Gio trnh thc tp ha l

NXB i hc quc gia H Ni 2007.

Tr 73 78.

Ti liu trong Th vin in t H Khoa hc T nhin c th c s dng cho mc
ch hc tp v nghin cu c nhn. Nghim cm mi hnh thc sao chp, in n phc
v cc mc ch khc nu khng c s chp thun ca nh xut bn v tc gi.

Bi s 14. iu ch cc h keo v kho
st mt s tnh cht ca chng

PGS. TS. V Ngc Ban
Bi s 14
IU CH CC H KEO V KHO ST MT
S TNH CHT CA CHNG
Mc ch
iu ch mt s h keo bng phng php phn tn, phng php ngng t v kho st
tnh cht ca chng. Xc nh ngng keo t ca h keo.
L thuyt
Ho hc cht keo - hay chnh xc hn, ho hc cc h phn tn - nghin cu cc h bao
gm mt pha phn tn dng chia nh thnh ht, phn b trong mt mi trng phn tn lin
tc. Cc ht c kch thc quy c t 1 m 100 m (10
7
10
5
cm), ngha l ln hn kch
thc phn t, nn h l d th nhng cha ln c th pht hin bng knh hin vi nn
h l siu vi d th. Nhng h cha cc ht nh th c tn l SON.
Ho hc cht keo cn nghin cu cc h cha cc ht c kch thc ln hn 100 m,
c gi l cc h phn tn vi d th hoc cc h phn tn th. Cc h th c gi l huyn
ph nu cc ht l pha rn, c gi l nh tng nu cc ht l pha lng v gi l bt nu ht
l kh c phn b trong cc mi trng lng.
Do cc ht keo c kch thc nh nn chng c b mt ring rt ln. V vy, h keo c
nng lng b mt rt ln v khng bn vng nhit ng hc. Cc ht c xu hng lin kt li
vi nhau thnh nhng ht ln hn (lm cho b mt ring nh i v nng lng b mt gim)
ri lng xung. Qu trnh c gi l s keo t. gi cho cc h keo c bn vng
mt mc no ngi ta phi thm vo h cc cht n nh (hay cht lm bn). C ch
ca s lm bn trong i a s trng hp l do ht keo hp ph mt loi ion ca cht lm
bn, lm tng in tch ca ht keo, khin cho lc y tnh in gia cc ht keo tng ln,
ngn cn s lin kt ca cc ht.
C hai cch ch to cc h phn tn. Cch th nht l chia nh vt cht cho n khi thu
c cc ht c kch thc c ht keo, cc phng php theo cch ny gi l phng php
phn tn.V d, ngi ta xay lu hunh ri phn b vo nc, lu hunh l pha phn tn v
nc l mi trng phn tn. Cch th hai l tp hp cc phn t, nguyn t hay ion c sn
trong mi trng li thnh cc ht c kch thc c ht keo. Cc phng php theo cch ny
gi l phng php ngng t. V d, son AgI c ch to bng cch cho AgNO
3
phn ng
vi KI. Cc ion Ag
+
v I

trong mi trng s tp hp li thnh cc ht keo AgI.

Mt iu kin thit yu cho c hai phng php trn l pha phn tn phi thc t khng
tan trong mi trng phn tn hay ni cch khc pha phn tn khng c tng tc vi mi
trng. Chnh v th m cc h keo ch to bng hai cch trn c gi l h keo k lu.
Ngoi ra cn c cc h keo a lu, in hnh l dung dch cc cht cao phn t, trong cc
phn t c tng tc vi mi trng v to thnh dung dch tht. V vy, ch to chng
ngi ta ch cn cho cht CPT vo mi trng thch hp, cht ny s t ho tan vo mi
trng . Song nu mi trng l mt dung mi ti i vi cht CPT th ngi ta vn c th
ch to dung dch keo ca cht CPT bng phng php phn tn hay ngng t v thu c
cc h keo k lu.
Ht keo ch to trong mi trng lng thng c cu to phc tp, tu thuc vo iu
kin ch to n. Ngy nay, ngi ta quan nim ht keo l mt mixen trung ho in bao gm
mt nhn, thng c cu to tinh th, gia v mt lp in kp bao quanh n. Lp kp gm
hai bn. Bn trong gm cc ion cng mt du in nm trn b mt ht keo, to cho ht c
mt in tch no nn c gi l cc ion quyt nh th hiu. Bn ngoi gm cc ion in
tch ngc du va trung ho in tch ca ht keo - l cc ion nghch. Cc ion
nghch chu tc dng ca lc ht tnh in, lc hp ph vo b mt ht v lc khuch tn do
chuyn ng nhit gy ra, nn c phn b thnh hai lp. Lp trong gm mt s ion nm st
b mt ht keo gi l lp hp ph, lp ngoi bao gm s ion nghch cn li, l lp khuch tn.
lp ny nng cc ion nghch gim dn t trong ra ngoi v khi lp kp kt thc th nng
bng nng cc ion nghch trong dung dch. Ngi ta thng biu din cu to ht
keo bng s hay bng cng thc. V d ht keo AgI hnh thnh do phn ng:
AgNO
3
+ KI AgI + KNO
3

vi gi thit KI ly d lm cht lm bn, c s v cng thc c ch ra hnh 1.
- + +
ion
ion nghch nhn
lp hp ph lp kh.tn
nhn mixen
Q..T.H
{mAgI nI (n-x)K } xK

granun (ht ion

mixen

Hnh 1
S v cng thc cu to ca mixen ca son AgI trong dung dch KI long
Tu thuc vo nng cc ion trong dung dch m lp kp c th dy hay mng. Khi lp
kp c chiu dy ln th ht keo bn vng, khi lp kp mng th ht keo tin st li gn nhau
khong cch m lc ht tc dng mnh khin cho cc ht lin kt li vi nhau thnh nhng
ht ln - l s keo t. Chnh v vy m khi thm cht in li vo h keo thng xy ra s
keo t. S keo t bt u xy ra mt nng cht in li ti thiu gi l ngng keo t,
c tnh bng s mili mol hoc mili ng lng cht in li trn mt lt dung dch keo.
S keo t bi cht in li tun theo quy tc Schultze Hardy. Tc dng keo t ca mt
cht in li l do ion ngc du vi du in ca ht keo v tc dng tng ln rt nhanh
theo s tng ho tr ca ion . L thuyt cng nh thc nghim ch ra rng ngng keo t t
l nghch vi ho tr Z lu tha 6.
=
6
Z
K

S c mt ca mt cht cao phn t thch hp trong mt h keo k lu c th lm tng
bn vng ca h keo . Tc dng c gi l tc dng bo v ca cht cao phn t i
vi h keo k lu. C ch ca tc dng bo v l do cht cao phn t hp ph ln b mt ht
keo, lm thnh mt mng bo v ngn cn s lin kt ca cc ht khi chng n gn nhau.
Nh trn, ta bit ht keo thng c in tch nht nh, tu thuc vo bn cht ion
quyt nh th hiu. Do , khi t h keo vo mt in trng th cc ht keo tch in s di
chuyn v mt cc, l hin tng in di (phn ht di chuyn bao gm: nhn cng lp ion
quyt nh th hiu v lp hp ph ca ion nghch); mi trng vi phn ion nghch cn li l
lp khuch tn s di chuyn v cc khc, l hin tng in thm.
Nhng h keo k lu sau khi ch to thng cha cc cht ln, thng l cht in li. Khi
nng cht in li ln, chiu dy lp kp gim lm cho bn vng ca h gim i. Mun
cho h keo bn vng ngi ta phi loi bt cht in li bng phng php thm tch, ngha l
cho h keo vo mt ti mng bn thm, cht in li lt qua mng thot dn khi h, cn cc
ht keo c kch thc ln nn khng lt qua mng v gi li trong h. Cng v kch thc ht
ln m cc h keo cn c c im l khuch tn rt chm so vi dung dch thc.
ch to cc nh tng ngi ta dng phng php phn tn v thng phi thm cht
lm bn gi l cht nh ho. C hai loi nh tng:
a) Nh tng loi I hay nh tng thun, c pha phn tn l cht lng khng phn cc,
mi trng phn tn l nc.
b) Nh tng loi II hay nh tng nghch, c pha phn tn l nc, mi trng phn
tn l cht lng khng phn cc (thng gi l du).
Nh tng loi I c k hiu l D/N (du trong nc), nh tng loi II c k hiu l N/D
(nc trong du). Cht nh ho thng l cht hot ng b mt, th d kali oleat, canxi oleat,
nhm stearat v.v...
Tin hnh th nghim
1. Ch to Son S v Son clphan (nha thng rn) bng phng php th
dung mi
a) Ch to mt dung dch bo ho lu hunh trong ru etylic bng cch lc mnh cho
S ho tan n bo ho ri lng phn S cn tha. Ly 5 ml dung dch ny nh
chm (va nh va khuy) vo 20 ml nc ct. S khng tan trong nc, nn khi
phn tn vo nc, cc phn t lu hunh s ngng t li thnh nhng ht c kch
thc c ht keo. Cht lm bn l mt sn phm oxi ho ru v nhng tp cht vi
lng c sn trong lu hunh. Ht keo lu hunh tch in m v rt d keo t bng
cc cht in li (dng dung dch mt cht in li no , th xem!).
b) Ch to mt dung dch 2% clphan trong ru. Nh t t 2 ml dung dch ny (va
nh va khuy mnh) vo 20 ml nc ct, ta s c Son clphan trong nc. Ht
keo clphan tch in m.
Phng php ch tao Son S v Son clphan nh trn gi l phng php thay th dung
mi, trong nc thay th cho ru lm dung mi cho Son hnh thnh. Phng php thay
th dung mi thuc loi phng php ngng t.
2. Ch to Son AgI bng phn ng trao i
Son AgI trong nc c ch to bng phn ng sau:
AgNO
3
+ KI AgI + KNO
3

Cht n nh c th l AgNO
3
hoc KI. Khi dng d AgNO
3
, ht keo s tch in dng
do vic hp ph cc ion Ag
+
lm ion quyt nh th hiu v khi dng d KI, ht keo s tch
in m do vic hp ph cc ion I

lm ion quyt nh th hiu.
Ly vo bnh tam gic (c dung tch 50 100 ml) 20 ml dung dch AgNO
3

0,01N. Nh t t vo bnh (va nh va lc) 2 ml dung dch KI 0,01N.
Ly vo bnh tam gic (c trn) 20 ml dung dch KI 0,01N. Nh t t vo 2
ml dung dch AgNO
3
0,01N, va nh va lc.
Li ly vo hai bnh, mt bnh ng 20 ml dung dch AgNO
3
0,01N, mt bnh
ng 20 ml dung dch KI 0,01N. Trn t t vo nhau.
Nhn xt hin tng trong c ba trng hp? Dng que d in xc nh du ca cc
Son to thnh.
Que d in: Ly 2 tm Zn v Cu (kch thc c 1 cm 5 cm) t cch nhau t 5 10
mm. Ni hai tm vi nhau bng dy dn (hnh 2).
Khi mun d in tch ca ht keo th nhng hai tm vo dung dch keo. Khi ta s
c mt pin vi cc dng l Cu v cc m l Zn. Cc ht keo tch in s di chuyn v cc
cc. Sau khong 15 pht, rt ln quan st xem ht keo bm vo cc no. Xc nh du in
ca ht keo.
Cu Zn

Hnh 2
S que d in
3. Ch to keo Fe(OH)3 bng phn ng thu phn
Da vo phn ng:
FeCl
3
+ 3 H
2
O Fe(OH)
3
+ 3 HCl
un nng (n khong 90
o
C) 120 ml nc ct trong mt cc 250 ml, nh vo cc tng
git cho n ht 45 ml dung dch FeCl
3
2%. un thm vi pht trn bp (khng un si mnh
trnh nc b bc hi nhiu lm nng h keo thay i), nhc ra, ta c son Fe(OH)
3
c
mu nu m. H keo c hnh thnh c cng thc cu to nh sau:
{[mFe(OH)
3
]nFeO
+
(n x)Cl

}
X+
xCl

H keo c quan st bng hp chiu sng thy hnh nn Tin-an. Hy d du in
ca ht keo. Hy thc hin s thm tch bng mng bn thm cellophan (giy bng knh) ngay
sau khi Son iu ch c cn nng (khi lm ngui phn ng din ra theo chiu nghch).
4. Ch to nh tng v s o pha nh tng
Dng lc c hc (khuy, lc) ch to nh tng du ho (k hiu D) trong nc (k
hiu N). Cht nh ho l natri oleat (tc x phng thng) C
17
H
33
COONa. Ly 10 ml dung
t
o
dch x phng vo mt bnh nn c 100 ml. Cho vo 10 ml du ho. Lc na ting lin tc,
ta s c nh tng D/N (tc nh tng thun).
Nu thay cho oleat Na, dng oleat Ca th ta s c nh tng N/D (tc nh tng
nghch). Hy nh 20 ml dung dch CaCl
2
0,2M vo nh tng thun mi ch to, nhm
chuyn oleat Na thnh oleat Ca tan trong du, lc trong na gi lin tc, nh tng thu c
s l nh tng N/D, cch lm trn gi l cch o pha nh tng. quan st xem nh
tng l thun hay nghch ta dng mt trong hai cch sau y:
a) Ly mt mt knh, nh ln mt git nh tng v mt git nc gn k nhau,
dng que tm gt cho hai git tip xc vi nhau. Ta c nhn xt g?
b) Nu c knh hin vi th ta dng mt cht mu ch tan trong mt cht lng (nc
hoc du). Sudan III tan trong D m khng tan trong N. Trc khi lc hy thm 5
git Sudan III (ho tan sn trong ru). Khi thnh nh tng, ly mt git soi
di knh hin vi s bit D b nhum l pha phn tn hay mi trng phn tn.
5. Xc nh ngng keo t ca son Fe(OH)3 bng Na2SO4 (hoc K2SO4)
Ly 12 ng nghim nh s ng t 1 n 12, cho vo mi ng 5 ml dung dch Son
Fe(OH)
3
. T dung dch Na
2
SO
4
ban u c nng 0,01N pha thnh cc dung dch long dn
theo th t sau:
ng s
Dung dch
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
S ml dd Na2SO4 0,01N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
S ml nc ct 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Ly 1 ml ca mi dung dch va pha cho vo tng ng nghim ng Son Fe(OH)
3
theo
th t t 1 n 11. ng th 12 thm 1 ml nc ct. Lc v yn 1 pht. Quan st. Dng ng
th 12 so snh mc c. ng no c hn ng s 12 l c s keo t. Ghi du + vo ng
no c v du vo ng no khng c, theo bng mu sau:
ng s 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (+) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +
V d: Bt u t ng s 8 c s c. C ngha l ngng keo t c tnh t ng s 8 c
pha long 8/4. Lc nng dung dch Na
2
SO
4
c tnh theo cng thc:
C =
8.0,01
12
=
2
3
.10 N
2

Ngng keo t c tnh theo cng thc:

Son
C.V
.1000mN/ l
V V
=
+

V

: s mililit dung dch cht in li cho vo dung dch keo.

C: Nng dung dch cht in li cho vo.
V
Son
: S mililit dung dch keo dng keo t.
Kt qu s tt hn nu chng ta tm ngng keo t chnh xc hn. Cch tin hnh nh
sau:
Pha khong 70 ml dung dch cht in li c nng m th nghim trc xc nh l
nng bt u lm cho h keo c s keo t v gi l dung dch c hn. Cng ly khong 70
ml dung dch cht in li c nng lin ngay trc dung dch trn v gi l dung dch
long hn.
V d: Trong th nghim 1 ng s 8 bt u c. Do dung dch c hn tng ng vi
ng s 8, c s pha long 8/4. Dung dch long hn tng ng vi ng s 7, c s pha long
7/5.
Dng 2 dung dch trn pha thnh 12 dung dch c nng khc nhau nm trong khong
2 nng ca 2 dung dch trn theo bng sau:
ng s
Dung dch
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
S ml dd Na2SO4 c hn 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
S ml dd Na2SO4 long hn 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Nng dung dch c xc nh theo cng thc:
C =
C V C V
V V
1 1 2 2
1 2
+
+
N/1
C
1
,V
1
: Nng v s ml dung dch c nng c hn.
C
2
,V
2
: Nng v s ml dung dch c nng long hn.
Ly 1 ml t mi dung dch va pha cho vo cc ng nghim cha 5 ml dung dch son
Fe(OH)
3
, ging nh lm trong th nghim trn.
Quan st v ghi kt qu nh lm trn (ghi du + vo ng c, du vo ng khng
c).
Tnh ngng keo t chnh xc ca Na
2
SO
4
vi Son Fe(OH)
3
.