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3D.H. 'oIbut+ka*a6 ho9c bn knh nh& h:n 1 m 3'an Elph!n6$... Jo kch thc c)a k!o
nh& nh thK nLn chMng th%ng l: lNng t#ong .ung .Och$ c thP chu* Qua g*< lRc phS
th-ng T chU Quan +t Vc cu to c)a chMng bWng knh h*Pn T* *n tN. 8 lVng k!o
t#ong t #t khc nhau tuX th!o lo* t$ t/ 1 2 GY 3t ct6 Kn Z0 2 [0Y kh* lVng t
3t +\t n9ng6. ;ga< c, kh* c hm lVng #t nh& t#ong t$ k!o t T]n l * .*n ch)
<Ku cho kh, n^ng hp ph_ c)a t
`#ong t c k!o T- c:$ k!o h"u c: T k!o phc tp h"u c:2 T- c:. ;h"ng k!o
T- c: Vc to thnh .o tc ._ng phong ho ho9c .o +a ngng t_ cc phn tN t#ong
.ung .Och$ k!o h"u c: to thnh .o Qu t#bnh b*Kn ho cc h"u c: t#ong t. !o T- c:
kKt hVp T* k!o h"u c: thnh k!o h"u c: 2 T- c:.
=u to chung c)a k!o t 3hbnh [.16 nh +aud phen t#ong cfng c)a ht k!o
3m*c!n k!o6 l nhn k!o$ l mt hVp cht phc tp c cu to T- Onh hbnh ho9c t*nh
thP. `h-ng th%ng k!o T- c: c nhn l ac*t +*l*+*c$ nh-m +*l*cat$ oc<t +gt$ oc<t nh-m...
!o T- c: b(n$ n chU bO ph huh +au mt th%* g*an .*. !o h"u c: c nhn l ac*t
hum*c$ ac*t iulT*c$ p#-t*t ho9c c!nlulo. !o h"u c: k\m b(n$ n c thP bO ph huh #* l*
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nhn k!o c lp *n k\p$ lp nWm +t ht nhn gR* l lp *on Qu<Kt Onh thK$ lp *on
ngo* mang *n t#* .u gR* l lp *on bf. a + *on c)a lp *on bf nWm +t lp *on
Qu<Kt Onh thK gR* l teng *on kh-ng .* chu<Pn$ nh"ng *on cnn l* nWm ca cch teng *on
Qu<Kt Onh thK lm thnh teng *on khuKch tn.
a + k!o t c lp *on Qu<Kt Onh thK mang *n m. *(u cen lu o l t#ong
t nh"ng *on t#Ln lp *n bf c thP t#ao S* T* nh"ng *on t#ong .ung .Och t*Kp cMc
T* n nLn gR* l pteng *on t#ao S*p. `Sng + cat*on t#Ln teng *on t#ao S* tnh bWng +
l< :ng lVng gam 3m!Q6 t#ong 100 gam t kh- gR* l .ung tch hp ph_ c)a t.
!o t g*" Ta* t#n #t Quan t#Rng Tb chMng Qu<Kt Onh nh*(u tnh cht c: b,n c)a
t T( m9t lo hRc$ ho hoc$ 9c b*t l 9c tnh hp ph_ c)a t. >q* Tk< nh"ng lo lukn
T( k!o Vc Tkn ._ng #ng #r* t#ong lsnh Tac phn lo* t$ c,* to t T bn phn cho
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thP tch 3cm
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b,ng [.1. !o t c kch thc #t b\ nLn th .*n c)a n #t ln. `h!o + l*u q b,ng
[.1$ + lVng k!o t chU bWng ZY kh* lVng pha #gn c)a t$ nhng c .*n tch b(
m9t bWng u0Y tSng .*n tch b( m9t c)a t. ;h Tk< t +\t c th .*n ln nht #* Kn
t thOt T b\ nht l t ct.
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b. Keo t c nng lng b mt
=c phn tN t#ong ht k!o chOu nh"ng lac tc ng cung Quanh nh nhau nLn
kh-ng c gb 9c b*t. yhn tN t#Ln b( m^t ht k!o chOu cc lac tc ng cung Quanh khc
nhau Tb n t*Kp cMc T* thP l&ng ho9c thP kh bLn ngo*. Jo cc lac n< kh-ng thP cn
bWng l]n nhau Vc$ t/ +*nh #a n^ng lVng ta .o$ +*nh #a n^ng lVng b( m9t chz t*Kp
cMc g*"a cc ht k!o T* m-* t#%ng cung Quanh. `hnh phen c: g** t cng n9ng thb
th .*n cng ln T .o n^ng lVng b( m9t cng ln$ kh, n^ng hp ph_ Tkt cht cng
cao.
c. Keo t c mang in
< l mt 9c tnh #t Quan t#Rng c)a k!o t m cc ht t c kch thc ln
kh-ng c. Jo ht k!o c kch thc #t nh& nLn ht nhn c)a k!o c thP hp ph_ lLn t#Ln
b( m9t cc *on khc nhau. 8a hp ph_ n< ph_ thuc To b,n cht c)a k!o. `uX thuc
To cu t#Mc c)a ht k!o m k!o t c thP mang *n m ho9c *n .:ng. `#ong t c
k!o m$ k!o .:ng T k!o l{ng tnh. yhen ln k!o t mang *n m
d. Keo t c tc dng ngng t
!o t c thP tn t* q ha* t#ng th* khc nhaud t#ng th* k!o tn 3+ol6 T t#ng
th* k!o t_ 3g!l6. h* nh"ng ht k!o phn b t#ong mt thP tch nc thb chMng nWm ca
cch nhau$ l t#ng th* +ol 3ha< h<.#o+ol6. `#ong t#%ng hVp n< m-* t#%ng phn
tn l nc$ tng phn tn l cc ht k!o. ;h thK +ol chU k!o q t#ng th* l: lNng t#ong
cht l&ng. A*n tVng n< .o cc ngu<Ln nhnd .o thK *n ng 3*n thK I!ta6 lm cho
cc ht k!o j< nhau kh-ng t*Kn l* gen nhau Vc$ ho9c .o mng nc bao bRc ngo*
k!o ng^n c,n kh-ng cho chMng .nh l*(n nhau.
8ong t#ong th*Ln nh*Ln l* c c, Qu t#bnh ngng t_$ nghsa l Qu t#bnh b*Kn +ol
thnh g!l. |u t#bnh n< chU c,< #a kh* k!o bO t#ung ho *n ho9c +c hMt g*"a chMng
ln h:n +c j<. 8a ngng t_ k!o c thP .o nh"ng ngu<Ln nhn chnh +aud
l !o ngng t_ .o tc ._ng c)a cht *n g*,*d < l ngu<Ln nhn ch) <Ku. mon
cht *n g*,* t*Kp cMc T* ht k!o$ *n c)a k!o +} bO t#ung ho bq* *on mang *n t#*
.u. `a b*Kt$ a + k!o t mang *n m nLn n* chung chMng bO ngng t_ .o c cat*on
t#ong .ung .Och t. Jo cht *n g*,* l mt mu*$ cc *on c)a mu* n< h<.#at ho l<
nc c)a ht k!o$ lm g*,m b( .< mng nc g*Mp cho chMng c thP gen nhau~ m9t
khc *on mu* ng^n c,n kh, n^ng *n phn c)a cc cat*on t#ao S* lm g*,m *n thK
I!ta. =, G ngu<Ln nhn .]n t* h*n tVng k!o t l*Ln kKt T* nhau m ngng t_.
Ao t#O c)a cat*on cng cao thb +c ngng t_ k!o cng mnh. ;gh*Ln cu +a ngng t_
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nc ho9c cht l&ng nh .ung .Och t. ;h"ng k!o a nc nh g!lat*n$ ac*t +*l*c*c$
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cht *n g*,* q nng cao. ;h"ng lMc th%* t*Kt hanh kh- ho9c hn hn k\o .* lm
cho t kh- thb k!o a nc cng c thP ngng t_ .o mng nc Quanh n bO mt.
l !o ngng t_ .o +a l*Ln kKt ha* ht k!o mang *n t#* .u
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$ =a
Gl
$ Cg
Gl
.... =c mu* .O cac cng c thP Vc hbnh
thnh .o +a t:ng tc g*"a cc ac*t mfn T* cc khong Tkt +\t Qua ceu n* canc* c cu
to nh +aud
8* E =a EE=
?
8* E =a EE=
8* E =a =EE
8* E =a =EE
=c humat canc* kh-ng tan c thP kKt t)a T hbnh thnh cc mng t#Ln b( m9t cc ht
k!o.
2 Cu* phc .O cac Vc hbnh thnh .o ph,n ng g*"a cc *on +gt$ nh-m T* ac*t
mfn P hbnh thnh mu* phc$ t#ong mu* n< k*m lo* tham g*a To phen an*on c)a
phn tN. AVp cht phc n< T]n cnn cc nhm cacboc<l T nhm h<.#oc<l ph!nol ta
.o$ cc nhm n< c thP t*Kp t_c ph,n ng T* phen T- c: c)a t P to thnh cc mu*
.O cac :n g*,n. B.;. Dl!can.#oTa gR* nh"ng hVp cht c b,n cht k\p nh
Tk< l mu* phc .O cac. Cu* n< c cu to nh +aud
C!
EA
A
G
E
A
G
E
EA
EE=
AE
?
3=EEA6
n21
3EA6
m21
t#ong C! l !
tl
$ Dl
tl
. =c nhm cacboc<l T nhm h<.#oc<l ph!nol ta .o c thP
ph,n ng T* cc cat*on k*(m T k*(m thS t#ong t.
2 yhc cht hp ph_ l cc +,n phjm c)a +a t:ng tc g*"a cc cht mfn T* cc
khong Tkt .ng t*nh thP ho9c T- Onh hbnh c)a t ho9c cc +,n phjm h"u c: T- c: hp
ph_ cc cht mfn bWng phen T- c:. =c phc h +\t mfn cng l phc cht hp ph_.
* .*n cho cc phc hp ph_ t#ong t l phc mfn T* nh-m T +gt 3a6$ phc mfn
+*l*c 3b6 T phc h +\t mfn 3c6

C!3EA6
t
C!
EA
EA
EE=
EA
?
3=EEA6
n21
3EA6
m21
8*E
G
.nA
G
E
A
G
E ...?
A
G
E ...?C!
3=EEA6
n
3EA6
m
=EE
2
EA
C!
1
l

3a6 yhc mfn nh-m$ +gt 3b6 yhc mfn +*l*c
8*
E
Dl
E
8*
Dl
E
2
...?
3=EEA6
n
3EA6
m
EA ...?C!
EA ...?
E
2
...?C!
=EE
E
C!
EE=
E
?
3=EEA6
n21
3EA6
m21
3=EEA6
n
3EA6
m
=EE
E
C!
3c6 yhc h +\t mfn
1.C. C& Bo2! ,eo 3=t t/ong t
=c k!o +\t thuc lo* k!o T- c:$ l cc khong Tkt th +*nh alum*n +*l*cat$ Vc
hbnh thnh .o +a b*Kn S* t/ cc khong Tkt ngu<Ln +*nh t#ong Qu t#bnh phong ho hbnh
thnh t$ phn b #ng #r* t#ong cc lo* t. =c khong Tkt n< l thnh phen ch) <Ku
c)a cp ht +\t Tb Tk< chMng Vc gR* l cc khong Tkt +\t. chMng Vc phn b*t T*
nhau bq* mc phn tn cao$ kh-ng tan t#ong nc
`#ong t c nh*(u lo* k!o +\t$ nhng t#ong chMng c Ta* t#n Quan t#Rng nht l
cc k!o +\t nhm kaol*n*t$ montmo#*lon*t T h<.#om*ca
a. &c i'm c"(ng c)a *eo +,t
9c *Pm chung c)a cc k!o +\t l chMng c cu to lp g*ng nh m*ca T +a
tha< thK ng hbnh.
l =u to lp c)a k!o +\t Vc to thnh .o +a l*Ln kKt c)a ph*Kn kh* t .*n
3bn m9t6 oc*t +*l*c T ph*Kn kh* bt .*n 3tm m9t6 g*pc*t.
2 yh*Kn oc*t +*l*c Vc to thnh .o +a ggn l*(n cc kh* t .*n oc*t +*l*c T*
nhau. Cz* kh* t .*n q chnh g*"a l mt ngu<Ln tN +*l*c$ bn Unh l bn ngu<Ln tN
oc*. ;h thK thb kh* gh\p thnh ph*Kn ha* bLn l ha* lp oc*$ g*"a l lp +*l*c$
2 yh*Kn g*pc*td ph*Kn n< Vc to thnh .o +a ggn l*(n cc kh* bt .*n T*
nhau. Cz* kh* bt .*n chnh g*"a c mt ngu<Ln tN Dl$ cung Quanh c 5 oc* ha< 5
EA
2
ho9c T/a oc* T/a EA
2
3hbnh [.56.
l A*n tVng tha< thK ng hbnh
2 mt + khong Tkt$ t#ong c cc khong Tkt +\t 3k!o +\t6 c h*n tVng
mt + ngu<Ln t t#ong mng l* t*nh thP c)a chMng c thP bO cc ngu<Ln t khc q bLn
ngo* To tha< thK. 8a tha< thK n< kh-ng lm tha< S* hbnh .ng c)a khong Tkt m
chU tha< S* tnh cht. 'b thK gR* l h*n tVng tha< thK ng hbnh.

oc*
8*
oc*
8*
w
Dl
oc*
Abnh [.5. 8: cu to kh* t .*n oc*t +*l*c$ ph*Kn oc*t +*l*c T kh* bt .*n$ ph*Kn
g*pc*t
2 *(u k*n Quan t#Rng c)a +a tha< thK ld G *on mun tha< thK nhau ph,* c bn
knh t:ng :ng$ ' ._ Dl
tl
t#ong t*nh thP c bn knh ? 4 0$[w c thP bO !
tl
c ?
4 0$5w tha< thK ch kh-ng thP bO B*
l
c ? 4 1$GG tha< thK. 8a tha< thK n< c,< #a
phS b*Kn q mt + k!o +\t$ T ._ t#ong kh* t .*n oc*t +*l*cd 8*
Zl
th%ng bO Dl
tl
thK$ c
t#%ng hVp Cn
tl
ho9c y
[l
tha< thK 8*
Zl
+ong #t t~ t#ong kh* bt .*n Dl
tl
bO Cg
Gl
ho9c
!
Gl
thK.
2 9c *Pm c)a +a tha< thK ld nKu ho t#O c)a G *on tha< thK t:ng :ng nhau
thb kh-ng nh"ng kh-ng th< *Pm gb khc t#Ln t*nh thP m cnn lm cho khong Tkt t#ung
ho *n. ;Ku ha t#O c)a chMng chLnh lch nhau thb khong Tkt mang *n m ho9c
.:ng. ' ._ Dl
tl
thK cho 8*
Zl
thb khong Tkt mang *n m$ y
[l
thK cho 8*
Zl
khong Tkt
mang *n .:ng. A*n tVng tha< thK ng hbnh th%ng g9p q k!o +\t l Dl
tl
thK 8*
Zl

ho9c Cg
Gl
thK Dl
tl
Tb Tk< k!o +\t mang *n m c thP hp ph_ cat*on.
b. &c i'm c)a cc n"m *eo +,t c"!n"
l ;hm kaol*n*td
2 ;hm n< gm k!o kaol*n*t T haluI*t$ m!tahaluaI*t$ .*kk*t T nak#*t.
2 =u t#Mc t*nh thP lo* hbnh 1d1$ mz* lp t*nh thP 3t*nh teng6 gm mt ph*Kn oc*t
+*l*c T mt ph*Kn g*pc*t. ;h"ng lp t*nh thP nh Tk< chng cKp lLn nhau$ g*"a chMng
c cc kh! hq lm cho kaol*n*t c cu t#Mc lp 3hbnh [.w6.
2 `h!o hbnh T} cu t#Mc c)a kaol*n*t$ nhn c: b,n c)a mng l* t*nh thP k!o
t#ung ho T( *n T c c-ng thc t:ng ng l Dl
G
8*
G
E
[
3EA6
Z
$ nhng b( m9t +%n l
t#en kh* ph huh c ho t#O kh-ng bro ho g< #a +a hp ph_ cc *on t/ m-* t#%ng cung
Quanh. AaluaI*t khc T* kaol*n*t bq* +a tn t* c)a nc t#ong mng l* t*nh thP$ cu
t#Mc c)a n phf hVp T* c-ng thc Dl
G
8*
G
E
[
3EA6
Z
.GA
G
E. AaluaI*t kh* bO h<.#at ho +}
b*Kn thnh m!tahaluaI*t Dl
G
8*
G
E
[
3EA6
Z
.ZA
G
E. J*kk*t T nak#*t khc T* kaol*n*t bq* cc
gc lch c)a t/ng pak!t.`h l 8*dDl 4 1d1
2 ho,ng cch g*"a cc pak!t kh-ng S* T bWng w$G .
2 ?t t ho9c kh-ng c h*n tVng tha< thK ng hbnh c,< #a t#ong mng l* t*nh
thP.
2 Bac l*Ln kKt g*"a cc lp t*nh thP teng t#ong kaol*n*t #t ch9t nLn kh-ng thP co
g*rn P mq #ng kh! hq hMt nc T kh-ng c kh, n^ng t#:ng.
2 Jo cc 9c *Pm t#Ln m kh, n^ng hp ph_ c)a kaol*n*t th%ng thp 3=H= 4 [ 2 1[
llv100g k!o6. >q* Tk<$ t no cha nh*(u k!o nhm kaol*n*t thb tnh g*" phn T g*" nc
k\m.
w$GD

0$GD
yhin
gipxit
yhin
oxit &ilic Z8*
5E
ZDl
ZE l G3EA6
53EA6
Abnh [.w. 8: cu t#Mc kaol*n*t
l ;hm montmo#*lon*t
2 ;hm n< gm k!o montmo#*lon*t$ ba<.!nl*t T nont#on*t.
2 =u t#Mc t*nh thP lo* hbnh Gd1$ nghsa l mz* lp t*nh thP gm G ph*Kn oc*t +*l*c
nWm q G bLn T mt ph*Kn g*pc*t q g*"a 3hbnh [.u6.
2 =u t#Mc c)a montmo#*lon*t phf hVp T* c-ng thc Dl
G
8*
Z
E
10
3EA6
G
.nA
G
E.
>a<.!l*t khc T* montmo#*lon*t q chz$ 1 t#ong Z *on 8*
Zl
c)a lp kh* t .*n oc*t +*l*c
bO tha< thK bWng Dl
tl
$ *n tch m . th/a Vc bf bWng cch tha< thK 1 t#ong cc *on
oc* bWng nhm h*.#oc<l. >a<.!l*t c c-ng thc ld Dl
t
8*
t
E
x
3EA6
t
.nA
G
E. =nn nont#on*t$
t#ong cc kh* bt .*n c)a n$ *on Dl
tl
hon ton Vc tha< thK bWng *on !
tl
.
;ont#on*t c c-ng thcd 3Dl$!6
G
8*
Z
E
10
3EA6
G
.nA
G
E. `h l 8*d Dl 3ho9c !6 4 Gd 1.
2 hc T* kaol*n*t$ kho,ng cch g*"a cc pak!t c)a montmo#*lon*t tha< S* #t
mnh t/ x$5 Kn Gu$Z '$ ph_ thuc To lVng nc Vc hMt To kh! hq g*"a cc pak!t.
h* hMt nc k!o +\t montmo#*lon*t t#:ng #a.
2 A*n tVng tha< thK ng hbnh c,< #a phS b*Knd Dl
tl
tha< thK 8*
Zl
t#ong kh* t
.*n c)a ph*Kn oc<t +*l*c$ Cg
Gl
ho9c !
Gl
thK Dl
tl
t#ong kh* bt .*n c)a ph*Kn g*pc*t.
Kt Qu, l k!o mang *n m c thP hp ph_ cat*on.
2 Bac l*Ln kKt g*"a cc lp t*nh thP c)a montmo#*lon*t k\m ch9t nLn c thP g*rn
nq kh* hMt thLm nc T cat*on.
2 Jo nh"ng 9c *Pm t#Ln m kh, n^ng hp ph_ cat*on c)a nhm k!o n< #t cao
3=H= 4 u0 2 1[0 llv100 g k!o6. >q* Tk<$ t no cha nh*(u k!o t nhm
montmo#*lon*t thb tnh g*" phn T nc kh cao.
x$52G1$Z D

yhin
oxit &ilic
yhin
gipxit
yhin
oxit &ilic
Z8*
5E
5E
Z8*
ZE l G3EA6
ZDl
ZE l G3EA6
Z D

Abnh [.u. 8: cu t#Mc montmo#*lon*t

l ;hm h<.#om*ca
2 =h*Km mt lVng ln t#ong + cc k!o +\t c)a t$ bao gm cc lo* +aud h<.#o
m*ca t#gng 3h<.#omu+coT*t ho9c *ll*t6$ h<.#o m*ca !n 3h<.#ob*ot*t6T cc .ng khc
c)a m*ca bO h<.#at ho
2 A<.#om*ca c cu t#Mc lo* hbnh Gd1 t:ng ta montmo#*lon*t 3hbnh [.x6
2 =-ng thc c)a h<.#omu+coT*t Dl
G
3Dl.8*
t
E
10
63EA6
G
.

10 D
y
y
5E
3Z2y68*.yDl
GEA l ZE
Dl
Z
.!
Z
.Cg
Z
Cg
5
GEA l ZE
3Z2y68* 2 yDl
Abnh [.x. 8: cu t#Mc c)a h<.#om*ca
2 ho,ng cch g*"a cc pak!t kh-ng S* T bWng 10 .
2 = h*n tVng tha< thK ng hbnh c,< #a t#ong mng l* t*nh thP$ ch) <Ku l
+a tha< thK c)a 8*
Zl
t#ong ph*Kn kh* t .*n bWng *on Dl
tl
$ kKt Qu, lm cho n mang
*n m c thP hp ph_ cat*on 9c b*t l
l
phn b q kh! hq g*"a cc pak!t.
2 Jo lac l*Ln kKt g*"a cc lp t*nh thP kh b(n T"ng Tb Tk< k!o th%ng c tnh
t#:ng thp T kh, n^ng hp ph_ kh-ng cao.
2 h, n^ng hp ph_ c)a h<.#om*ca kho,ng G0 2 Z0 llv100 g k!o.
l `#ong t cng th%ng g9p T!#m*cul*t gen g*ng h<.#om*ca$ g*"a cc pak!t c)a
mng l* t*nh thP c)a k!o n< tn t* lp k\p cc phn tN nc bao Quanh cc k*m lo*$
th%ng l Cg. '!#m*cul*t l mag*!alum*n+*l*cat$ Cg c t#ong cc kh* bt .*n. `#ong cc
kh* bt .*n Cg
Gl
c thP Vc tha< thK bWng !
Gl
$ cnn t#ong cc kh* t .*n 8*
Zl
Vc
tha< thK bWng Dl
tl
. =-ng thc tSng Qut c)a T!#m*cul*t nh +aud
3Cg
Gl
$!
Gl
6
t
38*$Dl6
Z
E
10
3EA6
G
.Z3A
G
E6. '!#m*cul*t c .ung tch hp ph_ kh cao$ =H= c)a
n .ao ng t/ 50 2 1[0llv100 g k!o.
`#ong t cnn g9p cc k!o .ng lp hzn hVp. `#ong mng l* t*nh thP c)a
chMng c!n k} cc lp kh* bt .*n c)a cc khong Tkt khc nhaud montmo#*lon*t T*
*ll*t$ kaol*n*t T* mu+coT*t$ T!#m*cul*t T* clo#*t...
c. Keo +,t t-ong t .it /am
|ua cc kKt Qu, ngh*Ln cu thnh phen k!o +\t t#ong t '*t ;am c)a cc tc
g*,d yhm 7*a `u$ ;gu<n '* T `#en h,*$ =ao B*Lm$ o =hu `hu$ ;gu<n A"u
`hnh... bWng ph:ng php ho hRc$ ph:ng php Quang phS$ ph:ng php nh*t$
ph:ng php Quang tu<Kn T ph:ng php h*Pn T* *n tN c thP kh* Qut T( +a phn
b c)a chMng nh +aud
l * T* t Tfng * nM*d k!o +\t ch) <Ku t#ong cc lo* t c)a Tfng n< l
k!o kaol*n*t$ g:t*t T g*pc*t$ ngo* #a tuX th!o lo* t c thP g9p cc lo* k!o +\td
h<.#om*ca 3t & Tng t#Ln g#an*t$ t i!#al*t mfn t#Ln nM* t#Ln ph*l*t$ t !n t#Ln
T-*...6$ montmo#*lon*t 3t !n t#Ln T-*$ t !n t#Ln bRt6$ T!#m*cul*t 3t !n
t#Ln T-*$ t !n t#Ln bRt$ t i!#al*t mfn t#Ln ph*l*t6.
l * T* t ng bWngd k!o +\t ch) <Ku c)a cc lo* t Tfng ng bWng l
kaol*n*t T h<.#om*ca. '!#m*cul*t g9p q cc t phf +a t#ung tnh t chua$ t m9n t#ung
tnh$ t phn$ t ct b*Pn. ;go* #a c thP g9p g*pc*t 3t phf +a chua$ t bc mu$ t
ct b*Pn6 T g:tt 3t bc mu6.

$. Kh) nDng h> >h< &*+ t
$.1. Kh! n!"# &h:ng
Ap ph_ l 9c tnh c)a cc ht t c thP hMt Vc cht #gn$ cht l&ng$ cht kh
ho9c lm t^ng nng cc cht t#Ln b( m9t. >!mm!l!n 3A Ban6 len eu t*Ln chU #a
#Wng k!o t l c: +q c)a tc ._ng hp ph_$ tc ._ng n< ph_ thuc cht mfn$ h<.#oc<t
+gt T oc*t +*l*c*c t#ong t. ;^m 1x0u$ 7!.#o*I 3B*Ln c- c6 tbm #a Qu< lukt hp ph_$
khng Onh kh* n*m hp ph_ mt cch chnh cc. 7!.#o*I cho #Wng$ tnh hp ph_ c)a
t l*Ln Quan Kn phc h hp ph_$ phc h < kh-ng tan t#ong nc$ thnh phen
khong c)a n l nh-m +*l*cat$ thnh phen h"u c: c)a n ch) <Ku l mfn$ l cc lo*
k!o t. 7!.#o*I ch*a kh, n^ng hp ph_ c)a t thnh [ .ngd hp ph_ +*nh hRc$ hp ph_
c: hRc$ hp ph_ lo hRc$ hp ph_ ho hRc T hp ph_ lo ho hRc.
$.$. C& 72ng h> >h< &*+ t
a. 0# #" +in" "%c
Ap ph_ +*nh hRc l kh, n^ng +*nh Tkt 3thac Tkt T T* +*nh Tkt6 hMt Vc cat*on
T an*on t#ong t. ;h"ng *on . .* chu<Pn t#ong t Vc # c< T T* +*nh Tkt hMt b*Kn
thnh nh"ng cht h"u c: kh-ng bO nc cun t#-*. ? c<$ thn c< +au lMc chKt * +}
tch lu cc h"u c: t#ong t. '* +*nh Tkt phn g*,* cc h"u c: n<$ .o c Qu t#bnh
hp ph_ +*nh hRc. '* +*nh Tkt c Onh m cng l mt hbnh thc hp ph_ +*nh Tkt.
8a t#ao S* cat*on g*"a t T # c< r Vc ngh*Ln cu nh*(u t#ong nh"ng n^m
gen <. ;h*(u th ngh*m khng Onh #Wng$ ngo* h*n tVng c< hMt thc ^n .* .ng
*on t/ .ung .Och t$ cat*on T an*on c thP * t/ t To c< th!o Qu t#bnh t#ao S* *on.
Jo # c< h- hp th,* #a =E
G
. =E
G
kKt hVp T* A
G
E t#ong t to thnh A
G
=E
t.
Dc*t n<
phn l*d A
G
=E
t
= A
l
l A=E
t
2
. A
l
khuKch

tn Kn k!o t T t* n t#ao S* T* =a
Gl
$
Cg
Gl
$
l
T cat*on khc hp ph_ q k!o t$ =nn cc an*on A=E
t
2
t#ao S* T* ;E
t
2
$
8E
Z
G2
$ T yE
Z
t2
. A
G
=E
t
cnn c tc ._ng ho tan cc mu* khong khc 3pho+phat$
+uliat...6 c t#ong t g*Mp cho c< c thP hMt Vc cc *on n<.
b. 0# #" c1 "%c
Ap ph_ c: hRc l 9c tnh c)a t c thP g*" l* nh"ng Tkt cht nh& q t#ong kh!
hq c)a t$ T ._d nh"ng ht +\t$ cc h"u c:$ T* +*nh Tkt... < l .ng hp ph_ phS b*Kn
t#ong t. A*n tVng n< th< # nht kh* ma$ nc ma _c .o l]n ct$ +\t... nhng
kh* thm +u cung cc teng t .*$ nc mch ch,< To g*Kng$ nc t#q nLn t#ong$ Tb
kh* thm Qua cc teng t$ cc cht l: lNng t#ong nc r bO hp ph_ c: hRc.
;gu<Ln nhn c)a hp ph_ c: hRc .o kch thc kh! hq t#ong t b\ h:n kch
thc cc Tkt cht ho9c b% kh! hq g gh( lm c,n t#q +a .* chu<Pn cc ht ho9c cc Tkt
cht mang *n t#* .u T* b% kh! hq nLn bO hMt g*" l*.
= t#%ng hVp hp ph_ c: hRc kh-ng lV* cho Qu t#bnh hbnh thnh t nh lm
cut h*n t#ong t nh"ng lp Qu nh*(u k!o +\t$ t t#q lLn ch9t .o lo tnh cu.
;hng m9t khc$ nh% tnh hp ph_ n< m cc phen tN t kh-ng bO #Na t#-* cung +u.
c. 0# #" l2 "%c 3"# #" #"4n t56
Ap ph_ lo hRc l +a tha< S* nng c)a cc phn tN cht tan t#Ln b( m9t cc
ht t.
;gu<Ln nhn c)a h*n tVng hp ph_ lo hRc .o tc ._ng c)a n^ng lVng b( m9t
pht +*nh q chz t*Kp cMc g*"a cc ht t T* .ung .Och t 3ho9c kh-ng kh6. ;^ng
lVng b( m9t ph_ thuc +c c^ng b( m9t T .*n tch b( m9t. 'kt cht no lm g*,m +c
c^ng m9t ngo* c)a .ung .Och t +} tkp t#ung t#Ln m9t ht k!o$ < l +a hp ph_
.:ng. ' ._ ac*t ac!t*c c tc ._ng lm g*,m +c c^ng m9t ngo* c)a .ung .Och t +}
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t thb bO j< #a kh&* k!o t P * To .ung .Och$ +a hp ph_ n< gR* l hp ph_ m. '
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tVng t_ k!o lm cho cc ht t .nh l* T* nhau to thnh ht kKt c ln khc
nhau. ;Ku g!l kh-ng t#q l* t#ng th* +ol thb nh"ng ht kKt n< b(n$ cnn kh* g!l phen
no b*Kn thnh +ol thb ht kKt . nt T_n$ t c kKt cu kh-ng b(n. A*n tVng k!o tn
kh-ng lV* cho t Tb ph T{ kKt cu$ #Na t#-* cc ht k!o lm cho t t#q nLn cu.
l nh hqng c)a thnh phen cat*on hp ph_ Kn kKt cu td nKu k!o hp ph_
nh*(u cat*on ho t#O 1 nh B*
l
$ ;a
l
$
l
thb th l cc ht k!o T cc ht kKt kch thc b\
t/ 0$00[ 2 0$00Gmm t^ng lLn nh*(u. ;gVc l* kh* hp ph_ nh*(u cat*on ho t#O G thb th l
cc ht kKt c kch thc ln t/ 0$0G 2 0$G[mm t^ng lLn #t nh*(u 3b,ng [.1G6.
l nh hqng c)a tnh t#:ng$ co c)a k!o t Kn lo tnh td .o tnh t#:ng co
c)a k!o t lm cho thP tch t bO tha< S*$ t bO nt n kh* kh- T nhro nho\t kh*
ma$ ,nh hqng Kn chK nc T chK kh t#ong t cng nh +a pht t#*Pn c)a b
# c<. t cng cha nh*(u k!o +\t t t#:ng co cng mnh$ k!o thuc nhm
montmo#*lon*t t#:ng co mnh h:n k!o nhm kaol*n*t.
-)ng ..1$. M:+n h" g!N+ th6nh >hKn &+t!on h> >h< F1! h2t ,Yt t/ong t
C+t!on h> >h<
TP B" ` h2t ,Yt
a IOI$## IOI$ b IOII$## c IOII$##
B*
l
10$[t t[$xZ [t$[t
;a
l
11$wZ tw$Zu [0$[u

l
tG$0x tt$tG tZ$[x
Cg
Gl
[Z$xw tu$0G w$11
=a
Gl
[5$tt t5$t[ w$tG
>!
Gl
[t$x0 tw$55 x$0Z
@.@. M:+n h" g!N+ ,eo t F1! ho t'nh t
`hnh phen cat*on hp ph_ t#Ln k!o cnn ,nh hqng Kn ho tnh t. `#Ln m9t
ht k!o lu-n lu-n tn t* nh*(u lo* cat*on nhng cat*on no ch*Km u thK thb n ,nh
hqng # #t Kn ho tnh t.
l ;h"ng t g*u =a
Gl
T Cg
Gl
c ph,n ng t#ung tnh h:* k*(m T no baI:
cao 3t phf +a ngo* L +-ng Ang c >8 u0Y6.
l ;Ku th l Cg
Gl
.* 1[Y .ung tch hp ph_ thb kh-ng c h* gb Kn tnh cht
t$ kh* ln h:n th l n< +*nh #a h*n tVng m9n mag*L 3Tfng `#ung T!n Agc A,*6.
l ;h"ng t cha nh*(u A
l
T Dl
tl
t#ong thnh phen cat*on hp ph_ +} c ph,n
ng chua$ no baI: thp 3t i!#al*t$ t &$ t Tng$ t potIon$ t phf +a chua6.
l ;h"ng t c nh*(u ;a
l
t#ong thnh phen cat*on hp ph_ +} c tnh k*(m 3t m9n
k*(m6.
l =c cat*on
l
T ;A
Z
l
q .ng hp ph_ t:ng * t T c< . .ng hp th_
chMng$ Tb Tk< cc cat*on n< t ,nh hqng Kn tnh cht c)a t.
l t cng nh*(u k!o tnh m c)a t cng cao.
@.C. M:+n h" g!N+ ,h) nDng h> >h< &*+ t F1! &hY ? (]n >hAn F6 &)! t2o t
'* chK bn phn
=hK bn phn cho cc lo* t khc nhau tuX thuc To kh, n^ng hp ph_ c)a
td
l * T* t c kh, n^ng hp ph_ cao$ kh* bn phn c thP tkp t#ung bn lt$
bn lVng phn ln$ cnn t c kh, n^ng hp ph_ nh& kh-ng nLn bn lt n9ng$ cen bn
thMc To cc g*a* on +*nh t#qng c< cen nh*(u .*nh .{ng P t^ng h*u Qu, c)a phn
bn.
l >n phn khong kh-ng km th!o bn T-* lm chua c)a t t^ng lLn #t
nhanh$ lm g*,m mc bro ho baI: c)a t$ t^ng hm lVng A
l
$ Dl
tl
-* kh* c,
l

t#ong thnh phen cat*on t#ao S* c)a t.
l h* +N ._ng phn m c cha gc ;E
t
2
$ nLn hn chK bn cho cc c< t#ng
t#ong *(u k*n ngkp nc P g*,m +a mt m .o Qu t#bnh #Na t#-* T ph,n n*t#at ho.
l >n T-* cho cc t chua t#c kh* +N ._ng phn ln P hn chK +a c Onh cc
*on pho+phat bq* +gt T nh-m.
l h* bn phn kal* cen chM o +a c Onh kal* bq* cc k!o +\t$ 9c b*t cc k!o
nhm h<.#om*ca.
'* cc b*n php c,* to t
l yh,n ng t#ao S* cat*on c)a k!o t l c: +q khoa hRc c)a b*n php ho hRc
c,* tao t. `#Ln c: +q cc ph,n ng n< c thP +N ._ng T-* P c,* to cc t chua$ ho9c
+N ._ng thch cao P c,* to cc t m9n k*(m

GAl
l =a=E
t

=aGl
l A
G
E l =E
G

G;al
l =a8E
Z

=aGl
l ;a
G
8E
Z
l 8N ._ng nc ngRt P c,* to cc t m9n 3#Na =l
2
$ 8E
Z
G2
6. h* +N ._ng nc
t*$ nc #Na m9n$ chM o hm lVng ;a
l
t#ong nc P t#nh ngu< c: m9n k*(m ho
t.

C. -!"n >h> 7:d t/5 F6 nAng &+o ,h) nDng h> >h< &*+ t
;h cc phen t#Ln r t#bnh b<$ phc h k!o ,nh hqng ln t* thnh phen T
nng .ung .Och t$ tnh cht lo hRc$ ho hRc$ chK nc T kh c)a t$ *(u k*n
pht t#*Pn c)a T* +*nh Tkt... 'b Tk< mun b,o T T nng cao phb t cen tbm cch .u<
t#b$ t^ng c%ng T tha< S* thnh phen$ + lVng k!o t.
l t ct cha #t t k!o$ kh, n^ng hp ph_ k\m$ tnh g*" phn k\m. 'b Tk< *
T* lo* t n< cen t^ng k!o bWng cch bn t +\t kKt hVp T* phn h"u c: P t^ng
phc h hp ph_ cho t$ t^ng .nh ht kKt lm cho n t#q nLn b(n. Aunga#* c,* to
t ct bWng cch t#n t +\t T* phn h"u c: lm thnh lp .< G 2 t cm !m ) #* bn
cho t ct. l phc h k!o +\t mfn c kh, n^ng to cho t nh*(u 9c tnh tt m
#*Lng phn chung kh-ng thP c Vc. Js nh*Ln$ kh-ng ph,* t +\t no cng bn Vc
cho t nh$ T ._ t +\t m9n kh-ng c,* to Vc t ct$ q m*(n >gc nc ta T*c .fng
bfn ao ho9c ce< +u lkt +\t .* +u lLn kKt hVp T* phn h"u c: P c,* to t thnh
phen c: g** nh nh t bc mu.
l yhf +a cc +-ng ln cha nh*(u k!o c thP .fng t* cho #ung nh*(u ct$
cng l b*n php t^ng lVng k!o t.
l >n phn h"u c: T T- c: cnn l b*n php tha< S* thnh phen *on hp ph_
c)a k!o. =c *on EA
2
$ =EE
2
T 8*E
t
G2
...c thP lm cho cc mu* pho+phat t#q thnh .
tan h:n. ' ._ bn nat#* +*l*catd
;a
G
8*E
t
l A
G
E 4 A
G
8*E
t
l G;aEA
A
G
8*E
t
l =a
t
3yE
Z
6
G
3kh tan6 4 G=aAyE
Z
3. tan6 l =a8*E
t
ho9c bn phn h"u c:d
?3=EEA6
G
l =a
t
3yE
Z
6
G
3kh tan6 4 ?3=EE6
G
2 =a l G=aAyE
Z
3. tan6
l * T* nh"ng t thnh phen c: g** Qu n9ng kh-ng phf hVp <Lu ceu c<
t#ng c thP c,* to bWng cch bn ct$ bn t phf +a th-$ bn nh*(u phn h"u c: T
t#ng c< phn canh.
l * T* nh"ng lo* t c kh, n^ng hp ph_ thp c thP bn To t cc
khong Tkt c .ung tch t#ao S* cat*on cao nh b!nton*t$ I!ol*t P nng cao .ung tch
hp ph_ cho t.

CA: he! fn tg>
1. h* n*m k!o t$ cc 9c tnh c: b,n c)a k!o T phn lo* k!o t
G. 9c *Pm c)a cc lo* k!o +\t chnh t#ong t$ thnh phen c)a k!o t#ong cc
lo* t chnh c)a '*t ;am
t. h, n^ng hp ph_ c)a t l gb =c .ng hp ph_ c)a t$ b*n php .u< t#b
T nng cao kh, n^ng hp ph_ c)a t
Z. |uan h g*"a k!o t$ kh, n^ng hp ph_ c)a t T* tnh cht c)a t T chK
bn phn$ c,* to t