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i

WAVELENGTH DOMAIN MULTIPLEXED (WDM) FIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATION


NETWORKS (ghp knh phn chia bc sng trong truyn thng mng cp quang) .............. 1
I. GII THIU ............................................................................................................................... 1
Bng thng quang .......................................................................................................................................... 2
Gii thiu v cng ngh WDM ...................................................................................................................... 3
Tn sc sc th ............................................................................................................................................... 4
Tnh phi tuyn trong si quang ...................................................................................................................... 7
Trn bn sng ................................................................................................................................................ 9
B tn sc v qun l ..................................................................................................................................... 9
Chirped Fiber Bragg Grating ( cch t si quang Bragg chu k bit i) ................................................. 11
iu ho b tn sc ...................................................................................................................................... 13
13.3 KIN TRC C BN CA MNG WDM ........................................................................... 14
ng truyn Point-to-Point........................................................................................................................ 14
Mng nh tuyn bc sng ......................................................................................................................... 14
WDM Stars, Rings, and Meshes .................................................................................................................. 15
Mng ti cu hnh ........................................................................................................................................ 16
Mch chuyn i v chuyn mch gi ......................................................................................................... 18
13.4 B khuch i quang si c pha tp erbium trong mang WDM ............................................... 20
li khuch i cao tng trong EDFA ghp tng ..................................................................................... 20
S san bng li EDFA ............................................................................................................................ 22
Fast Power Transients (Qu trnh chuyn tip cng sut nhanh) ................................................................. 22
Bng thng siu rng EDFA ........................................................................................................................ 24
13.5 CN BNG CNG SUT KNH NG ............................................................................. 25
13.6 Nhiu xuyn m trong MNG WDM ...................................................................................... 27
Nhiu xuyn m ri rc ................................................................................................................................ 27
Nhiu xuyn m nht qun .......................................................................................................................... 27
13.7 TM TT .................................................................................................................................. 29
1

CHAPTER 13
WAVELENGTH DOMAIN MULTIPLEXED
(WDM) FIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATION
NETWORKS (ghp knh phn chia bc sng
trong truyn thng mng cp quang)


I. GII THIU
Truyn thng quang tri qua nhiu thay i mang tnh cch mng t nhng ngy
truyn a khong cch ngn ti 0,8 m. Chng ta thy, vi s ra i ca b khuch i si
quang (EDFAs), n knh truyn chuyn tip vi 10 Gb/s trn ton b hn 8000 km
2
. Chng
ta c th xem xt nhng ng truyn n knh point-to-point c hon thin v thc hin
thc t, d c th c nhiu ci tin. Mc d kt qu n knh kh n tng, n vn c hai
nhc im (1) h tn dng li th ca ch mt phn rt nh ca bng thng rt ln c sn
trong mt si quang hc, v (2) h kt ni hai im cui ring bit, khng cho php mt mi
trng a ngi dng. K t khi yu cu t l truyn d liu gia nhiu ngi dng tng vi
tc t bin trong nhiu nm qua, mt mc tiu ln l hon thin kt ni nhiu ngi
dng vi mt h thng truyn thng quang hc bng thng cao. Bng cch s dng ghp
knh phn chia bc sng (WDM), mt h thng a ngi dng n gin c th l mt lin
kt point-to-point vi nhiu knh ng thi, v mt h thng phc tp hn c th mang hnh
thc ca mt mng li khu vc, thnh ph, hoc din rng vi kt ni hai chiu cao hoc phn b
mt chiu n gin.
Nhiu tin b k thut t c trong cc h thng quang WDM k t s xut
hin ca EDFAs, mt cng ngh to iu kin ch cht cho WDM. Mt s ng dng tim
nng ca cng ngh WDM bao gm mt h thng ghp bng thng cao, ng thi chia s
thng tin, d liu v tng tc x l, v v s cc dch v a phng tin, cc ng dng
video, v thm vo trc y nhng dch v khng tng. Mng quang WDM, vi nhng
vn nh chc nng, tnh tng thch, v xc nh chi ph m h thng s dn c thc
hin. Chng ny s gii quyt cc vn mt s k thut, gii php kh thi, v tin b gn
y trong lnh vc th v ca h thng thng tin si quang WDM.
2


Bng thng quang
ng lc thc y vic s dng cc h thng quang a knh l bng thng rt ln c
trong si quang. ng cong suy gim nh mt hm ca bc sng sng mang quang c
th hin trong hnh.
4
1. C hai ng tn hao thp, mt gn 1,3 m v mt tn hao thp gn 1,55
m. Xem xt ng ti 1,55m, l khong rng 25.000 GHz. (Lu rng do c im v
cng thch hp ca EDFA, khuch i ch gn 1,55 m, hu ht cc h thng s s dng
EDFAs v do khng s dng bng tn tn sc v 0 ti 1,3 m ca cc c s quy c si
quang hin ti.)

Hnh 1: Si tn hao nh mt hm ca bc sng trong single-mode si silic
thng thng. Quang ph thu c ca cc EDFA cng c hin th
c tnh bng thng cao ca si quang c ngha l mt sng mang quang duy nht
ti 1,55 m c th iu ch bng gc khong ~ 25.000 Gb/s, chim 25.000 GHz xung quanh
1,55 m, trc khi tn tht truyn ti ca si quang s hn ch truyn dn. R rng, tc bit
ny l khng th i vi cc thit b in v quang hin nay t c, cho d thm ch l siu
laser, b modulators bn ngoi, switches, v cm bin tt c u c bng thng <100 GHz.
Thc t ng truyn d liu hin nay l chm hn ng k, c l khng qu 10 Gb / s cho
mi knh. K t khi mt knh n tc cao ch c li th ca mt phn rt nh ca bng
thng si c sn, mt phng php ghp knh hiu qu l cn thit tn dng bng thng
rt ln c cung cp bi si quang. Nh chng ta s thy trong chng ny, WDM c
chng minh l phng php thch hp nht.



3

Gii thiu v cng ngh WDM
Trong cc h thng thc t, thm ch l mt knh n c l s l mt s kt hp ca
nhiu tn hiu tc thp, v rt t cc ng dng c nhn ngy nay s dng bng thng cao
ny. Cc knh tc thp hn c ghp li vi nhau trong thi gian hnh thnh mt knh
tc cao hn. iu ny ghp knh phn chia thi gian (TDM) c th c thc hin trong
c hai lnh vc in hoc quang. Trong TDM, mi knh tc thp hn truyn mt bit (hoc
mt tp hp cc bit, c gi l mt gi) trong mt khong thi gian nht nh v sau ch
i n lt mnh truyn ti mt bit (hoc gi) sau khi tt c cc knh khc c c hi
ca h truyn. TDM l kh ph bin vi cc mng li in t hin nay v kh n gin
thc hin trong mt mng quang tc 10 Gb / s. Tuy nhin, nh cp trc y,
chng trnh ny t n khng th hy vng s tn dng bng thng c sn bi v n b hn ch
bi tc ca thi gian ghp knh v thi gian gii m cc thnh phn knh. Hn na, truyn
dn tc cc cao b hn ch bi si tn sc v phi tuyn.

Khai thc nhiu bng thng THz ca si chng ta tm cc gii php b sung hoc
thay th TDM. Mt s la chn r rng l WDM, trong mt s knh iu ch bng tn c
s c truyn dc theo si n nhng vi mi knh nm bc sng khc nhau (xem hnh.
2.) 6-9 Mi N bc sng laser khc nhau ang hot ng chm hn tc Gb / s, nhng h
thng t hp c truyn pht N ln tc tia laser ring l, cung cp nng lc nng cao
ng k. Cc knh WDM c tch ra trong bc sng trnh nhiu xuyn m khi chng
c ghp bi b lc quang khng l tng. Cc bc sng c th c chuyn ring bit
thng qua mng li hoc phc hi ring bit bng cc thnh phn bc sng chn lc.
WDM cho php chng ta s dng nhiu bng thng si c sn, mc d thit b khc nhau, h
thng v cc vn mng s hn ch s dng bng thng si mt cch ti a.
Hnh 3 cho thy tc tng trng lin tc cng sut trong h thng si quang trong
vng 15 nm qua, ni ETDM v OTDM i din cho in t ghp knh phn chia thi gian
v ghp knh quang phn chia thi gian tng ng. Kh nng th hin cao nht t c
khi s dng WDM. Mt im th v v xu hng ny, d bo mt thp k trc y bi T. Li
ca AT & T Bell Labs, xng ng c cp. Xu hng, m tn ti trong hn mt thp
k, l dung lng truyn dn tng gp i mi hai nm. Cng ngh WDM cung cp cc
phng tin cho xu hng ny tip tc, v khng c l do cho rng WDM s khng th
tip tc to ra tin b ng k. Trong thc t, cng sut hng trm Gb/s gn y c thc
hin trong h thng WDM thng mi.
4

Nh cp trong mc 13.1, trc khi s dng rng ri EDFAs, truyn dn ng
di cn phc hi nh k ca tn hiu. Vic cm ng v truyn li nh b cho c hai suy hao
v si cp tc dng tn sc sc th. Tuy nhin, khi mt EDFA c s dng trong cc ng
dy truyn ti, n ch b cho suy hao, cho php cc hiu ng khc nh tn sc v tch t phi
tuyn khng b cn tr dc theo ng truyn dn. Mc d si dch tn sc (DSF) c th
c s dng trong cc h thng EDFA gim thiu tc ng ca tn sc khi knh truyn
ang hot ng gn bc sng tn sc-zero, hiu ng phi tuyn khc nhau cng s tch ly
dc theo ng truyn v gy hn ch nghim trng trong truyn dn WDM. Cc hiu ng
phi tuyn bao gm cc qu trnh kch thch tn x (v d, Raman v tn x Brillouin) v vt
cht tng tc chit sut [tc l t iu ch cho pha (SPM v XPM) v trn bn sng
(FWM)].

Hnh 2: Nhiu knh WDM truyn trong mt si quang.

Hnh 3: Lin tc tng trng cng sut trong cc h thng truyn dn cp quang.

Tn sc sc th
Nu khng c phi tuyn si quang, in trng ca mt tn hiu phn cc tuyn tnh
truyn trong n mode (SMF) c th c m t bng
5

( )

)
[[()

]]
()
ti z l hng truyn, t l thi gian, l suy hao ca si, () l hng s truyn,
l tn s gc, v C.C. l hng s phc. Cc phng thc truyn khng i () c th c
m rng trong mt chui Taylor v tn s trung tm
0
.
(()

()
Ti

( ) ()

0
/
0
l vn tc pha, trong khi 1/1 l vn tc ng bao, l tc ca nng
lng (xung quang hc) truyn. Thut ng m t
2
ph thuc tn s ca vn tc ng bao
l tn sc sc th (hoc vn tc ng bao tn sc) ca si.
T xung quang bao gm cc thnh phn tn s khc nhau truyn tc khc nhau
trong si do tn sc sc th, xung s c m rng khi n truyn qua si quang, nh th hin
trong hnh. 4.

Hnh 4: (a) Thng tin bng thng d liu. (b) M rng ca mt xung quang truyn
qua mt si n mode.

Trong cc h thng sng nh sng, n thun tin hn s dng:
2 2
2
2
)
1
( |

t
e
|

c
d d
d
v d
d
D
g
~ = = (4)
trong cc n v ca ps/nm/km, y l lng m rng ca mt xung vi bng thng
1 nm sau khi truyn qua 1 km cp quang, thay v
2
, i din cho tn sc sc th. i vi
truyn SMF D thng l 17 ps/nm/km.
Trong thc t, tn sc sc th cng nh bc sng ph thuc. Chng ta nh ngha
nh dc tn sc sc th, ng vai tr quan trng trong bng rng h thng WDM ng
di:
)
2
2 (
2
3 2 3
|

t
|

c c
d
dD
= (5)
6

Trong mt h thng thng tin lin lc, khi mt lung d liu bao gm nhiu xung
quang trong chui truyn qua mt si phn tn, mi xung m rng lan vo cc khe thi gian
khc, gy nhiu lin k hiu ISI sau khi truyn, nh th hin trong cc kt qu m phng cho
truyn tn hiu 10 Gb/s trong hnh. 5.
Trong hnh. 5, chng ta cng c th thy rng s bin dng do tn sc sc th ph
thuc vo tc d liu ca tn hiu. Trn thc t, si tn sc sc th t gii hn v c tc
d liu knh v khong cch truyn dn, k t khi m rng xung ph thuc vo c hai.
c tnh n gin ca gii hn tn sc l:
A
=
BD
L
D
1
(6)
Ti L
D
l khong cch truyn dn m ti s m rng xung vt qu mt bit thi
gian, B l tc d liu, v l bng thng ca tn hiu a vo si. T l tuyn tnh t
l thun vi tc d liu B, khong cch truyn dn tn sc gii hn t l nghch vi B
2
.

S
dng 2,5 Gb/s, 17 ps/nm/km, v 0,025 nm cho B, D, v , chng ta c tnh gii hn tn sc
cho 2,5 Gb/s h thng iu ch chirp_free(s bin i tn s theo thi gian t do) s l
khong 1000 km. Tuy nhin, khi tng tc d liu ti 10 Gb / s, gii hn gim xung 60
n 70 km. Do , sau khi truyn 100 km SMF, mc d khng c suy hao mc 2,5 Gb/s,
xung 10 Gb/s b bp mo nghim trng.

Hnh 5:

Tn hiu dng sng bin dng do si tn sc trong 2,5 Gb / s v 10 Gb / s h
thng quang truyn SMF sau 0, 50, v 100 km (gi s iu ch chirp free).

R rng l trong cc h thng d liu tc cao si tn sc sc th phi c gim
cho php b lp t ng truyn di. Mt cch n gin vt qua nhng gii hn tn
sc l bc sng tn sc dch chuynv 0 ca si n 1,55 m. Cc gii hn tn sc trong
DSF c tng ln ng k so vi SMF. Tuy nhin, nh chng ta s tho lun trong phn tip
theo, hu ht cc hiu ng tnh phi tuyn trong si quang s p t nhng hn ch quan trng
7

v hiu nng h thng khi tn sc thp, khin cho qun l cng mt lc c tn sc mu v
tnh phi tuyn trong si quang l mt trong nhng vn quan trng nht trong thit k h
thng. V vy, chng ta s tho lun v b tn sc v qun l sau khi xem xt tm tt tnh phi
tuyn trong si quang



Tnh phi tuyn trong si quang
Si quang silica c nhng phi tuyn tnh nht nh kt hp vi n. Cc hiu ng phi
tuyn chnh l mi s ph thuc vo cng sut (v d, cng ) ca cc tn hiu truyn, tn
hiu yu khng phi chu nh hng ng k. Hn na, nhng nh hng i hi mt
khong cch nht nh truyn cho php tng tc tch ly v tr thnh c lin quan.
Tho lun chi tit v tnh phi tuyn trong si quang c th c tm thy trong
Chng 3. Trong phn ny chng ti s m t ngn gn khim h thng do mt s tnh phi
tuyn trong si quang quan trng nht.
Self-Phase Modulation and Cross-Phase Modulation (T iu ch dch pha v
iu ch cho pha) Cc phi tuyn tho lun trong phn ny v tip theo tt c ht ngun ca
chng thc t l ch s khc x ca mt si quang thay i phi tuyn vi nng lng tn hiu
) (
2
eff
linear
A
P
n n n + = (7)
trong n
2
l h s ch s phi tuyn (3.2 10
-16
cm
2
/W cho si silica), n
linear
l ch
s tuyn tnh khc x, P l cng sut quang v A
eff
l din tch ct ngang. T khi ch s khc
x cc b l mt hm cng quang ca tn hiu truyn, xung quang khng vung s tri
qua mt ch s khc x khc nhau ty thuc vo cng sut quang ti mi a im thi gian.
Nh chng ta bit, tc ca mt sng quang trong mt mi trng ph thuc vo ch s
khc x. Do , ch s khc x khc nhau s gy ra cng khc nhau truyn vi tc
khc nhau dc theo si. Do , dao ng nng lng quang c chuyn i sang pha dao
ng. Giai on chuyn i ny gy ra cc xung tm thi phn tn trong si v gii hn
khong cch truyn dn v tc tn hiu.

8

Hnh 6: M rng xung bi SPM v XPM

Tc ng ny i vi mt xung quang n c gi l t iu ch pha (SPM) v s
lm mo m mt xung quang truyn nh hnh. 6. Lu rng c thi gian ln quang ph u
m rng kt qu t tnh phi tuyn ny.
Tc ng ny ca tc truyn ph thuc vo cng ny kh quan trng khi xem
xt truyn dn WDM ca mt s knh. Nng lng quang t cc xung d liu trn mt knh
s nh hng n ch s khc x, tc truyn, tn sc v gy ra s bin dng ca cc xung
d liu trn cc knh khc nu chng c tm thi c sp xp vo mt ch. V mi sng
nm bc sng truyn dn khc nhau, cc knh khc nhau s truyn vi tc khc nhau,
v xung d liu t mt knh s truyn thng qua cc xung d liu t cc knh khc, gy ra
mt s mt tng th ca s bin dng v tn sc t mt knh ti cc tip theo. Nhiu cho
knh ny c gi l iu ch cho pha (XPM) (xem hnh. 6). Lu rng XPM khng i
xng nh hai xung i qua nhau do nng lng quang khng n nh dc theo mt nhp si
vi tng s khuch i. Hn na, s bin dng gy ra bi XPM ph thuc vo s phn tn
cc b ca si quang
17
. Tng tn sc cc b c th ngn chn nhng nh hng ca XPM v
xung trn cc knh khc nhau c xu hng i nhanh hn, v XPM khng th tch t.
Hnh 7 cho thy nhng nh hng ca XPM trn vic thc hin h thng 10 Gb/s.
T l tn hiu nhiu (SNR) ca tn hiu nhn c v nh l mt hm ca tn sc cc b
trong mt h thng tn sc b, cho thy hiu ng XPM c th b p ch bng cch a mt
lng thch hp tn sc cc b vo trong si.

Hnh 7 : Hiu nng h thng trong s c mt ca XPM
17
9


Hnh 8: Trn bn sng trong h thng WDM
16



Trn bn sng
Hnh 8 cho thy tnh trng m trong hai knh kt hp vi nhau, to ra cng sut
quang ti s tng hp v chnh lch vt qua tn s (xem chng 3). iu quan trng cn
lu l FWM ch xy ra khi (1) hai knh trn nm gn bc sng tn sc-zero ca si, v (2)
khong cch knh l cha n vi 10s ca GHz. Nhng iu kin c k t khi hai sng phi
duy tr cc yu cu hp pha nht nh. nh hng t quan trng ca FWM l cc knh ban
u phi chu mt tn tht in nng do nng lng truyn cho cc sn phm mi c to
ra, v cc vn quan trng hn xy ra khi c ba hoc nhiu knh tn hiu WDM ban u to
ra nhiu sn phm pha trn. N l kh kh nng l mt s sn phm s xut hin cng mt
bc sng l mt trong nhng tn hiu ban u. Sau , khi mt b lc quang cui cng phc
hi tn hiu ban u ny, c hai tn hiu ban u v mt sn phm FWM s c pht hin.
Sn phm ny c mt s iu ch trn n da trn s kt hp ca cc knh to ra n, v kt
qu nhiu xuyn m nghim trng .
18,19
Phng trnh m t s hnh thnh ca cc sn phm
FWM gia hai sng A1 v A2 l:
20
2 1 4 3 4 3
*
2 1 1
1
, k k k k k e A A A A i
dz
dA
kz i
+ = A =
A
(8)
Ti * l lin hp phc, v k l pha ca sng truyn i.
Hnh 8 cng cho thy s ph thuc ca hiu ng FWM trn si tn sc.
16
Tng gi
tr tn sc cc b trong cc si truyn gip ngn chn s nhiu xuyn m FWM gy ra, k t
khi tn sc cao c th ph hy cc iu kin hp pha i vi vic pht FWM.

B tn sc v qun l
10

Trong phn trc, chng ta thy rng mc d si tn sc thng c coi l mt
c tnh m, n c tc dng p ch FWM v XPM. Do , n c th khng c tt lm
gim s tn sc si dch v 0 bng cch s dng DCF trong h thng. L mt thay th, chng
ta gi tn sc cc b dc theo ng truyn cao ngn chn hiu ng phi tuyn, trong
khi tng tn sc vn hnh ca ng gn bng khng, nh trong Fig. 9. Chng ta s gii thiu
mt s k thut b tn sc/qun l quan trng nht trong phn ny.

Hnh 9: V d s tn sc cho mt h thng qun l tn sc.
(DCF) l phng php b tn sc thnh cng nht
21,22
bi v hot ng li dng
bng rng r rng ca n. Hn na, nh th hin trong hnh. 10, DCF c th cung cp khng
ch l tn sc m rt cao, nhng cng l mt ng tn sc m gim xung, c th gim thiu
cc tc ng tch ly tn sc trn cc knh cch xa bc sng tn sc zero trong h thng
WDM ng di. Gi tr tn sc m i vi DCF thng l -80 n -100 ps/nm, do , mt
thi gian tng i ngn DCF c th b p di lu hn na ca SMF.
Thit k s ch s khc x ca si bng cch thm germanium vo li to ra s
tn sc m cao ca DCF. V vy, tn tht trong si ny (thng l 0,3-0,5 dB / km) cao hn
tiu chun SMF. Mt phng php khc i vi DCF l nh hng cc ch c bn vo
lp ph tng s tn sc ng dn sng, gim thiu tn hao bn trong. Tuy nhin, gim
cong s kh cho thit k nh vy, lm cho n kh ng gi si s dng thc t. Hn na,
kch thc li ca DCF thng l nh hn nhiu so SMF (<4 mm so vi ~ 9 mm cho SMF),
dn n tnh phi tuyn si gy ra cao hn. V vy, mc d DCF l thng mi c sn v c
s dng trong cc h thng quang hc, ngi ta vn tip tc tm kim gii php tt hn
qun l tn sc si.
Si c bit cho qun l tn sc Mt bt li ng k ca DCF l n khng th
c s dng nh si truyn dn. Hn na, nu DCF phi c s dng, n s l tt hn nu
gi tr tn sc ca si truyn dn l cng nh cng tt gim yu cu chiu di DCF, do
gim thiu tn hao gy ra v tnh phi tuyn. tng v qun l tn sc l thit lp mt ng
truyn si di gm xen k di ngn ca hai loi si khc nhau.
23
Mt loi si c du i
nghch nhng mt cng tn sc tng t nh vi cc loi si khc i vi mt bc sng
nht nh ; lu rng hai loi si l tng t ngoi tr bc sng tn sc-zero ca chng
11

c chuyn dch t ln nhau. Mi di ngn ca si c th c mt gi tr tn sc, v d,
hoc 2 hoc -2 ps / (nm/km), ty thuc vo loi si c s dng. Sau mt khong cch
truyn nht nh, tng tn sc tc ng l gn bng khng, nhng c mt gi tr tuyt i ca
tn sc ti bt k im no dc theo si, gim thiu tc ng ca FWM v XPM.

Hnh 10: Si b tn sc

Hnh 11: Tn sc ca si n mode
Hnh 11 cho thy s tn sc ca si tn sc dch chuyn non_zero (NZ-DSF), l
si c bit c thit k cho qun l tn sc. C hai loi NZ-DSF,
24
mt l c bc sng tn
sc zero khong 1520 nm v mt c bc sng tn sc zero khong 1580 nm. tn sc ca
chng ti 1550 nm khong 2 ps/nm /km hoc -2 ps/nm/km. Cc khon tn sc thp hn so vi
tiu chun SMF gim thiu s bin dng do tn sc tch ly, nhng cao hn so vi DSF
hn ch tnh phi tuyn trong si. Thng NZ-DSF c mt vng li nh hn SMF do thit k
dn sng khc nhau, kt qu l tnh phi tuyn cao hn. Tuy nhin, vi thit k ph hp, li
ln NZ-DSF cng c sn .
25
Mt s s tn sc tun hon c th dng cho qun l tn sc gm:
- NZ-DSF dng xen k vi NZ-DSF m.
- NZ-DSF m xen k vi chun SMF.
- NZ-DSF dng b vi DCF.
Chirped Fiber Bragg Grating ( cch t si quang Bragg chu k bit i)
Trong vi nm qua, Chirped Fiber Bragg Grating (FBGs) tr thnh thit b rt
ph hp cho b tn sc.
28-30
Thi gian cch t ca mt Chirped FBG thay i tuyn tnh dc
theo cch t, lm cho nh sng vi bc sng khc nhau c phn nh ti cc im khc
12

nhau bn trong cc FBG. Do , cc xung quang m rng trong qu trnh truyn c th c
gii nn bng cch s dng Chirped FBG nh hnh. 12.

Hnh 12: B tn sc bi mt Chirped FBG
Hnh 13 cho thy s phn x v thi gian tr ca mt Chirped FBG. dc ca
ng cong thi gian tr th hin s lng tn sc c cung cp bi cch t. Chirped FBGs
c thun li do tn hao ca n thp, kch thc nh gn, v s phn nhy cm. Ngoi ra, n
khng gy thm tnh phi tuyn trong quang hc, l mt nhc im chnh ca DCF.

Hnh 13: c im phn x v thi gian tr ca mt Chirped FBG
t c hot ng bng thng rng l mt trong nhng vn quan trng nht
cho Chirped FBGs. Chng ta hy xem xt mt cch t di 10cm. Thi gian tr ti a c th
c cung cp bi cch t l ~ 1000 ps trn ton b bng thng cch t. Gi s bng thng
cch t l 0,2 nm cho hot ng knh n, s tn sc c cung cp bi cch t c th cao ~
5000 ps / nm. Tuy nhin, nu tng bng thng cch t, rng, 6 nm cho hot ng a knh, sau
s tn sc s l <200 ps/nm, l qu thp c b tn sc. N c th lm cho cch t
chng no 1m cn c vn hnh bng thng rng .
31

Tuy nhin, qu trnh ch to l kh khn, v tnh ng nht cch t kh c th duy
tr. Mt phng php khc cho cc hot ng lin quan n bng thng rng ly mu cch t
to ra nhiu bn sao ca bng thng phn x cch t .
32,33
Mi bn sao s c nhng c
im thi gian tr tng t cho b tn sc ng thi cho nhiu knh c th thc hin.
13

iu ho b tn sc
Ton b b tn sc tho lun trc y c chung mt tnh nng l chng thng
khng iu chnh c. Tuy nhin, s tn sc tch ly trong mt knh d liu c th thay i
cho kp mng quang hc (1) t ng cu hnh li trong mt knh nht nh c th bt ngun
t cc b hoc cch xa, v (2) h thng truyn ti thay i iu kin hot ng (v d, do
laser hoc b iu ch chirp). i vi cc h thng linh ng, c bit l tc d liu 10
Gb/s, b tn sc phi c iu chnh theo di ch ng s tn sc tch ly. i vi DCF,
hin thi khng c phng php iu chnh ti ch tn sc . Cho FBGs linearly-chirped,
ch n gin l dui cch t ch to ra mt s thay i trong phm vi bc sng cng hng
ca bng thng th hin nhng khng lm g thay i s tn sc gy ra.
Mt bo co gn y s dng 21 phn on ko di ring bit ko di khng i
xng mt FBG ng b thay i s tn sc gy ra,
34
nhng trong trng hp ny bng
thng cch t thay i ng k trong iu chnh tn sc.
Mt cch khc l s dng mt phi tuyn-chirped FBG.
35
Nh hnh. 14, thi gian tr
gy ra bi phi tuyn-chirped FBG thay i vi bc sng trong mt dng phi tuyn. Cc c
tnh thi gian tr, bng thng, v hnh dng quang ph ca cch t khng thay i khi cch t
b ko di bi ko di tuyn tnh, nhng cc knh tn hiu s tri qua mt gi tr tn sc khc
nhau trong thi gian ko di. Tc iu chnh l vo khong 1 ms l nhanh cho cc
h thng chuyn mch.

Hnh 14: Khi nim v iu ho b tn sc bng cch s dng nonlinearly-chirped
FBG.
Minh chng b tn sc linh ng cng c thc hin bng cch s dng mt
nonlinearly-chirped FBG.
35
Cc s mt trc v sau khi b tn sc linh ng c 50 v
104 km c hin th trong hnh. 15.

14

Hnh 15: Kt qu iu ho b tn sc sc vi mt nonlinearly-chirped FBG

13.3 KIN TRC C BN CA MNG WDM
Chng ta gii thch lm th no WDM cho php vic s dng mt phn quan
trng ca bng thng si c sn bng cch cho php nhiu tn hiu c lp c truyn ng
thi trong mt si quang, cng nh s suy yu si c bn trong h thng WDM. Trn thc t,
cc knh WDM c th c nh tuyn v cm bin mt cch c lp, vi bc sng xc
nh ng dn thng tin lin lc bng cch hot ng nh l k hiu a ch ca ngun, im
n, hoc nh tuyn. V vy, h thng kin trc c bn m c th tn dng y cc cng
ngh WDM l mt vn quan trng, v s c tho lun trong phn ny.
ng truyn Point-to-Point
Hnh 16 cho thy mt h thng WDM Point-to-Point n gin trong mt s knh
c ghp vo mt nt; cc tn hiu kt hp c truyn qua mt s khong cch ca si; v
cc knh c ghp ti mt nt ch. iu ny to thun li truyn dn cp quang bng thng
cao. Add-drop Multiplexers (ADMS) c th c chn vo trong ng dy truyn ti cho
php thm v b mt hoc nhiu knh ti cc nt c th, to thnh mt ng truyn WDM
hiu qu hn.

Hnh 16: ng truyn Point-to-point WDM vi ADMs quang.

Mng nh tuyn bc sng
Hnh 17 cho thy mt cu trc mng a ngi dng WDM phc tp hn, ni m cc
bc sng c s dng nh a ch k hiu cho mt trong hai my pht hoc ngi nhn, v
xc nh con ng nh tuyn thng qua mt mng quang. cho mi nt c kh nng giao
tip vi bt k nt no v to iu kin thit lp lin kt thch hp, hoc cc my pht hoc
ngi nhn phi c bc sng iu ho; chng ti t la chn cc my pht c iu
ho trong v d mng ny. Lu rng cc bc sng c nh tuyn mt cch th ng
trong mng nh tuyn bc sng.

15

Hnh 17: A wavelength-routed network.

WDM Stars, Rings, and Meshes
Trong phn ny, chng ta s tho lun v ba kiu mng ph bin c th s dng cho
WDM, c th l mangj Stars, Rings, and Meshes.

Hnh 18: WDM Stars, Rings, and Meshes

Trong cu trc lin kt sao, mi nt c mt my pht v my thu, vi my pht kt
ni vi mt trong nhng u vo ca sao trung tm th ng v my thu kt ni vi mt
trong nhng u ra ca sao trung tm, nh c th hin trong hnh. 18 (a).
Ring, nh th hin trong hnh. 18 (b), cng c ph bin bi v (1) nhiu mng
in t s dng cu trc lin kt ny, v (2) mnh vng rt d thc hin i vi bt k cu
hnh mng a l no. Trong v d ny, mi nt trong vng mt chiu c th truyn ti trn
mt bc sng k hiu c th, v mi nt c th phc hi tn hiu bc sng ca bt k nt
khc bng hot ng ca mt my thu bc sng iu ho. Mc d khng c m t trong
hnh, mi nt phi phc hi mt knh c th. iu ny c th c thc hin (1) trong mt
phn nh ca lu lng truy cp phi hp c a ra khi bi mt b ghp quang th ng,
do cho php mt b lc iu ho phc hi mt knh c th, hoc (2), trong mt b lc
loi b knh hon ton ch loi b cc tn hiu cn thit v cho php tt c cc knh khc
tip tc truyn quanh vng. Hn na, mt mng quang ng b (SONET) kin trc dual-ring,
vi mt vng tr gip x l v bo v khc, c th gip pht hin li t ng v chuyn mch
bo v.
Trong c cu trc lin kt sao v vng, mi nt c mt bc sng c th, v bt k
hai nt c th giao tip vi nhau bng cch truyn v phc hi bc sng . iu ny cho
thy N bc sng l bt buc kt ni N nt. Li th r rng ca cu hnh ny, c gi l
mt mng single-hop, l truyn d liu xy ra vi mt ng dn quang hc khng b gin
on gia ngun v im n; cc d liu quang bt u ti nt ngun v n nt ch m
khng dng li ti bt k nt trung gian khc. Mt bt li ca mng WDM single-hop ny l
16

cc mng v tt c cc thnh phn ca n phi cha N bc sng, c th l kh khn (hoc
khng th) t c trong mt mng li rng ln.
Mt cch khc l c mt mng mesh, th hin trong hnh. 18 (c), trong cc nt
c kt ni bi b kt ni cho quang (OXCs). Bc sng c th c t ng chuyn v
nh tuyn bng cch kim sot OXCs. V vy, s lng yu cu ca bc sng v phm vi
bc sng iu chnh ca cc thnh phn c th c gim trong cu trc lin kt ny. Hn
na, mng li mesh cng c th cung cp nhiu ng dn gia hai nt thc hin bo v
mng li v phc hi d dng hn nhn ra. Nu li xy ra ti mt trong nhng ng
dn, h thng c th t ng tm ng dn khc v khi phc thng tin lin lc gia hai nt
mng bt k. Tuy nhin, OXCs vi s lng ln ca cc cng l v cng kh khn c
c, lm hn ch kh nng m rng ca mng li.


Mng ti cu hnh
Nh cp trong phn trc, mt mng ti cu hnh s c nh gi cao mong
i trong mng tng lai, p ng yu cu bng thng cao v lu lng truy cp bng
n.
41

Mt mng li l ti cu hnh nu n th cung cp cc chc nng sau y cho cc
hot ng a knh:
- Channel add/drop
- ng dn cu hnh li cho nh v di thng hoc phc hi
Cc chc nng ny c th c cung cp bng cch s dng mt b kt ni cho
quang ti cu hnh nh hnh. 19.

Hnh 19: Mt b kt ni cho quang trong mng ti cu hnh quang.
Mt mng li cu hnh li cho php ti u ha mng li nng ng thch ng
vi thay i m hnh lu lng, cung cp s dng hiu qu hn ti nguyn mng. Hnh 20
cho thy kh nng ngn chn nh mt chc nng ca t l xut hin cuc gi trong mt mng
17

vng WDM vi 20 nt .
42
Mt cu trc cu hnh lin kt c th h tr su ln mc lu lng
truy cp ca mt cu trc lin kt WDM c nh cho xc sut ngn chn tng t.

Hnh 20: Ngn chn xc sut nh mt chc nng ca t l xut hin cuc gi
trong mt mch vng WDM.
Cc cng ngh thnh phn quan trng to iu kin cho mng li ti cu hnh bao
gm:
- Bc sng iu chnh laser v mng tia laser
- Thit b nh tuyn bc sng
- Thit b chuyn mch quang
- OXCs
- ADMs
- EDFAs
- B lc iu chnh quang hc .
Mc d li ch to ln l c th vi mt cu trc lin kt ti cu hnh, ng dn n
ti cu hnh c m vi cc tc ng suy hao khc nhau. Nh hnh. 19, tn hiu c th i
qua di khc nhau ca kt ni quang do nh tuyn ng, gy ra mt s tc ng suy hao
trong cc mng cu hnh li c quan tm hn trong mng static, chng hn nh:
- Tn sc nonstatic v tch ly phi tuyn do ng dn ti cu hnh
- EDFA li chuyn tip
- Cng sut knh khng ng nht(Channel power nonuniformity)
- Nhiu xuyn m trong chuyn mch quang v kt ni cho
- Bc sng lch ca cc thnh phn
Mt cuc tho lun chi tit v mng li ti cu hnh c th c tm thy trong ti
liu tham kho. 41. Chng ta lu rng mng nh tuyn quang hc v chuyn mch ng
vn ang trong giai on th nghim , v d, trong h thng Multiwavelength Optical
Network (MONET), Optical Networks Technology Consortium (ONTC), v bng rng All-
Optical Network (AON)
18

Mch chuyn i v chuyn mch gi
Chuyn mch quang l mt trong nhng thnh phn quan trng trong cc mng ti
cu hnh quang hc. Hai chng trnh ph bin l (1) mch chuyn i v (2) chuyn mch
gi .
43
Hnh 21 cho thy tnh hung tt c cc chng trnh chuyn i trong mt mng 6 nt
n gin

Hnh 21: Mch chuyn i v chuyn mch gi cho mt mng li 6 nt n gin.
bt u, iu quan trng nhn ra rng mch chuyn i c s dng rng ri
l v l phng php thng c s dng trong chuyn mch cng mng in thoi. Trong
mch chuyn i, nu ngi dng A mun giao tip vi ngi dng E, ngi dng A s gi
mt tn hiu yu cu ngi dng E bt u truyn d liu. Nu ngi dng E c sn cho
kt ni, sau n s tha nhn yu cu ban u ngi dng A, v sau ngi dng A c
th bt u truyn d liu. Qu trnh ny yu cu v xc nhn c hiu l tn hiu bt tay.
Sau khi bt u truyn, mt con ng c nh hoc mch cng mng c to ra gia hai
ngi s dng cho n khi ng truyn thng tin lin lc b chm dt bi mt trong hai
ngi dng. Trung bnh si m trn cc mch A-E lu tr c tng tim nng bng thng
nht nh, v ch mt phn bng thng ny l dnh ring cho hai ngi dng ny. Tuy nhin,
bng thng trung bnh c dnh ring cho mch A-E c lp cho d mt dng bit thc s
c truyn i (v d, hy xem xt tm dng trong cuc m thoi).
Mt mng chuyn mch l kh d dng thc hin v kim sot.Mch chuyn i
nhn mnh mt ng dn d liu trong sut vi mt thi gian di thit lp v thi gian ngt,
v thch hp hn cho truyn dn tc thp v thi gian truyn di, chng hn nh mt cuc
gi in thoi. Do , n c yu cu thnh phn chuyn mch tc thp (~ ms), k t khi
ng dn thng tin lin lc l dnh cho vi pht truyn dn, nh trong mt cuc gi
in thoi. Trong trng hp ny, qu trnh bt tay gia cc nt tch bit c th mt mt thi
gian ngn so vi tc truyn d liu chm. Tuy nhin, nu qu trnh bt tay mt mt thi
gian di so vi tc truyn ti d liu, sau chi ph ng truyn do bt tay l khng
19

mong mun ln. (Lu rng tc chuyn i tho lun l thi gian cn cho mt chuyn
i thay i nh tuyn ca mt dng d liu hoc gi, tc l, vic xc nh cng ra ca
switch c kch hot cho d liu n ti mt cng u vo cho trc.)
Tuy nhin, vi) truyn dn quang tc cao (Gb / s, trong mt ngi s dng c
th ch cn mt vi giy ca thi gian truyn, vin cnh nhiu kh nng ti a ha thng
qua h thng l thc hin mt mng chuyn mch gi m khng i hi ng dn vi
bng thng chuyn dng. Mi ngi dng trong mt mng li nh truyn d liu dng cc
gi d liu, nh c m t trong hnh 0,21. Mt gi d liu trong mt mng chung bao gm
(1) mt flag (v d, mt tp hp cc bit) m thng l ti u ca gi tin ng b ha d
liu phc hi v thng bo my thu mt gi tin ang n, (2) bit phn u c cha a im
v thng tin nh tuyn chuyn i qua mng, v (3) cc d liu ti trng end-to-end do
ngi dng to ra .
44
Mt gi tin c th phi i qua nhiu nt chuyn mch trung gian trc
khi n c chuyn thnh cng n ch ca n. Ty thuc vo mng v bng thng c sn
trn cc dng khc nhau, bt k gi tin no c th mt mt vi nh tuyn ti im n.
Trong mt trng hp, mt s th t c bao gm trong cc gi tin m bo rng cc gi
s khng b hiu sai nu chng n khng theo th t. Mi gi tin c truyn s dng mt
s phn nh ca bng thng c sn trong cc ng dn si. Nu khng c gi tin c
truyn i, bng thng trong cc ng dn si c th c phn b cho truyn dn cc gi d
liu khc nhau, chng hn nh gia ngi s dng B v D. Do , chuyn mch gi hiu qu
s dng bng thng c sn, v bng thng ch c s dng truyn d liu tc cao v
ng truyn s khng b buc phi nhn ri nu mt ngi dng khng truyn d liu (nh
l trng hp cho mch chuyn i). Do , bng thng c th c t do phn b trong h
thng ny n ni m n l cn thit v c s dng kh hiu qu, lm cho n l tng
cho mt trong hai l bng pht hoc ng nht lu lng tc cao. Tuy nhin, chuyn mch
gi cn nhiu kht khe v cc yu cu cng ngh chuyn i t khi chuyn i phi xy ra
trn quy m thi gian ca mt gi tin c nhn. Yu cu tc chuyn i thnh phn l quan
trng, vi phm vi t s n ns, ty thuc vo h thng c th c thc hin. Vn quan
trng khc trong chuyn mch gi bao gm:
- X l phn u
45

- Bit ng b
- X l t l bit bin i
- Bc sng dch
20

13.4 B khuch i quang si c pha tp erbium trong mang WDM
B khuch i quang si c pha tp erbium (EDFAs) c tho lun chi tit trong
Chng 5. Trong phn ny, chng ta s xem xt mt s vn quan trng v EDFAs lin
quan n vic thc hin trong h thng WDM. Chng ti nhn mnh rng EDFA c c l
l cng ngh quan trng nht gn y chnh v thun li cho h thng WDM, bi v n c th
ng thi khuch i tn hiu trn mt bng thng rt rng (~ 35 nm). EDFAs c th c s
dng trong cc h thng WDM a knh b (1) suy hao si quang b suy hao trong truyn
ti, (2) suy hao tn tht vt qu thnh phn, v (3) suy hao do tch mng quang. Nhng tn
suy hao tch quang ny c th xy ra trong mt star th ng, trong cng sut quang c
chia cho s lng ngi dng (N), hoc trong mt h thng ring/bus, trong c th c suy
hao do dng bt bng thng quang ti mi nt.
Hnh 22 (a) cho thy truyn dn WDM trong mt h thng phc hi bng in thng
thng. B phc hi c th iu chnh cho si suy hao v tn sc sc th bng cch cm bin
mt tn hiu quang v sau pht li n nh l mt tn hiu mi bng cch s dng mt tia
laser ni b. Tuy nhin, b phc hi (l ghp t quang hc v in t) th c gi cao, tc
bit v iu ch nh dng c th, v lng ph nhiu nng lng v thi gian chuyn i t
photon thnh cc electron v ngc li vi cc photon. Ngc li, nh th hin trong hnh. 22
(b), EDFA l mt minh chng l tng l khng nhy cm vi tc bit, iu ch nh
dng, nng lng, v bc sng ca tn hiu (s) i qua n, v quan trng nht, cung cp t
c cho tt c cc knh WDM cng mt lc. V tt c cc knh vn cn dng quang trong
qu trnh khuch i, h thng khuch i quang WDM l c kh nng r hn v ng tin cy
hn so vi h thng phc hi in.

Hnh 22: B khuch i bng rng c kh nng cho WDM.

li khuch i cao tn trong EDFA ghp tng
EDFA l mt b khuch i quang hc gn nh l tng cho cc h thng WDM,
ngoi tr mt l hng ln: li khng ng u vi bc sng, trong khi tn hao lin
21

khuch i gn nh bc sng c lp.
46-49
i vi mt b khuch i duy nht, nh hnh.
23, li th hin nh cao ti 1530 nm v mt vng kh bng phng gn 1.555 nm. Hn
na, hnh dng li ca mt EDFA ph thuc vo s nghch o ca Er3
+
trong si erbium-
pha tp. Khi nghch o mc thp, c th t c bng cch vn hnh cc b khuch i
trong bo ha su, nh cao t c 1530 nm c th b trit tiu, v phng li
khong 1555 nm s tr nn kh bng phng.

Hnh 23: Ph li khng ng u ca mt EDFA cho cc gi tr khc nhau ca
nghch o.
Nu mt vi knh nm trn vng vai kh bng phng ca ph t c, sau s
khc bit li sau khi mt b khuch i duy nht s c trong vng mt vi dB. Tuy
nhin, khi mt chui cc EDFAs c s dng nh k b tn hao, s khc bit trong
li v kt qu SNR th tr nn kh nghim trng. Mt khc bit ln trong SNR trong s rt
nhiu knh c th c hi cho hiu sut h thng thch hp. Hnh 24 cho thy ph li sau
khi mt b khuch i n v sau 13 b khuch i ghp tng. li khng tch lu tuyn
tnh t giai on ti giai on, v bc sng ph thuc vo kt qu hnh dng li thay i
ng k trong mt chui tng. Dc theo chui tng, li ang dn ko ra khi cc bc
sng ngn hn v thc hin ti cc bc sng di hn, kt qu l c th s dng bng thng
ca ch mt vi nm.

Hnh 24: li EDFA tch ly khng ng nht.

22

S san bng li EDFA
Chng ta th hin c vic gim bng thng do li khng u trong mt tng
ca EDFAs. R rng li phng l mt vn quan trng trong cc mng khuch i quang
hc. Mt s phng php c ghi nhn cho cn bng li EDFA khng ng u.
Nhng phng php ny bao gm:
- Lc cch t si quang chu k ln Mt Long-period grating -Lc cch t si
quang chu k ln (LPG) vi chu k ch s bin i ~ 100 m cung cp kt
ni gia cc ch li v cc ch v bc quang, to ra tn hao bc sng
ph thuc cn bng dng li EDFA .
50-53
Kt qu trong ti liu tham
kho 50 c th hin trong hnh. 25. (Lu rng trong mt bo co gn
y, bng thng tng t thu c qua hn 9000 km truyn.)

Hnh 25: Thit k LPG v kt qu li cn bng.
50
- Lc Mach-Zehnder Cc c tnh truyn dn bc sng ph thuc ca cc b
lc Mach-Zehnder ghp tng c th c thay i b cho li khng
ng u ca EDFAs.
54-55

- Fluoride-based EDFAs Mt b EDFAs trn c s si Fluoride
56
c th cung
cp mt li v bn cht phng trn mt phm vi rng bc sng 1530-
1560 nm, l mt bng thng rng hn nhiu so vi mt EDFA trn c s
si quang silica. Tuy nhin, cc si quang da trn c s florua l v cng
kh khn ghp vi si quang bnh thng, v cc kt ni c hc dn n
vic mt kt ni cao v bt n
Fast Power Transients (Qu trnh chuyn tip cng sut nhanh)
Vng i ca mt ion erbium kch thch thng l ~ 10 ms, m c v l lu
c lm r cc tn hiu c iu ch bi d liu theo t l mt vi Gb/s hoc cao hn.
Tuy nhin, EDFAs c th b nh hng nghim trng bi vic thm/gim ca cc knh
WDM, mng ti cu hnh, hoc tht bi lin kt. t c knh SNR ti u, EDFAs
thng hot ng ch li bo ha, ni tt c knh truyn phi chia s li c sn.
57

23

V vy, khi knh truyn c thm vo hoc gim, cng sut ca cc knh cn li s lm tng
hiu qu hiu ng tc thi.
Cc qu trnh chuyn tip c th rt nhanh trong EDFA ghp tng .
58,59
Nh hnh.
27, vi s gia tng s lng EDFAs ghp tng, cc qu trnh chuyn tip c th xy ra trong
~ 2 s. Cc qu trnh chuyn tip cng sut nhanh trong h thng chui b khuch i nn
c kim sot t ng, v thi gian phn hi yu cu quy m nh kch thc ca mng. i
vi cc mng quy m ln, thi gian phn hi ngn hn 100 ns c th l cn thit.

Hnh 27: Qu trnh chuyn tip cng sut nhanh trong EDFA ghp tng
T mt h thng quan im, si quang phi tuyn c th tr thnh mt vn khi qu
nhiu cng sut knh tn ti, v mt SNR nh ti my thu c th pht sinh khi qu t cng
sut cn li .
60
Cc bt li truyn dn cp quang tng ng ca knh cn tn ti c hin th
trong hnh. 28 trong iu kin ca yu t Q, cc s khc nhau ca EDFAs ghp tng. Khi 15
knh c gim hoc thm vo, cc li kh nghim trng. Lu rng s suy hao ny tng ln
cng vi s lng cc knh N n gin ch v tng cng SPM do cng sut ln lch khi
trc nh l mt kt qu ca gim N - 1 knh.

Hnh 28: Yu t Q theo thi gian cho vic thm/gim 15 knh ca mt h thng 16-
knh vi tc bit 10 Gb / giy.
duy tr cht lng dch v, cc knh cn tn ti phi c bo v khi knh
thm/bt hoc ti cu hnh mng xy ra. Cc k thut bao gm:
- Suy hao quang hc, bng cch iu chnh suy hao quang gia cc giai on
li trong cc b khuch i kim sot c khuch i li
61

24

- Bm kim sot, bng cch iu chnh s truyn ng hin ti ca bm laser
kim sot c khuch i li
62-64

- iu khin lin kt, s dng mt knh iu khin bin cng sut truyn vi
cc knh tn hiu cn bng khuch i li
65

- li c nh, vi mt chng trnh kim sot thng tin phn hi quang t
ng t c c nh tt c li quang .
66,67


Bng thng siu rng EDFA
Chng ta thy rng bng thng c cung cp bi thng thng EDFAs hp so vi
khe tn hao thp ca si quang hc. N l v cng quan trng m rng ph li ca b
khuch i quang tng dung lng truyn dn ca h thng WDM.
Hnh.29 cho thy mt n rt c trin vng s dng mt loi khuch i song song
vi c bng tng EDFA 1550 nm v bng tn EDFA 1580 nm .
68,69
Vic t c trong bng
tn 1580 nm c cung cp bi mt bm di EDFA, i khi s dng mt quang si c pha
tp erbium ca cng di ~ 200 m. B khuch i kt hp c th cung cp bng thng ln n
80 nm, l gp i bng thng c cung cp bi EDFAs thng thng.

Hnh 29 : Bng thng siu rng EDFA trn c s silica.
Trong thc t, bng thng c sn ca h thng khuch i WDM c th c tip
tc m rng bng cch kt hp cu hnh song song ny vi cc loi b khuch i quang hc,
chng hn nh cc b khuch i ph Raman, nh th hin trong hnh. 30. Hn na, bng
thng c sn c th vt qu 25THz (khe tn hao thp khong 1,55 mm) bng trit im tn
hao cao khong 1400 nm trong si quang hc. Mt bng thng b sung hn 100 nm c th
c m ra bng cch s dng loi si quang mi .
70

25


Hnh 30: Vng bc sng tim nng cho cc h thng WDM trong tng lai.


13.5 CN BNG CNG SUT KNH NG
Ti mc 13.4chng ta tho lun EDFA li-phng, l mt knh th ng n
cng sut cn bng ch c hiu lc cho mt lin kt tnh. Tuy nhin, nh cp trong mc
13.3, tt c cc mng quang hc l khng tnh, v cng sut trong mi knh b mng li
ng thay i, bao gm:
- Bc sng lch ca cc thnh phn
- Thay i khong suy hao
- Thm/bt Knh
V d, hy xem xt hnh. 31, cho thy hnh dng t c ca mt chui EDFA ghp
tng thay i ng k vi nhng thay i lin kt suy hao v nhng vn mi trng. iu
ny l do quang ph li EDFA ph thuc vo mc bo ha ca b khuch i (Hnh.
23 xem). Kt qu m phng trong hnh.31 l mt b ghp tng ca 10 EDFAs li-phng,
mi 20 dB t c, bo ha bi 16 knh u vo vi -18 dBm mi knh.

Hnh 31: S thay i quang ph li do s thay i suy hao lin kt t mt b
ghp tng ca 10 EDFAs.
Nh minh ha trong hnh. 32, hiu nng h thng c th b suy hao do cha cn
bng t s cng sut knh WDM. Nhng hiu ng lm suy hao bao gm:
- Khc bit gia cc SNR (h thng gim phm vi hot ng)
- Knh nhiu xuyn m thay i nhiu
26

- Hiu ng phi tuyn
- Cng sut tn hiu thp ti my thu

Hnh 32: Suy hao do cha cn bng cng sut knh WDM.
Do , cng sut knh cn phi c cn bng t ng trong mng WDM m
bo hiu nng h thng n nh. c c phn hi nhm mc ch kim sot, mt n
gim st cng sut knh l rt quan trng. Mt cch n gin thc hin iu ny l
phn knh tt c cc knh v d cng sut trong mi knh s dng b tch sng quang khc
nhau hoc cc b cm bin. trnh chi ph cao ca nhiu thnh phn ring bit trong cc h
thng WDM vi s lng ln cc knh, k thut gim st khc tn dng li th nh x bc
sng theo thi gian cng c xut, bao gm c vic s dng cc ghp ni FBGs
71
hoc h thng m-quang c th iu chnh c (AOTFs).
72

Cc k thut khc c xut cho cn bng cng sut knh ng, bao gm:
- Cc yu t suy hao song song
73

- S lng ln thit b ring l (v d, AOTFs)
74

- Cc b lc ni tip
75

- Thit b tch hp
77

V d, hnh. 33 cho thy n suy hao phn t song song, ni cc knh c phn
knh v b gim dn bi cc yu t suy hao ring bit. Mt li th na ca n ny l nhiu
ASE c gim bi a WDM v phn knh. Cc ng vin c th cho cc yu t suy hao
trong n ny bao gm:
- Suy gim quang c hc
- B iu bin m-quang
- FBG

Hnh 33: n suy hao phn t song song cho cn bng cng sut knh ng.
27


13.6 Nhiu xuyn m trong MNG WDM
Nhiu xuyn m ri rc v nht qun gia cc knh ln cn l vn ln hn ch
mt cc knh WDM. c bit, nhiu xuyn m nht qun trong WDM ADMs v chuyn
mch ti nhng ni yu cu kht khe v trit nhiu xuyn m mt mc chp nhn c
to ra bi cc thnh phn ny. Trong phn ny, chng ta s gii thiu hai loi nhiu xuyn m
v tho lun v nh hng ca chng i vi hiu nng h thng.
Nhiu xuyn m ri rc
Nhiu xuyn m knh WDM lin quan n cc chc nng c bn nht ca phn
knh nhiu knh WDM s dng mt b lc quang hc.
78
Hnh 34 cho thy phn knh ca cc
knh WDM bi mt b lc quang hc ch c mt knh nhn c v cc knh khc b
chn. Tuy nhin, hnh dng ph dn thu nh ca b lc c ui di s gy ra nhiu xuyn m
vi knh phn knh khi cc tn hiu c cm bin cc b tch sng quang.

Hnh 34: Nhiu xuyn m ri rc t cc knh ln cn.
Trong trng hp nhiu xuyn m ri rc, mc nhiu xuyn m c xc nh
bi khong cch knh v cng sut knh. Cng sut nhiu xuyn m lin knh P
cr
s tc ng
gim t l trit cng sut ca cc tn hiu phc hi c chn:
S = P
s
- P
cr
(9)
trong S l cng sut tn hiu phc hi hiu qu, v P
S
l cng sut trong cc bc
sng c chn i qua b lc. Nhiu xuyn m do r r nng lng t cc knh ln cn c th
tng mc ca mt "mc khng", tng xc sut li. Mc d lng chp nhn c ca
nhiu xuyn m ph thuc vo h thng WDM c th, nhiu xuyn m khng c vt qu
mt vi phn trm cng sut knh c chn duy tr tt hiu sut h thng.
79 81

Nhiu xuyn m nht qun
Nhng b ghp knh Add-drop l cc h thng con quan trng trong mng WDM.
82

Chng thng bao gm mt phn knh bc sng theo sau l mt b a bc sng. L tng
nht, chng cho php mt nt mng c th truy cp mt bc sng duy nht trong khi cho
php tt c cc bc sng khc i qua nt m khng b nh hng (xem hnh. 35). Tht khng
may, b ghp knh bc sng
83
khng phi l l tng v cho php nhiu xuyn m khng
mong mun ca bt k bc sng u vo vo cng u ra ngoi mun. V d, mt bn sao
28

nh ca cc tn hiu bc sng 1 s xut hin tt c cc cng u ra phn knh, nh th
hin trong hnh. 35. Nu mt b ghp knh khng l tng v phn knh khng l tng
c t back-to-back, bn sao nh ca tn hiu ti 1 s ti hp vi tn hiu chnh 1 ti u
ra b ghp knh.

Hnh 35: Nhiu xuyn m nht qun trong mt ADM.
Cu trc ADM ny vi nhiu xuyn m i din cho mt giao thoa, v n bao gm
cc cng kt ni u vo v u ra bi cc ng dn quang hc. Do s tng tc nht qun
ca cc min, bin ca tn hiu u ra s dao ng nh pha tng i ca tn hiu v trng
thi phn cc thay i .
84,85

Nhiu xuyn m nht qun c chng minh l mt yu t hn ch nghim trng
kh nng m rng trong cc mng WDM.
86,87
K t khi tn hiu nhiu xuyn m c tn s
ging vi tn hiu chnh v nhiu xuyn m c thm vo tn hiu chnh trong in trng.
Hy xem xt cc trng hp hnh. 36, ni hai tn hiu c bc sng ging ht nhau vo mt
OXC v sau c chuyn n ng dn khc nhau. Gi s hai knh c cng mt u vo
cng sut P v s r r cng sut ca OXC l , sau cng sut quang ti mt trong cc
cng u ra c th xp x bng
P P P P P P c c c + + = + = 2 ) (
2
0
(10)

Hnh 36: Dao ng cng sut do nhiu xuyn m nht qun
V vy, cng sut nhiu xuyn m c th cao n 20 phn trm, ngay c khi t l r
r cng sut ca OXC l ch c 1 phn trm.
29

Hnh 37 cho thy chia t l nhng hn ch do nhiu xuyn m nht qun.
86
i vi
trng hp ca mt knh nhiu xuyn m duy nht, mt nhiu xuyn m nht qun -25 dB s
gy ra mt tn tht cng sut 1 dB, l nng n hn nhiu so vi nh hng ca nhiu
xuyn m ri rc (1 dB tn tht cng sut ti -8 dB nhiu xuyn m).
87
Do mc nghim
trng ca tn tht ny, nhiu xuyn m nht qun hn ch trm trng kh nng m rng ca
mt mng quang hc s dng ADMs v OXCs. Nu 100 knh c yu cu, nhiu xuyn m
phi thp hn -45 dB. Tuy nhin, nhiu xuyn m in hnh ca cc thnh phn hin ti
(WDM cch t mng ng dn sng, chuyn mch, v b iu bin) ch l -25 dB.
gim thiu nhng nh hng ca nhiu xuyn m nht qun trong mng WDM,
cc k thut sau y c xut:
- Kin trc gin.
88
C a ra s tr si quang (vo th t ca thi gian bit)
gia ng dn xuyn m khc nhau khng tng quan cc mu bit ca tn
hiu chnh t cc tn hiu can thip v t mt s cng sut nhiu xuyn m
trong bit"0" ca tn hiu chnh thay v bit"1 ".
- Ngun nh sng nht qun thp S dng it pht sng (LED) hoc laser
phn hi tn sc bin i (DFBs) vi thi gian nht qun t hn mt bit thi
gian c th gim nhiu xuyn m nht qun, nhng tc ng ca tn sc s
tr nn nghim trng.
- Phn cc o hoc iu ch. Phn cc o lm gim nh hng ca nhiu
xuyn m nht qun, t s giao thoa gia cc nhiu xuyn m v tn hiu
gim khi trng thi phn cc ca n khng tng thch.
- iu ch pha. iu chnh pha ca tn hiu mt t l ln hn so vi mc
trung bnh ca t l bit ra nhiu xuyn m v ci thin hiu sut, k t khi tn
tao tn hiu ph thuc vo pha tng i gia cc tn hiu v nhiu xuyn
m.
13.7 TM TT
Trong chng nychng ta bao ph nhiu kha cnh khc nhau ca cc mng
truyn thng si quang WDM tc cao. Chng ti c gng x l cc ch ,
nhng iu quan trng nht m c th s nh hng n cc mng li trong nhiu
nm ti. S pht trin to ln ca cc h thng ny l tt c cho s ra i cch mng
ca EDFA. Vi kin thc tng thm, pht trin hn, tc d liu cao hn, v tng
s lng knh, hn ch mng WDM ang c tip tc nh ngha li. Mng li ti
cu hnh c th cung cp li ch to ln cho cc mng WDM trong tng lai. Tuy
30

nhin, mt s tc ng lm suy hao mi phi c gii quyt trc khi cc mng ti
cu hnh tr thnh hin thc. Tuy nhin, vic y mnh bng thng ln hn trong h
thng WDM vn tip tc do tim nng vn c to ln ca cp quang.

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