc nh vng c dc dng ca hm cht lng. Nh vy,
chiu ca bc t l vi phn m ca dc.
Ngi ta thng dng phng trnh sau y i din cho thut ton LMS:
W(n+1) = W(n) + 2 e(n)X(n)
(2.16)
Phng trnh (2.16) cho ta mt phng tin n gin nhng mnh m v hiu qu
cp nht cc h s, khng cn ly trung bnh hoc vi phn v s c dng thc
hin cc b lc FIR thch nghi. Phng trnh ny thng c vit li vi = 2
trong cc chng trnh, tc l:
wk(n+1) = wk(n) + e(n)x(n-k)
(2.17)
Thut ton LMS rt ph hp cho mt s ng dng, gm kh tp m v kh di

vang thch nghi, tin on v cn bng.
Cc bin th khc ca thut ton LMS c s dng, nh: LMS du sai s,
LMS du d liu, v LMS du du.
1) Trong thut ton LMS du sai s, th phng trnh (2.17) tr thnh:
wk(n+1) = wk(n) + sgn[e(n)]x(n-k)
(2.18)
Vi sgn l hm du c nh ngha nh sau:
1, khi e(n) 0
[e(n)] =
1, khi e(n) 0
(2.19)
2) Trong thut ton LMS du d liu, phng trnh (2.17), tr thnh:

wk(n+1) = wk(n) + e(n)sgn[x(n-k)]
(2.20)
3) Trong thut ton LMS du du, phng trnh (2.17), tr thnh:

wk(n+1) = wk(n) + sgn[e(n)]sgn[x(n-k)]
V c khai trin ra nh sau:
(2.21)
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Trang 27
wk (n) , khi
wk (n) , khi
wk(n+1) =
sgn[ e(n)] sgn[ x(n k )]

khc
(2.22)
Thut ton LMS c hon thnh kh hu dng trong cc b cn bng thch

nghi, kh tp m trong in thoi, .v.v.Cc phng thc khc, nh l thut ton RLS s
c trnh by phn sau. Thut ton ny c th t ra c hi t nhanh hn thut
ton LMS c bn, nhng phi tr gi cho s tnh ton nhiu hn. RLS da trn vic bt
u vi gii php ti u v sau khi dng mi mu vo cp nht p ng xung nhm
duy tr qu trnh ti u h a. S bc cn thit v trc tip c nh ngha qua mi
mu thi gian.
Cc thut ton tr nn hu dng khi khng c tn hiu tham chiu thch hp. B
lc c thch ng trong mt ci cch nh phc hi vi c tnh ca tn hiu b
mt t trc khi n b lc. Thay v ly dng sng yu cu lm mu, nh trong cc
thut ton LMS hay RLS, c tnh ny c dng trong qu trnh thch nghi ca b lc.
Khi c c tn hiu yu cu, quy c tin gn nh LMS c th c s dng, cn nu
khng th dng kin thc bit trc v tn hiu.
2.4.2 Thut ton RLS.
Thut ton Recusive Least-Squares( RLS) c xem nh trng hp c bit ca
b lc Kalman. Thut ton RLS l mt cng c quan trng cho vic xc nh cc h
s ca b lc thch nghi tuyn tnh. Thut ton RLS tng phc tp, s lng cc
php ton, v tin cy. Do , RLS a ra hi t nhanh hn v li t hn, nhng
i li yu cu ph tn cho nhiu s tnh ton hn.
Khi thut ton LMS tm li ti thiu h a, n ch ngh n gi tr li hin ti,
cn trong thut ton RLS, mi li c xem l li ton cc t lc bt u n im
d liu hin thi. Thut ton RLS da trn vic bt u vi gii php ti u v sau khi
dng mi mu vo cp nht p ng xung nhm duy tr qu trnh ti u h a. S
bc cn thit v trc tip c nh ngha qua mi mu thi gian. iu ny c ngha
l thut ton RLS s dng nhng thng tin t tt c cc mu u vo qu kh c
lng ma trn t tng quan ca vector d liu u vo. gim nh hng
N TT NGHIP
Trang 28
ca cc mu u vo t qu kh cch xa, ta s dng yu t trng s nh gi s nh

hng ca mi mu.
Trng s ny c th hin trong hm chi ph sau y:
n
(n) ( n, i ). | e(i) |2
(2.23)
i 1
Trong , e(i) l s khc bit gia tn hiu mong mun d(i) so vi tn hiu ng ra
y(i), c to thnh t tp tn hiu ng vo (ti thi im i) u(i),u(i-1), u(i-M+1)
e(i) = d(i) y(i) = d(i) wH(n)u(i) , 1 i n
(2.24)
u(i) l tp vector ng vo ca tn hiu ti thi im i,

u(i) = [u(i),u(i-1),,u(i-M+1)]T.
(2.25)
w(n) l tp vector trng s ti thi im n, xc nh bi

w(n) = [w0(n),w1(n),, wM-1(n)]T.
(2.26)
Gin cp nht trng s:

u(i)
.
u(i-1)
Z-1
W1*(n)
W0*(n)
u(i-M+2)
Z-1
u(i-M+1)
W(M-2)*(n)
W(M-
y(i)
Hnh 2.6: Gin cp nht trng s

H s trng s ( n,i ) c gi tr 0 < ( n,i ) 1 , i=1,2, n
Mt hnh thc c bit ca vector trng s thng c s dng l trng s m
(n, i) ni
V vy hm chi ph c biu din li nh sau:
i=1,2n
(2.27)
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Trang 29
n
(n) n i . | e(i ) |2
(2.28)
i 1
n i
H
Ma trn t tng quan (n) c biu din : (n) .u (i ).u (i )
i 1
(2.29)
Vector tng quan cho Z(n) gia tp tn hiu u vo v tn hiu ng ra mong mun
tng ng c biu din l :
n
z (n) n i .u (i ).d * (i )
(2.30)
i 1
Cc bc thc hin thut ton RLS:

Khi to thng s thut ton RLS:
ng dng thut ton RLS ta phi khi to vng lp qui bng cch chn
gi tr bt u P(0) sao cho khng c im k d trn ma trn tng quan ( n). Ta c
th lm c iu ny bng cch ly nghch o ca n.
1 (n) [
i .u (i ).u H (i )]1
i n0
(2.31)
Vi vector u(i) c c t mt khi ban u ca d liu t -n0 i 0

Ma trn tng quan c vit l:
n
(n) ni .u(i).u H (i) . n .I
(2.32)
i 1
Vi I l mt ma trn n v mxm , hng s v tr nh.

Vi n = 0, ta c (0) = I
Gi tr khi to P(n) chnh l nghch o ca ma trn tng quan, ta c:
P(0) =-1 I. .
Trong thi gian khi to, hm u(n) c vit
( M 1)/ 2. , n M 1
u ( n)
0, n 0, n M 1
1/2
(2.33)
Gi tr khi to ca vector trng s c thit lp W^(0) = 0

Vic tnh ton cc tiu hm chi ph :
N TT NGHIP
Trang 30
n
(n) min w ( n ) . n . || w(n) ||2 n i . | e(i) |2

i 1
(2.34)
Mi trng thi gian thi tc th c cp nht, n = 1,2,...

k ( n)
1.P(n 1).u (n)

1 1.u H (n).P(n 1).u (n)
(2.35)
(n) d (n) w ^ H (n 1).u(n)
(2.36)
w ^ (n) w ^ (n 1) k (n). * (n)
(2.37)
P(n) 1.P(n 1) 1.k (n).u H (n).P(n 1)
(2.38)
b) Cp nht qui cho tng trng s li:

Gi tr nh nht ca tng trng s li, min (n) ,c tnh :
min (n) d (n) z H (n).w ^ (n) .
(2.39)
Trong , d (n) c tnh

n
d (n) ni . | d (i) |2 .d (n 1) | d (n) |2

i 1
(2.40)
min (n) [d (n-1)-z H (n-1).w ^ (n-1)]+d(n).[d* (n)-u H (n).w ^ (n-1)]-z H (n).k(n). * (n) (2.41)
Dng vector li k(n) th hin :
z H (n).k (n) z H (n). 1 (n).u(n) [ 1 (n).z(n)]H .u(n) w ^ H (n).u(n)
Ta rt gn li c :
min (n) min (n 1) d (n). * (n) w ^ H ( n).u ( n). * ( n)

min (n 1) * (n).[d(n)-w ^ H (n).u(n)]
. min (n 1) * ( n).e( n)
Vi e(n) l li d on tip theo.
V y l nhng gi tr thc , ta c : * (n).e(n) e* (n). (n)
(2.42)
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Trang 31
H s chuyn i:
Ta c:
e(n) d (n) [w ^ (n-1)+k(n). * (n)]H .u( n)

d (n) w ^ H (n 1).u (n) k H (n).u (n). (n)
(1 k H (n).u (n)). (n)
H s chuyn i : (n)
e(n)
1 k H (n).u (n)
( n)
(2.43)
H s chuyn i (n) c xc i nh duy nht bi vector li k(n) v vector d

liu vo
Bng cp nht :
k ( n) [
1
].u(n)
(n 1) | u (n) |2
2
(n) d (n) w ^* (n 1).u (n)

w ^ (n) w ^ (n 1) k (n). * (n)
^ (n) . ^ (n 1) | u (n) |2
2
Vi ^ (n) l d on ca bin li , ^ (n) P1 (n)

2
c. Phn tch s hi t ca thut ton RLS:

Vi (0) 0, u(0) 0.
Thut ton RLS tnh ton chnh xc bng phng php Least Squares cho n M.
Khi =1 , ta c th vit w ^ (n) 1 (n).z(n) , n M
n
(n) u (i ).u H (i)

i 1
n
z (n) u (i ).d * (i ) , e0 li php o. W0 l vector tham s hi quy.

i 1
*
z (n) (n).w 0 u (i ).e0 (i )
i 1
*
w (n) w 0 (n). u (i).e0 (i)
^
i 1
Ly k vng w^(n) :
N TT NGHIP
Trang 32
n
E[w (n)]=w 0 E[ (n). u (i ).e0* (i )]

^
i 1
=w 0 E[ E{ 1 (n). u (i ).e0* (i ) | u (i ), i 1, 2,....., n}]

i 1
(2.44)
Ta thy :
+ Ma trn tng quan (n) c xc nh duy nht bi trnh t ca cc vector ng vo
u(1),u(2),u(n).
+ Li o lng e0(i) c lp vi vector ng vo u(i).
+Li o lng e(i) c gi tr 0.
V vy , ta vit c : E[w^(n)]=w0 , n M.
Nhn xt : S hi t ca thut ton RLS c ngha khi n M. khng ging LMS ,s hi
t ca RLS t c m khng cn n .
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Trang 33
CHNG 3 :
NG DNG B LC THCH NGHI

Chng ny tip cn cc tng c bn thit k mt b lc thch nghi cho ng
dng kh nhiu, trit ting vng da trn cc l thuyt c gii thiu cc chng
trc.
Kh nhiu v trit tin vng da trn vic tr nhiu t tn hiu nhn c, mt
hot ng c iu khin theo kiu thch nghi nhm mc ch ci tin hot ng( tng
t s tn hiu trn nhiu) ca h thng. Khi s hot ng ca h thng c iu khin
bi mt qu trnh x l thch nghi, n c th t c mt hot ng h thng cao vt
tri hn so vi kh nhiu khng thch nghi.
3.1 L thuyt kh nhiu thch nghi.
3.1.1 Cc ch kh nhiu kiu thch nghi.
V c bn, mt b kh nhiu thch nghi c mt cp ng vo, cc h thng iu
khin thch nghi lp khp kn. Ton b cu trc ca h thng c xc nh nh hnh
3.1 sau y.
Hnh 3.1: Cu trc kh nhiu thch nghi.

Trong thc t, hai ng vo ca h thng c xut pht t mt i cm bin: mt
b cm bin chnh v mt b cm bin tham kho. B cm bin chnh nhn mt tn
hiu mang thng tin s(n) b thay i bi nhiu cng v0(n). Tn hiu s(n) v nhiu
Chng 3 : ng dng b lc thch nghi.
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Trang 34
cng l khng tng quan vi nhau. B cm bin tham kho nhn mt nhiu v1(n) m
khng tng quan vi tn hiu s(n) nhng tng quan vi nhiu v0(n) ng vo b
cm bin chnh, theo mt chiu hng cha xc nh:
E[s(n)v1(n-k)] = 0 ; vi mi k
(3.1)
E[v0(n)v1(n-k)] = p(k)
(3.2)
y, trc khi cc tn hiu nhn gi tr thc v p(k) l mt php tng quan

cho cha bit cho tr k.
Tn hiu tham kho v1(n) c x l bng mt b lc thch nghi cung cp tn
hiu ng ra y(n). Ng ra b lc c tr cho tn hiu chnh d(n), l p ng mong
mun ca b lc thch nghi. Tn hiu li c nh ngha nh sau:
e(n) = d(n) y(n)
(3.3)
Tn hiu li quay vng c s dng iu chnh a ra cc h s ca b lc

thch nghi, v vng lp iu khin thc hin lc v php tr c khp kn. Ch rng
s(n) tht ra l mt phn ca tn hiu li e(n). By gi, b lc thch nghi c gng ti
thiu ha gi tr trung bnh bnh phng ca tn hiu li e(n). Tn hiu mang thng tin
s(n), v bn cht khng b thay i bi b kh nhiu thch nghi. K t y, ti thiu
ha gi tr trung bnh bnh phng ca e(n) l tng ng vi vic ti thiu ha gi tr
nhiu ra v0(n) y(n). Vi s(n) cn li, v bn cht khng thay i, n theo sau vic ti
thiu ha gi tr trung bnh bnh phng ca tn hiu li, thc ra l tng t khi ti a
ha hot ng ca h thng( t s tn hiu trn nhiu) ca h thng.
Hiu qu s dng kh nhiu thch nghi, ph thuc b cm bin tham kho c
t trong trng nhiu ca b cm bin chnh vi hai mc tiu c trng lin quan:
1) Thnh phn s(n) ca ng ra b cm bin chnh l khng th nhn ra ng ra b
cm bin tham kho.
2) Ng ra b cm bin tham kho l tng quan rt cao vi thnh phn nhiu ca
ng ra b cm bin chnh. Ngoi ra, s thch nghi ca cc h s b lc c th c iu
chnh phi l iu kin thun li gn nht.
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3.1.2 Cc thut ton cp nht cho cc b lc.

T iu kin cc b lc lm mu cc thi im khc nhau, cc b lc phi khc
nhau cc thi im khc nhau, v vy cc b lc phi thch nghi. Trong thc t cho
mc ch ny, c nhiu thut ton c a ra nh ta gii thiu chng trc c
th hot ng rt tt cho s thch nghi ca cc b lc. Thc t trong iu kin kh
nhiu th thut ton LMS c s dng u tin. L do cho iu ny l cc th tc tnh
ton ca chng l tng i nh v d dng thc hin trong cc kiu khc nhau ca
vic thc hin cc ng dng.
Cc nhn t quan trng ca cc thut ton:
+ Tc hi t: lin quan n cch thc m cc thut ton dng chuyn i
nhanh cc thng s b lc nhm ti u h a cc gi tr ca chng.
+ Cc th tc tnh ton: s cc hot ng tnh ton cn cp nht mi thng s
b lc.
+ Li iu chnh: lin quan n c bao nhiu sai khc t gi tr ti u ca chng.
+ nh du: lin quan n cch thc m cc thut ton s ko theo s khc nhau
ca cc gi tr thng s.
+ thit thc: lin quan n hot ng thut ton cp nht cc thng s khng
b gi to bi s nh hng nh nh l nhiu.
+ n nh: Mt thut ton c cho l n nh nu sai s bnh phng trung
bnh hi t n gi tr cui cng.
+ Cc thuc tnh s ha: cc thut ton nn n nh trong qu trnh s ha c
ngha l t li lng t ha. Cc li lng t ha ny xy ra khi cc thut ton
c thc hin trn cc DSP, m lun lun c di t hu hn.
Trong thc t, cc thut ton c cp nht tc ly mu v hot ng tnh
ton nhanh. N khng th thc hin c cc thut ton m l chm cho cc
h thng thi gian thc. Nhn t khc m nh hng hon ton rt mnh l cc
c tnh phn cng, c thc hin cho vic thc hin cc h thng thi gian
thc.
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3.2 Cc thut ton thch nghi.

Phn ny ta s nhc s lc li hai thut ton LMS v RLS thng c s dng
trong thut ton kh nhiu thch nghi.
Nhim v ca thut ton thch nghi l cp nht cc h s b lc bng vic ti
thiu ha li trung bnh bnh phng. Cc thut ton thch nghi c th b tch ra cc
kiu ring m da trn tiu chun chng c c s dng cp nht cc h s b lc
c thch nghi khng.
Thc hin gii thut LMS .
Bc 1 : Tnh ng ra ca b lc.
N 1
y (n) w(n).x(n i) w T (n).x(n)

i 0
Bc 2 : c lng sai s ,
e(n) = d(n) y(n)
Bc 3 : Cp nht trng s nhnh ca b lc ,
w(n+1) = w(n) + x(n)e(n).
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Trang 37
Lu thut ton LMS
Bt u
c tham s , iterations,
khi w(0),x(0)
n =1
c tn hiu ng vo tn
hiu x(n) v tn hiu d(n)
Tnh ton ng ra b lc y(n)
c lng sai s e(n)
Cp nht trng s nhnh
Sai
n=
iteration
ng
Kt thc
Hnh 3.2: S thut ton LMS

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Trang 38
Hnh 3.3 m t cc kt qu thu c bng cch p dng cc thut ton LMS lc

nhiu c cha cc tn hiu u vo s (n), tn hiu mong mun: d (n) = s (n) + n2 (n) v
tn hiu li, Tham s kch thc bc c chn l 0,0002 v b lc thch nghi c
chiu di l 5. Ta c th c nhn thy trong mu xanh da tri tn hiu ng vo s(n),
tn hiu u vo. Mu xanh l cy l tn hiu u vo cng vi nhiu v mu l tn
hiu li , tn hiu sau khi qua b lc e(n).
L=5; = 0.0002
Khu nhieu tich cuc su dung thuat toan LMS
4
Tin hieu ngo vao s(n)
Tin hieu + nhieu d(n)
Tin hieu ngo ra e(n)
Bien do
-1
-2
-3
9900
9910
9920
9930
9940
9950 9960
Iterations
9970
9980
9990 10000
Hnh 3.3 Kh nhiu tch cc s dng thut ton LMS

Phn tch hnh trn, Ta c th c nhn thy rng cc thut ton LMS hiu sut b lc
khng tt, c tn hiu li ng ra e (n) c s khc bit so vi tn hiu ban u s (n),
N TT NGHIP
Trang 39
Thc hin gii thut RLS.

Bc 1 : Tnh vector li k(n).
k ( n)
1.P(n 1).u (n)

1 1.u H (n).P(n 1).u (n)
Bc 2 : Tnh ng ra ca cc b lc s dng cc trng s nhnh trc

v vector ng vo hin ti.
y(n) w(n 1).u(n)
Bc 3 : c lng sai s (error estimation)

e(n) d (n) y(n)
Bc 4 : Cp nht vector trng s nhnh w(n).

w(n) w(n 1) k H (n).e(n)
Bc 5 : Cp nht Gi tr khi to P(n) chnh l nghch o ca ma trn

tng quan, ta c:
P(n) 1.P(n 1) 1.k (n).u H (n).P(n 1) .
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Trang 40
Lu thut ton RLS

Bt u
c tham s iterations,
khi w(0),x(0),k(0),
n =1
n =n+1
c tn hiu ng vo tn
hiu x(n) v tn hiu d(n)
Kt thc
ng
Sai
Tnh vector trung gian
n=
iteration
Tnh vector li
ng
Tnh ma trn nghch o
Tnh ng ra b lc
c lng sai s
Cp nht trng s nhnh
Hnh 3.4: S thut ton RLS

Hnh 3.5 m t cc kt qu ca vic p dng cc thut ton RLS trong vic loi b
ting n. C th ni rng thut ton c hiu sut tt trong khi lm vic nh mt ANC.
ng mu xanh da tri i din cho tn hiu ban u vo s (n), ng mu xanh l
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Trang 41
cy tng trng cho tn hiu cng vi nhiu d (n) = s (n) + n2(n) v dng mu i
din cho tn hiu li e(n), n gn vi tn hiu gc u vo s (n).
L=5 ; =1;
Khu nhieu tich cuc su dung thuat toan RLS
3
Tin hieu ngo vao s(n)
Tin hieu + nhieu d(n)
Tin hieu ngo ra e(n)
Bien do
-1
-2
-3
-4
9900
9910
9920
9930
9940
9950 9960
Iterations
9970
9980
9990
10000
Hnh 3.5: Kh nhiu tch cc s dng thut ton RLS

Thut ton RLS l mt cng c quan trng cho vic xc nh cc h s ca b
lc thch nghi tuyn tnh. Thut ton RLS tng phc tp, s lng cc php ton, v
tin cy. Do , RLS a ra hi t nhanh hn v li t hn, loi b nhiu tt hn.
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Bng 3.1 : Bng cc thng s thut ton LMS v RLS

Cng sut
Cng sut
Cng sut tn
Mean
tn hiu ng
nhiu.
hiu ng ra
MSE
vo Px
Pn
Pe
LMS
0.5
0.2493
0.5032
0.0439
RLS
0.5
0.2486
0.5003
0.0016
Thut ton
Thng s MSE (mean-squared error) hay cn gi l hm chc nng J(n ) nh gi

chnh lch tn hiu ngun so vi tn hiu error. Thut ton hi t khi MSE n nh.
-
LMS
J (n)
-
[s(n) e(n)]
(3.4 )
RLS
J (n) [s(n) e(n)]2
(3.5)
Hnh 3.6: So snh thng s MSE gia LM v RLS

RLS c tc hi t nhanh hn rt nhiu so vi LMS. RLS hi t vi khong 2000
ln lp. LMS hi t vi khong 20000 ln lp.
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3.3 Gii thiu Echo v trit echo dng thut ton thch nghi.
Echo l mt s phn x m thanh n ngi nghe trong mt khong thi gian sau
m thanh gc. Ni chung, echo c mt khong delay tng i di.
V vy m trong hiu ng echo, m thanh thc v m thanh to ra c tch bit r
rng, con ngi c th nhn bit s khc bit. C ch ca echo c th c biu din
di y.
Hnh 3.7: C ch hnh thnh ECho

Theo hnh trn th tn hiu i t ngun n ngi nghe theo hai hng. Hng
u tin th tn hiu i trc tip t ngun n ngi nghe. Hng th hai th tn hiu i
n tng v b phn x ngi nghe. Qu trnh th hai din ra trong thi gian lu
hn so vi qu trnh u, v vy ngi nghe s nghe hai m thanh trong khong thi
gian khc nhau. Cng sut tn hiu ca qu trnh th hai s b suy hao do qu trnh
phn x.
Hnh 3.8: S to Echo trong DSP
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3.3.1
Trang 44
Cc loi ting vng.
C 2 loi ting vng trong mng vin thng: ting vng in t (ting vng lai) v
ting vng m.
Ting vng in t l do s mt phi hp tr khng ti cc im khc nhau dc theo
knh truyn. Ting vng lai c tao ra cc kt ni lai m thu bao 2 dy c kt
ni n chuyn mch in thoi 4 dy trong cc h thng vin thng.
Ting vng m hc l do s phn x cc sng m thanh v khp ni m hc gia
speaker v microphone trong cc in thoi hands-free, in thoi di ng v cc h
thng vin thng.
3.3.2
Qu trnh trit ting vng.
C 2 gii pht gii quyt vn ny, gim Echo (Echo Suppression) v kh

Echo (Echo Cancellation). Lun vn ny ch tp trung vo vn trit ting vng bng
cch s dng cc thut ton thch nghi (Acoustic Echo Cancellatio - AEC).
Qu trnh trit ting vng s dng cc b gii thut thch nghi LMS, RLS v mt l
thuyt cng ging nh qu trnh trit khiu thch nghi trnh by phn trn.
Hnh 3.9: Hot ng ca mt b trit ting vng
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Trang 45
(1)
Tn hiu gc
(3)
(4)
echo
X l
(5)
Tn hiu gc
(2)
Tn hiu gc c
lm tr
Hnh 3.10: S h thng trit ting vng
Trong :
(1): Tn hiu gc: x(n)
(2): Tn hiu tr k chu k mu v bin b suy gim: ax(n-kT)
(3): Khi echo: l khi tng hp gia khi (1) v khi (2):y(n)
(4): Khi x l: dng gii thut LMS trit i tn hiu tr.
(5): Tn hiu sau khi qua s l l gn ging vi tn hiu gc:x(n).
3.3.3
S dng lc thch nghi trit echo.
Tn hiu echo c a vo b lc thch nghi to ra mt bn sao ca Echo u ra

y (n) ,tn hiu cng ting vng d(n) tr i y(n) ,tn hiu li e (n) thu c t s khc
bit gia chng.
e(n) = d(n) y(n)
Hnh 3.11: S nguyn l s dng lc thch nghi trit echo.
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Trang 46
Thut ton LMS l mt trong nhng thut ton c s dng nhiu nht bi v n
rt d dng v n nh. Nhc im duy nht l tc hi t rt l chm .
Nhn vo hnh ta thy rt r khuyt im ny, ng mu tn hiu ng ra e(n)
phi n vng lp th 1500 mi dn hi t v gi tr 0,tn hiu echo ng ra cng c
lc nhng thi gian p ng rt lu.Chng ta s xem xt thut ton RLS sau.
Hnh 3.12: Trit echo s dng thut ton LMS

Thut ton RLS l mt cng c quan trng cho vic xc nh cc h s ca b
lc thch nghi tuyn tnh. Thut ton RLS tng phc tp, s lng cc php ton, v
tin cy. Do , RLS a ra hi t nhanh hn v li t hn, nhng i li yu cu
ph tn cho nhiu s tnh ton hn. Nhn vo hnh ta thy ng mu tn hiu e(n)
hi t v gi tr 0 trong nhng vn lp u tin, tn hiu echo c loi b ng ra rt
nhanh.
Hnh 3.13 : Trit echo s dng thut ton RLS
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3.3.4
Trang 47
Mt s yu t nh hng n cht lng trit ting vng.
C mt s yu t khc nhau nh hng n hiu sut cht lng b lc trit ting

vng nh l cu trc b lc , thut ton, tc d hi t,tc x l ca chip DSP.
Tc hi t: T l hi t cn phi nhanh hn c tnh
b lc mong mun. Tc hi t gim lm cho h thng khng n nh.
B lc IIR v FIR l cu trc c bn thit k b lc trit ting vng.
B lc FIR c coi l tt hn thc hin v s n nh v kh nng tnh ton tt
hn. S hi t tc c th c ci thin bi s hi t nhanh (thut ton RLS hi t
nhanh hn LMS).
nh gi cht lng ca thut ton trit ting vng ngi ta s dng thng s
ERL(echo return loss) v (echo return loss enhancement) nh gi hiu sut.
ERL : l t s gia cng sut ca tn hiu gi n loa v cng sut ting vng tr li
ca echo, c o bng dB.
ERL 10log10 (
Px
E[ x 2 (n)]
) 10log10 (
)
Pd
E[d 2 (n)]
(3.6)
ERLE :c xc nh bi t s gia cng sut tn hiu gi i v cng sut tn hiu li

cn li ngay sau khi trit ting vng, n v tnh dB.
ERLE=10log10
Pd (n)
E[d 2 (n)]
10log(
)
Pe (n)
E[e2 (n)]
(3.7)
Bng 3.2: So snh thng s ERLE gia thut ton LMS v RLS.
Thut ton
Average ERLE (dB)
LMS
31,52
RLS
39,22
Trong thc t mt mch trit ting vng tt,c Erle trong khong 30 dB - 40dB l
c coi l l tng.
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Trang 48
Hnh 3.14 : Biu so snh ERLE gi thut ton RLS v LMS

Gi tr dB dc theo trc y v s lng mu vt dc theo trc x.
Biu ca Erle cho thy rng cc Erle cho thut ton LMS, RLS u t gi tr yu
cu.
Thng s ERLE s dng thut ton RLS ln hn thut ton LMS, iu c ngha
thut ton RLS tt hn LMS.
Kt lun :
Trong lun n ny, chng ti nghin cu lm th no hy b ting vng (AEC).
Mt trong nhng vn quan quan trng trong vin thng ,h thng in thoi l
lm sao loi b c ting vng. Cc thut ton thch nghi RLS, LMS c s dng
lao b Echo trnh by trong lun n ny nh l mt gii php phn mm gii quyt
cho cc vn ca ting vng trong mi trng vin thng.
AEC l phng php thng thng gii quyt cc vn ting vng. theo l tng
iu kin AEC c th t c echo hy b hon ton.
N TT NGHIP
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CHNG 4 :
GII THIU PHN MM CCS V KIT TMS320C6713
4.1 Gii thiu v phn mm CCS (Code Composer Studio).
Code Composer Studio l mi trng pht trin tch hp (IDE) xy dng ng
dng cho cc b x l tn hiu s DSP, cc vi iu khin v cc vi x l ca hng
Texas Instruments (TI).
Code Composer Studio bao gm b cc cng c s dng pht trin v g ri
cc ng dng. N bao gm cc b bin dch cho mi h ca TI, trnh son tho m
ngun, mi trng xy dng d n, g ri, profiler, m phng v nhiu c trng
khc. CCS h tr g ri thi gian thc v m phng dng ha.CCStudio IDE
cung cp mt giao din ngi dng duy nht thc hin qua cc giai on pht
trin ng dng. Cc cng c v giao din quen thuc cho php ngi s dng lm
quen nhanh chng v thm cc chc nng cho ng dng nh cc cng c.
Cc bc c bn thc hin trn CCStudio bao gm bin dch C, hp dch, lin
kt, g ri, m phng v emulator. u tin CCStudio dch m C thnh m di
dng m gi nh hoc dng i s cho DSP c th m ta la chn (ui .asm).
Bc tip theo l dch m assembly thnh m i tng di dng nh phn
(hoc ngn ng my) c th i vi DSP la chn (ui .obj). Trnh lin kt thc
hin lin kt cc file i tng to to thnh mt file i tng duy nht bng
cch gn cc a ch tuyt i trong b nh cho DSP c th (ui .out). File thc
hin ny c th ti v chy trc tip trn b DSP.
Sau khi to ra file thc hin, chng ta phi kim tra v g ri bng cch s
dng phn mm m phng v emulator.
Chng 4 : Gii thiu phn mm CCS v Kit TMS320C6713
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Hnh 4.1: Lu pht trin phn mm to ra m i tng t ngn ng C

4.2 Gii thiu v kit TMS320C6713.
DSP Starter Kit TMS320C6713 l kit pht trin cho php ngi s dng thit
k v th nghim cc ng dng cho chip x l tn hiu s TMS320C6713
ca Texas Instruments. DSK ny c th c s dng nh mt thit k tham kho
cho giao tip gia DSP vi cc thnh phn ph bin nh SDRAM, FLASH v cc
b m ha/gii m codec. Trn Kit c b JTAG emulator cho php g ri chng
trnh t Code Composer Studio thng qua cng USB ca my tnh. DSK c cha
cc thnh phn cn thit lm vic vi DSP ca TI.DSK cng c th s dng vi
phin bn y ca Code Composer Studio v mt b JTAG emulator ngoi.
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Hnh 4.2: Board DSK 6713
Hnh 4.3: Cc thnh phn i km vi DSK TMS320C6713
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Trang 52
4.2.1 S khi v cc c trng ca kit TMS320C6713.
Hnh 4.4: S khi DSK C6713

C6713 trn DSK c 264kB b nh trong, bt u ti 0x00000000 v 16MB b nh
SDRAM ngoi, c nh x qua CE0 bt u ti 0x80000000. DSK cng bao gm
512kB b nh FLash (256kB sn sng cho ngi s dng), c nh x qua CE1 bt
u ti 0x90000000.
Mt s c trng:
DSP TMS320C6713 hot ng tn s 225MHz
Mt b codec stereo AIC23
16 Mbytes DRAM ng b
512 Kbytes b nh Flash (cu hnh mc nh 256 Kbytes)
4 LED v DIP switches
Cu hnh board bng lnh thng qua cc thanh ghi ca CPLD
Khe cm m rng
JTAG emulation
Ngun cp +5V
Chip DSP trn DSK giao tip vi cc ngoi vi trn kit thng qua b giao tip b
nh ngoi EMIF (Extrenal Memory InterFace) c
rng 32 bit. SDRAM, Flash
v CPLD c kt ni vi bus. Cc tn hiu EMIF cng c kt ni vi card

m rng thng qua cc connector kt ni vi card ca hng th ba.
N TT NGHIP
Trang 53
DSP giao tip vi cc tn hiu audio tng t thng qua b codec AIC23 v bn
jack audio 3.5mm (microphone input, line input, line output, headphone output). Ti
mt thi im, b codec c th la chn microphone hoc line input l u vo. Li ra
tng t c iu khin cho c line output (khuch i c nh) v headphone
(khuch i c th iu chnh). McBSP0 c s dng gi cc lnh ti b giao tip
iu khin codec trong khi McBSP1 c s dng cho d liu audio s.
CPLD (Programmable logic device) c s dng kt ni logic cc thnh
phn trn kit. CPLD giao tip ngi dng thng qua vic cho php cu hnh kit bng
cch c v ghi ti cc thanh ghi ca n.
DSK c 4 LED v 4 DIP switch cung cp cho ngi s dng cc tng tc, phn hi
n gin.
Code Composer giao tip vi DSK thng qua mt b JTAG emulator nhng sn s
dng cng USB. DSK cng c th c s dng vi mt b emulator ngoi qua kt ni
JTAG ngoi.
4.2.2 Hot ng c bn.
DSK c thit k lm vic vi phn mm pht trin Code Composer Studio
(CCStudio). Code Composer giao tip vi Kit thng qua b JTAG emulator on-board.
Sau khi ci t phn mm CCStudio, lm theo cc bc sau kt ni DSK vi my
tnh:
Kt ni DSK vi my tnh thng qua cable USB chun
Ni ngun vi DSK
Khi ng CCStudio trn my tnh
4.2.3 Bn nh.
H C67xx c khng gian a ch ln.Chng trnh v d liu c th t v tr bt
k trong khng gian nh.Cc a ch c rng 32 bit. Bn nh ch ra khng gian
a ch chung ca DSP 6713 bn tri v cc mc ch s dng c th ca DSK bn
phi. Mc nh, b nh trong nm a ch u ca khng gian a ch.Cc phn ca
b nh trong c th cu hnh li bng phn mm.EMIF c 4 vng a ch ring r c
gi CE0-CE3. SDRAM chim CE0 trong khi b nh Flash v CPLD chia s CE1. CE2
v CE3 dnh cho cc kt ni m rng.
N TT NGHIP
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Hnh 4.5: Bn nh v t chc b nh ca DSK C6713

4.3 Cc thnh phn ca kit TMS320C6713.
4.3.1 CPLD(Programmable Logic).
CPLD c s dng thc thi cc chc nng c th ca DSK. Vic thit k
phn cng thng s dng tp hp cc khi chc nng khc nhau v tn dng kh
nng tch hp cao ca DSP, trnh s dng cc thnh phn logic bn ngoi. CPLD
thc thi cc chc nng logic khc nhau loi b cc thit b thm vo h thng.
V d, CPLD kt ni nhiu cc tn hiu reset khc nhau n t cc nt reset v theo
di ngun v to ra mt tn hiu reset chung.
C6713 DSK s dng mt CPLD Altera EPM3128TC100-10. EPM3128TC10010 hot ng in p 3.3V, 100 chn dng ng v QFP, cha 128 macrocells,
80 chn vo/ra, thi gian tr 10 ns t chn ny n chn kia. Thit b da trn
EEPROM v c th cu hnh trong h thng thng qua giao tip JTAG. File m
ngun ca CPLD c vit theo chun cng nghip VHDL v i km vi DSK.
4.3.2 AIC23 Codec.
DSK s dng mt b codec stereo AIC23 ca Texas Instruments cho cc tn
hiu audio vo/ra. B codec ly mu cc tn hiu tng t trn microphone hoc
line input v chuyn i chng thnh tn hiu s DSP c th x l c. Khi
DSP hon thnh vic x l, n s dng b codec chuyn cc mu thnh tn hiu
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Trang 55
tng t trn ng line output v headphone ngi s dng c th nghe

c.in p ln nht ca tn hiu li vo c xc nh bi mch ADC trong
codec, gi tr ny l 6 Vpp vi codec trn Kit.
Hnh 4.6: H thng DSP vi tn hiu v, ra tng t

B codec giao tip vi DSP s dng hai knh ni tip, mt iu khin
cc thanh ghi cu hnh bn trong codec v mt gi v nhn cc mu audio s.
McBSP0 c s dng nh knh iu khin mt hng. N c lp trnh gi
t iu khin c rng 16 bit ti AIC23 di nh dng SPI. 7 bit cao ca t iu
khin xc nh thanh ghi c iu chnh v 9 bit thp cha gi tr thanh ghi. Knh
iu khin ch c s dng khi cu hnh codec, n trng thi ngh khi d liu
audio ang c truyn.
McBSP1 c s dng nh knh d liu hai hng.Tt c d liu audio i qua
knh ny.Rt nhiu nh ng d liu c h tr da trn s thay i rng
mu, ngun tn hiu clock v nh dng d liu ni tip. Cc v d DSK ni chung
s dng rng mu 16 bit vi codec ch ch, n to ra tn hiu ng b
khung tc ly mu ng m khng cn s can thip ca DSP.
Codec c tn s xung nhp h thng 12MHz. B chia bn trong codec to ra cc
tn s ly mu ph bin nh 48KHz, 44.1KHz v 8KHz. Tc ly mu c t
bi thanh ghi SAMPLERATE ca codec.
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Hnh 4.7: Giao tip ca Codec trn DSK

AIC23 l b code stereo audio, n thc hin tt c cc chc nng i
hi ca ADC, DAC, b lc thng thp, oversampling.
4.3.3 SDRAM.
DSK s dng 128 megabit b (16 megabytes) nh SDRAM giao tip qua EMIF
32 bit. SDRAM c nh a ch ti a ch bt u CE0 (c a ch 0x8000
0000).B iu khin SDRAM c tch hp l mt phn ca EMIF v phi c
cu hnh bng phn mm hot ng thch hp. Xung nhp EMIF c tnh t
xc lp PLL nn c cu hnh bng phn mm tn s 90MHz. Con s ny da
trn trn mt xung nhp ni ca PLL l 450MHz thu c tn s hot ng
225MHz nh b chia 2 v 90MHz nh b chia 5.
Khi s dng SDRAM, b iu khin phi c xc lp lm ti mi hng
ca mng nh mi 15.6 micro giy duy tr d liu. Vi tn s xung nhp 90Mhz
ca EMIF, thi gian ny tng ng vi 1400 chu k bus.
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Hnh 4.8: S khi TLV320AIC23 codec

4.3.4 B nh FLASH.
Flash l loi b nh khng mt ni dung khi mt ngun. Khi c n ging nh
mt b nh ROM. Flash c th c xa theo cc khi ln c c gi l cc
sector hoc trang. Mt khi mt khi c xa mi t c th c lp trnh
thng qua mt chui lnh c bit.Sau ton b khi phi c xa li ln na
thay i ni dung.
DSK s dng 512Kbyte b nh Flash ngoi lm ty chn khi ng. N c a
ch bt u ca CE1 (a ch 0x9000 0000). Flash c ni to ra b nh 256K 16
bit h tr ty chn khi ng 16-bit ca DSK. Tuy nhin, phn mm i km vi
DSK coi b nh Flash l b nh 8 bit (b qua 8 bit cao) ph hp vi ch
khi ng mc nh ca 6713. Trong cu hnh ny, ch c 256 Kbytes c th s
dng khi khng thay i phn mm.
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4.3.5 LED v Switch.

DSK c 4 led truy nhp c bng phn mm (D7-D10) v DIP switch cung
cp cho ngi s dng cch vo/ra n gin. C Led v switch c truy nhp
thng qua thanh ghi USER_REG ca CPLD.
4.3.6 Giao tip card m rng.
DSK cung cp ba connector m rng c th c s dng cm cc card.
Connector kt ni vi b nh, thit b ngoi vi v HPI.
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CHNG 5 :
KH NHIU,TRIT ECHO TRN KIT TMS320C6713

5.1 Kh nhiu thch nghi bng thut ton LMS trn kit TMS320C6713.
Hnh 5.1: M hnh kh nhiu thch nghi dng thut ton LMS
Hnh 5.2: M hnh chi tit khi Noise Channel

Chng 5 :Thc hin kh nhiu,trit echo trn KIT TMS320C6713
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Tin hnh bin dch, np code ln kit TMS320C6713. Quan st dng sng tn hiu
vo ra.
Hnh 5.3: M hnh kt ni kit TMS320C6713 h thng ANC

Tn hiu ng vo c ly t my pht sng v microphone
Hnh 5.4: Tn hiu ng vo h thng trit nhiu thch nghi dng thut ton LMS.
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Tn hiu ng vo input ca b lc LMS, tn hiu cng nhiu c a vo ng

Desired ca b lc LMS.
Hnh 5.5: Dng sng tn hiu ng vo cng vi nhiu dng thut ton LMS.
Kt qu: Tn hiu nhiu sau khi i qua b lc LMS ging vi tn hiu ban u.
Hnh 5.6: Dng sng tn hiu thu c sau khi trit nhiu dng thut ton LMS.
Nhn xt
Tn hiu thu c gn chnh xc so vi tn hiu ban u. Thay i gi tr variance trong
khi nhiu Gause cng ln th tn hiu thu c cng nhiu.
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Trang 62
Hm PDF ca bin ngu nhin Gauss, z, c cho bi:
p( z )
2
2
1
e ( z ) /2
2
Bng 5.1: Bng thng k gi tr bin thu c khi thay i thng s variance
Mean
()
Variance
( 2 )
Gi tr bin
Gi tr bin
tn hiu ng vo tn hiu thu c

(V)
(V)
Suy hao
0.05
5.04
2.48
-6.16
0.2
5.04
2.6
-5.75
0.4
5.04
2.76
-5.23
0.6
5.04
2.24
-7.04
0.8
5.04
2.84
-4.98
5.04
2.4
-6.44
5.2 Kh nhiu thch nghi bng thut ton RLS trn kit TMS320C6713.
Hnh 5.7: S h thng lc nhiu s dng thut ton RLS.
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Tn hiu ng vo input ca b lc RLS, tn hiu cng nhiu ( 2 =1) ti ng vo

Desired ca b lc RLS
Hnh 5.8: Dng sng tn hiu ng vo cng vi nhiu dng thut ton RLS
Kt qu :Tn hiu nhiu sau khi i qua b lc RLS , ging vi tn hiu sng sin ban
u.
Hnh 5.9: Dng sng tn hiu thu c sau khi trit nhiu dng thut ton RLS
Kt lun:
-
Kt qu thu c sau khi qua b lc RLS tt, tn hiu nhiu b loi b.
B lc thch nghi rt tt trong qu trnh kh nhiu
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5.3 Trit Echo dng thut ton LMS trn KIT TMS320C6713.
Hnh 5.10: M hnh kt ni kit TMS320C6713 h thng AEC.
Hnh 5.11: H thng to ting vng
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Trang 65
Hnh 5.12: H thng trit ting vng dng thut ton LMS
Tn hiu ng vo c ly t my pht sng, v microphone
Hnh 5.13: Dng sng tn hiu ng vo h thng trit Echo dng thut ton LMS.
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Tn hiu ng vo input ca b lc LMS, tn hiu echo c a vo ng Desired ca

b lc LMS.
Hnh 5.14: Dng sng tn hiu echo dng thut ton LMS.
Kt qu: Tn hiu nhiu sau khi i qua b lcLMS ging vi tn hiu ban u.
Hnh 5.15: Dng sng tn hiu thu c sau khi trit Echo dng thut ton LMS.
Kt lun:
-
Kt qu thu c sau khi qua b lc LMS tt, tn hiu echo b loi b.
B lc thch nghi dng thut ton LMS rt n gin nhng hiu qu trong qu
trnh kh echo .
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5.4 Trit echo s dng thut ton RLS trn kit TMS320C6713.
Hnh 5.16: S h thng trit echo s dng thut ton RLS.
Tn hiu ng vo s ng sin c ly t my pht sng, v Tn hiu echo c vo ng

Desired ca b lc RLS.
Hnh 5.17: Dng sng tn hiu Echo dng thut ton RLS
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Kt qu : Tn hiu ng vo ging vi tn hiu ng ra ,bin c suy gim so vi ban

u.
Hnh 5.18: Dng sng tn hiu thu c sau khi trit echo dng thut ton RLS.
Kt lun:
-
Kt qu thu c sau khi qua b lc RLS tt, tn hiu echo b loi b.
B lc thch nghi rt tt trong qu trnh kh echo .
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CHNG 6 :
KT LUN
6.1 Kt qu t c.
Sau qu trnh thc hin nghin cu ti, nh m thu c mt s kt qu sau :
- Tm hiu l thuyt b lc s, lc thch nghi, echo, kit DSP TMS320C6713.
- Tm hiu cc thut ton thch nghi, nguyn tc hot ng, cch thc cp nht
trng s.
Thut ton LMS:

n gin, d thc hin, tnh ton khng phc tp.
Tc hi t chm.
Thut ton RLS:

Tng s lng cc php ton, tnh ton phc tp.
Tc hi t nhanh, tin cy cao.
- M phng cc h thng trit nhiu tch cc - ANC (active noise canceller) v h

thng kh echo AEC (acoustic echo canceller) s dng cc thut ton LMS,RLS
bng Matlab t kt qu tt.
- Da vo kt qu m phng nh gi, kim chng li c u im ca thut ton
RLS so vi LMS qua thng s MSE v ERLE.
- Thc hin cc thut ton thch nghi trn Kit DSP TMS320C6713 t c mt s
kt qu nht nh.
6.2
Tn ti v hng pht trin ca ti.
6.2.1 Nhng mt cn tn ti :
- Cc m hnh m phng trn Matlab, Kit DSP TMS320C6713 ch dng li mc
tm hiu, nh gi, cha ph hp vi cc ng dng ca h thng thc t.
- Thit k b lc thch nghi da trn ngn ng Matlab khi bin dch sang ngn ng
C, vic ny s lm tn ti nguyn b nh ca Kit DSP TMS320C6713.
Chng 6 : Kt lun
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- Thc hin thut ton RLS trn kit DSP TMS320C6713 cha t c kt qu nh
mong mun.
6.2.2 Hng pht trin.
- Tip tc tm hiu, nghin cu chuyn su hn, ti u ho thut ton xy dng,
hon thin m hnh kh nhiu, trit echo qu hn.
- Pht trin ln thnh h thng x l a knh ngha l c nhiu hn 1 ngun m kh
nhiu. Mc ch nhm t c hiu qu kh nhiu trong khng gian rng hn.
- nh hng pht trin c th xy dng trin khai cc h thng ln c tnh ng
dng trong thc t, v d nh lc nhiu tn hiu in tim, h thng trit nhiu trong
xe hi, tai nghe trit nhiu tch cc, cc thit b thu tn hiu trong y t, trit echo
trong cc hi nghi trc tip,
Chng 6 : Kt lun
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PHN C :
PH LC V
TI LIU THAM
KHO
Phn C: Ph lc v ti liu tham kho
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Trang 72
PH LC
Ph lc A.
1. Hng dn bin dch Simulink sang code C.
Simulink l mt mi trng ng dng dng m phng v thit k cc m hnh
c s cho ng hc cng nh cc h thng nhng nhiu lnh vc khc nhau nh
giao tip, iu khin, x l tn hiu s, x l video, hnh nh. Vi mt giao din giao
ha trc quan t th vin cc block chc nng ca chng trnh, bn c th thit k,
m phng, thc thi chng trnh v kim tra h thng cc thi im khc nhau v
cui cng s l kt qu ca chng trnh c th hin bng th v biu bng. u
tin bn m Simulink ca Matlab ln v tin hnh ghp ni cc khi theo mc tiu ca
ti. i vi nhng phin bn Matlab khc nhau th v tr ly cc khi c thay i
cht t, chng ti ang trnh by y l Matlab 2010a. V phn mm Code
Composer Studio V 3.3 (CCS V3.3) build v load ln KIT TMS320C6713.
By gi chng ti ang tin hnh thit k mt h thng Pht Thu tn hiu cc bc
tin hnh nh sau:
1.1 Ghp ni cc khi.
-Chn khi I/O v Board C6713DSK: Target Support Package / Texas Intruments
C6000 / C6713DSK.
-Chn cc khi Gain, Digital filer , C6713 ADC, C6713 DAC trong mc Libraries v
sau kt ni li nh hnh bn di.
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- Thit lp thng s bng cch nhp i vo cc khi

+ Khi ADC
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Trang 74
+ Khi Gain.
+ Khi DAC.
1.2 Thit lp cu hnh cc thng s trc khi build.

Sau khi chy m phng thnh cng trn Simulink th bn c th bin dch sang
CCS nh sau:
-
Ln u tin bn g ticcs tch hp phin CCS vi Matlab
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Sau g ccsboardinfo kt ni CCS vi Matlab
-M ca s Simulink mun bin dch ln

Vo Simulation chn Configuration Parameter.
Hoc nhn t hp phm Ctrl + E.
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1.3 Build simulink sang ANSI C code .

Nhn vo biu tng Increment Build
hoc nhn t hp phm Ctrl+B.
-Sau khi build xong , s t ng m ca s lm vic CCS V3.3. vi y th vin

,code C ca chng trnh dch t simulink sang.
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-By gi ta c th load file .out np ln Kit TMS320C6713.
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-Kt ni thit b ngoi vi vo KIT C6713
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2. Hng dn ci t CCS V3.3 trn Windows XP.

Tin hnh ci t chng trnh.
Chn Next tip tc qu trnh ci t
Sau khi tha mn yu cu v cu hnh,chn Next tip tc
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Chn Accept tip tc
Chn Typical Install hoc Custom Install
Cui cng chn Finish kt thc.
Trang 80
Composer studio setup.

-Chn C6713 Device Cycle Accurate Simulator
Khi khng c KIT C6713 chng ta c th thit lp ch m phng v lm

vic bnh thng.
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-Ta kch chn code
- Giao din Code Composer Studio trn Windows XP
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Ph lc B : Code Matlab.
1. Kh nhiu thch nghi s dng thut ton LMS.
% ANC - LMS algorithm
% R - number of repetitions
% I - iterations
% sigmax - standard deviation of the input signal x
% Wo - plant/system to be identified
% sigman - standard deviation of the noise n
% mi - step-size parameter
% M - misadjustment
% ind - sample index
% MSE - Mean-squared error
% MSEmin - Minimum Mean-squared error
% K - Auxiliar vector to store the error btween the
% orignal signal and the error signal.
% E - Auxiliar vector to the error
%Px - cong suat tin hieu ngo vao
%Pe - cong suat tin hieu error
%Pn - cong suat nhieu
clear all;
close all;
R=10;
I=50000;
%Length of the adaptive filter
L=5;
N=L-1;
mi= 0.0002;
MSE=zeros(I,1);
E=zeros(I,1);
K=zeros(I,1);
for r=1:R
%input signal
n = (1:I)';
s = sin(0.075*pi*n);
%noise source signal
v = 0.8*randn(I,1);
%noise signal 1
ar = [1,1/2];
v1 = filter(1,ar,v);
%input signal + noise 1
x = s + v1;
%noise signal 2
ma = [1, -0.8, 0.4 , -0.2];
v2 = filter(ma,1,v);
%create the signals
%tap-weight and input vector
W=zeros(L,1);
U=zeros(L,1);
for i=1:I
U=[v2(i)
U(1:N)];
% desired signal
d=x(i);
% output estimate
y=(W'*U);
% error signal
e=(d-y);
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E(i)=E(i)+e;
K(i)=(s(i)-e);
% new/updated filter
W=(W+(2*mi*e*U));
% accummulation of MSE
MSE(i)=norm(MSE(i)+ (K(i)^2));
end
end
E=E/R;
MSE=MSE/R;
ind=0:(I-1);
Px=mean((abs(s)).^2)
Pe=mean((abs(E)).^2)
Pn=mean((abs(v)).^2)
% print the results
figure()
plot(n(9900:10000), [s(9900:10000), x(9900:10000), E(9900:10000)]);
legend('Tin hieu ngo vao s(n)', 'Tin hieu + nhieu d(n)','Tin hieu ngo ra
e(n)');
xlabel('Iterations');
ylabel('Bien do');
title('Khu nhieu tich cuc su dung thuat toan LMS');
2. Kh nhiu thch nghi s dng thut ton RLS.

%%% ANC
- RLS algorithm
% I - iterations
% sigmax - standard deviation of the input signal
% sigman - standard deviation of the noise
% W - Tap-weight of RLS algorithm
% K - gain
% lambda - Fortgetting factor 1 < lambda < 0
% LS - Weighted least-squares of the rls
% CC - Cross-correlation matrix
% delta - small positive constant
% K - Auxiliar vector to store the error btween the
% orignal signal and the error signal.
%Px - cong suat tin hieu ngo vao
%Pe - cong suat tin hieu error
%Pn - cong suat nhieu
clear all;
close all;
R=10;
I=10000;
%Length of the adaptive filter
L=5;
N=L-1;
lambda = 1;
delta = 20;
LS=zeros(I,1);
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Trang 84
E=zeros(I,1);
K=zeros(I,1);
for r=1:R
%input signal
n = (1:I)';
s = sin(0.075*pi*n);
%noise source signal
v = 0.8*randn(I,1);
%noise signal 1
ar = [1,1/2];
v1 = filter(1,ar,v);
%input signal + noise 1
x = s + v1;
%noise signal 2
ma = [1, -0.8, 0.4 , -0.2];
v2 = filter(ma,1,v);
%create the signals
%tap-weight and input vector
W=zeros(L,1);
U=zeros(L,1);
%Cross-correlation matrix fi
CC=((1/delta)*eye(L,L));
for i=1:I
U=[v2(i)
U(1:N)];
% desired signal
d=x(i);
%Step 1: Calculation the gain G
k=(((1/lambda)*CC*U)/(1+((1/lambda)*U'*CC*U)));
%Step 2: Filtering
%output estimate for the rls
y=(W'*U);
%Step 3: Error estimation
%error of the rls
e=(d-y);
E(i)=E(i)+e;
K(i)=(s(i)-e);
%Step 4: Tap-weight vector adaptation
W=W+k*conj(e);
%Step 5: Correlation Update
%calculating the CC of the rls algorithm
CC =(((1/(lambda))*CC)-((1/lambda)*k*U'*CC));
% accummulation of LS
LS(i)=(LS(i)+(lambda*K(i)^2));
end
end
E=E/R;
LS=LS/R;
ind=0:(I-1);
Px=mean((abs(s)).^2)
Pe=mean((abs(E)).^2)
Pn=mean((abs(v)).^2)
% print the results
figure()
plot(n(9900:end), [s(9900:end), x(9900:end), E(9900:end)]);
legend('Tin hieu ngo vao s(n)', 'Tin hieu + nhieu d(n)','Tin hieu ngo ra
e(n)');
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ylabel('Bien do');
title('Khu nhieu tich cuc su dung thuat toan RLS' );
3. Trit ting vng s dng thut ton thch nghi LMS

LMS AEC
% AEC - LMS algorithm
% I - iterations
% mi - step size
% MSE - Mean-squared error
% MSEmin - Minimum Mean-squared error
% D - Auxiliar vector to the desired response
% Y - Auxiliar vector to the filter output
clear all
close all
R = 10;
I = 5000;
% parameters
sigmax = 1;
sigman = 0.01;
mi = 0.01;
MSE=zeros(I,1);
Y=zeros(I,1);
D=zeros(I,1);
E=zeros(I,1);
MSEmin=zeros(I,1);
Wo = randn(7,1);
% length of the plant/system
L=length(Wo);
% order of the plant/system
N=L-1;
for r=1:R,
X=zeros(L,1);
W=zeros(L,1);
% input
n = (1:I)';
x = sin(0.0295*pi*n);
% delayed version of the input
delay=zeros(20,1);
xd=[delay
x(1:(I-20))];
% noise
n=randn(I,1)*sigman;
%awgn(n,);
for i=1:I,
X=[xd(i)
X(1:N)];
% desired signal
d=x(i)+xd(i);
D(i)=(D(i)+d);
% output estimate
y=(W'*X);
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Y(i)=(Y(i)+y);
% error signal
e=(d+n(i)-y);
E(i)=E(i)+e;
W=(W+(2*mi*e*X));
MSE(i)=norm(MSE(i)+(e^2));
MSEmin(i)=norm(MSEmin(i)+((n(i))^2));
end
end
% sample index
ind=0:(I-1);
MSE = MSE/R;
MSEmin = MSEmin/R;
% Misadjustment computation
M=MSE./MSEmin-1;
% print the results
figure();
plot(ind,D, ind,Y,ind,E);
ylabel('Signal Value');
title('Acoustic Echo Canceller using the LMS Algorithm' );
legend('Desired','Output','Error');
4. Trit ting vng s dng thut ton thch nghi RLS

RLS AEC
%%% AEC - RLS algorithm
% I - iterations
% W - Tap-weight of RLS algorithm
% K - gain
% lambda - Fortgetting factor 1 < lambda < 0
% LS
- Weighted least-squares of the rls
% CC - Cross-correlation matrix
% delta - small positive constant
% D - Auxiliar vector to the desired response
%
Y - Auxiliar vector to the filter output
clear all
close all
R = 10;
I = 5000;
% parameters
sigmax = 1;
sigman = 0.01;
mi = 0.02;
lambda = 1;
delta = 0.01;
LS=zeros(I,1);
Y=zeros(I,1);
D=zeros(I,1);
E=zeros(I,1);
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MSEmin=zeros(I,1);
Wo = randn(7,1);
L=length(Wo);
N=L-1;
for r=1:R,
X=zeros(L,1);
W=zeros(L,1);
% input
n = (1:I)';
x = sin(0.0295*pi*n);
delay=zeros(20,1);
xd=[delay
x(1:(I-20))];
% noise
%Cross-correlation matrix fi
for i=1:I,
X=[xd(i)
X(1:N)];
% desired signal
d=x(i)+xd(i);
D(i)=(D(i)+d);
k=(((1/lambda)*CC*X)/(1+((1/lambda)*X'*CC*X)));
%Step 2: Filtering
y=(W'*X);
Y(i)=(Y(i)+y);
e=((d-n(i))-y);
E(i)=E(i)+e;
W=W+k*conj(e);
CC =(((1/(lambda))*CC)-((1/lambda)*k*X'*CC));
LS(i)=(LS(i)+(lambda*e^2));
end
end
% sample index
ind=0:(I-1);
n = (0:I-1)';
LS = LS/R;
MSEmin = MSEmin/R;
M=LS./MSEmin-1;
figure();
plot(n(1:500),[D(1:500), Y(1:500),E(1:500)]);
ylabel('Signal Value');
title('Acoustic Echo Canceller using the RLS Algorithm' );
legend('Desired','Output','Error');
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N TT NGHIP
5. So snh thng s ERLE ca hai thut ton RLS v LMS

clear all
close all
R = 10;
I = 5000;
sigmax = 1;
sigman = 0.01;
Wo = randn(7,1);
L=length(Wo);
N=L-1;
Pn=zeros(I,1);
%thong so LMS
mi = 0.01;
Ylms=zeros(I,1);
Dlms=zeros(I,1);
Elms=zeros(I,1);
ERLElms=zeros(I,1);
Pdlms=zeros(I,1);
Pelms=zeros(I,1);
%thong so RLS
lambda = 1;
delta = 0.01;
ERLErls=zeros(I,1);
Pdrls=zeros(I,1);
Perls=zeros(I,1);
Yrls=zeros(I,1);
Drls=zeros(I,1);
Erls=zeros(I,1);
for r=1:R,
%%% LMS
Xlms=zeros(L,1);
Wlms=zeros(L,1);
%%%%RLS
Xrls=zeros(L,1);
Wrls=zeros(L,1);
% input
n = (1:I)';
x = sin(0.0295*pi*n);
delay=zeros(20,1);
xd=[delay
x(1:(I-20))];
% noise
%ma tran tuong quan cheo
for i=1:I,
%%cong suat nhieu
pn(i)=abs(n(i))^2;
Pn(i)=Pn(i)+pn(i);
% desired signal
d=x(i)+xd(i);
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N TT NGHIP
%%%%%LMS
Xlms=[xd(i)
Xlms(1:N)];
Dlms(i)=(Dlms(i)+d);
pdlms(i) = abs(Dlms(i))^2;
Pdlms(i)=Pdlms(i)+pdlms(i);
% output estimate
ylms=(Wlms'*Xlms);
Ylms(i)=(Ylms(i)+ylms);
% error signal
elms=(d+n(i)-ylms);
Elms(i)=Elms(i)+elms;
pelms(i)=abs(Elms(i))^2;
Pelms(i)=Pelms(i)+pelms(i);
Wlms=(Wlms+(2*mi*elms*Xlms));
%SNR
erlelms(i)=mean(Pdlms(i))/mean(Pelms(i));
ERLElms(i)=ERLElms(i)+erlelms(i);
%%%%%%RLS
Xrls=[xd(i)
Xrls(1:N)];
Drls(i)=(Drls(i)+d);
k=(((1/lambda)*CC*Xrls)/(1+((1/lambda)*Xrls'*CC*Xrls)));
%Step 2: Filtering
yrls=(Wrls'*Xrls);
Yrls(i)=(Yrls(i)+yrls);
%error of the rls
erls=((d-n(i))-yrls);
Erls(i)=Erls(i)+erls;
Wrls=Wrls+k*conj(erls);
CC =(((1/(lambda))*CC)-((1/lambda)*k*Xrls'*CC));
pdrls(i) = abs(Drls(i))^2;
Pdrls(i)=Pdrls(i)+pdrls(i);
perls(i)=abs(Erls(i))^2;
Perls(i)=Perls(i)+perls(i);
erle(i)=mean(Pdrls(i))/mean(Perls(i));
ERLErls(i)=ERLErls(i)+erle(i);
end
end
% sample index
ind=0:(I-1);
ERLElms=ERLElms/R;
ERLErls=ERLErls/R;
maxERLElms=max(10*log10(ERLElms))
meanERLElms=mean(10*log10(ERLElms))
maxERLErls=max(10*log10(ERLErls))
meanERLErls=mean(10*log10(ERLErls))
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N TT NGHIP
% print the results
figure();
plot(10*log10(ERLElms));
hold on
plot(10*log10(ERLErls),'r');
axis([0 200 -40 100]);
title('echo return loss enhancement');
ylabel('dB');
legend ('lms','rls');
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N TT NGHIP
Trang 91
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Adaptive filters: theory and applications, John Wiley and Sons Ltd., Chichester,
1998.
[2] Adaptive Filtering Algorithms and Practical Implementation , Paulo S.R. Diniz.
[3] Simon Halkins, Adaptive Filter Theory,3 rd
Newjercy, Princetonhall 1996.
Edition, Englewoodclifes,
[4] Homana, I.; Topa, M.D.; Kirei, B.S.; Echo cancelling using adaptive
algorithms, Design and Technology of Electronics Packages, (SIITME) 15th
International Symposium., pp. 317-321, Sept.2009.
[5] J.G. Proakis and D.G. Manolakis, Digital Signal Processing Principles,Algorithms
and Applications, Prentice Hall,1996.
[6] Homer, J. 1994, Adaptive Echo Cancellation in Telecommunications. PhD
thesis, University of Newcastle, Newcastle.
[7] Michel Hutson, Acoustic Echo Cancellation, B.E. Thesis, The University of
Queensland, Nov.2003.

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N TT NGHIP

Phn A : Gii thiu

Phn A : Gii thiu

CNG HO X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

Ngnh : Cng ngh in t -Vin Thng

Ngy thng.nm 2014

Phn A : Gii thiu

NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN

Phn A : Gii thiu

NHN XT CA GIO VIN PHN BIN

Phn A : Gii thiu

TP.HCM, Ngy.thng.nm 2014

Phn A : Gii thiu

Phn A : Gii thiu

Gii thiu v b lc s ..................................................................................... 17

CHNG 2: B LC THCH NGHI .......................................................................... 19

Mt s khi nim c bn.................................................................................. 19

2.1.1 Bin ngu nhin. ........................................................................................... 19

Gii thiu v lc thch nghi. ............................................................................ 21

Cc cu trc lc thch nghi. ............................................................................. 22

2.3.1 Kh nhiu. .................................................................................................... 22

Cc thut ton lc thch nghi. .......................................................................... 24

2.4.1 Thut ton LMS............................................................................................ 24

L thuyt kh nhiu thch nghi. ....................................................................... 33

Phn A : Gii thiu

3.1.1 Cc ch kh nhiu kiu thch nghi. ......................................................... 33

Cc thut ton thch nghi. ................................................................................ 36

3.3.1 Cc loi ting vng. ...................................................................................... 44

Gii thiu v phn mm CCS (Code Composer Studio). ................................ 49

Gii thiu v kit TMS320C6713. .................................................................... 50

4.2.1 S khi v cc c trng ca kit TMS320C6713. .................................. 52

Cc thnh phn ca kit TMS320C6713. .......................................................... 54

CHNG 5 : KH NHIU,TRIT ECHO TRN KIT TMS320C6713 .................... 59

CHNG 6 :KT LUN ............................................................................................. 69

Tn ti v hng pht trin ca ti. ................................................................ 69

6.2.1 Nhng mt cn tn ti : ................................................................................... 69

Hng dn bin dch Simulink sang code C. ...................................................... 72

Hng dn ci t CCS V3.3 trn Windows XP. ............................................... 79

Ph lc B : Code Matlab. ........................................................................................... 82

Phn A : Gii thiu

Acoustic Echo Canceller

Active Noise Canceller

Code Composer Studio

Complex Programmable Logic Device

Digital Signal Processing

Extrenal Memory InterFace

Echo return loss

Echo Return Loss Enhancement

Finite Impulse Response

Infinite Impulse Response

Phn A : Gii thiu

Phn A : Gii thiu

Hnh 4.7: Giao tip ca Codec trn DSK .................................................................. 56

Phn A : Gii thiu

phi thng ca cc b lc s lm cho chng tr nn rt ph bin nh ngy nay. Cc

Hnh 1.1: Qu trnh hot ng ca mt b lc s.

ng( Dynamic Range) v bin v tn s u rng. Tuy nhin cc b lc s th c

1.2 Gii thiu v b lc s

Hnh 1.2: p ng xung, p ng bc v p ng tn s ca b lc.

Chng 1 : Tng quan v lc s.

2.1.1 Bin ngu nhin.

Chng 2 : B lc thch nghi.

Trong , E l ton t k vng thng k, v hm t tng quan ca qu trnh ngu

Trong , du * l k hiu ca lin hp phc.