Chuyen de BD HSG Thcs

http://hoahocsp.
tk Trang1

PHN A:
TNG HP
KIN THC HO HC
THCS

http://hoahocsp.tk Trang2

Nhiu cht trn li
Vt th Vt th t nhin v vt th nhn to
n Cht
(Do 1 nguyn t cu to nn)
Hp Cht
(Do 2 hay nhiu nguyn t to
nn)
Kim loi Phi kim
Oxit Axit Baz Mui
To nn t nguyn t ho hc: L tp hp cc nguyn t
cng loi, c cng s Proton trong ht nhn
Hp cht hu Hp cht v c
C CTHH
trng vi
KHHH
A
Rn Lng, kh
C CTHH gm
KHHH km theo
ch s
A
x
C CTHH gm 2 hay nhiu KHHH
km theo cc ch s tng ng
A
x
B
y
Hn hp
Hn hp
ng nht
Hn hp
khng
ng nht
Cht
Phn t
gm 1
nguyn t
Phn t gm 2 hay
nhiu nguyn t
cng loi lin kt
vi nhau
Phn t gm 2 hay nhiu nguyn t
khc loi lin kt vi nhau


TNG HP KIN THC C BN HO HC 8
Cc khi nim:
1. Vt th, cht.
- Vt th: L ton b nhng g xung quanh chng ta v trong khng gian. Vt th gm 2
loi: Vt th t nhin v vt th nhn to
- Cht: l nguyn liu cu to nn vt th. Cht c khp mi ni, u c vt th l
c cht.
- Mi cht c nhng tnh cht nht nh. Bao gm tnh cht vt l v tnh cht ho hc.
o Tnh cht vt l: Trng thi (R,L,K), mu sc, mi v, tnh tan, tnh dn in, dn
nhit, nhit si (t
0
s
), nhit nng chy (t
0
nc
), khi lng ring (d)
o Tnh cht ho hc: L kh nng b bin i thnh cht khc: Kh nng chy, n,
tc dng vi cht khc
2. Hn hp v cht tinh khit.
- Hn hp l 2 hay nhiu cht trn li vi nhau. Mi cht trong hn hp c gi l 1 cht
thnh phn.
- Hn hp gm c 2 loi: hn hp ng nht v hn hp khng ng nht
- Tnh cht ca hn hp: Hn hp c tnh cht khng n nh, thay i ph thuc vo khi
lng v s lng cht thnh phn.
- Cht tinh khit l cht khng c ln cht no khc. Cht tinh khit c tnh cht nht nh,
khng thay i.
- Khi tch ring cc cht ra khi hn hp ta thu c cc cht tinh khit. tch ring cc
cht ra khi hn hp ngi ta c th s dng cc phng php vt l v ho hc: tch,
chit, gn, lc, cho bay hi, chng ct, dng cc phn ng ho hc
3. Nguyn t.
a. nh ngha: L ht v cng nh, trung ho v in, cu to nn cc cht
b. Cu to: gm 2 phn
- Ht nhn: to bi 2 loi ht: Proton v Ntron
- Proton: Mang in tch +1, c khi lng 1 vC, k hiu: P
- Ntron: Khng mang in, c khi lng 1 vC, k hiu: N
- V: cu to t cc lp Electron
- Electron: Mang in tch -1, c khi lng khng ng k, k hiu: e
Trong nguyn t, cc e chuyn ng rt nhanh v sp xp thnh tng lp t trong ra.
+ Lp 1: c ti a 2e
+ Lp 2,3,4 tm thi c ti a 8e
Khi lng nguyn t = s P + s N + s e = s P + s N (v e c khi lng rt nh)
4. Nguyn t ho hc.
L tp hp nhng nguyn t cng loi, c cng s P trong ht nhn
Nhng nguyn t c cng s P nhng s N khc nhau gi l ng v ca nhau
5. Ho tr.
L con s biu th kh nng lin kt ca nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t
Quy tc ho tr:
a b
x y
A B
ta c: a.x = b.y
(vi a, b ln lt l ho tr ca nguyn t A v B)

SO SNH N CHT V HP CHT


N CHT HP CHT
VD St, ng, oxi, nit, than ch Nc, mui n, ng
K/N L nhng cht do 1 nguyn t ho
hc cu to nn
L nhng cht do 2 hay nhiu
nguyn t ho hc cu to nn
Phn loi Gm 2 loi: Kim loi v phi kim. Gm 2 loi: hp cht v c v hp
cht hu c
Phn t
(ht i
din)
- Gm 1 nguyn t: kim loi v phi
kim rn
- Gm cc nguyn t cng loi: Phi
kim lng v kh
- Gm cc nguyn t khc loi
thuc cc nguyn t ho hc khc
nhau
CTHH - Kim loi v phi kim rn:
CTHH KHHH (A)
- Phi kim lng v kh:
CTHH = KHHH + ch s (A
x
)
CTHH = KHHH ca cc nguyn t
+ cc ch s tng ng
A
x
B
y

SO SNH NGUYN T V PHN T
NGUYN T PHN T
nh
ngha
L ht v cng nh, trung ho v
in, cu to nn cc cht
L ht v cng nh, i din cho
cht v mang y tnh cht ca
cht
S bin
i trong
phn ng
ho hc.
Nguyn t c bo ton trong cc
phn ng ho hc.
Lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong
phn t thay i lm cho phn t
ny bin i thnh phn t khc
Khi
lng
Nguyn t khi (NTK) cho bit
nng nh khc nhau gia cc
nguyn t v l i lng c trng
cho mi nguyn t
NTK l khi lng ca nguyn t
tnh bng n v Cacbon
Phn t khi (PTK) l khi lng
ca 1 phn t tnh bng n v
Cacbon
PTK = tng khi lng cc nguyn
t c trong phn t.

P DNG QUY TC HO TR
1. Tnh ho tr ca 1 nguyn t
- Gi ho tr ca nguyn t cn tm (l a)
- p dng QTHT: a.x = b.y a = b.y/x
- Tr li
2. Lp CTHH ca hp cht.
- Gi cng thc chung cn lp
- p dng QTHT: a.x = b.y
'
'
x b b
y a a
= =

- Tr li.
*** C th dng quy tc cho lp nhanh 1 CTHH: Trong CTHH, ho tr ca nguyn t ny
l ch s ca nguyn t kia.
Lu : Khi cc ho tr cha ti gin th cn ti gin trc
6. Phn ng ho hc.
L qu trnh bin i cht ny thnh cht khc.


Cht b bin i gi l cht tham gia, cht c to thnh gi l sn phm
c biu din bng s :
A + B C + D c l: A tc dng vi B to thnh C v D
A + B C c l A kt hp vi B to thnh C
A C + D c l A b phn hu thnh C v D


-

Ngoi ra c th chia axit thnh axit mnh v axit yu

Axit mnh Axit trung bnh Axit yu Axit rt yu

H
P

C
H
T

V

OXIT (A
x
O
y
)
AXIT (H
n
B)
BAZ- M(OH)
n

MUI (M
x
B
y
)
Oxit axit: CO
2
, SO
2
, SO
3
, NO
2
, N
2
O
5
, SiO
2
, P
2
O
5
Oxit baz: Li
2
O, Na
2
O, K
2
O, CaO, BaO,
Oxit trung tnh: CO, NO
Oxit lng tnh: ZnO, Al
2
O
3
, Cr
2
O
3

Axit khng c oxi (Hidraxit): HCl, HBr, H
2
S, HF
Axit c oxi (Oxaxit): HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
, H
3
PO
4
.
Baz tan (Kim): NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)
2
, Ba(OH)
2

Baz khng tan: Mg(OH)
2
, Cu(OH)
2
, Fe(OH)
3

Mui axit: NaHSO
4
, NaHCO
3
, Ca(HCO
3
)
2

Mui trung ho : NaCl, KNO
3
, CaCO
3

PHN LOI HCVC

HNO
3

H
2
SO
4

HCl
H
3
PO
4

H
2
SO
3
CH
3
COOH
H
2
CO
3
H
2
S


OXIT AXIT BAZ MUI
NH
NGHA
L hp cht ca oxi vi 1
nguyn t khc
L hp cht m phn t
gm 1 hay nhiu nguyn t
H lin kt vi gc axit
L hp cht m phn t
gm 1 nguyn t kim loi
lin kt vi 1 hay nhiu
nhm OH
L hp cht m phn t
gm kim loi lin kt vi
gc axit.
CTHH
Gi nguyn t trong oxit l
A ho tr n. CTHH l:
- A
2
O
n
nu n l
- AO
n/2
nu n chn
Gi gc axit l B c ho tr
n.
CTHH l: H
n
B
Gi kim loi l M c ho
tr n
CTHH l: M(OH)
n

Gi kim loi l M, gc
axit l B
CTHH l: M
x
B
y

TN
GI
Tn oxit = Tn nguyn t +
oxit
Lu : Km theo ho tr ca
kim loi khi kim loi c
nhiu ho tr.
Khi phi kim c nhiu ho tr
th km tip u ng.
- Axit khng c oxi: Axit +
tn phi kim + hidric
- Axit c t oxi: Axit + tn
phi kim + (r)
- Axit c nhiu oxi: Axit +
tn phi kim + ic (ric)
Tn baz = Tn kim loi +
hidroxit
Lu : Km theo ho tr
ca kim loi khi kim loi
c nhiu ho tr.
Tn mui = tn kim loi +
tn gc axit
Lu : Km theo ho tr
ca kim loi khi kim loi
c nhiu ho tr.
TCHH
1. Tc dng vi nc
- Oxit axit tc dng vi
nc to thnh dd Axit
- Oxit baz tc dng vi
nc to thnh dd Baz
2. Oxax + dd Baz to
thnh mui v nc
3. Oxbz + dd Axit to thnh
mui v nc
4. Oxax + Oxbz to thnh
mui
1. Lm qu tm hng
2. Tc dng vi Baz
Mui v nc
3. Tc dng vi oxit baz
mui v nc
4. Tc dng vi kim loi
mui v Hidro
5. Tc dng vi mui
mui mi v axit mi
1. Tc dng vi axit
mui v nc
2. dd Kim lm i mu
cht ch th
- Lm qu tm xanh
- Lm dd phenolphtalein
khng mu hng
3. dd Kim tc dng vi
oxax mui v nc
4. dd Kim + dd mui
Mui + Baz
5. Baz khng tan b nhit
phn oxit + nc
1. Tc dng vi axit
mui mi + axit mi
2. dd mui + dd Kim
mui mi + baz mi
3. dd mui + Kim loi
Mui mi + kim loi mi
4. dd mui + dd mui 2
mui mi
5. Mt s mui b nhit
phn
Lu - Oxit lng tnh c th tc
dng vi c dd axit v dd
kim
- HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
c c cc
tnh cht ring
- Baz lng tnh c th
tc dng vi c dd axit v
dd kim
- Mui axit c th phn
ng nh 1 axit


TNH CHT HO HC CA CC HP CHT V C

MI QUAN H GIA CC LOI HP CHT V C

+ dd Mui
+ axit
+ dd
baz
+ kim loi
t
0
+ dd mui
t
0
+ axit + Oxax
+ Oxit Baz
+ Baz
+ dd Mui
+ KL + Nc + Nc
O
X
I
T

A
X
I
T

O
X
I
T

B
A
Z

MUI
+
N
C
AXIT KIM
MUI
+ dd Axit + dd
Baz
A
X
I
T

MUI + H2O
Q
U

MUI + H
2
MUI + AXIT
M
U
I

BAZ
KIM K.TAN
Q
U

X
A
N
H

P
H
E
N
O
L
P
H
A
L
E
I
N

K
.
M
N
G

MUI + H
2
O
OXIT +
H
2
O
M
U
I

+

A
X
I
T

MUI + BAZ
MUI + MUI
MUI + KIM
LOI
CC
SN PHM
KHC NHAU
TCHH CA OXIT TCHH CA AXIT
TCHH CA MUI TCHH CA BAZ
Lu : Thng ch gp 5 oxit baz tan c trong nc l Li
2
O, Na
2
O, K
2
O, CaO,
BaO. y cng l cc oxit baz c th tc dng vi oxit axit.
i vi baz, c cc tnh cht chung cho c 2 loi nhng c nhng tnh
cht ch ca Kim hoc baz khng tan
Mt s loi hp cht c cc tnh cht ho hc ring, trong ny khng cp
ti, c th xem phn c thm hoc cc bi gii thiu ring trong sgk.
MUI +
BAZ


CC PHNG TRNH HO HC MINH HO THNG GP
4Al + 3O
2
2Al
2
O
3

CuO + H
2

0
t
Cu + H
2
O
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3CO
0
t
2Fe + 3CO
2

S + O
2
SO
2

CaO + H
2
O Ca(OH)
2

Cu(OH)
2

0
t
CuO + H
2
O
CaO + 2HCl CaCl
2
+ H
2
O
CaO + CO
2
CaCO
3

Na
2
CO
3
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ + 2NaOH
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H
2
O
2NaOH + CO
2
Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
BaCl
2
+ Na
2
SO
4
BaSO
4
+ + 2NaCl
SO
3
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
4

P
2
O
5
+ 3H
2
O 2H
3
PO
4

P
2
O
5
+ 6NaOH 2Na
3
PO
4
+ 3H
2
O
N
2
O
5
+ Na
2
O 2NaNO
3

BaCl
2
+ H
2
SO
4
BaSO
4
+ + 2HCl
2HCl + Fe FeCl
2
+ H
2

2HCl + Ba(OH)
2
BaCl
2
+ 2H
2
O
6HCl + Fe
2
O
3
2FeCl
3
+ 3H
2
O
2HCl + CaCO
3
CaCl
2
+ 2H
2
O

Phn
hu
+ H
2
O
+ dd Kim
+ Oxbz
+ Baz
+ Axit
+ Kim loi
+ dd Kim
+ Axit
+ Oxax
+ dd Mui
t
0
+ H
2
O
+ Axit
+ Oxi + H
2
, CO + Oxi
MUI + H
2
O
OXIT AXIT OXIT BAZ
BAZ
KIM K.TAN
+ Oxax
KIM LOI PHI KIM
+ Oxbz
+ dd Mui AXIT
MNH YU
Lu :
- Mt s oxit kim loi nh Al
2
O
3
,
MgO, BaO, CaO, Na
2
O, K
2
O
khng b H
2
, CO kh.
- Cc oxit kim loi khi trng thi
ho tr cao l oxit axit nh: CrO
3
,
Mn
2
O
7
,
- Cc phn ng ho hc xy ra phi
tun theo cc iu kin ca tng
phn ng.
- Khi oxit axit tc dng vi dd
Kim th tu theo t l s mol s
to ra mui axit hay mui trung
ho.
VD:
NaOH + CO
2
NaHCO
3

2NaOH + CO
2
Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
- Khi tc dng vi H2SO4 c, kim
loi s th hin ho tr cao nht,
khng gii phng Hidro
VD:
Cu + 2H
2
SO
4
CuSO
4
+ SO
2
| +


IU CH CC HP CHT V C

`

19
20
21
13
14
15
16
17
18
12
6
7
8
9
10
11
1
2
3
5
4
KIM LOI + OXI
PHI KIM + OXI
HP CHT + OXI
OXIT
NHIT PHN MUI
NHIT PHN BAZ
KHNG TAN
BAZ
PHI KIM + HIDRO
OXIT AXIT + NC
AXIT MNH + MUI
KIM + DD MUI
OXIT BAZ + NC
IN PHN DD MUI
(C MNG NGN)
AXIT
1. 3Fe + 2O
2

0
t
Fe
3
O
4

2. 4P + 5O
2

0
t
2P
2
O
5

3. CH
4
+ O
2

0
t
CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
4. CaCO
3

0
t
CaO + CO
2

5. Cu(OH)
2

0
t
CuO + H
2
O
6. Cl
2
+ H
2

askt
2HCl
7. SO
3
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
4

8. BaCl
2
+ H
2
SO
4
BaSO
4
+ +
2HCl
9. Ca(OH)
2
+ Na
2
CO
3

CaCO
3
+ + 2NaOH
10. CaO + H
2
O Ca(OH)
2

11. NaCl + 2H2O
dpdd
NaOH
+ Cl
2
| + H
2
|
AXIT + BAZ
OXIT BAZ + DD AXIT
OXIT AXIT + DD KIM
OXIT AXIT
+ OXIT BAZ
DD MUI + DD MUI
DD MUI + DD KIM
MUI + DD AXIT
MUI
KIM LOI + PHI KIM
KIM LOI + DD AXIT
KIM LOI + DD MUI
12. Ba(OH)
2
+ H
2
SO
4
BaSO
4
+ + 2H
2
O
13. CuO + 2HCl CuCl
2
+ H
2
O
14. SO
2
+ 2NaOH Na
2
SO
3
+ H
2
O
15. CaO + CO
2
CaCO
3

16. BaCl
2
+ Na
2
SO
4
BaSO
4
+ + 2NaCl
17. CuSO
4
+ 2NaOH Cu(OH)
2
+ Na
2
SO
4

18. CaCO
3
+ 2HCl CaCl
2
+ CO
2
| + H
2
O
19. 2Fe + 3Cl
2

0
t
2FeCl
3

20. Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
|
21. Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu+


TNH CHT HO HC CA KIM LOI

DY HOT NG HO HC CA KIM LOI.
K, Na, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Pb, (H), Cu, Ag, Au
(Khi No May A Zp St Phi Hi Cc Bc Vng)
ngha:
K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Zn Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Au Pt

+ O
2
: nhit thng nhit cao Kh phn ng


Tc dng vi nc Khng tc dng vi nc nhit thng


Tc dng vi cc axit thng thng gii phng Hidro Khng tc dng.


Kim loi ng trc y kim loi ng sau ra khi mui


H2, CO khng kh c oxit kh c oxit cc kim loi ny nhit cao

Ch :
- Cc kim loi ng trc Mg phn ng vi nc nhit thng to thnh dd Kim v
gii phng kh Hidro.
- Tr Au v Pt, cc kim loi khc u c th tc dng vi HNO
3
v H
2
SO
4
c nhng
khng gii phng Hidro.

+ Axit
+ O
2

+ Phi kim
+ DD Mui
KIM
LOI
OXIT
MUI
MUI + H
2

MUI + KL
1. 3Fe + 2O
2

0
t
Fe
3
O
4

2. 2Fe + 3Cl
2

0
t
2FeCl
3

3. Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
|
4. Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+
Cu+


SO SNH TNH CHT HO HC CA NHM V ST
* Ging:
- u c cc tnh cht chung ca kim loi.
- u khng tc dng vi HNO
3
v H
2
SO
4
c ngui
* Khc:
Tnh cht Al (NTK = 27) Fe (NTK = 56)
Tnh cht
vt l
- Kim loi mu trng, c nh kim,
nh, dn in nhit tt.

- t
0
nc
= 660
0
C
- L kim loi nh, d dt mng,
do.
- Kim loi mu trng xm, c nh
kim, dn in nhit km hn
Nhm.
- t
0
nc
= 1539
0
C
- L kim loi nng, do nn d rn.
Tc dng vi
phi kim
2Al + 3Cl
2

0
t
2AlCl
3

2Al + 3S
0
t
Al
2
S
3

2Fe + 3Cl
2

0
t
2FeCl
3

Fe + S
0
t
FeS
Tc dng vi
axit
2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl
3
+ 3H
2
Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2

Tc dng vi
dd mui
2Al + 3FeSO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3Fe Fe + 2AgNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
2
+ 2Ag
Tc dng vi
dd Kim
2Al + 2NaOH + H
2
O
2NaAlO
2
+ 3H
2

Khng phn ng
Hp cht - Al
2
O
3
c tnh lng tnh
Al
2
O
3
+ 6HCl 2AlCl
3
+ 3H
2
O
Al
2
O
3
+ 2NaOH2NaAlO
2
+ H2O
- Al(OH)
3
kt ta dng keo, l hp
cht lng tnh

- FeO, Fe
2
O
3
v Fe
3
O
4
u l cc
oxit baz

- Fe(OH)
2
mu trng xanh
- Fe(OH)
3
mu nu
Kt lun - Nhm l kim loi lng tnh, c
th tc dng vi c dd Axit v dd
Kim. Trong cc phn ng ho
hc, Nhm th hin ho tr III
- St th hin 2 ho tr: II, III
+ Tc dng vi axit thng thng,
vi phi kim yu, vi dd mui: II
+ Tc dng vi H
2
SO
4
c nng,
dd HNO
3
, vi phi kim mnh: III

GANG V THP
Gang Thp
/N - Gang l hp kim ca St vi
Cacbon v 1 s nguyn t khc
nh Mn, Si, S (%C=25%)
- Thp l hp kim ca St vi
Cacbon v 1 s nguyn t khc
(%C<2%)
Sn xut
C + O2
0
t
CO
2

CO
2
+ C
0
t
2CO
3CO + Fe
2
O
3

0
t
2Fe + 3CO
2

4CO + Fe
3
O
4

0
t
3Fe + 4CO
2

CaO + SiO
2

0
t
CaSiO
3

2Fe + O2
0
t
2FeO
FeO + C
0
t
Fe + CO
FeO + Mn
0
t
Fe + MnO
2FeO + Si
0
t
2Fe + SiO
2

Tnh cht Cng, gin Cng, n hi


TNH CHT HO HC CA PHI KIM.

+ Oxit KL + O
2

Ba dng th hnh ca Cacbon
+ NaOH
+ KOH, t
0
+ NaOH
+ H
2
O
+ Kim loi
+ Hidro
+ Hidro
+ O
2

+ Kim loi
PHI
KIM
OXIT AXIT
MUI CLORUA
SN PHM KH
CLO
HCl
OXIT KIM LOI HOC MUI
HCl + HClO NaCl +
NaClO
Nc Gia-ven
KCl + KClO
3

CACBON
Kim cng: L cht rn
trong sut, cng, khng
dn in
L m trang sc, mi
khoan, dao ct knh
Than ch: L cht rn,
mm, c kh nng dn
in
L m in cc, cht bi
trn, rut bt ch
Cacbon v nh hnh: L
cht rn, xp, khng c
kh nng dn in, c nh
hp ph.
L m nhin liu, ch to
mt n phng c
CO
2
KIM LOI + CO
2

C C PHNG TRNH HO HC NG NH
1. 2Fe + 3Cl
2
2FeCl
3

2. Fe + S
0
t
FeS
3. H
2
O + Cl
2
HCl + HClO
4. 2NaOH + Cl
2
NaCl + NaClO + H
2
O
5. 4HCl + MnO
2

0
t
MnCl
2
+ Cl
2
+ 2H
2
O
6. NaCl + 2H
2
O
dpdd
mnx
2NaOH + Cl
2
+
H
2

6. C + 2CuO
0
t
2Cu + CO
2

7. 3CO + Fe
2
O
3

0
t
2Fe + 3CO
2

8. NaOH + CO
2
NaHCO
3

9. 2NaOH + CO
2
Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
HP CHT HU
HIDRO CACBON DN XUT CA RH
Hidrocabon
no
Ankan
CTTQ
C
n
H
2n+2

VD: CH
4
(Metan)
Hidrocacbon
khng no
Anken
CTTQ:
C
n
H
2n

VD: C
2
H
4

(Etilen)
Hidrocacbon
khng no
Ankin
CTTQ:
C
n
H
2n-2

VD: C
2
H
4

(Axetilen)
Hidrocacbon
thm
Aren
CTTQ
C
n
H
2n-6

VD: C
6
H
6

(Benzen)
Dn xut
cha
Halogen
VD:
C2H5Cl
C6H5Br
Dn xut
cha Oxi
VD:
C2H5OH
CH
3
COOH
Cht bo
Gluxit
Dn xut
cha Nit
VD:
Protein
PH N LOI HP CHT HU C


Hp
cht
Metan Etilen Axetilen Benzen
CTPT.
PTK
CH4 = 16 C2H4 = 28 C2H2 = 26 C6H6 = 78
Cng
thc
cu to
C
H
H
H
H

Lin kt n
C
H H
H
C
H

Lin kt i gm 1
lin kt bn v 1 lin
kt km bn
C H
H C

Lin kt ba gm 1
lin kt bn v 2 lin
kt km bn

3lk i v 3lk
n xen k trong
vng 6 cnh u
Trng
thi
Kh Lng
Tnh
cht vt
l
Khng mu, khng mi, t tan trong nc, nh hn khng kh. Khng mu,
khng tan trong
nc, nh hn
nc, ho tan
nhiu cht, c
Tnh
cht ho
hc
- Ging
nhau
C phn ng chy sinh ra CO
2
v H
2
O
CH
4
+ 2O
2
CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
C
2
H
4
+ 3O
2
2CO
2
+ 2H
2
O

2C
2
H
2
+ 5O
2
4CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
2C
6
H
6
+ 15O
2
12CO
2
+ 6H
2
O
- Khc
nhau
Ch tham gia phn
ng th
CH
4
+ Cl
2

anhsang

CH
3
Cl + HCl
C phn ng cng
C
2
H
4
+ Br
2

C
2
H
4
Br
2

C
2
H
4
+ H
2

0
, , Ni t P

C
2
H
6
C
2
H
4
+ H
2
O
C
2
H
5
OH
C phn ng cng
C
2
H
2
+ Br
2

C
2
H
2
Br
2

C
2
H
2
+ Br
2

C
2
H
2
Br
4

Va c phn ng
th v phn ng
cng (kh)
C
6
H
6
+ Br
2

0
, Fe t

C
6
H
5
Br + HBr
C
6
H
6
+ Cl
2

asMT
ng
dng
Lm nhin liu,
nguyn liu trong
i sng v trong
cng nghip
Lm nguyn liu
iu ch nha PE,
ru Etylic, Axit
Axetic, kch thch
qu chn.
Lm nhin liu hn
x, thp sng, l
nguyn liu sn xut
PVC, cao su
Lm dung mi,
diu ch thuc
nhum, dc
phm, thuc
BVTV
iu
ch
C trong kh thin
nhin, kh ng
hnh, kh bn ao.
Sp ch ho du m,
sinh ra khi qu chn
C
2
H
5
OH
0
2 4
, H SO d t

C
2
H
4
+ H
2
O
Cho t n + nc,
sp ch ho du m
CaC
2
+ H
2
O
C
2
H
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
Sn phm chng
nha than .
Nhn
bit
Khg lm mt
mu dd Br
2
Lm mt mu Clo
Lm mt mu dung
dch Brom
Lm mt mu dung
dch Brom nhiu hn
Etilen
Ko lm mt mu
dd Brom
Ko tan trong


ngoi as nc
RU ETYLIC AXIT AXETIC
Cng thc
CTPT: C
2
H
6
O
CTCT: CH
3
CH
2
OH
c
h
o c h
h
h
h
h

CTPT: C
2
H
4
O
2

CTCT: CH
3
CH
2
COOH
c
h
o c h
h
h o

Tnh cht
vt l
L cht lng, khng mu, d tan v tan nhiu trong nc.
Si 78,3
0
C, nh hn nc, ho tan
c nhiu cht nh Iot, Benzen
Si 118
0
C, c v chua (dd Ace 2-5%
lm gim n)
Tnh cht
ho hc.
- Phn ng vi Na:
2C
2
H
5
OH + 2Na 2C
2
H
5
ONa + H
2
2CH
3
COOH + 2Na
2CH
3
COONa + H
2

- Ru Etylic tc dng vi axit axetic to thnh este Etyl Axetat
CH
3
COOH + C
2
H
5
OH
0
2 4
, H SO d t
CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
+ H
2
O
- Chy vi ngn la mu xanh,
to nhiu nhit
C
2
H
6
O + 3O
2
2CO
2
+ 3H
2
O
- B OXH trong kk c men xc
tc
C
2
H
5
OH + O
2

mengiam

CH
3
COOH + H
2
O
- Mang tnh cht ca axit: Lm
qu tm, tc dng vi kim loi trc H,
vi baz, oxit baz, dd mui
2CH
3
COOH + Mg (CH
3
COO)
2
Mg +
H
2

CH
3
COOH + NaOH CH
3
COONa +
H
2
O
ng dng
Dng lm nhin liu, dung mi pha
sn, ch ru bia, dc phm, iu
ch axit axetic v cao su
Dng pha gim n, sn xut cht do,
thuc nhum, dc phm, t
iu ch
Bng phng php ln men tinh bt
hoc ng
C
6
H
12
O
6

0
30 32
Men
C
2C
2
H
5
OH +
2CO
2

Hoc cho Etilen hp nc
C
2
H
4
+ H
2
O
ddaxit
C
2
H
5
OH
- Ln men dd ru nht
C
2
H
5
OH + O
2

mengiam
CH
3
COOH
+ H
2
O
- Trong PTN:
2CH
3
COONa + H
2
SO
4

2CH
3
COOH + Na
2
SO
4


GLUCOZ SACCAROZ TINH BT V XENLULOZ
Cng
thc
phn t
C
6
H
12
O
6
C
12
H
22
O
11
(C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
Tinh bt: n ~
1200 6000
Xenluloz: n ~
10000 14000
Trng
thi
Tnh
cht vt
l
Cht kt tinh, khng
mu, v ngt, d tan
trong nc
Cht kt tinh, khng
mu, v ngt sc, d tan
trong nc, tan nhiu
trong nc nng
L cht rn trng. Tinh bt tan
c trong nc nng h tinh
bt. Xenluloz khng tan trong
nc k c un nng
Tnh
cht
ho hc
quan
trng
Phn ng trng gng
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ Ag2O
C
6
H
12
O
7
+ 2Ag

Thu phn khi un nng
trong dd axit long
C
12
H
22
O
11
+ H
2
O
,
o
ddaxit t

C
6
H
12
O
6
+ C
6
H
12
O
6

glucoz fructoz
Thu phn khi un nng trong dd
axit long
(C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
+ nH
2
O
,
o
ddaxit t

nC
6
H
12
O
6

H tinh bt lm dd Iot chuyn
mu xanh
ng
dng
Thc n, dc phm Thc n, lm bnh ko
Pha ch dc phm
Tinh bt l thc n cho ngi v
ng vt, l nguyn liu sn
xut ng Glucoz, ru Etylic.
Xenluloz dng sn xut giy,
vi, g v vt liu xy dng.
iu
ch
C trong qu chn
(nho), ht ny mm;
iu ch t tinh bt.
C trong ma, c ci
ng
Tinh bt c nhiu trong c, qu,
ht. Xenluloz c trong v ay,
gai, si bng, g
Nhn
bit
Phn ng trng gng C phn ng trng
gng khi un nng
trong dd axit
Nhn ra tinh bt bng dd Iot: c
mu xanh c trng


PHN B:
C C CHUY N
C BN BI
DNG HSG
MN HO
THCS


CHUYN 1:
C CH V CN BNG PHNG TRNH
HO HC

I/ Phn ng oxi ho- kh, v khng oxi ho- kh.

1/ Phn ng ho hp.
- c im ca phn ng: C th xy ra s thay i s oxi ho hoc khng.
V d:
Phn ng c s thay i s oxi ho.
4Al
(r)
+ 3O
2 (k)
----> 2Al
2
O
3 (r)

Phn ng khng c s thay i s oxi ho.
BaO
(r)
+ H
2
O
(l)
----> Ba(OH)
2 (dd)

2/ Phn ng phn hu.
- c im ca phn ng: C th xy ra s thay i s oxi ho hoc khng.
V d:
Phn ng c s thay i s oxi ho.
2KClO
3 (r)
-------> 2KCl
(r)
+ 3O
2 (k)

Phn ng khng c s thay i s oxi ho.
CaCO
3 (r)
-----> CaO
(r)
+ CO
2 (k)

II/ Phn ng c s thay i s oxi ho.

1/ Phn ng th.
- c im ca phn ng: Nguyn t ca n cht thay th mt hay nhiu nguyn t ca
mt nguyn t trong hp cht.
V d:
Zn
(r)
+ 2HCl
(dd)
----> ZnCl
2 (dd)
+ H
2 (k)

2/ Phn ng oxi ho - kh.
- c im ca phn ng: Xy ra ng thi s oxi ho v s kh. hay xy ra ng thi s
nhng electron v s nhn electron.
V d:
CuO
(r)
+ H
2 (k)
------> Cu
(r)
+ H
2
O
(h)

Trong :
- H
2
l cht kh (Cht nhng e cho cht khc)
- CuO l cht oxi ho (Cht nhn e ca cht khc)
- T H
2
-----> H
2
O c gi l s oxi ho. (S chim oxi ca cht khc)
- T CuO ----> Cu c gi l s kh. (S nhng oxi cho cht khc)


III/ Phn ng khng c thay i s oxi ho.

1/ Phn ng gia axit v baz.
- c im ca phn ng: Sn phm thu c l mui v nc.
V d:
2NaOH
(dd)
+ H
2
SO
4 (dd)
----> Na
2
SO
4 (dd)
+ 2H
2
O
(l)

NaOH
(dd)
+ H
2
SO
4 (dd)
----> NaHSO
4 (dd)
+ H
2
O
(l)

Cu(OH)
2 (r)
+ 2HCl
(dd)
----> CuCl
2 (dd)
+ 2H
2
O
(l)

Trong :
Phn ng trung ho (2 cht tham gia trng thi dung dch).
- c im ca phn ng: l s tc dng gia axit v baz vi lng va .
- Sn phm ca phn ng l mui trung ho v nc.
V d:
NaOH
(dd)
+ HCl
(dd)
----> NaCl
(dd)
+ H
2
O
(l)

2/ Phn ng ga axit v mui.
- c im ca phn ng: Sn phm thu c phi c t nht mt cht khng tan hoc mt
cht kh hoc mt cht in li yu.
V d:
Na
2
CO
3 (r)
+ 2HCl
(dd)
----> 2NaCl
(dd)
+ H
2
O
(l)
+ CO
2 (k)

BaCl
2 (dd)
+ H
2
SO
4 (dd)
-----> BaSO
4 (r)
+ 2HCl
(dd)

Lu : BaSO
4
l cht khng tan k c trong mi trng axit.

3/ Phn ng gia baz v mui.
- c im ca phn ng:
+ Cht tham gia phi trng thi dung dch (tan c trong nc)
+ Cht to thnh (Sn phm thu c) phi c t nht mt cht khng tan hoc mt cht kh
hoc mt cht in li yu.
+ Ch cc mui kim loi m oxit hay hiroxit c tnh cht lng tnh phn ng vi dung
dch baz mnh.
V d:
2NaOH
(dd)
+ CuCl
2 (dd)
----> 2NaCl
(dd)
+ Cu(OH)
2 (r)

Ba(OH)
2 (dd)
+ Na
2
SO
4 (dd)
---> BaSO
4 (r)
+ 2NaOH
(dd)

NH
4
Cl
(dd)
+ NaOH
(dd)
---> NaCl
(dd)
+ NH
3 (k)
+ H
2
O
(l)

AlCl
3 (dd)
+ 3NaOH
(dd)
----> 3NaCl
(dd)
+ Al(OH)
3 (r)

Al(OH)
3 (r)
+ NaOH
(dd)
---> NaAlO
2 (dd)
+ H
2
O
(l)

4/ Phn ng gia 2 mui vi nhau.
- c im ca phn ng:
+ Cht tham gia phi trng thi dung dch (tan c trong nc)
+ Cht to thnh (Sn phm thu c) phi c t nht mt cht khng tan hoc mt cht kh
hoc mt cht in li yu.
V d:
NaCl
(dd)
+ AgNO
3 (dd)
----> AgCl
(r)
+ NaNO
3 (dd)


BaCl
2 (dd)
+ Na
2
SO
4 (dd)
----> BaSO
4 (r)
+ 2NaCl
(dd)

2FeCl
3 (dd)
+ 3H
2
O
(l)
+ 3Na
2
CO
3 (dd)
----> 2Fe(OH)
3 (r)
+ 3CO
2 (k)
+ 6NaCl
(dd)

GII THIU 1 S PHNG PHP
CN BNG PHNG TRNH HO HC.

1/ Cn bng phng trnh theo phng php i s.
V d: Cn bng phng trnh phn ng
P
2
O
5
+ H
2
O -> H
3
PO
4

a cc h s x, y, z vo phng trnh ta c:
- Cn c vo s nguyn t P ta c: 2x = z (1)
- Cn c vo s nguyn t O ta c: 5x + y = z (2)
- Cn c vo s nguyn t H ta c: 2y = 3z (3)
Thay (1) vo (3) ta c: 2y = 3z = 6x => y =
2
6x
= 3x
Nu x = 1 th y = 3 v z = 2x = 2.1 = 2
=> Phng trnh dng cn bng nh sau: P
2
O
5
+ 3H
2
O -> 2H
3
PO
4

V d: Cn bng phng trnh phn ng.
Al + HNO
3 (long)
----> Al(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + H
2
O
Bc 1: t h s bng cc n s a, b, c, d trc cc cht tham gia v cht to thnh (Nu 2
cht m trng nhau th dng 1 n)
Ta c.
a Al + b HNO
3
----> a Al(NO
3
)
3
+ c NO + b/2 H
2
O.
Bc 2: Lp phng trnh ton hc vi tng loi nguyn t c s thay i v s nguyn t 2
v.
Ta nhn thy ch c N v O l c s thay i.
N: b = 3a + c (I)
O: 3b = 9a + c + b/2 (II)
Bc 3: Gii phng trnh ton hc tm h s
Thay (I) vo (II) ta c.
3(3a + c) = 9a + c + b/2
2c = b/2 ----> b = 4c ---> b = 4 v c = 1. Thay vo (I) ---> a = 1.
Bc 4: Thay h s va tm c vo phng trnh v hon thnh phng trnh.
Al + 4 HNO
3
----> Al(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 2 H
2
O
Bc 5: Kim tra li phng trnh va hon thnh.

2/ Cn bng theo phng php electron.
V d:
Cu + HNO
3 (c)
-----> Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ NO
2
+ H
2
O
Bc 1: Vit PTP xc nh s thay i s oxi ho ca nguyn t.
Ban u: Cu
0
----> Cu
+ 2
Trong cht sau phn ng Cu(NO
3
)
2

Ban u: N
+ 5

(HNO
3
) ----> N
+ 4

Trong cht sau phn ng NO
2


Bc 2: Xc nh s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t thay i.
Cu
0
----> Cu
+ 2

N
+ 5

----> N
+ 4

Bc 3: Vit cc qu trnh oxi ho v qu trnh kh.
Cu
0
2e ----> Cu
+ 2

N
+ 5

+ 1e ----> N
+ 4

Bc 4: Tm bi chung cn bng s oxi ho.
1 Cu
0
2e ----> Cu
+ 2

2 N
+ 5

+ 1e ----> N
+ 4

Bc 5: a h s vo phng trnh, kim tra, cn bng phn khng oxi ho - kh v hon
thnh PTHH.
Cu + 2HNO
3 (c)
-----> Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO
2
+ H
2
O
+ 2HNO
3 (c)
----->
Cu + 4HNO
3 (c)
-----> Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO
2
+ 2H
2
O

3/ Cn bng theo phng php bn phn ng ( Hay ion - electron)

Theo phng php ny th cc bc 1 v 2 ging nh phng php electron.
Bc 3: Vit cc bn phn ng oxi ho v bn phn ng kh theo nguyn tc:
+ Cc dng oxi ho v dng kh ca cc cht oxi ho, cht kh nu thuc cht in li mnh th
vit di dng ion. Cn cht in li yu, khng in li, cht rn, cht kh th vit di dng
phn t (hoc nguyn t). i vi bn phn ng oxi ho th vit s e nhn bn tri cn bn
phn ng th vit s e cho bn phi.
Bc 4: Cn bng s e cho nhn v cng hai bn phn ng ta c phng trnh phn ng
dng ion.
Mun chuyn phng trnh phn ng dng ion thnh dng phn t ta cng 2 v nhng lng
tng ng nh nhau ion tri du (Cation v anion) b tr in tch.
Ch : cn bng khi lng ca na phn ng.
Mi trng axit hoc trung tnh th ly oxi trong H
2
O.
Bc 5: Hon thnh phng trnh.


MT S PHN NG HO HC THNG GP.

Cn nm vng iu kin xy ra phn ng trao i trong dung dch.
Gm cc phn ng:
1/ Axit + Baz Mui + H
2
O
2/ Axit + Mui Mui mi + Axt mi
3/ Dung dch Mui + Dung dch Baz Mui mi + Baz mi
4/ 2 Dung dch Mui tc dng vi nhau 2 Mui mi
iu kin xy ra phn ng trao i l: Sn phm thu c phi c t nht mt cht khng
tan hoc mt cht kh hoc phi c H
2
O v cc cht tham gia phi theo yu cu ca tng phn
ng.

Tnh tan ca mt s mui v baz.
- Hu ht cc mui clo rua u tan ( tr mui AgCl , PbCl
2
)
- Tt c cc mui nit rat u tan.
- Tt c cc mui ca kim loi kim u tan.
- Hu ht cc baz khng tan ( tr cc baz ca kim loi kim, Ba(OH)
2
v Ca(OH)
2
tan t.
* Na
2
CO
3
, NaHCO
3
( K
2
CO
3
, KHCO
3
) v cc mui cacbonat ca Ca, Mg, Ba u tc dng
c vi a xt.
NaHCO
3
+ NaHSO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O + CO
2

Na
2
CO
3
+ NaHSO
4
Khng xy ra
NaHCO
3
+ NaOH

Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
Na
2
CO
3
+ NaOH Khng xy ra
2NaHCO
3

Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O + CO
2

NaHCO
3
+ Ba(OH)
2

BaCO
3
+ NaOH + H
2
O
2NaHCO
3
+ 2KOH

Na
2
CO
3
+ K
2
CO
3
+ 2H
2
O
Na
2
CO
3
+ Ba(OH)
2
BaCO
3
+ 2NaOH
Ba(HCO
3
)
2
+ Ba(OH)
2
2BaCO
3
+ 2H
2
O
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
+ Ba(OH)
2
BaCO
3
+ CaCO
3
+ 2H
2
O
NaHCO
3
+ BaCl
2

khng xy ra
Na
2
CO
3
+ BaCl
2
BaCO
3
+ 2NaCl
Ba(HCO
3
)
2
+ BaCl
2
khng xy ra
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
+ CaCl
2
khng xy ra
NaHSO
3
+ NaHSO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O + SO
2

Na
2
SO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O + SO
2

2NaHSO
3
+ H
2
SO
4

Na
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O + 2SO
2

Na
2
SO
3
+ 2NaHSO
4
2Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O + SO
2

2KOH + 2NaHSO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
(NH
4
)
2
CO
3
+ 2NaHSO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O + CO
2

Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu
Cu + Fe SO
4
khng xy ra
Cu + Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
2FeSO
4
+ CuSO
4

Fe + Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
3FeSO
4

2FeCl
2
+ Cl
2

0
t
2FeCl
3


BNG TNH TAN TRONG NC CA CC AXIT BAZ - MUI
Nhm
hiroxit v
gc axit
HIRO V CC KIM LOI
H
I
K
I
Na
I
Ag
I
Mg
II
Ca
II
Ba
II
Zn
II
Hg
II
Pb
II
Cu
II
Fe
II
Fe
III
Al
III
- OH
t t - k i t k - k k k k k
- Cl
t/b t t k t t t t t i t t t t
- NO
3

t/b t t t t t t t t t t t t t
- CH
3
COO
t/b t t t t t t t t t t t - t
= S
t/b t t k - t t k k k k k k
= SO
3

t/b t t k k k k k k k k k -
= SO
4

t/kb t t i t i k t - k t t t t
= CO
3

t/b t t k k k k k - k - k -
= SiO
3

k/kb t t k k k k k k k k
= PO
4

t/kb t t k k k k k k k k k k k

t : hp cht khng tan c trong nc .
k: hp cht khng tan
i: hp cht t tan.
b: hp cht bay hi hoc d bi phn hu thnh kh bay ln.
kb : hp cht khng bay hi.
Vch ngang - " :hp cht khng tn ti hoc b phn hu trong nc.


Mt s PTHH cn lu :

V d: Ho tan m( gam ) M
x
O
y
vo dung dch axit (HCl, H
2
SO
4
, HNO
3
)
Ta c PTHH cn bng nh sau: lu 2y/x l ho tr ca kim loi M
M
x
O
y
+ 2yHCl xMCl
2y/x
+ yH
2
O
2M
x
O
y
+ 2yH
2
SO
4
xM
2
(SO
4
)
2y/x
+ 2yH
2
O
M
x
O
y
+ 2yHNO
3
xM(NO
3
)
2y/x
+ yH
2
O
VD: Ho tan m( gam ) kim loi M vo dung dch a xit (HCl, H
2
SO
4
)
Ta c PTHH cn bng nh sau: lu x l ho tr ca kim loi M
2M + 2xHCl 2MCl
x
+ xH
2

p dng:
Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2

2Al + 2*3 HCl 2AlCl
3
+ 3H
2

6
2M + xH
2
SO
4
M
2
(SO
4
)
x
+ xH
2

p dng:
Fe + H
2
SO
4
FeSO
4
+ H
2

2Al + 3H
2
SO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3H
2

Cc phn ng iu ch mt s kim loi:
- i vi mt s kim loi nh Na, K, Ca, Mg th dng phng php in phn nng chy
cc mui Clorua.
PTHH chung: 2MCl
x

(r )

dpnc
2M
(r )
+ Cl
2( k )

(i vi cc kim loi ho tr II th nh n gin phn h s)
- i vi nhm th dng phng php in phn nng chy Al
2
O
3
, khi c cht xc tc
Criolit(3NaF.AlF
3
) , PTHH: 2Al
2
O
3 (r )

dpnc
4Al
( r )
+ 3 O
2 (k )

- i vi cc kim loi nh Fe , Pb , Cu th c th dng cc phng php sau:
- Dng H
2
: Fe
x
O
y
+ yH
2

0
t
xFe + yH
2
O
( h )

- Dng C: 2Fe
x
O
y
+ yC
(r )

0
t
2xFe + yCO
2 ( k )

- Dng CO: Fe
x
O
y
+ yCO
(k )

0
t
xFe + yCO
2 ( k )

- Dng Al( nhit nhm ): 3Fe
x
O
y
+ 2yAl
(r )

0
t
3xFe + yAl
2
O
3 ( k )

- PTP nhit phn st hir xit:
4xFe(OH)
2y/x
+ (3x 2y) O
2

0
t
2xFe
2
O
3
+ 4y H
2
O

Mt s phn ng nhit phn ca mt s mui

1/ Mui nitrat
- Nu M l kim loi ng trc Mg (Theo dy hot ng ho hc)
2M(NO
3
)
x
2M(NO
2
)
x
+ xO
2

(Vi nhng kim loi ho tr II th nh n gin phn h s )
- Nu M l kim loi k t Mg n Cu (Theo dy hot ng ho hc)


4M(NO
3
)
x

0
t
2M
2
O
x
+ 4xNO
2
+ xO
2

(Vi nhng kim loi ho tr II th nh n gin phn h s )
- Nu M l kim loi ng sau Cu (Theo dy hot ng ho hc)
2M(NO
3
)
x

0
t
2M + 2NO
2
+ xO
2
(Vi nhng kim loi ho tr II th nh n gin phn h s)

2/ Mui cacbonat
- Mui trung ho: M
2
(CO
3
)
x (r)

0
t
M
2
O
x (r)
+ xCO
2(k)

- Mui cacbonat axit: 2M(HCO
3
)
x(r)

0
t
M
2
(CO
3
)
x(r)
+ xH
2
O
( h )
+ xCO
2(k)


3/ Mui amoni
NH
4
Cl
0
t
NH
3 (k)
+ HCl
( k )

NH
4
HCO
3

0
t
NH
3 (k)
+ H
2
O
( h )
+ CO
2(k)

NH
4
NO
3

0
t
N
2
O
(k)
+ H
2
O
( h )

NH
4
NO
2

0
t
N
2 (k)
+ 2H
2
O
( h )

(NH
4
)
2
CO
3

0
t
2NH
3 (k)
+ H
2
O
( h )
+ CO
2(k)

2(NH
4
)
2
SO
4

0
t
4NH
3 (k)
+ 2H
2
O
( h )
+ 2SO
2 ( k )
+ O
2(k)

Bi 1: Vit cc phng trnh ho hc biu din cc phn ng ho hc cc th nghim sau:
a) Nh vi git axit clohiric vo vi.
b) Ho tan canxi oxit vo nc.
c) Cho mt t bt iphotpho pentaoxit vo dung dch kali hirxit.
d) Nhng mt thanh st vo dung dch ng(II) sunfat.
e) Cho mt mu nhm vo dung dch axit sunfuric long.
f) Nung mt t st(III) hirxit trong ng nghim.
g) Dn kh cacbonic vo dung dch nc vi trong n d.
h) Cho mt t natri kim loi vo nc.

Bi 2: C nhng baz sau: Fe(OH)
3
, Ca(OH)
2
, KOH, Mg(OH)
2
. Hy cho bit nhng baz
no:
a) B nhit phn hu?
b) Tc dng c vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
?
c) i mu dung dch phenolphtalein t khng mu thnh mu hng?

Bi 3: Cho cc cht sau: canxi oxit, kh sunfur, axit clohiric, bari hirxit, magi cacbonat,
bari clorua, iphotpho penta oxit. Cht no tc dng c vi nhau tng i mt. Hy vit cc
phng trnh ho hc ca phn ng.
Hng dn: Lp bng thy c cc cp cht tc dng c vi nhau r hn.


Bi 4: Cho cc oxit sau: K
2
O, SO
2
, BaO, Fe
3
O
4
, N
2
O
5
. Vit phng trnh ho hc(nu c) ca
cc oxit ny ln lt tc dng vi nc, axit sunfuric, dung dch kali hiroxit.

Bi 5: Cho mt lng kh CO d i vo ng thu tinh t nng c cha hn hp bt gm:
CuO, K
2
O, Fe
2
O
3
(u ng thu tinh cn li b hn kn). Vit tt c cc phng trnh ho hc
xy ra.

Bi 6: Nu hin tng v vit PTHH minh ho
a/ Cho Na vo dung dch Al
2
(SO
4
)
3

b/ Cho K vo dung dch FeSO
4

c/ Ho tan Fe
3
O
4
vo dung dch H
2
SO
4
long.
d/ Nung nng Al vi Fe
2
O
3
to ra hn hp Al
2
O
3
v Fe
x
O
y
.
PTHH tng qut:
3x Fe
2
O
3
+ ( 6x 4y ) Al
0
t
6 Fe
x
O
y
+ ( 3x 2y ) Al
2
O
3

Bi 7: Cho th nghim
MnO
2
+ HCl
Kh A
Na
2
SO
3
+ H
2
SO
4 ( l )
Kh B
FeS + HCl Kh C
NH
4
HCO
3
+ NaOH
d
Kh D
Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
SO
4 ( l )
Kh E
a. Hon thnh cc PTHH v xc nh cc kh A, B, C, D, E.
b. Cho A tc dng C, B tc dng vi dung dch A, B tc dung vi C, A tc dung dch NaOH
iu kin thng, E tc dng dung dch NaOH. Vit cc PTHH xy ra.

Bi 8: Nu hin tng xy ra, gii thch v vit PTHH minh ho khi:
1/ Sc t t n d CO
2
vo dung dch nc vi trong; dung dch NaAlO
2
.
2/ Cho t t dung dch axit HCl vo dung dch Na
2
CO
3
.
3/ Cho Na vo dung dch MgCl
2
, NH
4
Cl.
4/ Cho Na vo dung dch CuSO
4
, Cu(NO
3
)
2
.
5/ Cho Ba vo dung dch Na
2
CO
3
, (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
, Na
2
SO
4
.
6/ Cho Fe vo dung dch AgNO
3
d
7/ Cho t t n d dung dch NaOH vo dung dch AlCl
3
, Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.
8/ Cho Cu ( hoc Fe ) vo dung dch FeCl
3
.
9/ Cho t t n d bt Fe vo hn hp dung dch gm AgNO
3
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
.
10/ Sc t t NH
3
vo dung dch AlCl
3


MT S PHNG PHP
GII TON HO HC THNG DNG.

1. Phng php s hc
Gii cc php tnh Ho hc cp II ph thng, thng thng s dng phng php s
hc: l cc php tnh da vo s ph thuc t l gia cc i lng v cc php tnh phn
trm. C s ca cc tnh ton Ho hc l nh lut thnh phn khng i c p dng cho cc
php tnh theo CTHH v nh lut bo ton khi lng cc cht p dng cho c php tnh theo
PTHH. Trong phng php s hc ngi ta phn bit mt s phng php tnh sau y:

a. Phng php t l.
im ch yu ca phng php ny l lp c t l thc v sau l p dng cch tnh
ton theo tnh cht ca t l thc tc l tnh cc trung t bng tch cc ngoi t.
Th d: Tnh khi lng ccbon ixit CO
2
trong c 3 g cacbon.
Bi gii
44 ) 2 . 16 ( 12
2
= + = M
CO

1mol CO
2
= 44g
Lp t l thc: 44g CO
2
c 12g C
xg 3g C
44 : x = 12 : 3
=> x = 11
12
3 . 44
=
Vy, khi lng cacbon ixit l 11g
Th d 2: C bao nhiu gam ng iu ch c khi cho tng tc 16g ng sunfat vi mt
lng st cn thit.
Bi gii
Phng trnh Ho hc: CuSO
4
+ Fe - > FeSO
4
+ Cu
160g 64g
16g xg
=> x = g 4 , 6
160
64 . 16
=
Vy iu ch c 6,4g ng.

b. Phng php tnh theo t s hp thc.
Dng c bn ca php tnh ny tnh theo PTHH tc l tm khi lng ca mt trong
nhng cht tham gia hoc to thnh phn ng theo khi lng ca mt trong nhng cht khc
nhau. Phng php tm t s hp thc gia khi lng cc cht trong phn ng c pht biu
nh sau:


T s khi lng cc cht trong mi phn ng Ho hc th bng t s ca tch cc khi
lng mol cc cht vi cc h s trong phng trnh phn ng. C th biu th di dng
ton hc nh sau:
2 2
1 1
2
1
n m
n m
m
m
=
Trong : m
1
v m
2
l khi lng cc cht, M
1
, M
2
l khi lng mol cc cht cn n
1
, n
2

l h s ca PTHH.
Vy khi tnh khi lng ca mt cht tham gia phn ng Ho hc theo khi lng ca
mt cht khc cn s dng nhng t s hp thc tm c theo PTHH nh th no ? minh
ho ta xt mt s th d sau:
Th d 1: Cn bao nhiu gam Ptat n da cho phn ng vi 10g st III clorua ?
Bi gii
PTHH FeCL
3
+ 3KOH -> Fe(OH)
3
+ + 3KCL
10g ?
Tnh t s hp thc gia khi lng Kali hirxit v st II clorua
M
KOH
= (39 + 16 + 1) = 56g
g M
FeCL
5 , 162 ) 3 . 5 , 35 56 (
3
= + =
5 , 162
168
5 , 162
3 . 56
3
= =
Fecl
KOH
m
m

* Tm khi lng KOH: m g g
KOH
3 , 10
5 , 162
160
. 10 = =
Th d 2: Cn bao nhiu gam st III chorua cho tng tc vi kalihirxit thu c
2,5g Kaliclorua?
Bi gii
PTHH FeCl
3
+ 3 KOH - > Fe(OH)
3
+ + 3KCl
Tnh t s hp thc gia khi lng FeCl
3
v Kaliclorua
g M
FeCL
5 , 162
3
= ; M
KCL
74,5g
5 , 223
5 , 162
3 . 5 , 74
5 , 162
4
= =
KCl
FeCl
m
m

* Tnh khi lng FeCl
3
: g M
FeCL
86 , 1
5 , 223
5 , 162
. 5 , 2
3
= =
c. Phng php tnh theo tha s hp thc.
Hng s c tnh ra t t l hp thc gi l tha s hp thc v biu th bng ch ci f.
Tha s hp thc c tnh sn v c trong bng tra cu chuyn mn.
Vic tnh theo tha s hp thc cng cho cng kt qu nh php tnh theo t s hp thc
nhng c tnh n gin hn nh cc bng tra cu c sn.
Th d: Theo th d 2 trn th tha s hp thc l:


f = 727 , 0
5 , 223
5 , 162
=
=> 86 , 1 727 , 0 . 5 , 2 . 5 , 2
3
= = = f M
FeCL

Vy, khi lng FeCl
3
l 1,86g

2. Phng php i s
Trong cc phng php gii cc bi ton Ho hc phng php i s cng thng c
s dng. Phng php ny c u im tit kim c thi gian, khi gii cc bi ton tng hp,
tng i kh gii bng cc phng php khc. Phng php i s c dng gii cc bi
ton Ho hc sau:
a. Gii bi ton lp CTHH bng phng php i s.
Th d: t chy mt hn hp 300ml hirocacbon v amoniac trong oxi c d. Sau khi
chy hon ton, th tch kh thu c l 1250ml. Sau khi lm ngng t hi nc, th tch gim
cn 550ml. Sau khi cho tc dng vi dung dch kim cn 250ml trong c 100ml nit. Th
tch ca tt c cc kh o trong iu kin nh nhau. Lp cng thc ca hirocacbon
Bi gii
Khi t chy hn hp hirocacbon v amoniac trong oxi phn ng xy ra theo phng
trnh sau:
4NH3 + 3O
2
-> 2N
2
+ 6H
2
O (1)
CxHy + (x + )
4
y
O
2
-> xCO
2
+
2
y
H
2
O (2)
Theo d kin bi ton, sau khi t chy amoniac th to thnh 100ml nit. Theo PTHH
(1) sau khi t chy hon ton amoniac ta thu c th tch nit nh hn 2 ln th tch amoniac
trong hn hp ban u, vy th tch amonac khi cha c phn ng l 100. 2 = 200ml. Do th
tch hiro ccbon khi cha c phn ng l 300 - 200 = 100ml. Sau khi t chy hn hp to
thnh (550 - 250) = 300ml, cacbonnic v (1250 - 550 - 300) = 400ml hi nc.
T ta c s phn ng:
CxHy + (x +
4
y
) O
2
-> xCO
2
+
2
y
H
2
O
100ml 300ml 400ml
Theo nh lut Avogaro, c th thay th t l th tch cc cht kh tham gia v to thnh trong
phn ng bng t l s phn t hay s mol ca chng.
C
x
H
y
+ 5O
2
-> 3CO
2
+ 4 H
2
O
=> x = 3; y = 8
Vy CTHH ca hydrocacbon l C
3
H
8

b. Gii bi ton tm thnh phn ca hn hp bng phng php i s.


Th d: Ho tan trong nc 0,325g mt hn hp gm 2 mui Natriclorua v Kaliclorua.
Thm vo dung dch ny mt dung dch bc Nitrat ly d - Kt ta bc clorua thu c c khi
lng l 0,717g. Tnh thnh phn phn trm ca mi cht trong hn hp.
Bi gii
Gi M
NaCl
l x v m
Kcl
l y ta c phng trnh i s:
x + y = 0,35 (1)
PTHH: NaCl + AgNO
3
-> AgCl + + NaNO
3

KCl + AgNO
3
-> AgCl + + KNO
3

Da vo 2 PTHH ta tm c khi lng ca AgCl trong mi phn ng:
m
AgCl
= x .
NaCl
AgCl
M
M
= x .
5 , 58
143
= x . 2,444
m
AgCl
= y .
kcl
AgCl
M
M
= y .
5 , 74
143
= y . 1,919
=> m
AgCl
= 2,444x + 1,919y = 0,717 (2)
T (1) v (2) => h phng trnh
= +
= +
717 , 0 919 , 1 444 , 2
325 , 0
y x
y x

Gii h phng trnh ta c: x = 0,178
y = 0,147
=> % NaCl =
325 , 0
178 , 0
.100% = 54,76%
% KCl = 100% - % NaCl = 100% - 54,76% = 45,24%.
Vy trong hn hp: NaCl chim 54,76%, KCl chim 45,24%

3. Phng php p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t v khi lng.

a/ Nguyn tc:
Trong phn ng ho hc, cc nguyn t v khi lng ca chng c bo ton.
T suy ra:
+ Tng khi lng cc cht tham gia phn ng bng tng khi lng cc cht to thnh.
+ Tng khi lng cc cht trc phn ng bng tng khi lng cc cht sau phn ng.
b/ Phm vi p dng:
Trong cc bi ton xy ra nhiu phn ng, lc ny i khi khng cn thit phi vit cc
phng trnh phn ng v ch cn lp s phn ng thy mi quan h t l mol gia cc
cht cn xc nh v nhng cht m cho.

Bi 1. Cho mt lung kh clo d tc dng vi 9,2g kim loi sinh ra 23,4g mui kim loi ho tr
I. Hy xc nh kim loi ho tr I v mui kim loi .
Hng dn gii:
t M l KHHH ca kim loi ho tr I.
PTHH: 2M + Cl
2
2MCl
2M(g) (2M + 71)g


9,2g 23,4g
ta c: 23,4 x 2M = 9,2(2M + 71)
suy ra: M = 23.
Kim loi c khi lng nguyn t bng 23 l Na.
Vy mui thu c l: NaCl

Bi 2: Ho tan hon ton 3,22g hn hp X gm Fe, Mg v Zn bng mt lng va dung
dch H
2
SO
4
long, thu c 1,344 lit hiro ( ktc) v dung dch cha m gam mui. Tnh m?
Hng dn gii:
PTHH chung: M + H
2
SO
4
MSO
4
+ H
2

n
H
2
SO
4
= n
H
2
=
4 , 22
344 , 1
= 0,06 mol
p dng nh lut BTKL ta c:
m
Mui
= m
X
+ m
H
2
SO
4
- m
H
2
= 3,22 + 98 * 0,06 - 2 * 0,06 = 8,98g

Bi 3: C 2 l st khi lng bng nhau v bng 11,2g. Mt l cho tc dng ht vi kh clo, mt
l ngm trong dung dch HCl d. Tnh khi lng st clorua thu c.
Hng dn gii:
PTHH:
2Fe + 3Cl
2
2FeCl
3
(1)
Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
(2)
Theo phng trnh (1,2) ta c:

n
FeCl
3
= nFe

=
56
2 , 11
= 0,2mol n
FeCl
2
= nFe

=
56
2 , 11
= 0,2mol
S mol mui thu c hai phn ng trn bng nhau nhng khi lng mol phn t ca
FeCl
3
ln hn nn khi lng ln hn.
m
FeCl
2
= 127 * 0,2 = 25,4g m
FeCl
3
= 162,5 * 0,2 = 32,5g

Bi 4: Ho tan hn hp 2 mui Cacbonnat kim loi ho tr 2 v 3 bng dung dch HCl d thu
c dung dch A v 0,672 lt kh (ktc).
Hi c cn dung dch A thu c bao nhiu gam mui khc nhau?
Bi gii:
Bi 1: Gi 2 kim loi ho tr II v III ln lt l X v Y ta c phng trnh phn ng:
XCO
3
+ 2HCl -> XCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O (1)
Y
2
(CO
3
)
3
+ 6HCl -> 2YCl
3
+ 3CO
2
+ 3H
2
O (2).
S mol CO
2
thot ra (ktc) phng trnh 1 v 2 l:
mol n
CO
03 , 0
4 , 22
672 , 0
2
= =
Theo phng trnh phn ng 1 v 2 ta thy s mol CO
2
bng s mol H
2
O.


mol n n
CO O H
03 , 0
2 2
= =
v mol n
HCl
006 , 0 2 . 03 , 0 = =
Nh vy khi lng HCl phn ng l:
m
HCl
= 0,06 . 36,5 = 2,19 gam
Gi x l khi lng mui khan (
3 2
YCl XCl
m m
+ )
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:
10 + 2,19 = x + 44 . 0,03 + 18. 0,03
=> x = 10,33 gam
Bi ton 2: Cho 7,8 gam hn hp kim loi Al v Mg tc dng vi HCl thu c 8,96 lt
H
2
( ktc). Hi khi c cn dung dch thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan.
Bi gii: Ta c phng trnh phn ng nh sau:
Mg + 2HCl -> MgCl
2
+ H
2
|
2Al + 6HCl -> 2AlCl
3
+ 3H
2
|
S mol H
2
thu c l:
mol n
H
4 , 0
4 , 22
96 , 8
2
= =
Theo (1, 2) ta thy s mol HCL gp 2 ln s mol H
2

Nn: S mol tham gia phn ng l:
n
HCl = 2 . 0,4 = 0,8 mol
S mol (s mol nguyn t) to ra mui cng chnh bng s mol HCl bng 0,8 mol. Vy
khi lng Clo tham gia phn ng:
m
Cl
= 35,5 . 0,8 = 28,4 gam
Vy khi lng mui khan thu c l:
7,8 + 28,4 = 36,2 gam

4. Phng php tng, gim khi lng.

a/ Nguyn tc:
So snh khi lng ca cht cn xc nh vi cht m gi thit cho bit lng ca n, t
khi lng tng hay gim ny, kt hp vi quan h t l mol gia 2 cht ny m gii quyt yu
cu t ra.

b/ Phm v s dng:
i vi cc bi ton phn ng xy ra thuc phn ng phn hu, phn ng gia kim loi
mnh, khng tan trong nc y kim loi yu ra khi dung sch mui phn ng, ...c bit khi


cha bit r phn ng xy ra l hon ton hay khng th vic s dng phng php ny cng
n gin ho cc bi ton hn.

Bi 1: Nhng mt thanh st v mt thanh km vo cng mt cc cha 500 ml dung dch
CuSO
4
. Sau mt thi gian ly hai thanh kim loi ra khi cc th mi thanh c thm Cu bm vo,
khi lng dung dch trong cc b gim mt 0,22g. Trong dung dch sau phn ng, nng mol
ca ZnSO
4
gp 2,5 ln nng mol ca FeSO
4
. Thm dung dch NaOH d vo cc, lc ly kt
ta ri nung ngoi khng kh n khi lng khng i , thu c 14,5g cht rn. S gam Cu
bm trn mi thanh kim loi v nng mol ca dung dch CuSO
4
ban u l bao nhiu?
Hng dn gii:
PTHH
Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu
( 1 )

Zn + CuSO
4
ZnSO
4
+ Cu
( 2 )

Gi a l s mol ca FeSO
4

V th tch dung dch xem nh khng thay i. Do t l v nng mol ca cc cht trong
dung dch cng chnh l t l v s mol.
Theo bi ra: C
M ZnSO
4
= 2,5 C
M FeSO
4
Nn ta c: n
ZnSO
4
= 2,5 n
FeSO
4

Khi lng thanh st tng: (64 - 56)a = 8a (g)
Khi lng thanh km gim: (65 - 64)2,5a = 2,5a (g)
Khi lng ca hai thanh kim loi tng: 8a - 2,5a = 5,5a (g)
M thc t bi cho l: 0,22g
Ta c: 5,5a = 0,22 a = 0,04 (mol)
Vy khi lng Cu bm trn thanh st l: 64 * 0,04 = 2,56 (g)
v khi lng Cu bm trn thanh km l: 64 * 2,5 * 0,04 = 6,4 (g)
Dung dch sau phn ng 1 v 2 c: FeSO
4
, ZnSO
4
v CuSO
4
(nu c)
Ta c s phn ng:
NaOH d t
0
, kk
FeSO
4
Fe(OH)
2

2
1
Fe
2
O
3

a a
2
a
(mol)
m
Fe
2
O
3

= 160 x 0,04 x
2
a
= 3,2 (g)
NaOH d t
0

CuSO
4
Cu(OH)
2
CuO
b b b (mol)
m
CuO
= 80b = 14,5 - 3,2 = 11,3 (g) b = 0,14125 (mol)
Vy
n
CuSO
4
ban u
= a + 2,5a + b = 0,28125 (mol)

C
M CuSO
4

=
5 , 0
28125 , 0
= 0,5625 M


Bi 2: Nhng mt thanh st nng 8 gam vo 500 ml dung dch CuSO
4
2M. Sau mt thi gian
ly l st ra cn li thy nng 8,8 gam. Xem th tch dung dch khng thay i th nng
mol/lit ca CuSO
4
trong dung dch sau phn ng l bao nhiu?
Hng dn gii:
S mol CuSO
4
ban u l: 0,5 x 2 = 1 (mol)
PTHH
Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu
( 1 )
1 mol 1 mol
56g 64g lm thanh st tng thm 64 - 56 = 8 gam
M theo bi cho, ta thy khi lng thanh st tng l: 8,8 - 8 = 0,8 gam
Vy c
8
8 , 0
= 0,1 mol Fe tham gia phn ng, th cng c 0,1 mol CuSO
4
tham gia phn ng.
S mol CuSO
4
cn d : 1 - 0,1 = 0,9 mol
Ta c C
M CuSO
4
=
5 , 0
9 , 0
= 1,8 M

Bi 3: Dn V lit CO
2
(ktc) vo dung dch cha 3,7 gam Ca(OH)
2
. Sau phn ng thu c 4
gam kt ta. Tnh V?
Hng dn gii:
Theo bi ra ta c:
S mol ca Ca(OH)
2
=
74
7 , 3
= 0,05 mol
S mol ca CaCO
3
=
100
4
= 0,04 mol
PTHH
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
- Nu CO
2
khng d:
Ta c s mol CO
2
= s mol CaCO
3
= 0,04 mol
Vy V
(ktc)
= 0,04 * 22,4 = 0,896 lt
- Nu CO
2
d:
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
0,05 0,05 mol 0,05
CO
2
+ CaCO
3
+ H
2
O Ca(HCO
3
)
2

0,01 (0,05 - 0,04) mol
Vy tng s mol CO
2
tham gia phn ng l: 0,05 + 0,01 = 0,06 mol
V
(ktc)
= 22,4 * 0,06 = 1,344 lt

Bi 4: Ho tan 20gam hn hp hai mui cacbonat kim loi ho tr 1 v 2 bng dung dch HCl
d thu c dung dch X v 4,48 lt kh ( ktc) tnh khi lng mui khan thu c dung
dch X.
Bi gii: Gi kim loi ho tr 1 v 2 ln lt l A v B ta c phng trnh phn ng sau:
A
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl -> 2ACl + CO
2
| + H
2
O (1)
BCO
3
+ 2HCl -> BCl
2
+ CO
2
| + H
2
O (2)


S mol kh CO
2
( ktc) thu c 1 v 2 l:
mol n
CO
2 , 0
4 , 22
48 , 4
2
= =
Theo (1) v (2) ta nhn thy c 1 mol CO
2
bay ra tc l c 1 mol mui cacbonnat chuyn
thnh mui Clorua v khi lng tng thm 11 gam (gc CO
3
l 60g chuyn thnh gc Cl
2
c
khi lng 71 gam).
Vy c 0,2 mol kh bay ra th khi lng mui tng l:
0,2 . 11 = 2,2 gam
Vy tng khi lng mui Clorua khan thu c l:
M
(Mui khan)
= 20 + 2,2 = 22,2 (gam)

Bi 5: Ho tan 10gam hn hp 2 mui Cacbonnat kim loi ho tr 2 v 3 bng dung dch HCl
d thu c dung dch A v 0,672 lt kh (ktc).
Hi c cn dung dch A thu c bao nhiu gam mui khc nhau?
Bi gii
Mt bi ton ho hc thng l phi c phn ng ho hc xy ra m c phn ng ho hc
th phi vit phng trnh ho hc l iu khng th thiu.
Vy ta gi hai kim loi c ho tr 2 v 3 ln lt l X v Y, ta c phn ng:
XCO
3
+ 2HCl -> XCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O (1)
Y
2
(CO
3
)
3
+ 6HCl -> 2YCl
3
+ 3CO
2
+ 3H
2
O (2).
S mol cht kh to ra chng trnh (1) v (2) l:
4 , 22
672 , 0
2
=
CO
n = 0,03 mol
Theo phn ng (1, 2) ta thy c 1 mol CO
2
bay ra tc l c 1 mol mui Cacbonnat chuyn
thnh mui clorua v khi lng tng 71 - 60 = 11 (gam) ( ; 60
3
g m
CO
= g m
Cl
71 = ).
S mol kh CO
2
bay ra l 0,03 mol do khi lng mui khan tng ln:
11 . 0,03 = 0,33 (gam).
Vy khi lng mui khan thu c sau khi c cn dung dch.
m
(mui khan)
= 10 + 0,33 = 10,33 (gam).

Bi 6: Ho tan 20gam hn hp hai mui cacbonat kim loi ho tr 1 v 2 bng dung dch HCl
d thu c dung dch X v 4,48 lt kh ( ktc) tnh khi lng mui khan thu c dung
dch X.
Bi gii: Gi kim loi ho tr 1 v 2 ln lt l A v B ta c phng trnh phn ng sau:


A
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl -> 2ACl + CO
2
| + H
2
O (1)
BCO
3
+ 2HCl -> BCl
2
+ CO
2
| + H
2
O (2)
S mol kh CO
2
( ktc) thu c 1 v 2 l:
mol n
CO
2 , 0
4 , 22
48 , 4
2
= =
Theo (1) v (2) ta nhn thy c 1 mol CO
2
bay ra tc l c 1 mol mui cacbonnat chuyn
thnh mui Clorua v khi lng tng thm 11 gam (gc CO
3
l 60g chuyn thnh gc Cl
2
c
khi lng 71 gam).
Vy c 0,2 mol kh bay ra th khi lng mui tng l:
0,2 . 11 = 2,2 gam
Vy tng khi lng mui Clorua khan thu c l:
M
(Mui khan)
= 20 + 2,2 = 22,2 (gam)

Bi 1: Nhng mt thanh kim loi M ho tr II vo 0,5 lit dd CuSO
4
0,2M. Sau mt thi gian
phn ng, khi lng thanh M tng ln 0,40g trong khi nng CuSO
4
cn li l 0,1M.
a/ Xc nh kim loi M.
b/ Ly m(g) kim loi M cho vo 1 lit dd cha AgNO
3
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
, nng mi mui l 0,1M.
Sau phn ng ta thu c cht rn A khi lng 15,28g v dd B. Tnh m(g)?
Hng dn gii:
a/ theo bi ra ta c PTHH .
M + CuSO
4
MSO
4
+ Cu (1)
S mol CuSO
4
tham gia phn ng (1) l: 0,5 ( 0,2 0,1 ) = 0,05 mol
tng khi lng ca M l:
m
tng
= m
kl gp
- m
kl tan
= 0,05 (64 M) = 0,40
gii ra: M = 56 , vy M l Fe
b/ ta ch bit s mol ca AgNO
3
v s mol ca Cu(NO
3
)
2
. Nhng khng bit s mol ca Fe
(cht kh Fe Cu
2+
Ag
+
(cht oxh mnh)

0,1 0,1 ( mol )
Ag
+
C Tnh oxi ho mnh hn Cu
2+
nn mui AgNO
3
tham gia phn ng vi Fe trc.
PTHH:
Fe + 2AgNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
2
+ 2Ag (1)
Fe + Cu(NO
3
)
2
Fe(NO
3
)
2
+ Cu (2)
Ta c 2 mc so snh:
- Nu va xong phn ng (1): Ag kt ta ht, Fe tan ht, Cu(NO
3
)
2
cha phn ng.
Cht rn A l Ag th ta c: m
A
= 0,1 x 108 = 10,8 g
- Nu va xong c phn ng (1) v (2) th khi cht rn A gm: 0,1 mol Ag v 0,1 mol Cu
m
A
= 0,1 ( 108 + 64 ) = 17,2 g
theo cho m
A
= 15,28 g ta c: 10,8 < 15,28 < 17,2
vy AgNO
3
phn ng ht, Cu(NO
3
)
2
phn ng mt phn v Fe tan ht.
m
Cu
to ra = m
A
m
Ag
= 15,28 10,80 = 4,48 g. Vy s mol ca Cu = 0,07 mol.


Tng s mol Fe tham gia c 2 phn ng l: 0,05
( p 1 )
+ 0,07
( p 2 )
= 0,12 mol
Khi lng Fe ban u l: 6,72g
5. Phng php lm gim n s.
Bi ton 1: (Xt li bi ton nu phng php th nht)
Ho tan hn hp 20 gam hai mui cacbonnat kim loi ho tr I v II bng dung dch HCl
d thu c dung dch M v 4,48 lt CO
2
( ktc) tnh khi lng mun to thnh trong dung
dch M.
Bi gii
Gi A v B ln lt l kim loi ho tr I v II. Ta c phng trnh phn ng sau:
A
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl -> 2ACl + H
2
O + CO
2
| (1)
BCO
3
+ 2HCl -> BCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2
| (2)
S mol kh thu c phn ng (1) v (2) l:
mol n
CO
2 , 0
4 , 22
48 , 4
3
= =
Gi a v b ln lt l s mol ca A
2
CO
3
v BCO
3
ta c phng trnh i s sau:
(2A + 60)a + (B + 60)b = 20 (3)
Theo phng trnh phn ng (1) s mol ACl thu c 2a (mol)
Theo phng trnh phn ng (2) s mol BCl
2
thu c l b (mol)
Nu gi s mui khan thu c l x ta c phng trnh:
(A + 35.5) 2a + (B + 71)b = x (4)
Cng theo phn ng (1, 2) ta c:
a + b = ) ( 2 , 0
2
mol n
CO
= (5)
T phng trnh (3, 4) (Ly phng trnh (4) tr (5)) ta c:
11 (a + b) = x - 20 (6)
Thay a + b t (5) vo (6) ta c:
11 . 0,2 = x - 20
=> x = 22,2 gam
Bi ton 2: Ho tan hon ton 5 gam hn hp 2 kim loi bng dung dch HCl thu c
dung dch A v kh B, c cn dung dch A thu c 5,71 gam mui khan tnh th tch kh B
ktc.
Bi gii: Gi X, Y l cc kim loi; m, n l ho tr, x, y l s mol tng ng, s nguyn t
khi l P, Q ta c:
2X + 2n HCl => 2XCln = nH
2
| (I)
2Y + 2m HCl -> 2YClm + mH
2
| (II).


Ta c: xP + y Q = 5 (1)
x(P + 35,5n) + y(Q + 35,5m) = 5,71 (2)
Ly phng trnh (2) tr phng trnh (1) ta c:
x(P + 35,5n) + y(Q + 35,5m)- xP - yQ = 0,71
=> 35,5 (nx + my) = 0,71
Theo I v II: ) (
2
1
2
my xn n
H
+ =
=> th tch: V = nx + my = 224 , 0 4 , 22 .
2 . 355
71 , 0
= (lt)
6. Phng php dng bi ton cht tng ng.

a/ Nguyn tc:
Khi trong bi ton xy ra nhiu phn ng nhng cc phn ng cng loi v cng hiu sut th
ta thay hn hp nhiu cht thnh 1 cht tng ng. Lc lng (s mol, khi lng hay th
tch) ca cht tng ng bng lng ca hn hp.
b/ Phm vi s dng:
Trong v c, phng php ny p dng khi hn hp nhiu kim loi hot ng hay nhiu oxit
kim loi, hn hp mui cacbonat, ... hoc khi hn hp kim loi phn ng vi nc.

Bi 1: Mt hn hp 2 kim loi kim A, B thuc 2 chu k k tip nhau trong bng h thng tun
hon c khi lng l 8,5 gam. Hn hp ny tan ht trong nc d cho ra 3,36 lit kh H
2
(ktc).
Tm hai kim loi A, B v khi lng ca mi kim loi.
Hng dn gii:
PTHH
2A + 2H
2
O 2AOH + H
2
(1)
2B + 2H
2
O 2BOH + H
2
(2)
t a = n
A
, b = n
B

ta c: a + b = 2
4 , 22
36 , 3
= 0,3 (mol) (I)
M trung bnh: M =
3 , 0
5 , 8
= 28,33
Ta thy 23 < M = 28,33 < 39
Gi s M
A
< M
B
th A l Na, B l K hoc ngc li.
m
A
+ m
B
= 23a + 39b = 8,5 (II)
T (I, II) ta tnh c: a = 0,2 mol, b = 0,1 mol.
Vy m
Na
= 0,2 * 23 = 4,6 g, m
K
= 0,1 * 39 = 3,9 g.

Bi 2: Ho tan 115,3 g hn hp gm MgCO
3
v RCO
3
bng 500ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
long ta
thu c dung dch A, cht rn B v 4,48 lt CO
2
(ktc). C cn dung dch A th thu c 12g
mui khan. Mt khc em nung cht rn B ti khi lng khng i th thu c 11,2 lt CO
2

(ktc) v cht rn B
1
. Tnh nng mol/lit ca dung dch H
2
SO
4
long dng, khi lng ca


B, B
1
v khi lng nguyn t ca R. Bit trong hn hp u s mol ca RCO
3
gp 2,5 ln s
mol ca MgCO
3
.
Hng dn gii:
Thay hn hp MgCO
3
v RCO
3
bng cht tng ng M CO
3

PTHH
M CO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
M SO
4
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O (1)
0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2
S mol CO
2
thu c l: n
CO
2
=
4 , 22
48 , 4
= 0,2 (mol)
Vy n
H
2
SO
4

= n
CO
2
= 0,2 (mol)
C
M

H
2
SO
4

=
5 , 0
2 , 0
= 0,4 M
Rn B l M CO
3
d:
M CO
3
M O + CO
2
(2)
0,5 0,5 0,5
Theo phn ng (1): t 1 mol M CO
3
to ra 1 mol M SO
4
khi lng tng 36 gam.
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:
115,3 = m
B
+ m
mui tan
- 7,2
Vy m
B
= 110,5 g
Theo phn ng (2): t B chuyn thnh B
1
, khi lng gim l:
m
CO
2
= 0,5 * 44 = 22 g.
Vy m
B
1
= m
B
- m
CO
2
= 110,5 - 22 = 88,5 g
Tng s mol M CO
3
l: 0,2 + 0,5 = 0,7 mol
Ta c M + 60 =
7 , 0
3 , 115
164,71 M = 104,71
V trong hn hp u s mol ca RCO
3
gp 2,5 ln s mol ca MgCO
3
.
Nn 104,71 =
5 , 3
5 , 2 * 1 * 24 R +
R = 137
Vy R l Ba.

Bi 3: ho tan hon ton 28,4 gam hn hp 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi thuc phn
nhm chnh nhm II cn dng 300ml dung dch HCl aM v to ra 6,72 lit kh (ktc). Sau phn
ng, c cn dung dch thu c m(g) mui khan. Tnh gi tr a, m v xc nh 2 kim loi trn.
Hng dn gii:
n
CO
2
=
4 , 22
72 , 6
= 0,3 (mol)
Thay hn hp bng M CO
3

M CO
3
+ 2HCl M Cl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O (1)
0,3 0,6 0,3 0,3
Theo t l phn ng ta c:
n
HCl
= 2 n
CO
2
= 2 * 0,3 = 0,6 mol
C
M HCl
=
3 , 0
6 , 0
= 2M


S mol ca M CO
3
= n
CO
2
= 0,3 (mol)
Nn M + 60 =
3 , 0
4 , 28
= 94,67
M = 34,67
Gi A, B l KHHH ca 2 kim loi thuc phn nhm chnh nhm II, M
A
< M
B

ta c: M
A
< M = 34,67 < M
B
tho mn ta thy 24 < M = 34,67 < 40.
Vy hai kim loi thuc phn nhm chnh nhm II l: Mg v Ca.
Khi lng mui khan thu c sau khi c cn l: m = (34,67 + 71)* 0,3 = 31,7 gam.

7/ Phng php bo ton s mol nguyn t.

a/ Nguyn tc p dng:
Trong mi qu trnh bin i ho hc: S mol mi nguyn t trong cc cht c bo ton.

b/ V d: Cho 10,4g hn hp bt Fe v Mg (c t l s mol 1:2) ho tan va ht trong 600ml
dung dch HNO
3
x(M), thu c 3,36 lit hn hp 2 kh N
2
O v NO. Bit hn hp kh c t khi
d = 1,195. Xc nh tr s x?
Hng dn gii:
Theo bi ra ta c:
n
Fe
: n
Mg
= 1 : 2 (I) v 56n
Fe
+ 24n
Mg
= 10,4 (II)
Gii phng trnh ta c: n
Fe
= 0,1 v n
Mg
= 0,2
S phn ng.
Fe, Mg + HNO
3
------> Fe(NO
3
)
3
, Mg(NO
3
)
2
+ N
2
O, NO + H
2
O
0,1 v 0,2 x 0,1 0,2 a v b (mol)
Ta c:
a + b =
4 , 22
36 , 3
= 0,15 v
29 ) (
30 44
b a
b a
+
+
= 1,195 ---> a = 0,05 mol v b = 0,1 mol
S mol HNO
3
phn ng bng:
n
HNO
3
= n
N
= 3n
Fe(NO
3
)
3

+ 2n
Mg(NO
3
)
2
+ 2n
N
2
O
+ n
NO

= 3.0,1 + 2.0,2 + 2.0,05 + 0,1 = 0,9 mol
Nng mol/lit ca dung dch HNO
3
:
x(M) =
600
9 , 0
.1000 = 1,5M

8/ Phng php lp lun kh nng.
a/ Nguyn tc p dng:

Khi gii cc bi ton ho hc theo phng php i s, nu s phng trnh ton hc thit
lp c t hn s n s cha bit cn tm th phi bin lun ---> Bng cch: Chn 1 n s lm
chun ri tch cc n s cn li. Nn a v phng trnh ton hc 2 n, trong c 1 n c
gii hn (tt nhin nu c 2 n c gii hn th cng tt). Sau c th thit lp bng bin thin
hay d vo cc iu kin khc chn cc gi tr hp l.


b/ V d:

Bi 1: Ho tan 3,06g oxit M
x
O
y
bng dung dich HNO
3
d sau c cn th thu c 5,22g
mui khan. Hy xc nh kim loi M bit n ch c mt ho tr duy nht.
Hng dn gii:
PTHH: M
x
O
y
+ 2yHNO
3
-----> xM(NO
3
)
2y/x
+ yH
2
O
T PTP ta c t l:
y M
x
16
06 , 3
+
=
y M
x
124
22 , 5
+
---> M = 68,5.2y/x
Trong : t 2y/x = n l ho tr ca kim loi. Vy M = 68,5.n (*)
Cho n cc gi tr 1, 2, 3, 4. T (*) ---> M = 137 v n =2 l ph hp.
Do M l Ba, ho tr II.

Bi 2: A, B l 2 cht kh iu kin thng, A l hp cht ca nguyn t X vi oxi (trong
oxi chim 50% khi lng), cn B l hp cht ca nguyn t Y vi hir (trong hiro chim
25% khi lng). T khi ca A so vi B bng 4. Xc nh cng thc phn t A, B. Bit trong 1
phn t A ch c mt nguyn t X, 1 phn t B ch c mt nguyn t Y.
Hng dn gii:
t CTPT A l XO
n
, M
A
= X + 16n

= 16n + 16n = 32n.
t CTPT A l YO
m
, M
B
= Y + m = 3m + m = 4m.
d =
B
A
M
M
=
m
n
4
32
= 4 ---> m = 2n.
iu kin tho mn: 0 < n, m < 4, u nguyn v m phi l s chn.
Vy m ch c th l 2 hay 4.
Nu m = 2 th Y = 6 (loi, khng c nguyn t no tho)
Nu m = 4 th Y = 12 (l cacbon) ---> B l CH
4

v n = 2 th X = 32 (l lu hunh) ---> A l SO
2

9/ Phng php gii hn mt i lng.
a/ Nguyn tc p dng:
Da vo cc i lng c gii hn, chng hn:
KLPTTB ( M ), ho tr trung bnh, s nguyn t trung bnh, ....
Hiu sut: 0(%) < H < 100(%)
S mol cht tham gia: 0 < n(mol) < S mol cht ban u,...
suy ra quan h vi i lng cn tm. Bng cch:
- Tm s thay i gi tr min v max ca 1 i lng no dn n gii hn cn tm.
- Gi s thnh phn hn hp (X,Y) ch cha X hay Y suy ra gi tr min v max ca i
lng cn tm.
b/ V d:

Bi 1: Cho 6,2g hn hp 2 kim loi kim thuc 2 chu k lin tip trong bng tun hon phn
ng vi H
2
O d, thu c 2,24 lit kh (ktc) v dung dch A.
a/ Tnh thnh phn % v khi lng tng kim loi trong hn hp ban u.
Hng dn:


a/ t R l KHHH chung cho 2 kim loi kim cho
M
R
l khi lng trung bnh ca 2 kim loi kim A v B, gi s M
A
< M
B

---.> M
A
< M
R
< M
B
.
Vit PTHH xy ra:
Theo phng trnh phn ng:
n
R
= 2n
H
2
= 0,2 mol. ----> M
R
= 6,2 : 0,2 = 31
Theo ra: 2 kim loi ny thuc 2 chu k lin tip, nn 2 kim loi l:
A l Na(23) v B l K(39)

Bi 2:
a/ Cho 13,8 gam (A) l mui cacbonat ca kim loi kim vo 110ml dung dch HCl 2M. Sau
phn ng thy cn axit trong dung dch thu c v th tch kh thot ra V
1
vt qu 2016ml.
Vit phng trnh phn ng, tm (A) v tnh V
1
(ktc).
b/ Ho tan 13,8g (A) trn vo nc. Va khuy va thm tng git dung dch HCl 1M cho ti
180ml dung dch axit, thu c V
2
lit kh. Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra v tnh V
2

(ktc).
Hng dn:
a/ M
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl ---> 2MCl + H
2
O + CO
2

Theo PTHH ta c:
S mol M
2
CO
3
= s mol CO
2
> 2,016 : 22,4 = 0,09 mol
---> Khi lng mol M
2
CO
3
< 13,8 : 0,09 = 153,33 (I)
Mt khc: S mol M
2
CO
3 phn ng
= 1/2 s mol HCl < 1/2. 0,11.2 = 0,11 mol
---> Khi lng mol M
2
CO
3
= 13,8 : 0,11 = 125,45 (II)
T (I, II) --> 125,45 < M
2
CO
3
< 153,33 ---> 32,5 < M < 46,5 v M l kim loi kim
---> M l Kali (K)
Vy s mol CO
2
= s mol K
2
CO
3
= 13,8 : 138 = 0,1 mol ---> V
CO
2
= 2,24 (lit)
b/ Gii tng t: ---> V
2
= 1,792 (lit)

Bi 3: Cho 28,1g qung lmt gm MgCO
3
; BaCO
3
(%MgCO
3
= a%) vo dung dch HCl d
thu c V (lt) CO
2
( ktc).
a/ Xc nh V (lt).
Hng dn:
a/ Theo bi ra ta c PTHH:
MgCO
3
+ 2HCl MgCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2
(1)
x(mol) x(mol)
BaCO
3
+ 2HCl BaCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2
(2)
y(mol) y(mol)
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ + H
2
O (3)
0,2(mol) 0,2(mol) 0,2(mol)
CO
2
+ CaCO
3
+ H
2
O Ca(HCO
3
)
2
(4)
Gi s hn hp ch c MgCO
3
.Vy
m
BaCO
3
= 0
S mol:
n
MgCO
3
=
84
1 , 28
= 0,3345 (mol)
Nu hn hp ch ton l BaCO
3
th
m
MgCO
3
= 0


S mol:
n
BaCO
3
=
197
1 , 28
= 0,143 (mol)
Theo PT (1) v (2) ta c s mol CO
2
gii phng l:
0,143 (mol) s
n
CO
2
s 0,3345 (mol)
Vy th tch kh CO
2
thu c ktc l: 3,2 (lt) s V
CO
2
s 7,49 (lt)


CHUYN 2:
TAN - NNG DUNG DCH

Mt s cng thc tnh cn nh:

Cng thc tnh tan: S
t
C 0
cht
=
dm
ct
m
m
. 100
Cng thc tnh nng %: C% =
dd
ct
m
m
. 100%
m
dd
= m
dm
+ m
ct
Hoc m
dd
= V
dd (ml)
. D
(g/ml)
* Mi lin h gia tan ca mt cht v nng phn trm dung dch bo ho ca cht
mt nhit xc nh.
C 100g dm ho tan c Sg cht tan to thnh (100+S)g dung dch bo ho.
Vy: x(g) // y(g) // 100g //
Cng thc lin h: C% =
S
S
+ 100
100
Hoc S =
% 100
% . 100
C
C

Cng thc tnh nng mol/lit: C
M
=
) (
) (
lit V
mol n
=
) (
) ( . 1000
ml V
mol n

* Mi lin h gia nng % v nng mol/lit.
Cng thc lin h: C% =
D
M C
M
10
.
Hoc C
M
=
M
C D % . 10

Trong :
- m
ct
l khi lng cht tan( n v: gam)
- m
dm
l khi lng dung mi( n v: gam)
- m
dd
l khi lng dung dch( n v: gam)
- V l th tch dung dch( n v: lit hoc mililit)
- D l khi lng ring ca dung dch( n v: gam/mililit)
- M l khi lng mol ca cht( n v: gam)
- S l tan ca 1 cht mt nhit xc nh( n v: gam)
- C% l nng % ca 1 cht trong dung dch( n v: %)
- C
M
l nng mol/lit ca 1 cht trong dung dch( n v: mol/lit hay M)


DNG 1: TON TAN

Phn dng 1: Bi ton lin quan gia tan ca mt cht v nng phn trm
dung dch bo ho ca cht .
Bi 1: 40
0
C, tan ca K
2
SO
4
l 15. Hy tnh nng phn trm ca dung dch K
2
SO
4
bo
ho nhit ny?
p s: C% = 13,04%
Bi 2: Tnh tan ca Na
2
SO
4
10
0
C v nng phn trm ca dung dch bo ho Na
2
SO
4

nhit ny. Bit rng 10
0
C khi ho tan 7,2g Na
2
SO
4
vo 80g H
2
O th c dung dch bo
ho Na
2
SO
4
.
p s: S = 9g v C% = 8,257%

Phn dng 2: Bi ton tnh lng tinh th ngm nc cn cho thm vo dung dch
cho sn.

Cch lm:
Dng nh lut bo ton khi lng tnh:
* Khi lng dung dch to thnh = khi lng tinh th + khi lng dung dch ban u.
* Khi lng cht tan trong dung dch to thnh = khi lng cht tan trong tinh th + khi
lng cht tan trong dung dch ban u.
* Cc bi ton loi ny thng cho tinh th cn ly v dung dch cho sn c cha cng loi cht
tan.

Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Tnh lng tinh th CuSO
4
.5H
2
O cn dng iu ch 500ml dung dch CuSO
4
8%(D =
1,1g/ml).
p s: Khi lng tinh th CuSO
4
.5H
2
O cn ly l: 68,75g

Bi 2: iu ch 560g dung dch CuSO
4
16% cn phi ly bao nhiu gam dung dch CuSO
4

8% v bao nhiu gam tinh th CuSO
4
.5H
2
O.
Hng dn
* Cch 1:
Trong 560g dung dch CuSO
4
16% c cha.
m
ct CuSO
4
(c trong dd CuSO
4
16%) =
100
16 . 560
=
25
2240
= 89,6(g)
t
m
CuSO
4
.5H
2
O = x(g)
1mol(hay 250g) CuSO
4
.5H
2
O cha 160g CuSO
4

Vy x(g) // cha
250
160x
=
25
16x
(g)
m
dd CuSO
4
8% c trong dung dch CuSO
4
16% l (560 x) g
m
ct CuSO
4
(c trong dd CuSO
4
8%) l
100
8 ). 560 ( x
=
25
2 ). 560 ( x
(g)


Ta c phng trnh:
25
2 ). 560 ( x
+
25
16x
= 89,6
Gii phng trnh c: x = 80.
Vy cn ly 80g tinh th CuSO
4
.5H
2
O v 480g dd CuSO
4
8% pha ch thnh 560g dd CuSO
4

16%.
* Cch 2: Gii h phng trnh bc nht 2 n.
* Cch 3: Tnh ton theo s ng cho.
Lu : Lng CuSO
4
c th coi nh dd CuSO
4
64%(v c 250g CuSO
4
.5H
2
O th c cha 160g
CuSO
4
). Vy C%(CuSO
4
) =
250
160
.100% = 64%.

Phn dng 3: bi ton tnh lng cht tan tch ra hay thm vo khi thay i nhit
mt dung dch bo ho cho sn.

Cch lm:
- Bc 1: Tnh khi lng cht tan v khi lng dung mi c trong dung dch bo
ho t
1
(
0
c)
- Bc 2: t a(g) l khi lng cht tan A cn thm hay tch ra khi dung dch
ban u, sau khi thay i nhit t t
1
(
0
c) sang t
2
(
0
c) vi t
1
(
0
c) khc t
2
(
0
c).
- Bc 3: Tnh khi lng cht tan v khi lng dung mi c trong dung dch bo
ho t
2
(
0
c).
- Bc 4: p dng cng thc tnh tan hay nng % dung dch bo ho(C%
ddbh) tm a.
Lu : Nu yu cu tnh lng tinh th ngm nc tch ra hay cn thm vo do thay i
nhit dung dch bo ho cho sn, bc 2 ta phi t n s l s mol(n)

Bi 1: 12
0
C c 1335g dung dch CuSO
4
bo ho. un nng dung dch ln n 90
0
C. Hi phi
thm vo dung dch bao nhiu gam CuSO
4
c dung dch bo ho nhit ny.
Bit 12
0
C, tan ca CuSO
4
l 33,5 v 90
0
C l 80.
p s: Khi lng CuSO
4
cn thm vo dung dch l 465g.

Bi 2: 85
0
C c 1877g dung dch bo ho CuSO
4
. Lm lnh dung dch xung cn 25
0
C. Hi c
bao nhiu gam CuSO
4
.5H
2
O tch khi dung dch. Bit tan ca CuSO
4
85
0
C l 87,7 v
25
0
C l 40.
p s: Lng CuSO
4
.5H
2
O tch khi dung dch l: 961,75g

Bi 3: Cho 0,2 mol CuO tan trong H
2
SO
4
20% un nng, sau lm ngui dung dch n 10
0
C.
Tnh khi lng tinh th CuSO
4
.5H
2
O tch khi dung dch, bit rng tan ca CuSO
4

10
0
C l 17,4g/100g H
2
O.
p s: Lng CuSO
4
.5H
2
O tch khi dung dch l: 30,7g


DNG 2: TON NNG DUNG DCH

Bi 1: Cho 50ml dung dch HNO
3
40% c khi lng ring l 1,25g/ml. Hy:
a/ Tm khi lng dung dch HNO
3
40%?
b/ Tm khi lng HNO
3
?
c/ Tm nng mol/l ca dung dch HNO
3
40%?
p s:
a/ m
dd
= 62,5g
b/ m
HNO
3
= 25g
c/ C
M(HNO
3
)
= 7,94M

Bi 2: Hy tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch thu c trong mi trng hp sau:
a/ Ho tan 20g NaOH vo 250g nc. Cho bit D
H
2
O
= 1g/ml, coi nh th tch dung dch khng
i.
b/ Ho tan 26,88 lt kh hiro clorua HCl (ktc) vo 500ml nc thnh dung dch axit HCl. Coi
nh th dung dch khng i.
c/ Ho tan 28,6g Na
2
CO
3
.10H
2
O vo mt lng nc va thnh 200ml dung dch
Na
2
CO
3
.
p s:
a/ C
M( NaOH )
= 2M
b/ C
M( HCl )
= 2,4M
c/ C
M
(Na
2
CO
3
) = 0,5M

Bi 3: Cho 2,3g Na tan ht trong 47,8ml nc thu c dung dch NaOH v c kh H
2

thot ra . Tnh nng % ca dung dch NaOH?
p s: C%
(NaOH)
= 8%


CHUYN 3:
PHA TRN DUNG DCH

Loi 1: Bi ton pha long hay c dc mt dung dch.

a) c im ca bi ton:
- Khi pha long, nng dung dch gim. Cn c dc, nng dung dch tng.
- D pha long hay c c, khi lng cht tan lun lun khng thay i.
b) Cch lm:
- C th p dng cng thc pha long hay c c
TH
1
: V khi lng cht tan khng i d pha long hay c c nn.
m
dd(1)
.C%
(1)
= m
dd(2)
.C%
(2)

TH
2
: V s mol cht tan khng i d pha long hay c dc nn.
V
dd(1)
. C
M (1)
= V
dd(2)
. C
M (2)

- Nu gp bi ton bi ton: Cho thm H
2
O hay cht tan nguyn cht (A) vo 1 dung dch
(A) c nng % cho trc, c th p dng quy tc ng cho gii. Khi c th
xem:
- H
2
O l dung dch c nng O%
- Cht tan (A) nguyn cht cho thm l dung dch nng 100%
+ TH
1
: Thm H
2
O
Dung dch u C
1
(%) C
2
(%) - O

C
2
(%) =
O H
dau dd
m
m
2
.

H
2
O O(%) C
1
(%) C
2
(%)

+ TH
1
: Thm cht tan (A) nguyn cht
Dung dch u C
1
(%) 100 - C
2
(%)

C
2
(%) =
ctA
dau dd
m
m
.

Cht tan (A) 100(%) C
1
(%) C
2
(%)

Lu : T l hiu s nng nhn c ng bng s phn khi lng dung dch u( hay
H
2
O, hoc cht tan A nguyn cht) cn ly t cng hng ngang.
Bi ton p dng:

Bi 1: Phi thm bao nhiu gam H
2
O vo 200g dung dch KOH 20% c dung dch KOH
16%.
p s:
m
H
2
O(cn thm) = 50g


Bi 2: C 30g dung dch NaCl 20%. Tnh nng % dung dch thu c khi:
- Pha thm 20g H
2
O
- C c dung dch ch cn 25g.
p s: 12% v 24%

Bi 3: Tnh s ml H
2
O cn thm vo 2 lit dung dch NaOH 1M thu c dung dch mi c
nng 0,1M.
p s: 18 lit

Bi 4: Tnh s ml H
2
O cn thm vo 250ml dung dch NaOH1,25M to thnh dung dch
0,5M. Gi s s ho tan khng lm thay i ng k th tch dung dch.
p s: 375ml

Bi 5: Tnh s ml dung dch NaOH 2,5%(D = 1,03g/ml) iu ch c t 80ml dung dch
NaOH 35%(D = 1,38g/ml).
p s: 1500ml

Bi 6: Lm bay hi 500ml dung dch HNO
3
20%(D = 1,20g/ml) ch cn 300g dung dch.
Tnh nng % ca dung dch ny.
p s: C% = 40%

Loi 2:Bi ton ho tan mt ho cht vo nc hay vo mt dung dch cho sn.

a/ c im bi ton:
- Ho cht em ho tan c th l cht kh, cht lng hay cht rn.
- S ho tan c th gy ra hay khng gy ra phn ng ho hc gia cht em ho tan
vi H
2
O hoc cht tan trong dung dch cho sn.
b/ Cch lm:
- Bc 1: Xc nh dung dch sau cng (sau khi ho tan ho cht) c cha cht no:
Cn lu xem c phn ng gia cht em ho tan vi H
2
O hay cht tan trong dung
dch cho sn khng? Sn phm phn ng(nu c) gm nhng cht tan no? Nh rng:
c bao nhiu loi cht tan trong dung dch th c by nhiu nng .
. Nu cht tan c phn ng ho hc vi dung mi, ta phi tnh nng ca sn phm
phn ng ch khng c tnh nng ca cht tan .
- Bc 2: Xc nh lng cht tan(khi lng hay s mol) c cha trong dung dch
sau cng.
. Lng cht tan(sau phn ng nu c) gm: sn phm phn ng v cc cht tc dng
cn d.
. Lng sn phm phn ng(nu c) tnh theo ptt phi da vo cht tc dng
ht(lng cho ), tuyt i khng c da vo lng cht tc dng cho d (cn
tha sau phn ng)
- Bc 3: Xc nh lng dung dch mi (khi lng hay th tch)
. tnh th tch dung dch mi c 2 trng hp (tu theo bi)


Nu khng cho bit khi lng ring dung dch mi(D
ddm
)
+ Khi ho tan 1 cht kh hay 1 cht rn vo 1 cht lng c th coi:
Th tch dung dch mi = Th tch cht lng
+ Khi ho tan 1 cht lng vo 1 cht lng khc, phi gi s s pha trn khng lm
thy i ng k th tch cht lng, tnh:
Th tch dung dch mi = Tng th tch cc cht lng ban u.
Nu cho bit khi lng ring dung dch mi(D
ddm
)
Th tch dung dch mi: V
ddm
=
ddm
ddm
D
m

m
ddm
: l khi lng dung dch mi
+ tnh khi lng dung dch mi
m
ddm
= Tng khi lng(trc phn ng) khi lng kt ta(hoc kh bay ln) nu
c.
Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Cho 14,84g tinh th Na
2
CO
3
vo bnh cha 500ml dung dch HCl 0,4M c dung dch
B. Tnh nng mol/lit cc cht trong dung dch B.
p s: Nng ca NaCl l: C
M
= 0,4M
Nng ca Na
2
CO
3
cn d l: C
M
= 0,08M

Bi 2: Ho tan 5,6lit kh HCl ( ktc) vo 0,1lit H
2
O to thnh dung dch HCl. Tnh nng
mol/lit v nng % ca dung dch thu c.
p s:
- C
M
= 2,5M
- C% = 8,36%

Bi 3: Cho 200g SO
3
vo 1 lt dung dch H
2
SO
4
17%(D = 1,12g/ml) c dung dch A. Tnh
nng % dung dch A.
p s: C% = 32,985%

Bi 4: xc nh lng SO
3
v lng dung dch H
2
SO
4
49% cn ly pha thnh 450g dung dch
H
2
SO
4
83,3%.
p s:
Khi lng SO
3
cn ly l: 210g
Khi lng dung dch H
2
SO
4
49% cn ly l 240g

Bi 5: Xc nh khi lng dung dch KOH 7,93% cn ly khi ho tan vo 47g K
2
O th
thu c dung dch 21%.
p s: Khi lng dung dch KOH 7,93% cn ly l 352,94g

Bi 6: Cho 6,9g Na v 9,3g Na
2
O vo nc, c dung dch A(NaOH 8%). Hi phi ly thm
bao nhiu gam NaOH c tinh khit 80%(tan hon ton) cho vo c dung dch 15%?
p s: - Khi lng NaOH c tinh khit 80% cn ly l 32,3g


Loi 3: Bi ton pha trn hai hay nhiu dung dch.

a/ c im bi ton.
Khi pha trn 2 hay nhiu dung dch vi nhau c th xy ra hay khng xy ra phn ng ho hc
gia cht tan ca cc dung dch ban u.

b/ Cch lm:
- TH
1
: Khi trn khng xy ra phn ng ho hc(thng gp bi ton pha trn cc dung
dch cha cng loi ho cht)
Nguyn tc chung gii l theo phng php i s, lp h 2 phng trnh ton hc (1 theo
cht tan v 1 theo dung dch)

- Cc bc gii:
- Bc 1: Xc nh dung dch sau trn c cha cht tan no.
- Bc 2: Xc nh lng cht tan(m
ct
) c trong dung dch mi(ddm)
- Bc 3: Xc nh khi lng(m
ddm
) hay th tch(V
ddm
) dung dch mi.

m
ddm
= Tng khi lng( cc dung dch em trn )
+ Nu bit khi lng ring dung dch mi(D
ddm
)
V
ddm
=
ddm
ddm
D
m

+ Nu khng bit khi lng ring dung dch mi: Phi gi s s hao ht th tch do
s pha trn dung dch l khng ng k, c.
V
ddm
= Tng th tch cc cht lng ban u em trn
+ Nu pha trn cc dung dch cng loi cht tan, cng loi nng , c th gii bng
quy tc ng cho.

m
1
(g) dd C
1
(%) C
2
C
3

C
3
(%)

m
2
(g) dd C
2
(%) C
3
C
1

( Gi s: C
1
< C
3
< C
2
) v s hao ht th tch do s pha trn cc dd l khng ng k.
2
1
m
m
=
1 3
3 2
C C
C C


+ Nu khng bit nng % m li bit nng mol/lit (C
M
) th p dng s :

V
1
(l) dd C
1
(M) C
2
C
3

C
3
(M)

V
2
(g) dd C
2
(M) C
3
C
1

( Gi s: C
1
< C
3
< C
2
)
2
1
V
V
=
1 3
3 2
C C
C C

+ Nu khng bit nng % v nng mol/lit m li bit khi lng ring (D) th p dng
s :

V
1
(l) dd D
1
(g/ml) D
2
D
3

D
3
(g/ml)

V
2
(l) dd D
2
(g/ml) D
3
D
1

(Gi s: D
1
< D
3
< D
2
) v s hao ht th tch do s pha trn cc dd l khng ng k.
2
1
V
V
=
1 3
3 2
D D
D D

- TH
2
: Khi trn c xy ra phn ng ho hc cng gii qua 3 bc tng t bi ton loi 2
(Ho tan mt cht vo mt dung dch cho sn). Tuy nhin, cn lu .
- bc 1: Phi xc nh cng thc cht tan mi, s lng cht tan mi. Cn ch
kh nng c cht d(do cht tan ban u khng tc dng ht) khi tnh ton.
- bc 3: Khi xc nh lng dung dch mi (m
ddm
hay V
ddm
)
Tac: m
ddm
= Tng khi lng cc cht em trng khi lng cht kt ta hoc cht
kh xut hin trong phn ng.
- Th tch dung dch mi tnh nh trng hp 1 loi bi ton ny.

Th d: p dng phng php ng cho.
Mt bi ton thng c nhiu cch gii nhng nu bi ton no c th s dng c
phng php ng cho gii th s lm bi ton n gin hn rt nhiu.
Bi ton 1: Cn bao nhiu gam tinh th CuSO
4
. 5H
2
O ho vo bao nhiu gam dung dch
CuSO
4
4% iu ch c 500 gam dung dch CuSO
4
8%.
Bi gii: Gii Bng phng php thng thng:
Khi lng CuSO
4
c trong 500g dung dch bng:


gam m
CuO
40
100
8 . 500
4
= = (1)
Gi x l khi lng tinh th CuSO
4
. 5 H
2
O cn ly th: (500 - x) l khi lng dung dch
CuSO
4
4% cn ly:
Khi lng CuSO
4
c trong tinh th CuSO
4
. 5H
2
O bng:
250
160 .
4
x
m
CuSO
= (2)
Khi lng CuSO
4
c trong tinh th CuSO
4
4% l:
100
4 ). 500 (
4
x
m
CuSO

= (3)
T (1), (2) v (3) ta c:
40
100
4 ). 500 (
250
) 160 . (
=
+
x x

=> 0,64x + 20 - 0,04x = 40.
Gii ra ta c:
X = 33,33g tinh th

Vy khi lng dung dch CuSO
4
4% cn ly l:
500 - 33,33 gam = 466,67 gam.
+ Gii theo phng php ng cho
Gi x l s gam tinh th CuSO
4
. 5 H
2
O cn ly v (500 - x) l s gam dung dch cn ly ta
c s ng cho nh sau:

x
x
500
=>
14
1
56
4
500
= =
x
x

Gii ra ta tm c: x = 33,33 gam.

Bi ton 2: Trn 500gam dung dch NaOH 3% vi 300 gam dung dch NaOH 10% th thu
c dung dch c nng bao nhiu%.
Bi gii: Ta c s ng cho:

=>
3
10
300
500
=
C
C

Gii ra ta c: C = 5,625%
Vy dung dch thu c c nng 5,625%.
69
4 - 8
4
8
64 - 8
3
10 - C%
10
C%
C% - 3%
500:
300:


Bi ton 3: Cn trn 2 dung dch NaOH 3% v dung dch NaOH 10% theo t l khi
lng bao nhiu thu c dung dch NaOH 8%.
Bi gii:
Gi m
1
; m
2
ln lt l khi lng ca cc dung dch cn ly. Ta c s ng cho sau:

=>
3 8
8 10
2
1
=
m
m

Vy t l khi lng cn ly l:

5
2
2
1
=
m
m

Bi ton p dng:

Bi 1: Cn pha ch theo t l no v khi lng gia 2 dung dch KNO
3
c nng % tng
ng l 45% v 15% c mt dung dch KNO
3
c nng 20%.
p s: Phi ly 1 phn khi lng dung dch c nng d 45% v 5 phn khi lng dung dch
c nng 15% trn vi nhau.

Bi 2: Trn V
1
(l) dung dch A(cha 9,125g HCl) vi V
2
(l) dung dch B(cha 5,475g HCl) c
2(l) dung dch D.
Coi th tch dung dch D = Tng th tch dung dch A v dung dch B.
a) Tnh nng mol/lit ca dung dch D.
b) Tnh nng mol/lit ca dung dch A, dung dch B (Bit hiu nng mol/lit ca dung
dch A tr nng mol/lit dung dch B l 0,4mol/l)
p s:
a) C
M(dd D)
= 0,2M
b) t nng mol/l ca dung dch A l x, dung dch B l y ta c:
x y = 0,4 (I)
V th tch: V
dd D
= V
dd A
+ V
dd B
=
x
25 , 0
+
y
15 , 0
= 2 (II)
Gii h phng trnh ta c: x = 0,5M, y = 0,1M
Vy nng mol/l ca dung dch A l 0,5M v ca dung dch B l 0,1M.

Bi 3: Hi phi ly 2 dung dch NaOH 15% v 27,5% mi dung dch bao nhiu gam trn vo
nhau c 500ml dung dch NaOH 21,5%, D = 1,23g/ml?
p s: Dung dch NaOH 27,5% cn ly l 319,8g v dung dch NaOH 15% cn ly l 295,2g

Bi 4: Trn ln 150ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
2M vo 200g dung dch H
2
SO
4
5M( D = 1,29g/ml ).
Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch H
2
SO
4
nhn c.
p s: Nng H
2
SO
4
sau khi trn l 3,5M

3
10 - 8
10
8
8 - 3
m
1

m
2


Bi 5: Trn 1/3 (l) dung dch HCl (dd A) vi 2/3 (l) dung dch HCl (dd B) c 1(l) dung dch
HCl mi (dd C). Ly 1/10 (l) dd C tc dng vi dung dch AgNO
3
d th thu c 8,61g kt
ta.
a) Tnh nng mol/l ca dd C.
b) Tnh nng mol/l ca dd A v dd B. Bit nng mol/l dd A = 4 nng d mol/l dd B.
p s: Nng mol/l ca dd B l 0,3M v ca dd A l 1,2M.

Bi 6: Trn 200ml dung dch HNO
3
(dd X) vi 300ml dung dch HNO
3
(dd Y) c dung dch
(Z). Bit rng dung dch (Z) tc dng va vi 7g CaCO
3
.
a) Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch (Z).
b) Ngi ta c th iu ch dung dch (X) t dung dch (Y) bng cch thm H
2
O vo dung
dch (Y) theo t l th tch: V
H
2
O
: V
dd(Y)
= 3:1.
Tnh nng mol/l dung dch (X) v dung dch (Y)? Bit s pha trn khng lm thay i
ng k th tch dung dch.
p s:
a) C
Mdd(Z)
= 0,28M
b) Nng mol/l ca dung dch (X) l 0,1M v ca dung dch (Y) l 0,4M.

Bi 7: trung ho 50ml dung dch NaOH 1,2M cn V(ml) dung dch H
2
SO
4
30% (D =
1,222g/ml). Tnh V?
p s: Th tch dung dch H
2
SO
4
30% cn ly l 8,02 ml.

Bi 8: Cho 25g dung dch NaOH 4% tc dng vi 51g dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,2M, c khi lng
ring D = 1,02 g/ml. Tnh nng % cc cht sau phn ng.
p s:
- Nng % ca dung dch Na
2
SO
4
l 1,87%
- Nng % ca dung dch NaOH (d) l 0,26%

Bi 9:Trn ln 100ml dung dch NaHSO
4
1M vi 100ml dung dch NaOH 2M c dung dch
A.
a) Vit phng trnh ho hc xy ra.
b) C cn dung dch A th thu c hn hp nhng cht no? Tnh khi lng ca mi cht.
p s: b) Khi lng cc cht sau khi c cn.
- Khi lng mui Na
2
SO
4
l 14,2g
- Khi lng NaOH(cn d) l 4 g

Bi 10: Khi trung ho 100ml dung dch ca 2 axit H
2
SO
4
v HCl bng dung dch NaOH, ri c
cn th thu c 13,2g mui khan. Bit rng c trung ho 10 ml dung dch 2 axit ny th cn
va 40ml dung dch NaOH 0,5M. Tnh nng mol/l ca mi axit trong dung dch ban u.
p s: Nng mol/l ca axit H
2
SO
4
l 0,6M v ca axit HCl l 0,8M

Bi 11: Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch H
2
SO
4
v dung dch NaOH bit rng:
C 30ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
c trung ho ht bi 20ml dung dch NaOH v 10ml dung
dch KOH 2M.


Ngc li: 30ml dung dch NaOH c trung ho ht bi 20ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
v 5ml
dung dch HCl 1M.
p s: Nng mol/l ca dd H
2
SO
4
l 0,7M v ca dd NaOH l 1,1M.

Hng dn gii bi ton nng bng phng php i s:
Th d: Tnh nng ban u ca dung dch H
2
SO
4
v dung dch NaOH bit rng:
- Nu 3 lt dung dch NaOH vo 2 lt dung dch H
2
SO
4
th sau phn ng dung dch c
tnh kim vi nng 0,1M.
- Nu 2 lt dung dch NaOH vo 3 lt dung dch H
2
SO
4
th sau phn ng dung dch c
tnh axit vi nng 0,2M.
Bi gii
PTHH: 2NaOH + H
2
SO
4
-> Na
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O
Gi nng dung dch xt l x v nng dung dch axit l y th:
* Trong trng hp th nht lng kim cn li trong dung dch l
0,1 . 5 = 0,5mol.
Lng kim tham gia phn ng l: 3x - 0,5 (mol)
Lng axt b trung ho l: 2y (mol)
Theo PTP s mol xt ln hn 2 ln H
2
SO
4

Vy 3x - 0,5 = 2y.2 = 4y hay 3x - 4y = 0,5 (1)
* Trong trng hp th 2 th lng a xt d l 0,2.5 = 1mol
Lng a xt b trung ho l 3y - 1 (mol)
Lng xt tham gia phn ng l 2x (mol). Cng lp lun nh trn ta c:
3y - 1 =
2
1
. 2x = x hay 3y - x = 1 (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c h phng trnh bc nht:
=
=
1 3
5 , 0 4 3
x y
y x

Gii h phng trnh ny ta c x = 1,1 v y = 0,7.
Vy, nng ban u ca dung dch H
2
SO
4
l 0,7M ca dung dch NaOH l 1,1M.
Bi 12: Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch NaOH v dung dch H
2
SO
4
. Bit nu ly 60ml dung
dch NaOH th trung ho hon ton 20ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
. Nu ly 20ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
tc
dng vi 2,5g CaCO
3
th mun trung ho lng axit cn d phi dng ht 10ml dung dch
NaOH trn.
p s: Nng mol/l ca dd H
2
SO
4
l 1,5M v ca dd NaOH l 1,0M.

Bi 13: Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch HNO
3
v dung dch KOH. Bit
- 20ml dung dch HNO
3
c trung ho ht bi 60ml dung dch KOH.
- 20ml dung dch HNO
3
sau khi tc dng ht vi 2g CuO th c trung ho ht bi
10ml dung dch KOH.
p s: Nng ca dung dch HNO
3
l 3M v ca dung dch KOH l 1M.

Bi 14: C 2 dung dch H
2
SO
4
l A v B.


a) Nu 2 dung dch A v B c trn ln theo t l khi lng 7:3 th thu c dung dch
C c nng 29%. Tnh nng % ca dd A v dd B. Bit nng dd B bng 2,5 ln
nng dd A.
b) Ly 50ml dd C (D = 1,27g/ml) cho phn ng vi 200ml dd BaCl
2
1M. Tnh khi lng
kt ta v nng mol/l ca dd E cn li sau khi tch ht kt ta, gi s th tch dd
thay i khng ng k.
Hng dn:
a/ Gi s c 100g dd C. c 100g dd C ny cn em trn 70g dd A nng x% v 30g dd B
nng y%. V nng % dd C l 29% nn ta c phng trnh:
m
H
2
SO
4(trong dd C)
=
100
70x
+
100
30y
= 29 (I)
Theo bi ra th: y = 2,5x (II)
Gii h (I, II) c: x% = 20% v y% = 50%
b/
n
H
2
SO
4( trong 50ml dd C )
=
M
m C
dd
100
%.
=
98 . 100
) 27 , 1 . 50 ( 29
= 0,1879 mol
n
BaCl
2
= 0,2 mol >
n
H
2
SO
4
. Vy axit phn ng ht
m
BaSO
4
= 0,1879 . 233 = 43,78g
Dung dch cn li sau khi tch ht kt ta c cha 0,3758 mol HCl v 0,2 0,1879 = 0,0121
mol BaCl
2
cn d.
Vy nng ca dd HCl l 1,5M v ca dd BaCl
2
l 0,0484M

Bi 15: Trn dd A cha NaOH v dd B cha Ba(OH)
2
theo th tch bng nhau c dd C.
Trung ho 100ml dd C cn ht 35ml dd H
2
SO
4
2M v thu c 9,32g kt ta. Tnh nng
mol/l ca cc dd A v B. Cn trn bao nhiu ml dd B vi 20ml dd A ho tan va ht 1,08g
bt Al.
p s:
n
H
2
SO
4
= 0,07 mol;
n
NaOH = 0,06 mol;
n
Ba(OH)
2
= 0,04 mol.
C
M(NaOH)
= 1,2M; C
M(Ba(OH)
2
)
= 0,8M.
Cn trn 20ml dd NaOH v 10ml dd Ba(OH)
2
ho tan ht 1,08g bt nhm.


CHUYN 4:
XC NH CNG THC HO HC

Phng php 1: Xc nh cng thc ho hc da trn biu thc i s.
* Cch gii:
- Bc 1: t cng thc tng qut.
- Bc 2: Lp phng trnh(T biu thc i s)
- Bc 3: Gii phng trnh -> Kt lun
- Cc biu thc i s thng gp.
- Cho bit % ca mt nguyn t.
- Cho bit t l khi lng hoc t l %(theo khi lng cc nguyn t).
- Cc cng thc bin i.
- Cng thc tnh % ca nguyn t trong hp cht.
CTTQ A
x
B
y
A
x
B
y

%A =
AxBy
A
M
x M .
.100% -->
B
A
%
%
=
y M
x M
B
A
.
.

- Cng thc tnh khi lng ca nguyn t trong hp cht.
CTTQ A
x
B
y
A
x
B
y

m
A
= n
A
x
B
y
.M
A
.x -->
B
A
m
m
=
y M
x M
B
A
.
.

Lu :
- xc nh nguyn t kim loi hoc phi kim trong hp cht c th phi lp bng
xt ho tr ng vi nguyn t khi ca kim loi hoc phi kim .
- Ho tr ca kim loi (n): 1 s n s 4, vi n nguyn. Ring kim loi Fe phi xt thm
ho tr 8/3.
- Ho tr ca phi kim (n): 1 s n s 7, vi n nguyn.
- Trong oxit ca phi kim th s nguyn t phi kim trong oxit khng qu 2 nguyn t.

Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Mt oxit nit(A) c cng thc NO
x
v c %N = 30,43%. Tm cng thc ca (A).
p s: NO
2

Bi 2: Mt oxit st c %Fe = 72,41%. Tm cng thc ca oxit.
p s: Fe
3
O
4

Bi 3: Mt oxit ca kim loi M c %M = 63,218. Tm cng thc oxit.
p s: MnO
2

Bi 4: Mt qung st c cha 46,67% Fe, cn li l S.
a) Tm cng thc qung.
b) T qung trn hy iu ch 2 kh c tnh kh.


p s:
a) FeS
2

b) H
2
S v SO
2
.

Bi 5: Oxit ng c cng thc Cu
x
O
y
v c m
Cu
: m
O
= 4 : 1. Tm cng thc oxit.
p s: CuO

Bi 6: Oxit ca kim loi M. Tm cng thc ca oxit trong 2 trng hp sau:
a) m
M
: m
O
= 9 : 8
b) %M : %O = 7 : 3
p s:
a) Al
2
O
3

b) Fe
2
O
3

Bi 7: Mt oxit (A) ca nit c t khi hi ca A so vi khng kh l 1,59. Tm cng thc oxit
A.
p s: NO
2

Bi 8: Mt oxit ca phi kim (X) c t khi hi ca (X) so vi hiro bng 22. Tm cng thc (X).
p s:
TH
1
: CO
2

TH
2
: N
2
O

Phng php 2: Xc nh cng thc da trn phn ng.
- Cch gii:
- Bc 1: t CTTQ
- Bc 2: Vit PTHH.
- Bc 3: Lp phng trnh ton hc da vo cc n s theo cch t.
- Bc 4: Gii phng trnh ton hc.
- Mt s gi :
- Vi cc bi ton c mt phn ng, khi lp phng trnh ta nn p dng nh lut t
l.
- Tng qut:
C PTHH: aA + bB -------> qC + pD (1)
Chun b: a b.M
B
q.22,4
cho: n
A p
n
B p
V
C (l )
ktc
Theo(1) ta c:
pu A
n
a
.
=
pu B
B
m
M b
.
.
=
C
V
q 4 , 22 .

Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: t chy hon ton 1gam nguyn t R. Cn 0,7 lit oxi(ktc), thu c hp cht X. Tm
cng thc R, X.


p s: R l S v X l SO
2

Bi 2: Kh ht 3,48 gam mt oxit ca kim loi R cn 1,344 lit H
2
(ktc). Tm cng thc oxit.
- y l phn ng nhit luyn.
- Tng qut:
Oxit kim loi A + (H
2
, CO, Al, C) ---> Kim loi A + (H
2
O, CO
2
, Al
2
O
3
, CO hoc
CO
2
)
- iu kin: Kim loi A l kim loi ng sau nhm.
p s: Fe
3
O
4

Bi 3: Nung ht 9,4 gam M(NO
3
)
n
thu c 4 gam M
2
O
n
. Tm cng thc mui nitrat
Hng dn:
- Phn ng nhit phn mui nitrat.
- Cng thc chung:
-----
M: ng trc Mg
---> M(NO
2
)
n (r)
+ O
2(k)
M(NO
3
)
3(r)
-----
t
0
------ -----
M: ( t Mg --> Cu)
---> M
2
O
n (r)
+ O
2(k)
+ NO
2(k)

-----
M: ng sau Cu
------> M
(r)
+ O
2(k)
+ NO
2(k)

p s: Cu(NO
3
)
2
.

Bi 4: Nung ht 3,6 gam M(NO
3
)
n
thu c 1,6 gam cht rn khng tan trong nc. Tm cng
thc mui nitrat em nung.
Hng dn: Theo ra, cht rn c th l kim loi hoc oxit kim loi. Gii bi ton theo 2
trng hp.
Ch :
TH: Rn l oxit kim loi.
Phn ng: 2M(NO
3
)
n (r)
----
t
----> M
2
O
m (r)
+ 2nO
2(k)
+
2
2 m n
O
2(k)

Hoc 4M(NO
3
)
n (r)
----
t
----> 2M
2
O
m (r)
+ 4nO
2(k)
+ (2n m)O
2(k)
iu kin: 1 s n s m s 3, vi n, m nguyn dng.(n, m l ho tr ca M )
p s: Fe(NO
3
)
2

Bi 5: t chy hon ton 6,8 gam mt hp cht v c A ch thu c 4,48 lt SO
2
(ktc) v 3,6
gam H
2
O. Tm cng thc ca cht A.
p s: H
2
S

Bi 6: Ho tan hon ton 7,2g mt kim loi (A) ho tr II bng dung dch HCl, thu c 6,72 lit
H
2
(ktc). Tm kim loi A.
p s: A l Mg

Bi 7: Cho 12,8g mt kim loi R ho tr II tc dng vi clo va th thu c 27g mui
clorua. Tm kim loi R.
p s: R l Cu


Bi 8: Cho 10g st clorua(cha bit ho tr ca st ) tc dng vi dung dch AgNO
3
th thu
c 22,6g AgCl
(r)
(khng tan). Hy xc nh cng thc ca mui st clorua.
p s: FeCl
2

Bi 9: Ho tan hon ton 7,56g mt kim loi R cha r ho tr vo dung dch axit HCl, th thu
c 9,408 lit H
2
(ktc). Tm kim loi R.
p s: R l Al
Bi 10: Ho tan hon ton 8,9g hn hp 2 kim loi A v B c cng ho tr II v c t l mol l 1
: 1 bng dung dch HCl dng d thu c 4,48 lit H
2
(ktc). Hi A, B l cc kim loi no trong
s cc kim loi sau y: ( Mg, Ca, Ba, Fe, Zn, Be )
p s:A v B l Mg v Zn.

Bi 11: Ho tan hon ton 5,6g mt kim loi ho tr II bng dd HCl thu c 2,24 lit H
2
(ktc).
Tm kim loi trn.
p s: Fe

Bi 12: Cho 4,48g mt oxit ca kim loi ho tr tc dng ht 7,84g axit H
2
SO
4
. Xc nh cng
thc ca oxit trn.
p s: CaO

Bi 13: ho tan 9,6g mt hn hp ng mol (cng s mol) ca 2 oxit kim loi c ho tr II
cn 14,6g axit HCl. Xc nh cng thc ca 2 oxit trn. Bit kim loi ho tr II c th l Be,
Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn, Ba.
p s: MgO v CaO

Bi 14: Ho tan hon ton 6,5g mt kim loi A cha r ho tr vo dung dch HCl th thu c
2,24 lit H
2
(ktc). Tm kim loi A.
p s: A l Zn

Bi 15: C mt oxit st cha r cng thc, chia oxit ny lm 2 phn bng nhau.
a/ ho tan ht phn 1 cn dng 150ml dung dch HCl 1,5M.
b/ Cho lung kh H
2
d i qua phn 2 nung nng, phn ng xong thu c 4,2g st.
Tm cng thc ca oxit st ni trn.
p s: Fe
2
O
3

Bi 16: Kh hon ton 4,06g mt oxit kim loi bng CO nhit cao thnh kim loi. Dn
ton b kh sinh ra vo bnh ng nc vi trong d, thy to thnh 7g kt ta. Nu ly lng
kim loi sinh ra ho tan ht vo dung dch HCl d th thu c 1,176 lit kh H
2
(ktc). Xc nh
cng thc oxit kim loi.
Hng dn:
Gi cng thc oxit l M
x
O
y
= amol. Ta c a(Mx +16y) = 4,06
M
x
O
y
+ yCO -----> xM + yCO
2

a ay ax ay (mol)
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
----> CaCO
3
+ H
2
O


ay ay ay (mol)
Ta c ay = s mol CaCO
3
= 0,07 mol.---> Khi lng kim loi = M.ax = 2,94g.
2M + 2nHCl ----> 2MCl
n
+ nH
2
ax 0,5nax (molTa c:
0,5nax = 1,176 :22,4=0,0525molhaynax=0,105Lptl:
nax
Max
0525 , 0
94 , 2
=28.Vy M = 28n ---> Ch
c gi tr n = 2 v M = 56 l ph hp. Vy M l Fe. Thay n = 2 ---> ax = 0,0525.
Ta c:
ay
ax
=
07 , 0
0525 , 0
=
4
3
=
y
x
----> x = 3 v y = 4. Vy cng thc oxit l Fe
3
O
4
.

CHUYN 5:
BI TON V OXIT V HN HP OXIT

Tnh cht:
- Oxit baz tc dng vi dung dch axit.
- Oxit axit tc dng vi dung dch baz.
- Oxit lng tnh va tc dng vi dung dch axit, va tc dng dung dch baz.
- Oxit trung tnh: Khng tc dng c vi dung dch axit v dung dch baz.
Cch lm:
- Bc 1: t CTTQ
- Bc 2: Vit PTHH.
- Bc 3: Lp phng trnh ton hc da vo cc n s theo cch t.
- Bc 4: Gii phng trnh ton hc.
- Bc 5: Tnh ton theo yu cu ca bi.
-
A - TON OXIT BAZ

Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Cho 4,48g mt oxit ca kim loi ho tr tc dng ht 7,84g axit H
2
SO
4
. Xc nh cng
thc ca oxit trn.
p s: CaO

Bi 2: Ho tan hon ton 1 gam oxit ca kim loi R cn dng 25ml dung dch hn hp gm axit
H
2
SO
4
0,25M v axit HCl 1M. Tm cng thc ca oxit trn.
p s: Fe
2
O
3

Bi 3: C mt oxit st cha r cng thc, chia oxit ny lm 2 phn bng nhau.
a/ ho tan ht phn 1 cn dng150ml dung dch HCl 1,5M.
b/ Cho lung kh H
2
d i qua phn 2 nung nng, phn ng xong thu c 4,2g st.
Tm cng thc ca oxit st ni trn.


p s: Fe
2
O
3

Bi 4: Ho tan hon ton 20,4g oxit kim loi A, ho tr III trong 300ml dung dch axit H
2
SO
4
th
thu c 68,4g mui khan. Tm cng thc ca oxit trn.
p s:
Bi 5: ho tan hon ton 64g oxit ca kim loi ho tr III cn va 800ml dung dch axit
HNO
3
3M. Tm cng thc ca oxit trn.
p s:

Bi 6: Khi ho tan mt lng ca mt oxit kim loi ho tr II vo mt lng va dung dch
axit H
2
SO
4
4,9%, ngi ta thu c mt dung dch mui c nng 5,78%. Xc nh cng
thc ca oxit trn.
Hng dn:
t cng thc ca oxit l RO
PTHH: RO + H
2
SO
4
----> RSO
4
+ H
2
O
(M
R
+ 16) 98g (M
R
+ 96)g
Gi s ho tan 1 mol (hay M
R
+ 16)g RO
Khi lng dd RSO
4
(5,87%) = (M
R
+ 16) + (98 : 4,9).100 = M
R
+ 2016
C% =
2016
96
+
+
R
R
M
M
.100% = 5,87%
Gii phng trnh ta c: M
R
= 24, kim loi ho tr II l Mg.
p s: MgO

Bi 7: Ho tan hon ton mt oxit kim loi ho tr II bng dung dch H
2
SO
4
14% va th thu
c mt dung dch mui c nng 16,2%. Xc nh cng thc ca oxit trn.
p s: MgO

B - BI TON V OXIT AXIT

Bi tp 1: Cho t t kh CO
2
(SO
2
) vo dung dch NaOH(hoc KOH) th c cc PTHH xy ra:
CO
2
+ 2NaOH Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
( 1 )

Sau khi s mol

CO
2
= s mol NaOH th c phn ng.
CO
2
+ NaOH NaHCO
3

( 2 )

Hng gii: xt t l s mol vit PTHH xy ra.
t T =
2
CO
NaOH
n
n

- Nu T s 1 th ch c phn ng ( 2 ) v c th d CO
2
.
- Nu T > 2 th ch c phn ng ( 1 ) v c th d NaOH.
- Nu 1 < T < 2 th c c 2 phn ng ( 1 ) v ( 2 ) trn hoc c th vit nh sau:
CO
2
+ NaOH NaHCO
3

( 1 ) /

tnh theo s mol ca CO
2
.
V sau : NaOH
d
+ NaHCO
3
Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
( 2 ) /


Hoc da vo s mol CO
2
v s mol NaOH hoc s mol Na
2
CO
3
v NaHCO
3
to thnh sau
phn ng lp cc phng trnh ton hc v gii.
t n x,y ln lt l s mol ca Na
2
CO
3
v NaHCO
3
to thnh sau phn ng.

Bi tp p dng:

1/ Cho 1,68 lit CO
2
(ktc) sc vo bnh ng dd KOH d. Tnh nng mol/lit ca mui thu
c sau phn ng. Bit rng th tch dd l 250 ml.
2/ Cho 11,2 lit CO
2
vo 500ml dd NaOH 25% (d = 1,3g/ml). Tnh nng mol/lit ca dd mui
to thnh.
3/ Dn 448 ml CO
2
(ktc) sc vo bnh cha 100ml dd KOH 0,25M. Tnh khi lng mui to
thnh.

Bi tp 2: Cho t t kh CO
2
(SO
2
) vo dung dch Ca(OH)
2
(hoc Ba(OH)
2
) th c cc phn
ng xy ra:
Phn ng u tin to ra mui trung ho trc.
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
( 1 )

Sau khi s mol CO
2
= 2 ln s mol ca Ca(OH)
2
th c phn ng
2CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
Ca(HCO
3
)
2

( 2 )

Hng gii : xt t l s mol vit PTHH xy ra:
t T =
2
2
) (OH Ca
CO
n
n

- Nu T s 1 th ch c phn ng ( 1 ) v c th d Ca(OH)
2
.
- Nu T > 2 th ch c phn ng ( 2 ) v c th d CO
2
.
- Nu 1 < T < 2 th c c 2 phn ng (1) v (2) trn hoc c th vit nh sau:
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
( 1 )

tnh theo s mol ca Ca(OH)
2
.
CO
2 d
+ H
2
O + CaCO
3
Ca(HCO
3
)
2

( 2 ) !
Hoc da vo s mol CO
2
v s mol Ca(OH)
2
hoc s mol CaCO
3
to thnh sau phn ng
lp cc phng trnh ton hc v gii.
t n x, y ln lt l s mol ca CaCO
3
v Ca(HCO
3
)
2
to thnh sau phn ng.

Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Ho tan 2,8g CaO vo nc ta c dung dch A.
a/ Cho 1,68 lit kh CO
2
hp th hon ton vo dung dch A. Hi c bao nhiu gam kt ta to
thnh.
b/ Nu cho kh CO
2
sc qua dung dch A v sau khi kt thc th nghim thy c 1g kt ta th
c bao nhiu lt CO
2
tham gia phn ng. ( cc th tch kh o ktc )
p s:
a/
m
CaCO
3
= 2,5g
b/ TH
1
: CO
2
ht v Ca(OH)
2
d. ---> V
CO
2
= 0,224 lit
TH
2
: CO
2
d v Ca(OH)
2
ht ----> V
CO
2
= 2,016 lit


Bi 2:Dn 10 lt hn hp kh gm N
2
v CO
2
(ktc) sc vo 2 lit dung dch Ca(OH)
2
0,02M,
thu c 1g kt ta. Hy xc nh % theo th tch ca kh CO
2
trong hn hp.
p s:
TH
1
: CO
2
ht v Ca(OH)
2
d. ---> V
CO
2
= 0,224 lit v % V
CO
2
= 2,24%
TH
2
: CO
2
d v Ca(OH)
2
ht ----> V
CO
2
= 1,568 lit v % V
CO
2
= 15,68%

Bi 3: Dn V lit CO
2
(ktc) vo 200ml dung dch Ca(OH)
2
1M, thu c 10g kt ta. Tnh v.
p s:
TH
1
: CO
2
ht v Ca(OH)
2
d. ---> V
CO
2
= 2,24 lit.
TH
2
: CO
2
d v Ca(OH)
2
ht ----> V
CO
2
= 6,72 lit.

Bi 4: Cho m(g) kh CO
2
sc vo 100ml dung dch Ca(OH)
2
0,05M, thu c 0,1g cht khng
tan. Tnh m.
p s:
TH
1
: CO
2
ht v Ca(OH)
2
d. --->
m
CO
2
= 0,044g
TH
2
: CO
2
d v Ca(OH)
2
ht ---->
m
CO
2
= 0,396g

Bi 5: Phi t bao nhiu gam cacbon khi cho kh CO
2
to ra trong phn ng trn tc dng
vi 3,4 lit dung dch NaOH 0,5M ta c 2 mui vi mui hiro cacbonat c nng mol bng
1,4 ln nng mol ca mui trung ho.
p s:
V th tch dung dch khng thay i nn t l v nng cng chnh l t l v s mol. ---> m
C

= 14,4g.

Bi 6: Cho 4,48 lit CO
2
(ktc) i qua 190,48ml dung dch NaOH 0,02% c khi lng ring l
1,05g/ml. Hy cho bit mui no c to thnh v khi lng lf bao nhiu gam.
p s: Khi lng NaHCO
3
to thnh l: 0,001.84 = 0,084g

Bi 7: Thi 2,464 lit kh CO
2
vo mt dung dch NaOH th c 9,46g hn hp 2 mui Na
2
CO
3

v NaHCO
3
. Hy xc nh thnh phn khi lng ca hn hp 2 mui . Nu mun ch thu
c mui NaHCO
3
th cn thm bao nhiu lt kh cacbonic na.
p s: 8,4g NaHCO
3
v 1,06g Na
2
CO
3
. Cn thm 0,224 lit CO
2
.

Bi 8: t chy 12g C v cho ton b kh CO
2
to ra tc dng vi mt dung dch NaOH 0,5M.
Vi th tch no ca dung dch NaOH 0,5M th xy ra cc trng hp sau:
a/ Ch thu c mui NaHCO
3
(khng d CO
2
)?
b/ Ch thu c mui Na
2
CO
3
(khng d NaOH)?
c/ Thu c c 2 mui vi nng mol ca NaHCO
3
bng 1,5 ln nng mol ca Na
2
CO
3
?
Trong trng hp ny phi tip tc thm bao nhiu lit dung dch NaOH 0,5M na c 2
mui c cng nng mol.
p s:
a/
n
NaOH =
n
CO
2
= 1mol ---> V
dd NaOH 0,5M
= 2 lit.
b/ n
NaOH
= 2n
CO
2
= 2mol ---> V
dd NaOH 0,5M
= 4 lit.


c/
t a, b ln lt l s mol ca mui NaHCO
3
v Na
2
CO
3
.
Theo PTHH ta c:
n
CO
2
= a + b = 1mol (I)
V nng mol NaHCO
3
bng 1,5 ln nng mol Na
2
CO
3
nn.
V
a
= 1,5
V
b
---> a = 1,5b (II)
Gii h phng trnh (I, II) ta c: a = 0,6 mol, b = 0,4 mol
n
NaOH
= a + 2b = 0,6 + 2 x 0,4 = 1,4 mol ---> V
dd NaOH 0,5M
= 2,8 lit.
Gi x l s mol NaOH cn thm v khi ch xy ra phn ng.
NaHCO
3
+ NaOH ---> Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
x(mol) x(mol) x(mol)
n
NaHCO
3
(cn li) = (0,6 x) mol
n
Na
2
CO
3
(sau cng) = (0,4 + x) mol
V bi cho nng mol 2 mui bng nhau nn s mol 2 mui phi bng nhau.
(0,6 x) = (0,4 + x) ---> x = 0,1 mol NaOH
Vy s lit dung dch NaOH cn thm l: V
dd NaOH 0,5M
= 0,2 lit.

Bi 9: Sc x(lit) CO
2
(ktc) vo 400ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,5M th thu c 4,925g kt ta.
Tnh x.
p s:
TH
1
: CO
2
ht v Ca(OH)
2
d. ---> V
CO
2
= 0,56 lit.
TH
2
: CO
2
d v Ca(OH)
2
ht ----> V
CO
2
= 8,4 lit.

C - TON HN HP OXIT.

Cc bi ton vn dng s mol trung bnh v xc nh khong s mol ca cht.

1/ i vi cht kh. (hn hp gm c 2 kh)
Khi lng trung bnh ca 1 lit hn hp kh ktc:
M
TB
=
V
V M V M
4 , 22
2 1 2 1
+

Khi lng trung bnh ca 1 mol hn hp kh ktc:
M
TB
=
V
V M V M
2 2 1 1
+

Hoc: M
TB
=
n
n n M n M ) (
1 2 1 1
+
(n l tng s mol kh trong hn hp)
Hoc: M
TB
=
1
) 1 (
1 2 1 1
x M x M +
(x
1
l % ca kh th nht)
Hoc: M
TB
= d
hh/kh x
. M
x

2/ i vi cht rn, lng. M
TB ca hh
=
hh
hh
n
m

Tnh cht 1:


M
TB ca hh
c gi tr ph thuc vo thnh phn v lng cc cht thnh phn trong hn hp.

Tnh cht 2:
M
TB ca hh
lun nm trong khong khi lng mol phn t ca cc cht thnh phn nh
nht v ln nht.
M
min
< n
hh
< M
max

Tnh cht 3:
Hn hp 2 cht A, B c M
A
< M
B
v c thnh phn % theo s mol l a(%) v b(%)
Th khong xc nh s mol ca hn hp l.
B
B
M
m
< n
hh
<
A
A
M
m

Gi s A hoc B c % = 100% v cht kia c % = 0 hoc ngc li.
Lu :
- Vi bi ton hn hp 2 cht A, B (cha bit s mol) cng tc dng vi 1 hoc c 2 cht X, Y
( bit s mol). bit sau phn ng ht A, B hay X, Y cha. C th gi thit hn hp A, B
ch cha 1 cht A hoc B
- Vi M
A
< M
B
nu hn hp ch cha A th:
n
A
=
A
hh
M
m
> n
hh
=
hh
hh
M
m

Nh vy nu X, Y tc dng vi A m cn d, th X, Y s c d tc dng ht vi hn hp A,
B
- Vi M
A
< M
B
, nu hn hp ch cha B th:
n
B
=
B
hh
M
m
< n
hh
=
hh
hh
M
m

Nh vy nu X, Y tc dng cha vi B th cng khng tc dng ht vi hn hp A, B.
Ngha l sau phn ng X, Y ht, cn A, B d.

3/ Khi lng mol trung bnh ca mt hn hp ( M )
Khi lng mol trung bnh (KLMTB) ca mt hn hp l khi lng ca 1 mol hn hp .
M =
hh
hh
n
m
=
i
i i
n n n
n M n M n M
...
. ... . .
2 1
2 2 1 1
+ +
+ +
(*)
Trong :
- m
hh
l tng s gam ca hn hp.
- n
hh
l tng s mol ca hn hp.
- M
1
, M
2
, ..., M
i
l khi lng mol ca cc cht trong hn hp.
- n
1
, n
2
, ..., n
i
l s mol tng ng ca cc cht.
Tnh cht: M
min
< M < M
max

i vi cht kh v th tch t l vi s mol nn (*) c vit li nh sau:
M =
i
i i
V V V
V M V M V M
...
...
2 1
2 2 1 1
+ +
+ +
(**)
T (*) v (**) d dng suy ra:
M = M
1
x
1
+ M
2
x
2
+ ... + M
i
x
i
(***)


Trong : x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
i
l thnh phn phn trm (%) s mol hoc th tch (nu hn hp kh)
tng ng ca cc cht v c ly theo s thp phn, ngha l: 100% ng vi x = 1.
50% ng vi x = 0,5.
Ch : Nu hn hp ch gm c hai cht c khi lng mol tng ng M
1
v M
2
th cc cng
thc (*), (**) v (***) c vit di dng:
(*) M =
n
n n M n M ) .( .
1 2 1 1
+
(*)
/

(**) M =
V
V V M V M ) .( .
1 2 1 1
+
(**)
/

(***) M = M
1
x + M
2
(1 - x) (***)
/

Trong : n
1
, V
1
, x l s mol, th tch, thnh phn % v s mol hoc th tch (hn hp kh)
ca cht th nht M
1
. n gin trong tnh ton thng thng ngi ta chn M
1
> M
2
.
Nhn xt: Nu s mol (hoc th tch) hai cht bng nhau th M =
2
2 1
M M +
v ngc li.

Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Ho tan 4,88g hn hp A gm MgO v FeO trong 200ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,45M(long)
th phn ng va , thu c dung dch B.
a/ Tnh khi lng mi oxit c trong hn hp A.
b/ tc dng va vi 2 mui trong dung dch B cn dng V(lit) dung dch NaOH 0,2M,
thu c kt ta gm 2 hirxit kim loi. Lc ly kt ta, em nung trong khng kh n khi
lng khng i thu c m gam cht rn khan(phn ng hon ton). Tnh V v m.
p s:
a/ m
MgO
= 2g v m
FeO
= 2,88g
b/ V
dd NaOH 0,2M
= 0,9 lit v m
rn
= 5,2g.

Bi 2: ho tan 9,6g mt hn hp ng mol (cng s mol) ca 2 oxit kim loi c ho tr II
cn 14,6g axit HCl. Xc nh cng thc ca 2 oxit trn. Bit kim loi ho tr II c th l Be,
Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn, Ba.
p s: MgO v CaO

Bi 3: Kh 9,6g mt hn hp gm Fe
2
O
3
v FeO bng H
2
nhit cao, ngi ta thu c Fe
v 2,88g H
2
O.
a/ Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
b/ Xc nh thnh phn % ca 2 oxit trong hn hp.
c/ Tnh th tch H
2
(ktc) cn dng kh ht lng oxit trn.
p s:
b/ % Fe
2
O
3
= 57,14% v % FeO = 42,86%
c/ V
H
2
= 3,584 lit

Bi 4: Cho X v Y l 2 oxit ca cng mt kim loi M. Bit khi ho tan cng mt lng oxit X
nh nhau n hon ton trong HNO
3
v HCl ri c cn dung dch th thu c nhng lng


mui nitrat v clorua ca kim loi M c cng ho tr. Ngoi ra, khi lng mui nitrat khan
ln hn khi lng mui clorua khan mt lng bng 99,38% khi lng oxit em ho tan
trong mi axit. Phn t khi ca oxit Y bng 45% phn t khi ca oxit X. Xc nh cc oxit X,
Y.
p s:

Bi 5: Kh 2,4g hn hp gm CuO v Fe
2
O
3
bng H
2
nhit cao th thu c 1,76g hn hp
2 kim loi. em hn hp 2 kim loi ho tan bng dd axit HCl th thu c V(lit) kh H
2
.
a/ Xc nh % v khi lng ca mi oxit trong hn hp.
b/ Tnh V ( ktc).
p s:
a/ % CuO = 33,33% ; % Fe
2
O
3
= 66,67%
b/ V
H
2
= 0,896 lit.

Bi 6: Ho tan 26,2g hn hp Al
2
O
3
v CuO th cn phi dng va 250ml dung dch H
2
SO
4

2M. Xc nh % khi lng mi cht trong hn hp.
p s: % Al
2
O
3
= 38,93% v % CuO = 61,07%.
Bi 7: Cho hn hp A gm 16g Fe
2
O
3
v 6,4g CuO vo 160ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
2M. Sau phn
ng thy cn m gam rn khng tan.
a/ Tnh m.
b/ Tnh th tch dung dch hn hp gm axit HCl 1M v axit H
2
SO
4
0,5M cn dng phn
ng ht hn hp A.
p s:
a/ 3,2 < m < 4,8
b/ V
dd hh axit
= 0,06 lit.


CHUYN 6:
AXIT TC DNG VI KIM LOI

Cch lm:
1/ Phn loi axit:
Axit loi 1: Tt c cc axit trn( HCl, H
2
SO
4
long, HBr,...), tr HNO
3
v H
2
SO
4
c.
Axit loi 2: HNO
3
v H
2
SO
4
c.
2/ Cng thc phn ng: gm 2 cng thc.
Cng thc 1: Kim loi phn ng vi axit loi 1.
Kim loi + Axit loi 1 ----> Mui + H
2

iu kin:
- Kim loi l kim loi ng trc H trong dy hot ng ho hc Bktp.
- Dy hot ng ho hc Bktp.
K, Na, Ba, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Ni, Sn, Pb, H, Cu, Hg, Ag, Pt, Au.
c im:
- Mui thu c c ho tr thp(i vi kim loi c nhiu ho tr)
Th d: Fe + 2HCl ----> FeCl
2
+ H
2

Cu + HCl ----> Khng phn ng.
Cng thc 2: Kim loi phn ng vi axit loi 2:
Kim loi + Axit loi 2 -----> Mui + H
2
O + Sn phm kh.
c im:
- Phn ng xy ra vi tt c cc kim loi (tr Au, Pt).
- Mui c ho tr cao nht(i vi kim loi a ho tr)

Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Ho tan ht 25,2g kim loi R trong dung dch axit HCl, sau phn ng thu c 1,008 lit
H
2
(ktc). Xc nh kim loi R.
p s:

Bi 2: Ho tan hon ton 6,5g mt kim loi A cha r ho tr vo dung dch axit HCl, th thu
c 2,24 lit H
2
(ktc). Xc nh kim loi A.
p s: A l Zn.
Bi 3: Cho 10g mt hn hp gm Fe v Cu tc dng vi dung dch axit HCl, th thu c 3,36
lit kh H
2
(ktc). Xc nh thnh phn % v khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp u.
p s: % Fe = 84%, % Cu = 16%.

Bi 4: Cho 1 hn hp gm Al v Ag phn ng vi dung dch axit H
2
SO
4
thu c 5,6 lt H
2

(ktc). Sau phn ng th cn 3g mt cht rn khng tan. Xc nh thnh phn % theo khi
lng cu mi kim loi trong hn hp ban u.
p s: % Al = 60% v % Ag = 40%.


Bi 5: Cho 5,6g Fe tc dng vi 500ml dung dch HNO
3
0,8M. Sau phn ng thu c V(lit)
hn hp kh A gm N
2
O v NO
2
c t khi so vi H
2
l 22,25 v dd B.
a/ Tnh V (ktc)?
b/ Tnh nng mol/l ca cc cht c trong dung dch B.
Hng dn:
Theo bi ra ta c:
n
Fe
= 5,6 : 56 = 0,1 mol
n
HNO
3
= 0,5 . 0,8 = 0,4 mol
M
hh kh
= 22,25 . 2 = 44,5
t x, y ln lt l s mol ca kh N
2
O v NO
2
.
PTHH xy ra:
8Fe + 30HNO
3
----> 8Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3N
2
O + 15H
2
O
(1)

8mol 3mol
8x/3 x
Fe + 6HNO
3
-----> Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3NO
2
+ 3H
2
O
(2)

1mol 3mol
y/3 y
T l th tch cc kh trn l:
Gi a l thnh phn % theo th tch ca kh N
2
O.
Vy (1 a) l thnh phn % ca kh NO
2
.
Ta c: 44a + 46(1 a) = 44,5
a = 0,75 hay % ca kh N
2
O l 75% v ca kh NO
2
l 25%
T phng trnh phn ng kt hp vi t l th tch ta c:

x = 3y
(I)
---> y = 0,012 v x = 0,036
8x/3 + y/3 = 0,1
(II)

Vy th tch ca cc kh thu c ktc l:
V
N
2
O
= 0,81(lit) v V
NO
2
= 0,27(lit)
Theo phng trnh th:
S mol HNO
3 (phn ng)
= 10n
N
2
O
+ 2n
NO
2
= 10.0,036 + 2.0,012 = 0,384 mol
S mol HNO
3 (cn d)
= 0,4 0,384 = 0,016 mol
S mol Fe(NO
3
)
3
= n
Fe
= 0,1 mol
Vy nng cc cht trong dung dch l:
C
M
(Fe(NO
3
)
3
) = 0,2M
C
M
(HNO
3
)d = 0,032M

Bi 6: ho tan 4,48g Fe phi dng bao nhiu ml dung dch hn hp HCl 0,5M v H
2
SO
4

0,75M.
Hng dn: Gi s phi dng V(lit) dung dch hn hp gm HCl 0,5M v H
2
SO
4
0,75M
S mol HCl = 0,5V (mol)
S mol H
2
SO
4
= 0,75V (mol)
S mol Fe = 0,08 mol


PTHH xy ra:
Fe + 2HCl ---> FeCl
2
+ H
2

Fe + H
2
SO
4
---> FeSO
4
+ H
2
Theo phng trnh ta c: 0,25V + 0,75V = 0,08
---> V = 0,08 : 1 = 0,08 (lit)

Bi 7: ho tan 4,8g Mg phi dng bao nhiu ml dung dch hn hp HCl 1,5M v H
2
SO
4

0,5M.
a/ Tnh th tch dung dch hn hp axit trn cn dng.
b/ Tnh th tch H
2
thu c sau phn ng ktc.
p s:
a/ V
hh dd axit
= 160ml.
b/ Th tch kh H
2
l 4,48 lit.

Bi 8: Ho tan 2,8g mt kim loi ho tr (II) bng mt hn hp gm 80ml dung dch axit H
2
SO
4

0,5M v 200ml dung dch axit HCl 0,2M. Dung dch thu c c tnh axit v mun trung ho
phi dng 1ml dung dch NaOH 0,2M. Xc nh kim loi ho tr II em phn ng.
Hng dn:
Theo bi ra ta c:
S mol ca H
2
SO
4
l 0,04 mol
S mol ca HCl l 0,04 mol
S mol ca NaOH l 0,02 mol
t R l KHHH ca kim loi ho tr II
a, b l s mol ca kim loi R tc dng vi axit H
2
SO
4
v HCl.
Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
Sau khi kim loi tc dng vi kim loi R. S mol ca cc axit cn li l:
S mol ca H
2
SO
4
= 0,04 a (mol)
S mol ca HCl = 0,04 2b (mol)
Vit cc PTHH trung ho:
T PTP ta c:
S mol NaOH phn ng l: (0,04 2b) + 2(0,04 a) = 0,02
---> (a + b) = 0,1 : 2 = 0,05
Vy s mol kim loi R = (a + b) = 0,05 mol
---> M
R
= 2,8 : 0,05 = 56 v R c ho tr II ---> R l Fe.

Bi 9: Chia 7,22g hn hp A gm Fe v R (R l kim loi c ho tr khng i) thnh 2 phn
bng nhau:
- Phn 1: Phn ng vi dung dch HCl d, thu c 2,128 lit H
2
(ktc)
- Phn 2: Phn ng vi HNO
3
, thu c 1,972 lit NO(ktc)
a/ Xc nh kim loi R.
b/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp A.
Hng dn:
a/ Gi 2x, 2y (mol) l s mol Fe, R c trong hn hp A --> S mol Fe, R trong 1/2 hn hp A l
x, y.


Vit cc PTHH xy ra:
Lp cc phng trnh ton hc;
m
hh A
= 56.2x + 2y.M
R
(I)
n
H
2
= x + ny/2 = 0,095 (II)
n
NO
= x + ny/3 = 0,08 (III)
Gii h phng trnh ta c: M
R
= 9n (vi n l ho tr ca R)
Lp bng: Vi n = 3 th M
R
= 27 l ph hp. Vy R l nhm(Al)
b/ %Fe = 46,54% v %Al = 53,46%.

CHUYN 7:
AXIT TC DNG VI BAZ
(BI TON HN HP AXIT TC DNG VI HN HP BAZ)
* Axit n: HCl, HBr, HI, HNO
3
. Ta c n
H
+
= n
A xit

* Axit a: H
2
SO
4
, H
3
PO
4
, H
2
SO
3
. Ta c n
H
+
= 2n
A xit
hoc n
H
+
= 3n
A xit

* Baz n: KOH, NaOH, LiOH. Ta c n
OH

= 2n
BaZ

* Baz a: Ba(OH)
2
, Ca(OH)
2
. Ta c n
OH

= 2n
BaZ

PTHH ca phn ng trung ho: H
+
+ OH
-
H
2
O
*Lu : trong mt hn hp m c nhiu phn ng xy ra th phn ng trung ho c u tin
xy ra trc.

Cch lm:
- Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
- t n s nu bi ton l hn hp.
- Lp phng trnh ton hc
- Gii phng trnh ton hc, tm n.
- Tnh ton theo yu cu ca bi.
Lu :
- Khi gp dung dch hn hp cc axit tc dng vi hn hp cc baz th dng phng php
t cng thc tng ng cho axit v baz.
- t th tch dung dch cn tm l V(lit)
- Tm V cn nh: n
HX
= n
MOH
.

Bi tp:
Cho t t dung dch H
2
SO
4
vo dung dch NaOH th c cc phn ng xy ra:
Phn ng u tin to ra mui trung ho trc.
H
2
SO
4
+ 2NaOH Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
( 1 )
Sau khi s mol

H
2
SO
4
= s mol NaOH th c phn ng
H
2
SO
4
+ NaOH NaHSO
4
+ H
2
O
( 2 )

Hng gii: xt t l s mol vit PTHH xy ra.


t T =
4 2
SO H
NaOH
n
n

- Nu T s 1 th ch c phn ng (2) v c th d H
2
SO
4
.
- Nu T > 2 th ch c phn ng (1) v c th d NaOH.
- Nu 1 < T < 2 th c c 2 phn ng (1) v (2) trn.
Ngc li:
Cho t t dung dch NaOH vo dung dch H
2
SO
4
th c cc phn ng xy ra:
Phn ng u tin to ra mui axit trc.
H
2
SO
4
+ NaOH NaHSO
4
+ H
2
O
( 1 ) !

V sau NaOH
d
+ NaHSO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
( 2 ) !

Hoc da vo s mol H
2
SO
4
v s mol NaOH hoc s mol Na
2
SO
4
v NaHSO
4
to thnh sau
phn ng lp cc phng trnh ton hc v gii.
t n x, y ln lt l s mol ca Na
2
SO
4
v NaHSO
4
to thnh sau phn ng.

Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Cn dng bao nhiu ml dung dch KOH 1,5M trung ho 300ml dung dch A cha
H
2
SO
4
0,75M v HCl 1,5M.
p s: V
dd KOH 1,5M
= 0,6(lit)

Bi 2: trung ho 10ml dung dch hn hp axit gm H
2
SO
4
v HCl cn dng 40ml dung dch
NaOH 0,5M. Mt khc ly 100ml dung dch axit em trung ho mt lng xt va ri c
cn th thu c 13,2g mui khan. Tnh nng mol/l ca mi axt trong dung dch ban u.
Hng dn:
t x, y ln lt l nng mol/lit ca axit H
2
SO
4
v axit HCl
Vit PTHH.
Lp h phng trnh:
2x + y = 0,02 (I)
142x + 58,5y = 1,32 (II)
Gii phng trnh ta c:
Nng ca axit HCl l 0,8M v nng ca axit H
2
SO
4
l 0,6M.

Bi 3: Cn bao nhiu ml dung dch NaOH 0,75M trung ho 400ml hn hp dung dch axit
gm H
2
SO
4
0,5M v HCl 1M.
p s: V
NaOH
= 1,07 lit

Bi 4: trung ho 50ml dung dch hn hp axit gm H
2
SO
4
v HCl cn dng 200ml dung
dch NaOH 1M. Mt khc ly 100ml dung dch hn hp axit trn em trung ho vi mt lng
dung dch NaOH va ri c cn th thu c 24,65g mui khan. Tnh nng mol/l ca mi
axit trong dung dch ban u.
p s: Nng ca axit HCl l 3M v nng ca axit H
2
SO
4
l 0,5M

Bi 5: Mt dung dch A cha HCl v H
2
SO
4
theo t l s mol 3:1, bit 100ml dung dch A c
trung ho bi 50ml dung dch NaOH c cha 20g NaOH/lit.


a/ Tnh nng mol ca mi axit trong A.
b/ 200ml dung dch A phn ng va vi bao nhiu ml dung dch baz B cha NaOH 0,2M
v Ba(OH)
2
0,1M.
c/ Tnh tng khi lng mui thu c sau phn ng gia 2 dung dch A v B.
Hng dn:
a/ Theo bi ra ta c:
n
HCl :
n
H
2
SO
4
= 3:1
t x l s mol ca H
2
SO
4
(A
1
), th 3x l s mol ca HCl (A
2
)
S mol NaOH c trong 1 lt dung dch l:
n
NaOH = 20 : 40 = 0,5 ( mol )
Nng mol/lit ca dung dch NaOH l:
C
M ( NaOH )
= 0,5 : 1 = 0,5M
S mol NaOH dung trong phn ng trung ho l:
n
NaOH = 0,05 * 0,5 = 0,025 mol
PTHH xy ra :
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H
2
O (1)
3x 3x
H
2
SO
4
+ 2NaOH Na
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O (2)
x 2x
T PTHH 1 v 2 ta c : 3x + 2x = 0,025 <--> 5x = 0,025 x = 0,005
Vy
n
H
2
SO
4
= x = 0,005 mol

n
HCl = 3x = 3*0,005 = 0,015 mol
Nng ca cc cht c dung dch A l:
C
M ( A1 )
= 0,005 : 0,1 = 0,05M v C
M ( A2 )
= 0,015 : 0,1 = 0,15M
b/ t HA l axit i din cho 2 axit cho. Trong 200 ml dung dch A c:
n
HA =
n
HCl +
2n
H
2
SO
4
= 0,015*0,2 + 0,05*0,2*2 = 0,05 mol
t MOH l baz i din v V(lit) l th tch ca dung dch B cha 2 baz cho:
n
MOH =
n
NaOH +
2n
Ba(OH)
2
= 0,2 V + 2 * 0,1 V = 0,4 V
PTP trung ho: HA + MOH MA + H
2
O (3)
Theo PTP ta c
n
MOH =
n
HA = 0,05 mol
Vy: 0,4V = 0,05 V = 0,125 lit = 125 ml
c/ Theo kt qu ca cu b ta c:
n
NaOH = 0,125 * 0,2 = 0,025 mol v
n
Ba(OH)
2
= 0,125 * 0,1 = 0,0125 mol
n
HCl = 0,2 * 0,015 = 0,03 mol v
n
H
2
SO
4
= 0,2 * 0,05 = 0,01 mol
V P trn l phn ng trung ho nn cc cht tham gia phn ng u tc dng ht nn d
phn ng no xy ra trc th khi lng mui thu c sau cng vn khng thay i hay n
c bo ton.
m
hh mui
= m
SO
4
+ m
Na
+ m
Ba
+ m
Cl

= 0,01*96 + 0,025*23 + 0,0125*137 + 0,03*35,5

= 0,96 + 1,065 + 0,575 + 1,7125 = 4,3125 gam
Hoc t:
n
NaOH = 0,125 * 0,2 = 0,025 mol m
NaOH
= 0,025 * 40 = 1g
n
Ba(OH)
2
= 0,125 * 0,1 = 0,0125 mol m
Ba (OH)
2
= 0,0125 * 171 = 2,1375g
n
HCl = 0,2 * 0,015 = 0,03 mol m
HCl
= 0,03 * 36,5 = 1,095g


n

H
2
SO
4
= 0,2 * 0,05 = 0,01 mol m
H
2
SO
4
= 0,01 * 98 = 0,98g
p dng l BTKL ta c: m
hh mui
= m
NaOH
+ m
Ba (OH)
2
+ m
HCl
+ m
H
2
SO
4
- m
H
2
O
V s mol:
n
H
2
O =
n
MOH =
n
HA = 0,05 mol. m
H
2
O
= 0,05 *18 = 0,9g
Vy ta c: m
hh mui
= 1 + 2,1375 + 1,095 + 0,98 0,9 = 4,3125 gam.

Bi 6: Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch H
2
SO
4
v NaOH bit rng:
- 30ml dung dch NaOH c trung ho ht bi 200ml dung dch NaOH v 10ml dung dch
KOH 2M.
- 30ml dung dch NaOH c trung ho ht bi 20ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
v 5ml dung dch
HCl 1M.
p s: Nng ca axit H
2
SO
4
l 0,7M v nng ca dung dch NaOH l 1,1M.

Bi 7: Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch HNO
3
v dung dch KOH bit:
- 20ml dung dch HNO
3
c trung ho ht bi 60ml dung dch KOH.
- 20ml dung dch HNO
3
sau khi tc dng ht vi 2g CuO th c trung ho ht bi 10ml
dung dch KOH.
p s: Nng dung dch HNO
3
l 3M v nng dung dch KOH l 1M.

Bi 8: Mt dd A cha HNO
3
v HCl theo t l 2 : 1 (mol).
a/ Bit rng khi cho 200ml dd A tc dng vi 100ml dd NaOH 1M, th lng axit d trong A
tc dng va vi 50ml Ba(OH)
2
0,2M. Tnh nng mol/lit ca mi axit trong dd A.
b/ Nu trn 500ml dd A vi 100ml dd B cha NaOH 1M v Ba(OH)
2
0,5M. Hi dd thu c c
tnh axit hay baz ?
c/ Phi thm vo dd C bao nhiu lit dd A hoc B c c dd D trung ho.
/S: a/ C
M [ HCl ]
= 0,2M ; C
M [ H
2
SO
4
]
= 0,4M
b/ dd C c tnh axit, s mol axit d l 0,1 mol.
c/ Phi thm vo dd C vi th tch l 50 ml dd B.

Bi 9: Ho tan 8g hn hp 2 hiroxit kim loi kim nguyn cht thnh 100ml dung dch X.
a/ 100ml dung dch X c trung ho va bi 800ml dung dch axit axtic CH
3
COOH, cho
14,72g hn hp mui. Tm tng s mol hai hiroxit kim loi kim c trong 8g hn hp. Tm
nng mol/l ca dung dch CH
3
COOH.
b/ Xc nh tn hai kim loi kim bit chng thuc 2 chu k k tip trong bng tun hon. Tm
khi lng tng hiroxit trong 8g hn hp.
Hng dn:
Gi A, B l k hiu ca 2 kim loi kim ( cng chnh l k hiu KLNT ).
Gi s M
A
< M
B
v R l k hiu chung ca 2 kim loi ---> M
A
< M
R
< M
B

Trong 8g hn hp c a mol ROH.
a/ Nng mol/l ca CH
3
COOH = 0,16 : 0,8 = 0,2M
b/ M
R
= 33 ---> M
A
= 23(Na) v M
B
= 39(K)
m
NaOH
= 2,4g v m
KOH
= 5,6g.


CHUYN 8:
AXIT TC DNG VI MUI

1/ Phn loi axit
Gm 3 loi axit tc dng vi mui.
a/ Axit loi 1:
- Thng gp l HCl, H
2
SO
4
long, HBr,..
- Phn ng xy ra theo c ch trao i.
b/ Axit loi 2:
- L cc axit c tnh oxi ho mnh: HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
c.
- Phn ng xy ra theo c ch phn ng oxi ho kh.
c/ Axit loi 3:
- L cc axit c tnh kh.
- Thng gp l HCl, HI, H
2
S.
- Phn ng xy ra theo c ch phn ng oxi ho kh.
2/ Cng thc phn ng.
a/ Cng thc 1:
Mui + Axit ---> Mui mi + Axit mi.
iu kin: Sn phm phi c:
- Kt ta.
- Hoc c cht bay hi(kh).
- Hoc cht in li yu hn.
c bit: Cc mui sunfua ca kim loi k t Pb tr v sau khng phn ng vi axit loi 1.
V d: Na
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl ---> 2NaCl + H
2
O + CO
2 (k)

BaCl
2
+ H
2
SO
4
---> BaSO
4(r)
+ 2HCl
b/ Cng thc 2:
Mui + Axit loi 2 ---> Mui + H
2
O + sn phm kh.
iu kin:
- Mui phi c tnh kh.
- Mui sinh ra sau phn ng th nguyn t kim loi trong mui phi c ho tr cao nht.
Ch : C 2 nhm mui em phn ng.
- Vi cc mui: CO
3
2-
, NO
3
-
, SO
4
2-
, Cl
-
.
+ iu kin: Kim loi trong mui phi l kim loi a ho tr v ho tr ca kim loi trong mui
trc phi ng khng cao nht.
- Vi cc mui: SO
3
2-
, S
2-
, S
2
-
.
+ Phn ng lun xy ra theo cng thc trn vi tt c cc kim loi.
c/ Cng thc 3:
Thng gp vi cc mui st(III). Phn ng xy ra theo quy tc 2.(l phn ng oxi ho kh)
2FeCl
3
+ H
2
S ---> 2FeCl
2
+ S
(r)
+ 2HCl.
Ch :

Bi tp: Cho t t dung dch HCl vo Na
2
CO
3
(hoc K
2
CO
3
) th c cc PTHH sau:


Giai on 1 Ch c phn ng.
Na
2
CO
3
+ HCl NaHCO
3
+ NaCl
( 1 )

x (mol) x mol x mol
Giai on 2 Ch c phn ng
NaHCO
3
+ HCl
d
NaCl + H
2
O + CO
2

( 2 )

x x x mol
Hoc ch c mt phn ng khi s mol HCl = 2 ln s mol Na
2
CO
3
.
Na
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl 2NaCl + H
2
O + CO
2

( 3 )
i vi K
2
CO
3
cng tng t.
Hng gii: xt t l s mol vit PTHH xy ra
t T =
3 2
CO Na
HCl
n
n

- Nu T s 1 th ch c phn ng (1) v c th d Na
2
CO
3
.
- Nu T > 2 th ch c phn ng (3) v c th d HCl.
- Nu 1 < T < 2 th c c 2 phn ng (1) v (2) trn hoc c th vit nh sau.
t x l s mol ca Na
2
CO
3
(hoc HCl) tham gia phn ng ( 1 )
Na
2
CO
3
+ HCl NaHCO
3
+ NaCl
( 1 )

x (mol) x mol x mol
Na
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl 2NaCl + H
2
O + CO
2

( 2 ) !
Tnh s mol ca Na
2
CO
3
(hoc HCl) tham gia phn ng(2!)da vo bi ra v qua phn ng(1).

Th d: Cho t t dung dch cha x(mol) HCl vo y (mol) Na
2
CO
3
(hoc K
2
CO
3
). Hy bin
lun v cho bit cc trng hp c th xy ra vit PTHH , cho bit cht to thnh, cht cn d
sau phn ng:
TH 1: x < y
C PTHH: Na
2
CO
3
+ HCl NaHCO
3
+ NaCl
x x x x mol
- Dung dch sau phn ng thu c l: s mol NaHCO
3
= NaCl = x (mol)
- Cht cn d l Na
2
CO
3
(y x) mol
TH 2: x = y
C PTHH : Na
2
CO
3
+ HCl NaHCO
3
+ NaCl
x x x x mol
- Dung dch sau phn ng thu c l: NaHCO
3
; NaCl
- C 2 cht tham gia phn ng u ht.
TH 3: y < x < 2y
C 2 PTHH: Na
2
CO
3
+ HCl NaHCO
3
+ NaCl
y y y y mol
sau phn ng (1) dung dch HCl cn d (x y) mol nn tip tc c phn ng
NaHCO
3
+ HCl NaCl + H
2
O + CO
2

(x y) (x y) (x y) (x y)
- Dung dch thu c sau phn ng l: c x(mol) NaCl v (2y x)mol NaHCO
3
cn d
TH 4: x = 2y

C PTHH: Na
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl 2NaCl + H
2
O + CO
2


y 2y 2y y mol
- Dung dch thu c sau phn ng l: c 2y (mol) NaCl, c 2 cht tham gia phn ng u ht.
TH 5: x > 2y
C PTHH: Na
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl 2NaCl + H
2
O + CO
2

y 2y 2y y mol
- Dung dch thu c sau phn ng l: c 2y (mol) NaCl v cn d (x 2y) mol HCl.

Bi tp 5: Cho t t dung dch HCl vo hn hp mui gm NaHCO
3
v Na
2
CO
3
(hoc KHCO
3

v K
2
CO
3
) th c cc PTHH sau:
t x, y ln lt l s mol ca Na
2
CO
3
v NaHCO
3
.
Giai on 1: Ch c Mui trung ho tham gia phn ng.
Na
2
CO
3
+ HCl NaHCO
3
+ NaCl
( 1 )

x (mol) x mol x mol
Giai on 2: Ch c phn ng
NaHCO
3
+ HCl
d
NaCl + H
2
O + CO
2

( 2 )

(x + y) (x + y) (x + y) mol
i vi K
2
CO
3
v KHCO
3
cng tng t.

Bi tp: Cho t t dung dch HCl vo hn hp mui gm Na
2
CO
3
; K
2
CO
3
; NaHCO
3
th c cc
PTHH sau:
t x, y, z ln lt l s mol ca Na
2
CO
3
; NaHCO
3
v K
2
CO
3
.
Giai on 1: Ch c Na
2
CO
3
v K
2
CO
3
phn ng.
Na
2
CO
3
+ HCl NaHCO
3
+ NaCl
( 1 )

x (mol) x x x
K
2
CO
3
+ HCl KHCO
3
+ KCl
( 2 )

z (mol) z z z
Giai on 2: c cc phn ng
NaHCO
3
+ HCl
d
NaCl + H
2
O + CO
2

( 3 )

(x + y) (x + y) (x + y) mol
KHCO
3
+ HCl
d
KCl + H
2
O + CO
2

( 4 )

z (mol) z z mol

Bi tp: Cho t t dung dch HCl vo dung dch NaAlO
2
th c cc PTHH sau.
NaAlO
2
+ HCl + H
2
O Al(OH)
3
+ NaCl
( 1 )

Al(OH)
3
+ 3HCl
d
AlCl
3
+ 3H
2
O
( 2 )

NaAlO
2
+ 4HCl AlCl
3
+ NaCl + 2H
2
O
( 3 )

Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Ho tan Na
2
CO
3
vo V(ml) hn hp dung dch axit HCl 0,5M v H
2
SO
4
1,5M th thu
c mt dung dch A v 7,84 lit kh B (ktc). C cn dung dch A thu c 48,45g mui khan.
a/ Tnh V(ml) hn hp dung dch axit dng?
b/ Tnh khi lng Na
2
CO
3
b ho tan.
Hng dn:


Gi s phi dng V(lit) dung dch gm HCl 0,5M v H
2
SO
4
1,5M.
Na
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl ---> 2NaCl + H
2
O + CO
2

0,25V 0,5V 0,5V 0,25V (mol)
Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
---> Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O + CO
2

1,5V 1,5V 1,5V 1,5V (mol)
Theo bi ra ta c:
S mol CO
2
= 0,25V + 1,5V = 7,84 : 22,4 = 0,35 (mol) (I)
Khi lng mui thu c: 58,5.0,5V + 142.1,5V = 48,45 (g) (II)
V = 0,2 (l) = 200ml.
S mol Na
2
CO
3
= s mol CO
2
= 0,35 mol
Vy khi lng Na
2
CO
3
b ho tan:
m
Na
2
CO
3
= 0,35 . 106 = 37,1g.

Bi 2:
a/ Cho 13,8 gam (A) l mui cacbonat ca kim loi kim vo 110ml dung dch HCl 2M. Sau
phn ng thy cn axit trong dung dch thu c v th tch kh thot ra V
1
vt qu 2016ml.
Vit phng trnh phn ng, tm (A) v tnh V
1
(ktc).
b/ Ho tan 13,8g (A) trn vo nc. Va khuy va thm tng git dung dch HCl 1M cho ti
180ml dung dch axit, thu c V
2
lit kh. Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra v tnh V
2

(ktc).
Hng dn:
a/ M
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl ---> 2MCl + H
2
O + CO
2

Theo PTHH ta c:
S mol M
2
CO
3
= s mol CO
2
> 2,016 : 22,4 = 0,09 mol
---> Khi lng mol M
2
CO
3
< 13,8 : 0,09 = 153,33 (I)
Mt khc: S mol M
2
CO
3 phn ng
= 1/2 s mol HCl < 1/2. 0,11.2 = 0,11 mol
---> Khi lng mol M
2
CO
3
= 13,8 : 0,11 = 125,45 (II)
T (I, II) --> 125,45 < M
2
CO
3
< 153,33 ---> 32,5 < M < 46,5 v M l kim loi kim
---> M l Kali (K)
Vy s mol CO
2
= s mol K
2
CO
3
= 13,8 : 138 = 0,1 mol ---> V
CO
2
= 2,24 (lit)
b/ Gii tng t: ---> V
2
= 1,792 (lit)

Bi 3: Ho tan CaCO
3
vo 100ml hn hp dung dch gm axit HCl v axit H
2
SO
4
th thu c
dung dch A v 5,6 lit kh B (ktc), c cn dung dch A th thu c 32,7g mui khan.
a/ Tnh nng mol/l mi axit trong hn hp dung dch ban u.
b/ Tnh khi lng CaCO
3
dng.

Bi 4: Cho 4,2g mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr II. Ho tan vo dung dch HCl d, th c kh
thot ra. Ton b lng kh c hp th vo 100ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,46M thu c
8,274g kt ta. Tm cng thc ca mui v kim loi ho tr II.
p s:
- TH
1
khi Ba(OH)
2
d, th cng thc ca mui l: CaCO
3
v kim loi ho tr II l Ca.
- TH
2
khi Ba(OH)
2
thiu, th cng thc ca mui l MgCO
3
v kim loi ho tr II l Mg.


Bi 5: Cho 1,16g mui cacbonat ca kim loi R tc dng ht vi HNO
3
, thu c 0,448 lit hn
hp G gm 2 kh c t khi hi so vi hiro bng 22,5. Xc nh cng thc mui (bit th tch
cc kh o ktc).
Hng dn:
Hn hp G gm c kh CO
2
v kh cn li l kh X.
C d
hh G/ H
2
= 22,5 --> M
TB ca hh G
= 22,5 . 2 = 45
M M
CO
2
= 44 < 45 ---> M
kh X
> 45. nhn thy trong cc kh ch c NO
2
v SO
2
c khi lng
phn t ln hn 45. Trong trng hp ny kh X ch c th l NO
2
.
t a, b ln lt l s mol ca CO
2
v NO
2
.
Ta c h n
hh G
= a + b = 0,02 a = 0,01
M
TB hh G
=
b a
b a
+
+ 46 44
= 45 b = 0,01
PTHH:
R
2
(CO
3
)
n
+ (4m 2n)HNO
3
---> 2R(NO
3
)
m
+ (2m 2n)NO
2
+ nCO
2
+ (2m
n)H
2
O.
2M
R
+ 60n 2m 2n
1,16g 0,01 mol
Theo PTHH ta c:
16 , 1
60 2 n M
R
+
=
01 , 0
2 2 n m
----> M
R
= 116m 146n
Lp bng: iu kin 1 s n s m s 4
n 1 2 2 3 3
m 3 2 3 3 4
M
R
56
Ch c cp nghim n = 2, m = 3 --> M
R
= 56 l ph hp. Vy R l Fe
CTHH: FeCO
3

Bi 6: Cho 5,25g mui cacbonat ca kim loi M tc dng ht vi HNO
3
, thu c 0,336 lit kh
NO v V lit CO
2
. Xc nh cng thc mui v tnh V. (bit th tch cc kh c o ktc)
p s: Gii tng t bi 3 ---> CTHH l FeCO
3

Bi 7: Ho tan 2,84 gam hn hp 2 mui CaCO
3
v MgCO
3
bng dung dch HCl d thu c
0,672 lt kh CO
2
(ktc). Tnh thnh phn % s mol mi mui trong hn hp.
Bi gii
Cc PTHH xy ra:
CaCO
3
+ 2HCl CaCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
(1)

MgCO
3
+ 2HCl MgCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
(2)

T (1) v (2) n
hh
= n
CO
2
=
4 , 22
672 , 0
= 0,03 (mol)
Gi x l thnh phn % s mol ca CaCO
3
trong hn hp th (1 - x) l thnh phn % s mol ca
MgCO
3
.
Ta c M
2 mui
= 100x + 84(1 - x) =
03 , 0
84 , 2
x = 0,67
% s mol CaCO
3
= 67% ; % s mol MgCO
3
= 100 - 67 = 33%.


Bi 8: Ho tan 174 gam hn hp gm 2 mui cacbonat v sunfit ca cng mt kim loi kim
vo dung dch HCl d. Ton b kh thot ra c hp th ti thiu bi 500 ml dung dch KOH
3M.
a/ Xc nh kim loi kim.
b/ Xc nh % s mol mi mui trong hn hp ban u.
Bi gii
cc PTHH xy ra:
M
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl 2MCl + CO
2
+ H
2
O
(1)

M
2
SO
3
+ 2HCl 2MCl + SO
2
+ H
2
O
(2)

Ton b kh CO
2
v SO
2
hp th mt lng ti thiu KOH sn phm l mui axit.
CO
2
+ KOH KHCO
3

(3)

SO
2
+ KOH KHSO
3

(4)

T (1), (2), (3) v (4)
suy ra: n
2 mui
= n
2 kh
= n
KOH
=
1000
3 . 500
= 1,5 (mol)
M
2 mui
=
5 , 1
174
= 116 (g/mol) 2M + 60 < M < 2M + 80
18 < M < 28, v M l kim loi kim, vy M = 23 l Na.
b/ Nhn thy M
2 mui
=
2
126 106 +
= 116 (g/mol).
% n
Na
2
CO
3
=
n
Na
2
SO
3
= 50%.


CHUYN 9:
DUNG DCH BAZ TC DNG VI MUI.

Bi tp: Cho t t dung dch NaOH (hoc KOH) hay Ba(OH)
2
(hoc Ca(OH)
2
) vo dung dch
AlCl
3
th c cc PTHH sau.
3NaOH + AlCl
3
Al(OH)
3
+ 3NaCl
( 1 )

NaOH
d
+ Al(OH)
3
NaAlO
2
+ 2H
2
O
( 2 )

4NaOH + AlCl
3
NaAlO
2
+ 3NaCl + 2H
2
O
( 3 )

v:
3Ba(OH)
2
+ 2AlCl
3
2Al(OH)
3
+ 3BaCl
2

( 1 )

Ba(OH)
2

d
+ 2Al(OH)
3
Ba(AlO
2
)
2
+ 4H
2
O
( 2 )

4Ba(OH)
2
+ 2AlCl
3
Ba(AlO
2
)
2
+ 3BaCl
2
+ 4H
2
O
( 3 )

Ngc li: Cho t t dung dch AlCl
3
vo dung dch NaOH (hoc KOH) hay Ba(OH)
2
(hoc
Ca(OH)
2
) ch c PTHH sau:
AlCl
3
+ 4NaOH NaAlO
2
+ 3NaCl + 2H
2
O
v 2AlCl
3
+ 4Ba(OH)
2
----> Ba(AlO
2
)
2
+ 3BaCl
2
+ 4H
2
O

Bi tp: Cho t t dung dch NaOH (hoc KOH) hay Ba(OH)
2
(hoc Ca(OH)
2
) vo dung dch
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
th c cc PTHH sau.
6NaOH + Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
2Al(OH)
3
+ 3Na
2
SO
4

( 1 )

NaOH
d
+ Al(OH)
3
NaAlO
2
+ 2H
2
O
( 2 )

8NaOH + Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
2NaAlO
2
+ 3Na
2
SO
4
+ 4H
2
O
( 3 )

V:
3Ba(OH)
2
+ Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
2Al(OH)
3
+ 3BaSO
4

( 1 )

Ba(OH)
2

d
+ 2Al(OH)
3
Ba(AlO
2
)
2
+ 4H
2
O
( 2 )

4Ba(OH)
2
+ Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
Ba(AlO
2
)
2
+ 3BaSO
4
+ 4H
2
O
( 3 )

Ngc li: Cho t t dung dch Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
vo dung dch NaOH (hoc KOH) hay Ba(OH)
2

(hoc Ca(OH)
2
) th c PTHH no xy ra?
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 8NaOH 2NaAlO
2
+ 3Na
2
SO
4
+ 4H
2
O
(3 )/

Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 4Ba(OH)
2
Ba(AlO
2
)
2
+ 3BaSO
4
+ 4H
2
O
(3 )//

Mt s phn ng c bit:
NaHSO
4 (dd)
+ NaAlO
2
+ H
2
O Al(OH)
3
+ Na
2
SO
4

NaAlO
2
+ HCl + H
2
O Al(OH)
3
+ NaCl
NaAlO
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O Al(OH)
3
+ NaHCO
3

Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Cho 200 ml dd gm MgCl
2
0,3M; AlCl
3
0,45; HCl

0,55M tc dng hon ton vi V(lt)
dd C cha NaOH 0,02 M v Ba(OH)
2
0,01 M. Hy tnh th tich V(lt) cn dng thu c kt
ta ln nht v lng kt ta nh nht. Tnh lng kt ta . (gi s khi Mg(OH)
2
kt ta ht
th Al(OH)
3
tan trong kim khng ng k)
Hng dn gii :


n
HCl
= 0,11mol ; n
MgCl
2
= 0,06 mol ; n
AlCl
3
= 0,09 mol.
Tng s mol OH
-

= 0,04 V (*)
Cc PTHH xy ra:
H
+
+ OH
-

H
2
O (1)
Mg
2+
+ OH
-

Mg(OH)
2
(2)
Al
3+
+ 3OH
-

Al(OH)
3
(3)
Al(OH)
3
+ OH
-

AlO
2
-

+ 2H
2
O (4)
Trng hp 1: c kt ta ln nht th ch c cc phn ng (1,2,3 ).
Vy tng s mol OH
-
dng l: 0,11 + 0,06 x 2 + 0,09 x 3 = 0,5 mol (**)
T (*) v (**) ta c Th tch dd cn dng l: V = 0,5 : 0,04 = 12,5 (lit)
m
Kt ta
= 0,06 x 58 + 0,09 x 78 = 10,5 g
Trng hp 2: c kt ta nh nht th ngoi cc p (1, 2, 3) th cn c p (4) na.
Khi lng Al(OH)
3
tan ht ch cn li Mg(OH)
2
, cht rn cn li l: 0,06 x 58 = 3,48 g
V lng OH
-
cn dng thm cho p (4) l 0,09 mol.
Vy tng s mol OH
-
tham gia p l: 0,5 + 0,09 = 0,59 mol
Th tch dd C cn dng l: 0,59/ 0,04 = 14,75 (lit)

Bi 2: Cho 200ml dung dch NaOH vo 200g dung dch Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
1,71%. Sau phn ng thu
c 0,78g kt ta. Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch NaOH tham gia phn ng.
p s:
TH
1
: NaOH thiu
S mol NaOH = 3s mol Al(OH)
3
= 3. 0,01 = 0,03 mol ---> C
M NaOH
= 0,15M
TH
2
: NaOH d ---> C
M NaOH
= 0,35M

Bi 3: Cho 400ml dung dch NaOH 1M vo 160ml dung dch hn hp cha Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
0,125M
v Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
0,25M. Sau phn ng tch kt ta em nung n khi lng khng i c cht
rn C.
a/ Tnh m
rn C
.
b/ Tnh nng mol/l ca mui to thnh trong dung dch.
p s:
a/ m
rn C
= 0,02 . 160 + 0,02 . 102 = 5,24g
b/ Nng ca Na
2
SO
4
= 0,18 : 0,56 = 0,32M v nng ca NaAlO
2
= 0,07M

Bi 4: Cho 200g dung dch Ba(OH)
2
17,1% vo 500g dung dch hn hp (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
1,32% v
CuSO
4
2%. Sau khi kt thc tt c cc phn ng ta thu c kh A, kt ta B v dung dch C.
a/ Tnh th tch kh A (ktc)
b/ Ly kt ta B ra sch v nung nhit cao n khi lng khng i th c bao nhiu gam
rn?
c/ Tnh nng % ca cc cht trong C.
p s:
a/ Kh A l NH
3
c th tch l 2,24 lit
b/ Khi lng BaSO
4
= 0,1125 . 233 = 26,2g v m
CuO
= 0,0625 . 80 = 5g
c/ Khi lng Ba(OH)
2
d = 0,0875 . 171 = 14,96g
m
dd
= Tng khi lng cc cht em trn - m
kt ta
- m
kh


m
dd
= 500 + 200 26,21 6,12 1,7 = 666g
Nng % ca dung dch Ba(OH)
2
= 2,25%

Bi 5: Cho mt mu Na vo 200ml dung dch AlCl
3
thu c 2,8 lit kh (ktc) v mt kt ta A.
Nung A n khi lng khng i thu c 2,55 gam cht rn. Tnh nng mol/l ca dung
dch AlCl
3
.
Hng dn:
m
rn
: Al
2
O
3
--> s mol ca Al
2
O
3
= 0,025 mol ---> s mol Al(OH)
3
= 0,05 mol
s mol NaOH = 2s mol H
2
= 0,25 mol.
TH
1
: NaOH thiu, ch c phn ng.
3NaOH + AlCl
3
---> Al(OH)
3
+ 3NaCl
Khng xy ra v s mol Al(OH)
3
to ra trong phn ng > s mol Al(OH)
3
cho.
TH
2
: NaOH d, c 2 phn ng xy ra.
3NaOH + AlCl
3
---> Al(OH)
3
+ 3NaCl
0,15 0,05 0,05 mol
4NaOH + AlCl
3
---> NaAlO
2
+ 3NaCl + H
2
O
(0,25 0,15) 0,025
Tng s mol AlCl
3
phn ng 2 phng trnh l 0,075 mol
----> Nng ca AlCl
3
= 0,375M

Bi 6: Cho 200ml dung dch NaOH x(M) tc dng vi 120 ml dung dch AlCl
3
1M, sau cng
thu c 7,8g kt ta. Tnh tr s x?
p s:
- TH
1
: Nng AlCl
3
= 1,5M
- TH
2
: Nng AlCl
3
= 1,9M

Bi 7: Cho 9,2g Na vo 160ml dung dch A c khi lng ring 1,25g/ml cha Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3

0,125M v Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
0,25M. Sau khi phn ng kt thc ngi ta tch kt ta v em nung nng
n khi lng khng i thu c cht rn.
a/ Tnh khi lng cht rn thu c.
b/ Tnh nng % ca dung dch mui thu c.
p s:
a/
m
Fe
2
O
3
= 3,2g v
m
Al
2
O
3
= 2,04g.
b/ Nng % ca cc dung dch l: C%(Na
2
SO
4
) = 12,71% v C%(NaAlO
2
) = 1,63%


CHUYN 10:
HAI DUNG DCH MUI TC DNG VI
NHAU.

Cng thc 1:
Mui + Mui ---> 2 Mui mi
iu kin:
- Mui phn ng: tan hoc tan t trong nc.
- Sn phm phi c cht:
+ Kt ta.
+ Hoc bay hi
+ Hoc cht in li yu. H
2
O
V d: BaCl
2
+ Na
2
SO
4
---> BaSO
4
+ 2NaCl
Cng thc 2:
Cc mui ca kim loi nhm, km, st(III) ---> Gi chung l mui A
Phn ng vi cc mui c cha cc gc axit: CO
3
, HCO
3
, SO
3
, HSO
3
, S, HS, AlO
2
---> Gi
chung l mui B.
Phn ng xy ra theo quy lut:
Mui A + H
2
O ----> Hiroxit
(r)
+ Axit
Axit + Mui B ----> Mui mi + Axit mi.
V d: FeCl
3
phn ng vi dung dch Na
2
CO
3

2FeCl
3
+ 6H
2
O

-----> 2Fe(OH)
3
+ 6HCl
6HCl + 3Na
2
CO
3
---> 6NaCl + 3CO
2
+ 3H
2
O
PT tng hp:
2FeCl
3
+ 3H
2
O + 3Na
2
CO
3
---> 2Fe(OH)
3
+ 3CO
2
+ 6NaCl.
Cng thc 3:
Xy ra khi gp st, phn ng xy ra theo quy tc 2.
V d:
AgNO
3
+ Fe(NO
3
)
2
---> Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ Ag.

Bi 1: Cho 0,1mol FeCl
3
tc dng ht vi dung dch Na
2
CO
3
d, thu c cht kh B v kt ta
C. em nung C n khi lng khng i thu c cht rn D. Tnh th tch kh B (ktc) v
khi lng cht rn D.
p s:
- Th tch kh CO
2
l 3,36 lit
- Rn D l Fe
2
O
3
c khi lng l 8g

Bi 2: Trn 100g dung dch AgNO
3
17% vi 200g dung dch Fe(NO
3
)
2
18% thu c dung
dch A c khi lng ring (D = 1,446g/ml). Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch A.
p s:
- Dung dch A gm Fe(NO
3
)
2
0,1 mol v Fe(NO
3
)
3
0,1 mol.


- Nng mol/l ca cc cht l: C
M
(Fe(NO
3
)
2
) = C
M
(Fe(NO
3
)
3
) = 0,5M

Bi 3: Cho 500ml dung dch A gm BaCl
2
v MgCl
2
phn ng vi 120ml dung dch Na
2
SO
4

0,5M d, thu c 11,65g kt ta. em phn dung dch c cn thu c 16,77g hn hp mui
khan. Xc nh nng mol/l cc cht trong dung dch.
Hng dn:
Phn ng ca dung dch A vi dung dch Na
2
SO
4
.
BaCl
2
+ Na
2
SO
4
----> BaSO
4
+ 2NaCl
0,05 0,05 0,05 0,1 mol
Theo (1) s mol BaCl
2
trng dd A l 0,05 mol v s mol NaCl = 0,1 mol.
S mol Na
2
SO
4
cn d l 0,06 0,05 = 0,01 mol
S mol MgCl
2
=
95
5 , 58 . 1 , 0 142 . 01 , 0 77 , 16
= 0,1 mol.
Vy trong 500ml dd A c 0,05 mol BaCl
2
v 0,1 mol MgCl
2
.
---> Nng ca BaCl
2
= 0,1M v nng ca MgCl
2
= 0,2M.

Bi 4: Cho 31,84g hn hp NaX, NaY (X, Y l 2 halogen 2 chu k lin tip) vo dung dch
AgNO
3
d, thu c 57,34g kt ta. Tm cng thc ca NaX, NaY v tnh thnh phn % theo
khi lng ca mi mui.
Hng dn;
* TH
1
: X l Flo(F) --> Y l Cl. Vy kt ta l AgCl.
Hn hp 2 mui cn tm l NaF v NaCl
PTHH: NaCl + AgNO
3
---> AgCl + NaNO
3

Theo PT (1) th n
NaCl
= n
AgCl
= 0,4 mol ---> %NaCl = 73,49% v %NaF = 26,51%.
* TH
2
: X khng phi l Flo(F).
Gi Na X l cng thc i din cho 2 mui.
PTHH: Na X + AgNO
3
---> Ag X + NaNO
3

(23 + X ) (108 + X )
31,84g 57,34g
Theo PT(2) ta c:
31,84
X 23 +
=
34 , 57
108 X +
---> X = 83,13
Vy hn hp 2 mui cn tm l NaBr v NaI ---> %NaBr = 90,58% v %NaI = 9,42%

Bi 5: Dung dch A cha 7,2g XSO
4
v Y
2
(SO
4
)
3
. Cho dung dch Pb(NO
3
)
2
tc dng vi dung
dch A (va ), thu c 15,15g kt ta v dung dch B.
a/ Xc nh khi lng mui c trong dung dch B.
b/ Tnh X, Y bit t l s mol XSO
4
v Y
2
(SO
4
)
3
trong dung dch A l 2 : 1 v t l khi lng
mol nguyn t ca X v Y l 8 : 7.
Hng dn:
PTHH xy ra:
XSO
4
+ Pb(NO
3
)
2
---> PbSO
4
+ X(NO
3
)
2

x x x mol
Y
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3Pb(NO
3
)
2
---> 3PbSO
4
+ 2Y(NO
3
)
3

y 3y 2y


Theo PT (1, 2) v cho ta c:
m
hh mui
= (X+96)x + (2Y+3.96)y = 7,2 (I) ---> X.x + 2Y.y = 2,4
Tng khi lng kt ta l 15,15g --> S mol PbSO
4
= x + 3y = 15,15/303 = 0,05 mol
Gii h ta c: m
mui trong dd B
= 8,6g
(c th p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng)
Theo ra v kt qu ca cu a ta c:
x : y = 2 : 1
X : Y = 8 : 7
x + 3y = 0,05
X.x + 2.Y.y = 2,4
---> X l Cu v Y l Fe
Vy 2 mui cn tm l CuSO
4
v Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
.

Bi 6: C 1 lit dung dch hn hp gm Na
2
CO
3
0,1M v (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
0,25M. Cho 43g hn hp
BaCl
2
v CaCl
2
vo dung dch trn. Sau khi cc phn ng kt thc thu c 39,7g kt ta A v
dung dch B.
a/ Chng minh mui cacbonat cn d.
b/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng cc cht trong A.
c/ Cho dung dch HCl d vo dung dch B. Sau phn ng c cn dung dch v nung cht rn
cn li ti khi lng khng i thu c rn X. Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng rn X.
Hng dn:
chng minh mui cacbonat d, ta chng minh m
mui phn ng
< m
mui ban u

Ta c: S mol Na
2
CO
3
= 0,1 mol v s mol (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
= 0,25 mol.
Tng s mol CO
3
ban u = 0,35 mol
Phn ng to kt ta:
BaCl
2
+ CO
3
----> BaCO
3
+ 2Cl
CaCl
2
+ CO
3
---> CaCO
3
+ 2Cl
Theo PTHH ta thy: Tng s mol CO
3
phn ng = (43 39,7) : 11 = 0,3 mol.
Vy s mol CO
3
phn ng < s mol CO
3
ban u.---> s mol CO
3
d
b/ V CO
3
d nn 2 mui CaCl
2
v BaCl
2
phn ng ht.
m
mui kt ta
= 197x + 100y = 39,7
Tng s mol Cl phn ng = x + y = 0,3
----> x = 0,1 v y = 0,2
Kt ta A c thnh phn: %BaCO
3
= 49,62% v %CaCO
3
= 50,38%
c/ Cht rn X ch c NaCl. ---> %NaCl = 100%.


CHUYN 11:
BI TON HN HP KIM LOI.

Thng gp di dng kim loi phn ng vi axit, baz, mui v vi nc.
DY HOT NG HO HC CA KIM LOI.
K, Na, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Pb, (H), Cu, Ag, Au
(Khi No May A Zp St Phi Hi Cc Bc Vng)
ngha:

+ O
2
: nhit thng nhit cao Kh phn ng


Tc dng vi nc Khng tc dng vi nc nhit thng


Tc dng vi cc axit thng thng gii phng Hidro Khng tc dng.


Kim loi ng trc y kim loi ng sau ra khi mui


H2, CO khng kh c oxit kh c oxit cc kim loi ny nhit cao

Ch :
- Cc kim loi ng trc Mg phn ng vi nc nhit thng to thnh dd Kim v
gii phng kh Hidro.
- Tr Au v Pt, cc kim loi khc u c th tc dng vi HNO
3
v H
2
SO
4
c nhng
khng gii phng Hidro.

NGHA CA DY HOT NG HO HC
K Na Ba Ca Mg Al Zn Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Hg Ag Pt Au

- Dy c sp xp theo chiu gim dn tnh hot ng ho hc (t tri sang phi)
- Mt s kim loi va tc dng c vi axit v vi nc: K, Na, Ba, Ca
Kim loi + H
2
O ----> Dung dch baz + H
2

- Kim loi va tc dng vi axit, va tc dng vi baz: (Be), Al, Zn, Cr
2A + 2(4 n)NaOH + 2(n 2)H
2
O ---> 2Na
4 n
AO
2
+ nH
2


V d: 2Al + 2NaOH + 2H
2
O ----> 2NaAlO
2
+ 3H
2

2Al + Ba(OH)
2
+ 2H
2
O ----> Ba(AlO
2
)
2
+ 3H
2

Zn + 2NaOH ---> Na
2
ZnO
2
+ H
2

Zn + Ba(OH)
2
---> BaZnO
2
+ H
2

- Kim loi ng trc H tc dng vi dung dch axit HCl, H
2
SO
4
long to mui v gii
phng H
2
.
Kim loi + Axit ----> Mui + H
2

Lu : Kim loi trong mui c ho tr thp (i vi kim loi a ho tr)
- K t Mg tr i kim loi ng trc y c kim loi ng sau ra khi mui ca chng.
theo quy tc:
Cht kh mnh + cht oxi ha mnh cht oxi ho yu + cht kh yu.
Lu : nhng kim loi u dy (kim loi tc dng c vi nc) th khng tun theo quy tc
trn m n xy ra theo cc bc sau:
Kim loi kim (hoc kim th) + H
2
O Dung dch baz + H
2

Sau : Dung dch baz + dung dch mui Mui mi + Baz mi (*)
iu kin(*): Cht to thnh phi c t nht 1 cht kt ta (khng tan).
VD: cho Ba vo dung dch CuSO
4
.

Trc tin: Ba + 2H
2
O Ba(OH)
2
+ H
2

Ba(OH)
2
+ CuSO
4
Cu(OH)
2
+ BaSO
4

c bit: Cu + 2FeCl
3
---> CuCl
2
+ 2FeCl
2

Cu + Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
---> CuSO
4
+ 2FeSO
4

CC BI TON VN DNG S MOL TRUNG BNH
V XC NH KHONG S MOL CA CHT.

M
TB
=
V
V M V M
4 , 22
2 1 2 1
+

M
TB
=
V
V M V M
2 2 1 1
+

Hoc: M
TB
=
n
n n M n M ) (
1 2 1 1
+
Hoc: M
TB
=
1
) 1 (
1 2 1 1
x M x M +
(x
1
l % ca kh th nht)

Hoc: M
TB
= d
hh/kh x
. M
x


TB ca hh
=
hh
hh
n
m

Tnh cht 1:
M
TB ca hh
Tnh cht 2:
M
TB ca hh
nht v ln nht.
M
min
< n
hh
< M
max

Tnh cht 3:
A
< M
B
B
B
M
m
< n
hh
<
A
A
M
m

Lu :
- Vi M
A
< M
B
n
A
=
A
hh
M
m
> n
hh
=
hh
hh
M
m

B
- Vi M
A
< M
B
n
B
=
B
hh
M
m
< n
hh
=
hh
hh
M
m


V d 1: Cho 22,2 gam hn hp gm Fe, Al tan hon ton trong HCl, ta thu c 13,44 lt H
2

(ktc). Tnh thnh phn % khi lng mi cht trong hn hp v khi lng mui clorua khan
thu c.
Bi gii
V phn ng hon ton nn ta c th thay hn hp Fe, Al bng kim loi tng ng M c ho
tr n . Gi x l s mol Fe trong 1 mol hn hp.
M = 56.x + 27(1 - x)
n = 2.x + 3(1 - x)
PTHH: M + n HCl M Cl
n
+
2
n
H
2

M
2 , 22

M
2 , 22

M
2 , 22
.
2
n

Theo bi ra:
M
2 , 22
.
2
n
= n
H
2

=
4 , 22
44 , 13
= 0,6 (mol)


| |
| | 2 . ) 1 ( 27 56
) 1 ( 3 2 2 , 22
x x
x x
+
+
= 0,6
x = 0,6 mol Fe v 0,4 mol Al
M = 0,6.56 + 27.0,4 = 44,4 (g/mol)
% Fe =
4 , 44
56 . 6 , 0
.100% = 75,67%
% Al = 100 - 75,67 = 24,33%
Ta c n = 0,6.2 + 0,4.3 = 2,4 (mol)
Khi lng mui clorua khan:
m =
M
2 , 22
( M + 35,5. n ) = 22,2 +
4 , 44
4 , 2 . 5 , 35
.22,2 = 64,8 gam.

Ch : C th p dng KLMTB ca mt hn hp vo bi ton xc nh tn kim loi. Thng
thng l bi ton hn hp hai kim loi thuc 2 chu k, hai phn nhm k tip, ...

V d 2: Khi cho 3,1 gam hn hp hai kim loi kim thuc hai chu k lin tip tc dng ht vi
nc ta thu c 1,12 lt H
2
(ktc). Xc nh hai kim loi v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng
ca hn hp.
Bi gii
V phn ng xy ra hon ton nn ta c th thay th hn hp hai kim loi kim bng mt kim
loi tng ng A c ho tr 1 (kim loi kim)
2 A + 2H
2
O 2 AOH + H
2

(1)

Theo (1) n
A
= 2n
H
2
= 2
4 , 22
12 , 1
= 0,1 (mol)
A =
1 , 0
1 , 3
= 31 g/mol
Na = 23 < A = 31 < K = 39
Mt khc: A = 31 =
2
39 23 +
s mol hai cht bng nhau ngha l trong 1 mol hn hp
mi kim loi c 0,5 mol. Thnh phn % khi lng:
% Na =
31
23 . 5 , 0
.100 = 37,1% v % K = (100 - 37,1)% = 62,9%.
Nhn xt: S dng cc i lng trung bnh s cho php chng ta gii quyt nhanh cc
bi tp ho hc.

A- HN HP KIM LOI TC DNG VI AXIT

Bi 1: Cho 10g hn hp gm Zn v Cu tc dng vi dung dch axit H
2
SO
4
long th thu c
2,24 lit H
2
(ktc). Tnh thnh phn % v khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp ban u.
p s:

Bi 2: Ho tan 5,2g hn hp gm Mg v Fe bng dung dch axit HCl 1M, th thu dc 3,36 lit
H
2
(ktc).


a/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp.
b/ Tnh th tch dung dch axit HCl dng.
p s:
a/
b/

Bi 3: Cho mt lng hn hp gm Ag v Zn tc dng vi lng d dung dch axit H
2
SO
4
, thu
c 5,6 lit kh H
2
(ktc). Sau phn ng thy cn 6,25g mt cht rn khng tan. Tnh thnh
phn % v khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp.
p s:

Bi 4: Ho tan hon ton 15,3g hn hp gm Mg v Zn bng dung dch axit HCl 1M th thu
c 6,72 lit H
2
(ktc).
a/ Xc nh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u.
b/ Tnh th tch dung dch axit HCl cn dng.
p s:
a/ m
Mg
= 2,46g v m
Zn
= 12,84g v b/ V
dd HCl 1M
= 0,6 lit.
Bi 5: A l hn hp gm: Ba, Al, Mg.
- Ly m gam A cho tc dng vi nc ti khi ht phn ng thy thot ra 3,36 lit H
2
(ktc).
- Ly m gam A cho vo dung dch xt d ti khi ht phn ng thy thot ra 6,72 lt H
2

(ktc).
- Ly m gam A ho tan bng mt lng va dung dch axit HCl th thu c mt dung
dch v 8,96 lit H
2
(ktc).
Hy tnh m gam v thnh phn % theo khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp.
p s:
m = 24,65g trong m
Ba
= 19,55g, m
Al
= 2,7g, m
Mg
= 2,4g.

Bi 3: Ho tan hn hp gm Fe, Zn trong 500ml dung dch HCl 0,4M c dung dch A v
10,52g mui khan.
a/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi kim loi.
b/ Tnh th tch dung dch B gm NaOH 0,02M v Ba(OH)
2
cn dng trung ho dung dch
A.
p s:
a/ %Fe = 46,28% v %Zn = 53,72%
b/ V
dd B
= 1(lit)

Bi 7: Ho tan ht 12g hn hp A gm Fe v kim loi M (ho tr II khng i) vo 200ml dung
dch HCl 3,5M thu c 6,72 lit kh (ktc). Mt khc ly 3,6g kim loi M tan ht vo 400ml
dung dch H
2
SO
4
nng 1M th H
2
SO
4
cn d.
a/ Xc nh kim loi M.
b/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca Fe, M trong hn hp.
p s:
a/ M l Mg.
b/ %Mg = 30% v %Fe = 70%.


Bi 8: Ho tan ht 11,3g hn hp A gm Fe v kim loi R (ho tr II khng i) vo 300ml
dung dch HCl 2,5M thu c 6,72 lit kh (ktc). Mt khc ly 4,8g kim loi M tan ht vo
200ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
nng 2M th H
2
SO
4
cn d.
a/ Xc nh kim loi R.
b/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca Fe, R trong hn hp.
p s:
a/ v b/
Bi 9: Ho tan ht 12,1g hn hp A gm Fe v kim loi M (ho tr II khng i) vo 150ml
dung dch HCl 3M th thu c 4,48 lit kh (ktc). Mt khc mun ho tan ht 4,875g kim loi
M th cn phi dng 100ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,75M, dung dch thu c khng lm i mu
giy qu.

Bi 10: Hn hp A gm Mg v kim loi M ho tr III, ng trc hir trong dy hot ng
ho hc. Ho tan hon ton 1,275 g A vo 125ml dd B cha ng thi HCl nng C
1
(M) v
H
2
SO
4
nng C
2
(M). Thy thot ra 1400 ml kh H
2
( ktc) v dd D. trung ho hon ton
lng a xt d trong D cn dng 50ml dd Ba(OH)
2
1M. Sau khi trung ho dd D cn thu c
0,0375mol mt cht rn khng ho tan trong HCl.
a/ Vit cc PTP xy ra.
b/ Tnh C
1
v C
2
ca dd B.
c/ Tm NTK ca kim loi M (A
M
) v khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp A em th nghim.
Bit rng ho tan 1,35g M cn dng khng qu 200ml dd HCl 1M.
Hng dn gii:
a/ cc PTHH xy ra.
Mg + 2H
+
Mg
2+
+ H
2
(1)
2M + 6H
+
2M
3+
+ 3H
2
(2)
Trong dd D c cc Ion: H
+
d , Cl
-
, SO
4
2-
, Mg
2+
, M
3+
.
Trung ho dd D bng Ba(OH)
2
.
H
+
+ OH
-
H
2
O (3)
Ba
2+
+ SO
4
2-
BaSO
4
(4)
Theo bi ra ta c:
S mol OH
-
= 2 s mol Ba(OH)
2
= 0,05 . 1 . 2 = 0,1 mol
S mol Ba
2+
= s mol Ba(OH)
2
= 0,05 mol.
b/ S mol H
+
trong dd B = 0,125C
1
+ 2 . 0,125C
2

s mol H
+
tham gia cc phn ng (1,2,3) l: 0,0625 . 2 + 0,1 = 0,225 mol
( V s mol ca H
2
thot ra = 0,0625 mol )
Ta c: 0,125C
1
+ 2 . 0,125C
2
= 0,225 (*)
Mt khc , s mol Ba
2+
= 0,05 mol > s mol ca BaSO
4
= 0,0375 mol.
Nh vy chng t SO
4
2-
phn ng ht v Ba
2+
cn d.
Do s mol ca SO
4
2-
= s mol ca BaSO
4
= 0,0375 mol.
Nn ta c nng mol/ lit ca dd H
2
SO
4
l: C
2
= 0,0375 : 0,125 = 0,3M
V s mol ca H
2
SO
4
= s mol ca SO
4
2-
= 0,0375 (mol)
Thay v ( * ) ta c: C
1
= 1,2 M
c/ PTP ho tan M trong HCl.


2M + 6HCl 2MCl
3
+ 3H
2
(5)
S mol HCl = 0,2 x 1 = 0,2 mol
Theo (5): S mol ca kim loi M s 0,2 : 3 (V theo bi ra M b ho tan ht)
Do NTK ca M l: A
M
> 1,35 : ( 0,2 : 3 ) = 20,25
V M l kim loi ho tr III nn M phi l: Al (nhm)
Gi x, y ln lt l s mol ca Mg v Al trong 1,275 g hn hp A
Ta c: 24x + 27y = 1,275 (I)
Theo PT (1, 2): x + 1,5 y = 0,0625 (II)
Gii h pt (I) v (II) ta c: x = y = 0,025.
Vy khi lng ca cc cht trong hn hp l: m
Mg
= 0,6 g v m
Al
= 0,675 g.

Bi 11: Cho 9,86g hn hp gm Mg v Zn vo 1 cc cha 430ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
1M long.
Sau khi phn ng hon ton, thm tip vo cc 1,2 lit dung dch hn hp gm Ba(OH)
2
0,05M
v NaOH 0,7M, khuy u cho phn ng hon ton, ri lc ly kt ta v nung nng n khi
lng khng i th thu c 26,08g cht rn. Tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u.
Hng dn;
t s mol Mg v Zn l x v y.
Ta c: 24x + 65y = 9,86 (I)
S mol H
2
SO
4
= 043.1= 0,43 mol
t HX l cng thc tng ng ca H
2
SO
4
---> n
HX
= 2n
H
2
SO
4
= 0,43.2 = 0,86 mol
S mol Ba(OH)
2
= 1,2 . 0,05 = 0,06 mol
S mol NaOH = 0,7 . 1,2 = 0,84 mol
t ROH l cng thc tng ng cho 2 baz cho.
Ta c: n
ROH
= 2n
Ba(OH)
2
+ n
NaOH
= 0,06.2 + 0,84 = 0,96 mol
PTHH xy ra
Gi s hn hp ch cha mnh Zn ---> x = 0.
Vy y = 9,86 : 65 = 0,1517 mol
Gi s hn hp ch Mg ---> y = 0
Vy x = 9,86 : 24 = 0,4108 mol
0,1517 < n
hh kim loi
< 0,4108
V x > 0 v y > 0 nn s mol axit tham gia phn ng vi kim loi l:
0,3034 < 2x + 2y < 0,8216 nhn thy lng axit dng < 0,86 mol.
Vy axit d --> Do Zn v Mg phn ng ht.
Sau khi ho tan ht trong dung dch c.
x mol MgX
2
; y mol ZnX
2
; 0,86 2(x + y) mol HX v 0,43 mol SO
4
.
Cho dung dch tc dng vi dung dch baz.
HX + ROH ---> RX + H
2
O.
0,86 2(x + y) 0,86 2(x + y) mol
MgX
2
+ 2ROH ----> Mg(OH)
2
+ 2RX
x 2x x mol
ZnX
2
+ 2ROH ----> Zn(OH)
2
+ 2RX
y 2y y mol
Ta c n
ROH phn ng
= 0,86 2(x + y) + 2x + 2y = 0,86 mol
Vy n
ROH d
= 0,96 0,86 = 0,1mol


Tip tc c phn ng xy ra:
Zn(OH)
2
+ 2ROH ----> R
2
ZnO
2
+ 2H
2
O
b: y 0,1 mol
P: y
1
2y
1
mol
cn: y y
1
0,1 2y
1
mol
( iu kin: y > y
1
)
Phn ng to kt ta.
Ba(OH)
2
+ H
2
SO
4
---> BaSO
4
+ 2H
2
O
b: 0,06 0,43 0 mol
p: 0,06 0,06 0,06 mol
cn: 0 0,43 0,06 0,06 mol
Nung kt ta.
Mg(OH)
2
-----> MgO + H
2
O
x x mol
Zn(OH)
2
-------> ZnO + H
2
O
y y
1
y y
1
mol
BaSO
4
----> khng b nhit phn hu.
0,06 mol
Ta c: 40x + 81(y y
1
) + 233.0,06 = 26,08
---> 40x + 81(y y
1
) = 12,1 (II)
- Khi y y
1
= 0 ---> y = y
1
ta thy 0,1 2y
1
> 0 ---> y
1
s 0,05
Vy 40x = 12,1 ---> x = 12,1 : 40 = 0,3025 mol
Thay vo (I) ta c y = 0,04 ( y = y
1
s 0,05) ph hp
Vy m
Mg
= 24 . 0,3025 = 7,26g v m
Zn
= 65 . 0,04 = 2,6g
- Khi y y
1
> 0 --> y > y
1
ta c 0,1 2y
1
= 0 (v n
ROH
phn ng ht)
----> y
1
= 0,05 mol, thay vo (II) ta c: 40x + 81y = 16,15.
Gii h phng trnh (I, II) ---> x = 0,38275 v y = 0,01036
Kt qu y < y
1
(khng ph hp vi iu kin y > y
1
) ---> loi.

B- HN HP KIM LOI TC DNG VI NC V BAZ

Bi 1: Ho tan hon ton 17,2g hn hp gm kim loi kim A v oxit ca n vo 1600g nc
c dung dch B. C cn dung dch B c 22,4g hiroxit kim loi khan.
a/ Tm kim loi v thnh phn % theo khi lng mi cht trong hn hp.
b/ Tnh th tch dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,5M cn dng trung ho dung dc B.
Hng dn:
Gi cng thc ca 2 cht cho l A v A
2
O.


a, b ln lt l s mol ca A v A
2
O
Vit PTHH:
Theo phng trnh phn ng ta c:
a.M
A
+ b(2M
A
+ 16) = 17,2 (I)
(a + 2b)(M
A
+ 17) = 22,4 (II)
Ly (II) (I): 17a + 18b = 5,2 (*)
Khi lng trung bnh ca hn hp:
M
TB
= 17,2 : (a + b)
Tng ng: M
TB
= 18.17,2 : 18(a + b).
Nhn thy: 18.17,2 : 18(a + b) < 18.17,2 : 17a + 18b = 18.17,2 : 5,2
---> M
TB
< 59,5
Ta c: M
A
< 59,5 < 2M
A
+ 16 ---> 21,75 < M
A
< 59,5.
Vy A c th l: Na(23) hoc K(39).
Gii h PT ton hc v tnh ton theo yu cu ca bi.
p s:
a/
- Vi A l Na th %Na = 2,67% v %Na
2
O = 97,33%
- Vi A l K th %K = 45,3% v %K
2
O = 54,7%
b/
- TH: A l Na ----> V
dd axit
= 0,56 lit
- TH: A l K -----> V
dd axit
= 0,4 lit.

Bi 2: Ho tan hon ton 3,1g hn hp 2 kim loi kim trong nc thu c dung dch A.
trung ho dung dch A phi dng 50ml dung dch HCl 2M, sau phn ng thu c dung dch B.
a/ Nu c cn dung dch B th s thu c bao nhiu gam hn hp mui khan?
b/ Xc nh 2 kim loi kim trn, bit rng t l s mol ca chng trong hn hp l 1 : 1.
p s:
a/ m
Mui
= 6,65g
b/ 2 kim loi l: Na v K.

Bi 3: Cho 6,2g hn hp 2 kim loi kim thuc 2 chu k lin tip trong bng tun hon phn
ng vi H
2
O d, thu c 2,24 lit kh (ktc) v dung dch A.
a/ Tnh thnh phn % v khi lng tng kim loi trong hn hp ban u.
b/ Sc CO
2
vo dung dch A thu c dung dch B. Cho B phn ng vi BaCl
2
d thu c
19,7g kt ta. Tnh th tch kh CO
2
b hp th.
Hng dn:
a/ t R l KHHH chung cho 2 kim loi kim cho
M
R
l khi lng trung bnh ca 2 kim loi kim A v B, gi s M
A
< M
B

---.> M
A
< M
R
< M
B
.
Vit PTHH xy ra:
Theo phng trnh phn ng:
n
R
= 2n
H
2
= 0,2 mol. ----> M
R
= 6,2 : 0,2 = 31
Theo ra: 2 kim loi ny thuc 2 chu k lin tip, nn 2 kim loi l:
A l Na(23) v B l K(39)


b/ Ta c: n
ROH
= n
R
= 0,2 mol
PTHH xy ra:
CO
2
+ 2ROH ----> R
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
CO
2
+ ROH ---> RHCO
3

Theo bi ra khi cho BaCl
2
vo dung dch B th c kt ta. Nh vy trong B phi c R
2
CO
3
v
trong 2 loi mui trn th BaCl
2
ch phn ng vi R
2
CO
3
m khng phn ng vi RHCO
3
.
BaCl
2
+ R
2
CO
3
----> BaCO
3
+ RCl
---> n
CO
2
= n
R
2
CO
3
= n
BaCO
3
= 19,7 : 197 = 0,1 mol ----> V
CO
2
= 2,24 lt.

Bi 4: Hai kim loi kim A v B c khi lng bng nhau. Cho 17,94g hn hp A v B tan
hon ton trong 500g H
2
O thu c 500ml dung dch C(d = 1,03464g/ml). Tm A v B.

Bi 5: Mt hn hp X gm 2 kim loi A, B thuc 2 chu k lin tip trong bng tun hon, c
khi lng l 8,5g. Cho X phn ng ht vi nc cho ra 3,36 lit kh H
2
(ktc)
a/ Xc nh 2 kim loi v tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u.
b/ Thm vo 8,5g hn hp X trn, 1 kim loi kim th D c hn hp Y, cho Y tc dng vi
nc thu c dung dch E v 4,48 lit kh H
2
(ktc). C cn dung dch E ta c cht rn Z c
khi lng l 22,15g. Xc nh D v khi lng ca D.
p s:
a/ m
Na
= 4,6g v m
K
= 3,9g.
b/ kim loi D l Ba. --> m
Ba
= 6,85g.

Bi 6: Ho tan 23g mt hn hp gm Ba v 2 kim loi kim A, B thuc 2 chu k k tip nhau
trong bng tun hon vo nc thu c dung dch D v 5,6 lit H
2
(ktc).
Nu thm 180ml dung dch Na
2
SO
4
0,5M vo dung dch D th cha kt ta ht c
Ba(OH)
2
. Nu thm 210ml dung dch Na
2
SO
4
0,5M vo dung dch D th dung dch sau phn
ng cn d Na
2
SO
4
. Xc nh 2 kim loi kim trn.
p s: 2 kim loi kim l Na v K.

C- HN HP KIM LOI TC DNG VI DUNG DCH MUI.

Th d 1: Ngm thanh st vo hn hp dung dch gm AgNO
3
v Cu(NO
3
)
2

Phn ng xy ra theo th t nh sau:
* Mui ca kim loi c tnh oxi ho mnh hn s ( Ag
+
> Cu
2+
) tham gia phn ng trc vi
kim loi ( hoc ni cch khc l mui ca kim loi hot ng ho hc yu hn s tham gia phn
ng trc ).
Fe + 2AgNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
2
+ 2Ag
Fe + Cu(NO
3
)
2
Fe(NO
3
)
2
+ Cu
Bi tp p dung:
1/ C 200ml hn hp dung dch gm AgNO
3
0,1M v Cu(NO
3
)
2
0,5M. Thm 2,24g bt Fe
kim loi vo dung dch khuy u ti phn ng hon ton thu c cht rn A v dung dch


B. a/ Tnh s gam cht rn A.
b/Tnh nng mol/lit ca cc mui trong dung dch B, bit rng th tch dung dch khng i.
Hng dn gii
Fe + 2AgNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
2
+ 2Ag ( 1 )
Fe + Cu(NO
3
)
2
Fe(NO
3
)
2
+ Cu ( 2 )
S mol ca cc cht l:
n
Fe = 0,04 mol ;
n
AgNO
3
= 0,02 mol ;
n
Cu(NO
3
)
2
= 0,1 mol
V Ag hot ng ho hc yu hn Cu nn mui ca kim loi Ag s tham gia phn ng vi Fe
trc.
Theo p ( 1 ):
n
Fe ( p ) = 0,01 mol ; Vy sau phn ng ( 1 ) th
n
Fe cn li = 0,03 mol.
Theo (p ( 2 ): ta c
n
Cu(NO
3
)
2
p =
n
Fe cn d = 0,03 mol.
Vy sau p ( 2 ):
n
Cu(NO
3
)
2
cn d l = 0,1 0,03 = 0,07 mol
Cht rn A gm Ag v Cu
m
A
= 0,02 x 108 + 0,03 x 64 = 4,08g
dung dch B gm: 0,04 mol Fe(NO
3
)
2
v 0,07 mol Cu(NO
3
)
2
cn d.
Th tch dung dch khng thay i V = 0,2 lit
Vy nng mol/lit ca dung dch sau cng l:
C
M [ Cu(NO
3
)
2
] d
= 0,35M ; C
M [ Fe (NO
3
)
2
]
= 0,2M
2/ Cho 1,68 g Fe vo 200ml hn hp dung dch gm Cu(NO
3
)
2
0,15M v AgNO
3
0,1M. Sau
khi phn ng kt thc thu c cht rn A v dung dch B.
a/ Tnh khi lng cht rn A.
b/ Tnh nng mol/lit ca dung dch B. Gi s th tch dung dch khng thay i.
/S: a/ m
A
= 3,44g
b/ C
M [ Cu(NO
3
)
2
] d
= 0,05M v C
M [ Fe (NO
3
)
2
]
= 0,15M

Th d 2: Cho hn hp gm bt st v km vo trong cng 1 ng nghim ( 1 l ) cha dung
dch AgNO
3
.
Phn ng xy ra theo th t nh sau:
Kim loi c tnh kh mnh hn s tham gia phn ng trc vi mui.
Zn + 2AgNO
3
Zn(NO
3
)
2
+ 2Ag
Fe + 2AgNO
3

d
Fe(NO
3
)
2
+ 2Ag

Bi tp p dng:
Nhng 2 ming kim loi Zn v Fe cng vo mt ng nghim ng dung dch CuSO
4
, sau mt
thi gian ly 2 ming kim loi ra th trong dung dch nhn c bit nng ca mui Zn gp
2,5 ln mui Fe. ng thi khi lng dung dch sau phn ng gim so vi trc phn ng
0,11g. Gi thit Cu gii phng u bm ht vo cc thanh kim loi. Hy tnh khi lng Cu
bm trn mi thanh.
Hng dn gii:
- Nu khi lng thanh kim loi tng = m
kim lo i giai phong
- m
kim lo ai tan
- Nu khi lng thanh kim loi tng = m
kim lo i tan
- m
kim lo ai giai phong

V Zn hot ng ho hc mnh hn Fe. Nn Zn tham gia phn ng vi mui trc.
Zn + CuSO
4
ZnSO
4
+ Cu (1)
x x x x (mol)
Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu (2)


y y y y (mol)
V khi lng dung dch gim 0,11 g. Tc l khi lng 2 thanh kim loi tng 0,11 g
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c: (160y 152y) + (160x 161x) = 0,11
Hay 8y x = 0,11 (I)
Mt khc: nng mui Zn = 2,5 ln nng mui Fe
* Nu l nng mol/lit th ta c x : y = 2,5 (II) (V th tch dung dch khng i)
* Nu l nng % th ta c 161x : 152y = 2,5 (II)
/
(Khi lng dd chung)
Gii h (I) v (II) ta c: x = 0,02 mol v y = 0,05 mol .
m
Cu
= 3,2 g v m
Zn
= 1,3 g
Gii h (I) v (II)
/
ta c: x = 0,046 mol v y = 0,0195 mol
m
Cu
= 2,944 g v m
Zn
= 1,267 g
PHNG PHP DNG MC SO SNH

Bi ton 1: Nhng 2 kim loi vo cng 1 dung dch mui ca kim loi hot ng ho hc yu
hn (cc kim loi tham gia phn ng phi t Mg tr i).

Trng hp 1: Nu cho 2 kim loi trn vo 2 ng nghim ng cng 1 dung dch mui th lc
ny c 2 kim loi ng thi cng xy ra phn ng.
V d: Cho 2 kim loi l Mg v Fe vo 2 ng nghim cha dung dch CuSO
4

Xy ra ng thi cc phn ng:
Mg + CuSO
4
MgSO
4
+ Cu
Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu
Trng hp 2:
- Nu cho hn hp gm 2 kim loi l: Mg v Fe vo cng mt ng nghim th lc ny xy ra
phn ng theo th t ln lt nh sau:
Mg + CuSO
4
MgSO
4
+ Cu
( 1 )
- Phn ng (1) s dng li khi CuSO
4
tham gia phn ng ht v Mg dng vi lng va
hoc cn d. Lc ny dung dch thu c l MgSO
4
; cht rn thu c l Fe cha tham gia
phn ng Cu va c sinh ra, c th c Mg c d.
- C phn ng (2) xy ra khi CuSO
4
sau khi tham gia phn ng (1) cn d (tc l Mg ht)
Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu
( 2 )

- Sau phn ng (2) c th xy ra cc trng hp l:
+ C Fe v CuSO
4
u ht: dung dch thu c sau 2 phn ng l: MgSO
4
, FeSO
4
; cht rn
thu c l Cu.
+ Fe cn d v CuSO
4
ht: dung dch thu c sau 2 phn ng l: MgSO
4
, FeSO
4
; cht rn
thu c l Cu v c th c Fe d.
+ CuSO
4
cn d v Fe ht: dung dch thu c sau 2 phn ng l : MgSO
4
, FeSO
4
v c th
c CuSO
4
cn d ; cht rn thu c l Cu.
Gii thch: Khi cho 2 kim loi trn vo cng 1 ng nghim cha mui ca kim loi hot ng
ho hc yu hn th kim loi no hot ng ho hc mnh hn s tham gia phn ng trc vi
mui theo quy c sau:
Kim loi mnh + Mui ca kim loi yu hn Mui ca kim loi mnh hn +
Kim loi yu


Trng hp ngoi l:
Fe
( r )
+ 2FeCl
3

( dd )
3FeCl
2 ( dd )

Cu
( r )
+ 2FeCl
3

( dd )
2FeCl
2 ( dd )
+ CuCl
2 ( dd )

Bi ton 2: Cho hn hp (hoc hp kim) gm Mg v Fe vo hn hp dung dch mui ca 2 kim
loi yu hn. (cc kim loi tham gia phn ng phi t Mg tr i)

Bi 1: Cho hp kim gm Fe v Mg vo hn hp dung dch gm AgNO
3
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
thu c
dung dch A v cht rn B.
a/ C th xy ra nhng phn ng no?
b/ Dung dch A c th c nhng mui no v cht rn B c nhng kim loi no? Hy bin lun
v vit cc phn ng xy ra.
Hng dn
cu a.
Do Mg hot ng ho hc mnh hn Fe nn Mg s tham gia phn ng trc.
V Ion Ag
+
c tnh oxi ho mnh hn ion Cu
2+

nn mui AgNO
3
s tham gia phn ng
trc.
Tun theo quy lut:
Cht kh mnh + cht Oxi ho mnh Cht Oxi ho yu + cht kh yu.
Nn c cc phn ng.
Mg + 2AgNO
3
Mg(NO
3
)
2
+ 2Ag (1)
Mg + Cu(NO
3
)
2
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ Cu (2)
Fe + 2AgNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
2
+ 2Ag (3)
Fe + Cu(NO
3
)
2
Fe(NO
3
)
2
+ Cu (4)
Cu b

C cc trng hp c th xy ra nh sau.

Trng hp 1: Kim loi d, mui ht
* iu kin chung
- dung dch A khng c: AgNO
3
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
- cht rn B c Ag v Cu.
- Nu Mg d th Fe cha tham gia phn ng nn dung dch A ch c Mg(NO
3
)
2
v cht rn
B cha Mg d, Fe, Ag, Cu.
- Nu Mg phn ng va ht vi hn hp dung dch trn v Fe cha phn ng th dung dch
A ch c Mg(NO
3
)
2
v cht rn B cha Fe, Ag, Cu.
- Mg ht, Fe phn ng mt phn vn cn d (tc l hn hp dung dch ht) th dung dch A
cha Mg(NO
3
)
2
, Fe(NO
3
)
2
v cht rn B cha Fe d, Ag, Cu.

Trng hp 2: Kim loi v mui phn ng va ht.
- Dung dch A: Mg(NO
3
)
2
, Fe(NO
3
)
2

- Cht rn B: Ag, Cu.


Trng hp 3: Mui d, 2 kim loi phn ng ht.
* iu kin chung
- Dung dch A chc chn c: Mg(NO
3
)
2
, Fe(NO
3
)
2

- Kt ta B khng c: Mg, Fe.
- Nu AgNO
3
d v Cu(NO
3
)
2
cha phn ng: th dung dch A cha AgNO
3
, Cu(NO
3
)
2
,
Mg(NO
3
)
2
, Fe(NO
3
)
2
v cht rn B ch c Ag.(duy nht)
- Nu AgNO
3
phn ng va ht v Cu(NO
3
)
2
cha phn ng: th dung dch A cha
Cu(NO
3
)
2
, Mg(NO
3
)
2
, Fe(NO
3
)
2
v cht rn B ch c Ag.(duy nht)
- AgNO
3
ht v Cu(NO
3
)
2
phn ng mt phn vn cn d: th dung dch A cha Cu(NO
3
)
2
d Mg(NO
3
)
2
, Fe(NO
3
)
2
v cht rn B ch c Ag, Cu.

Bi tp: Mt thanh kim loi M ho tr II c nhng vo trong 1 lit dung dch CuSO
4
0,5M.
Sau mt thi gian ly thanh M ra v cn li, thy khi lng ca thanh tng 1,6g, nng
CuSO
4
gim cn bng 0,3M.
a/ Xc nh kim loi M
b/ Ly thanh M c khi lng ban u bng 8,4g nhng vo hh dung dch cha AgNO
3
0,2M
v CuSO
4
0,1M. Thanh M c tan ht khng? Tnh khi lng cht rn A thu c sau phn ng
v nng mol/lit cc cht c trong dung dch B (gi s th tch dung dch khng thay i)
Hng dn gii:
a/ M l Fe.
b/ s mol Fe = 0,15 mol; s mol AgNO
3
= 0,2 mol; s mol CuSO
4
= 0,1 mol.

(cht kh Fe Cu
2+
Ag
+
(cht oxh mnh)

0,15 0,1 0,2 ( mol )
Ag
+
C Tnh o xi ho mnh hn Cu
2+
nn mui AgNO
3
PTHH :
Fe + 2AgNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
2
+ 2Ag (1)
Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu (2)
Theo bi ra ta thy, sau phn ng (1) th Ag NO
3
phn ng ht v Fe cn d: 0,05 mol
Sau phn ng (2) Fe tan ht v cn d CuSO
4
l: 0,05 mol
Dung dch thu c sau cng l: c 0,1 mol Fe(NO
3
)
2
; 0,05 mol FeSO
4
v 0,05 mol CuSO
4 d

Cht rn A l: c 0,2 mol Ag v 0,05 mol Cu
m
A
= 24,8 g
V th tch dung dch khng thay i nn V = 1 lit
Vy nng ca cc cht sau phn ng l :
C
M [ Fe (NO
3
)
2
]
= 0,1M ; C
M [ CuSO
4
] d
= 0,05M ; C
M [ Fe SO
4
]
= 0,05M

Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Nhng mt thanh kim loi M ho tr II vo 0,5 lit dd CuSO
4
0,2M. Sau mt thi gian
phn ng, khi lng thanh M tng ln 0,40 g trong khi nng CuSO
4
cn li l 0,1M.
a/ Xc nh kim loi M.
b/ Ly m(g) kim loi M cho vo 1 lit dd cha AgNO
3
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
, nng mi mui l 0,1M.
Sau phn ng ta thu c cht rn A khi lng 15,28g v dd B. Tnh m(g)?


Hng dn gii:
a/ theo bi ra ta c PTHH .
Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu (1)
S mol Cu(NO
3
)
2
tham gia phn ng (1) l: 0,5 (0,2 0,1) = 0,05 mol
tng khi lng ca M l:
m
tng
= m
kl gp
- m
kl tan
= 0,05 (64 M) = 0,40
gii ra: M = 56, vy M l Fe
b/ ta ch bit s mol ca AgNO
3
v s mol ca Cu(NO
3
)
2
. Nhng khng bit s mol ca Fe
(cht kh Fe Cu
2+
Ag
+
(cht oxh mnh)

0,1 0,1 ( mol )
Ag
+
C Tnh oxi ho mnh hn Cu
2+
nn mui AgNO
3
PTHH:
Fe + 2AgNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
2
+ 2Ag (1)
Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu (2)
Ta c 2 mc so snh:
- Nu va xong phn ng (1): Ag kt ta ht, Fe tan ht, Cu(NO
3
)
2
cha phn ng.
Cht rn A l Ag th ta c: m
A
= 0,1 x 108 = 10,8 g
- Nu va xong c phn ng (1) v (2) th khi cht rn A gm: 0,1 mol Ag v 0,1 mol Cu
m
A
= 0,1 ( 108 + 64 ) = 17,2 g
theo cho m
A
= 15,28 g ta c: 10,8 < 15,28 < 17,2
vy AgNO
3
phn ng ht, Cu(NO
3
)
2
phn ng mt phn v Fe tan ht.
m
Cu
to ra = m
A
m
Ag
= 15,28 10,80 = 4,48 g. Vy s mol ca Cu = 0,07 mol.
Tng s mol Fe tham gia c 2 phn ng l: 0,05
( p 1 )
+ 0,07
( p 2 )
= 0,12 mol
Khi lng Fe ban u l: 6,72g

Bi 2: Cho 8,3 g hn hp gm Al v Fe c s mol bng nhau vo 100ml hn hp dung dch
cha AgNO
3
2M v Cu(NO
3
)
2
1,5M. Xc nh kim loi c gii phng, khi lng l bao
nhiu?
/S: m
rn
= m
Ag
+ m
Cu
= 0,2 . 108 + 0,15 . 64 = 31,2 g

Bi 3: Mt thanh kim loi M ho tr II nhng vo 1 lt dd FeSO
4
, thy khi lng M tng ln
16g. Nu nhng cng thanh kim loi y vo 1 lit dd CuSO
4
th thy khi lng thanh kim loi
tng ln 20g. Bit rng cc phn ng ni trn u xy ra hon ton v sau phn ng cn d
kim loi M, 2 dd FeSO
4
v CuSO
4
c cng nng mol ban u.
a/ Tnh nng mol/lit ca mi dd v xc nh kim loi M.
b/ Nu khi lng ban u ca thanh kim loi M l 24g, chng t rng sau phn ng vi mi dd
trn cn d M. Tnh khi lng kim loi sau 2 phn ng trn.
HDG:
a/ V th tch dung dch khng thay i, m 2 dd li c nng bng nhau. Nn chng c cng
s mol. Gi x l s mol ca FeSO
4
(cng chnh l s mol ca CuSO
4
)
Lp PT ton hc v gii: M l Mg, nng mol/lit ca 2 dd ban u l: 0,5 M
b/ Vi FeSO
4
th khi lng thanh Mg sau phn ng l: 40g
Vi CuSO
4
th khi lng thanh Mg sau phn ng l: 44g


CHUYN 12:
BI TON HN HP MUI
Cc bi ton vn dng s mol trung bnh v xc nh khong s mol ca cht.
M
TB
=
V
V M V M
4 , 22
2 1 2 1
+

M
TB
=
V
V M V M
2 2 1 1
+

Hoc: M
TB
=
n
n n M n M ) (
1 2 1 1
+
Hoc: M
TB
=
1
) 1 (
1 2 1 1
x M x M +
(x
1
l % ca kh th nht)

Hoc: M
TB
= d
hh/kh x
. M
x

TB ca hh
=
hh
hh
n
m

Tnh cht 1:
M
TB ca hh
Tnh cht 2:
M
TB ca hh
nht v ln nht.
M
min
< n
hh
< M
max

Tnh cht 3:
A
< M
B
B
B
M
m
< n
hh
<
A
A
M
m

Lu :
- Vi M
A
< M
B
n
A
=
A
hh
M
m
> n
hh
=
hh
hh
M
m

B
- Vi M
A
< M
B


n
B
=
B
hh
M
m
< n
hh
=
hh
hh
M
m


A- TON HN HP MUI CACBONAT

Bi 1: Cho 5,68g hn hp gm CaCO
3
v MgCO
3
ho tan vo dung dch HCl d, kh CO
2
thu
c cho hp th hon ton bi 50ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,9M to ra 5,91g kt ta. Tnh khi
lng v thnh phn % theo khi lng mi mui trong hn hp.
p s: m
MgCO
3
= 1,68g v m
CaCO
3
= 4g

Bi 2: Ho tan hon ton 27,4g hn hp gm M
2
CO
3
v MHCO
3
(M l kim loi kim) bng
500ml dung dch HCl 1M thy thot ra 6,72 lit kh CO
2
(ktc). trung ho axit d phi dng
50ml dung dch NaOH 2M.
a/ Xc nh 2 mui ban u.
b/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi mui trong hn hp ban u.
p s:
a/ M l Na ---> 2 mui l Na
2
CO
3
v NaHCO
3

b/ %Na
2
CO
3
= 38,6% v %NaHCO
3

Bi 3: Ho tan 8g hn hp A gm K
2
CO
3
v MgCO
3
vo dung dch H
2
SO
4
d, kh sinh ra c
sc vo 300ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,2M, thu c m(g) kt ta.
Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi mui trong hn hp A m t gi tr cc tiu(nh
nht) v cc i(ln nht).
p s:
- Khi lng kt ta l cc tiu(nh nht) khi CO
2
l cc i. Tc l %K
2
CO
3
= 0% v
%MgCO
3
= 100%.
- Khi lng kt ta l cc i(ln nht) khi
n
CO
2
=
n
Ba(OH)
2
= 0,06 mol. Tc l %K
2
CO
3

= 94,76% v %MgCO
3
= 5,24%.

Bi 4: Cho 4,2g mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr II. Ho tan vo dung dch HCl d, th c kh
thot ra. Ton b lng kh c hp th vo 100ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,46M thu c
8,274g kt ta. Tm cng thc ca mui v kim loi ho tr II.
p s:
- TH
1
khi Ba(OH)
2
d, th cng thc ca mui l: CaCO
3
v kim loi ho tr II l Ca.
- TH
2
khi Ba(OH)
2
thiu, th cng thc ca mui l MgCO
3
v kim loi ho tr II l Mg.

Bi 5: Ho tan ht 4,52g hn hp gm 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi A, B k tip nhu trong
phn nhm chnh nhm II bng 200ml dung dch HCl 0,5M. Sau phn ng thu c dung dch
C v 1,12 lit kh D (ktc).
a/ Xc nh 2 kim loi A, B.
b/ Tnh tng khi lng ca mui to thnh trong dung dch C.


c/ Ton b lng kh D thu c trn c hp th hon ton bi 200ml dung dch
Ba(OH)
2
. Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch Ba(OH)
2
:
- Thu c 1,97g kt ta.
- Thu c lng kt ta ln nht, nh nht.
p s:
a/ 2 kim loi l Mg v Ca
b/ m
mui
= 5,07g
c/ - TH
1
: 0,15M
- TH
2
: khi kt ta thu c ln nht l 0,25M.
- TH
3
: khi kt ta thu c nh nht l 0,125M.

Bi 6: Cho 10,8g hn hp gm 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi k tip nhau trong phn nhm
chnh nhm II tc dng vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
long d, thu c 23,64g kt ta. Tm cng thc
ca 2 mui trn v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca mi mui trong hn hp ban u.
%MgCO
3
= 58,33% v %CaCO
3
= 41,67%.

Bi 7: Ho tan hn hp Na
2
CO
3
v KHCO
3
vo nc thnh 400 ml dung dch A. Cho t t 100
ml dung dch HCl 1,5M vo dung dch A ng thi khuy u, khi phn ng kt thc ta c
dung dch B v 1,008 lt kh ( ktc). Cho dung dch B tc dng vi dung dch Ba(OH)
2
d
c 29,55g kt ta. Tnh khi lng cc cht c trong hn hp ban u. Nu cho t t dung
dch A vo bnh ng 100 ml dung dch HCl 1,5M th thu c th tch kh thot ra ( ktc) l
bao nhiu?
HDG:
a, t x, y ln lt l s mol ca 2 mui Na
2
CO
3
v KHCO
3
(x, y > 0)
Ta c PTP:
Giai on 1: NaCO
3
+ HCl NaCl + NaHCO
3

( 1 )

Mol: x x x x
Nh vy: ) (
3
mol y x HCO
n
+ =
; Theo PT (1) th
n
NaHCO
3
=
n
Na
2
CO
3
= x (mol)
Gi a, b l s mol ca HCO
3

tham gia phn ng vi dung dch HCl v dung dch Ba(OH)

2

Giai on 2: HCO
3

+ HCl

Cl
+ H
2
O + CO
2

( 2 )

Mol: a a a a
Theo bi ra:
n
HCl = 0,1.1,5 = 0,15 ( mol )

n
HCl
( P 2 )
=
n
CO
2
= a =
4 , 22
008 , 1
= 0,045 ( mol )
n
Na
2
CO
3

( b )
=
n
HCl
( P 1 )
= 0,15 0,045 = 0,105 (mol)
Sau phn ng (1) th ton b Na
2
CO
3
chuyn thnh NaHCO
3
. Khi cho dung dch B tc dng
vi dung dch Ba(OH)
2
d xy ra phn ng sau:
HCO
3

+ Ba(OH)
2
BaCO
3
+ OH
+ H
2
O
( 3 )

Mol : b b b b

n
BaCO
3
= b =
197
55 , 29
= 0,15 ( mol )
Vy
n
HCO
3

( P )
= a + b = x + y = 0,045 + 0,15 = 0,195 (mol)
n
KHCO
3

( b )
= 0,195 0,105 = 0,09 (mol)
Khi lng ca mi cht trong hn hp ban u:


m
Na
2
CO
3
= 0,105 . 106 = 11,13g
m
KHCO
3
= 0,09 . 100 = 9g
b/ Khi cho dung dch A vo bnh cha dung dch HCl 1,5M th xy ra phn ng
*Nu c 2 phn ng xy ra ng thi th ta thy phng trnh (4) nu gii phng 1 mol kh
CO
2
cn 2 mol HCl ,gp i s mol HCl dng cho phn ng (5).
t z l s mol HCl tham gia phn ng (5); th s mol HCl tham gia phn ng (4) l 2z (mol)
Na
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl NaCl + H
2
O + CO
2

( 4 )

KHCO
3
+ HCl KCl + H
2
O

+ CO
2

( 5 )

Theo PTP ta c: 2z + z = 0,1.1,5 = 0,15 (mol) z = 0,05 ( mol ). S mol CO
2
thot ra l:
0,1 ( mol )
*Nu phn ng ( 4 ) xy ra trc: ta c 2z = 0,15 ( mol ) z = 0,075 (mol); m s mol ca
Na
2
CO
3
= 0,105( mol ) > 0,075.Vy nn axt phi phn ng ht,nn s mol kh CO
2
thot ra l
0,075 (mol)
*Nu phn ng (5) xy ra trc: ta c z = 0,09 ( mol ) z = 0,09 (mol); m s mol ca HCl
= 0,15 (mol).Vy s mol HCl cn d = 0,15 0,09 = 0,06 (mol) s tip tc tham gia phn ng
(4) .Khi 2z = 0,06 (mol) z = 0,03 (mol). Vy tng s mol CO
2
thot ra l:
n
CO
2
= 0,09 + 0,03 = 0,12 (mol)
kt hp cc d kin ta c: 0,075 ( mol ) <
n
CO
2
< 0,12(mol)
Hay 1,68 ( lt ) < V
CO
2
< 2,688 (lt)

Bi 8: Cho 28,1g qung lmt gm MgCO
3
; BaCO
3
(%MgCO
3
= a%) vo dung dch HCl d
thu c V (lt) CO
2
( ktc).
a/ Xc nh V (lt).
b/ Sc V (lt) CO
2
va thu c vo dung dch nc vi trong. Tnh khi lng kt ta ti a
thu c bit s mol Ca(OH)
2
= 0,2 (mol) v khi lng ca mi cht c trong hn hp ban
u.
Hng dn:
a/ Theo bi ra ta c PTHH:
MgCO
3
+ 2HCl MgCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2
(1)
x(mol) x(mol)
BaCO
3
+ 2HCl BaCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2
(2)
y(mol) y(mol)
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ + H
2
O (3)
0,2(mol) 0,2(mol) 0,2(mol)
CO
2
+ CaCO
3
+ H
2
O Ca(HCO
3
)
2
(4)
Gi s hn hp ch c MgCO
3
.Vy
m
BaCO
3
= 0
S mol:
n
MgCO
3
=
84
1 , 28
= 0,3345 (mol)
Nu hn hp ch ton l BaCO
3
th
m
MgCO
3
= 0
S mol:
n
BaCO
3
=
197
1 , 28
= 0,143 (mol)
Theo PT (1) v (2) ta c s mol CO
2
gii phng l:
0,143 (mol) s
n
CO
2
s 0,3345 (mol)
Vy th tch kh CO
2
thu c ktc l: 3,2 (lt) s V
CO
2
s 7,49 (lt)


b/ Khi lng kt ta thu c l:
*Nu s mol ca CO
2
l: 0,143 ( mol ), th ch c PTP (3) xy ra v d Ca(OH)
2
, theo PTP
th
n
CaCO
3
=
n
CO
2
= 0,143 (mol).
Vy khi lng kt ta thu c l:
m
CaCO
3
= 0,143 . 100 = 1,43g
*Nu s mol ca CO
2
l: 0,3345 (mol), th c c P (3) v (4), theo PTP ta c: S mol CO
2

tham gia P (3) l:
n
CO
2
=
n
Ca(OH)
2
= 0,2 (mol). Vy s mol CO
2
d l: 0,3345 0,2 =
0,1345 (mol). Tip tc tham gia P (4) khi :
S mol ca CaCO
3
to ra (3) l:
n
CaCO
3
=
n
Ca(OH)
2
= 0,2 (mol).
S mol ca CaCO
3
P (4) l:
n
CaCO
3
=
n
CO
2 ( d )
= 0,1345 (mol)
Vy sau P (4) s mol ca CaCO
3
cn li l: 0,2 0,1345 = 0,0655 (mol)
Khi lng kt ta thu c l:
m
CaCO
3
= 0,0655 . 100 = 6,55g
* thu c kt ta ti a th
n
CO
2
=
n
Ca(OH)
2
= 0,2 (mol).
Vy
n
CaCO
3
=
n
Ca(OH)
2
= 0,2(mol)
Khi lng ca CaCO
3
l:
m
CaCO
3
= 0,2 . 100 = 20g
t x,y ln lt l s mol ca MgCO
3
v BaCO
3

Theo bi ra v PT (3) ta c:
x + y = 0,2 (*) x = 0,1(mol)
Gii h PT (*) v (**) ta c:
84x + 197y = 28,1 (**) y = 0,1(mol)
Vy khi lng ca mi cht c trong hn hp ban u l:
m
MgCO
3
= 0,1 . 84 = 8,4g
m
BaCO
3
= 0,1 .197 = 19,7g

Bi 9: Khi thm t t v khuy u 0,8 lit dd HCl 0,5 M vo dd cha 35g hn hp A gm 2
mui Na
2
CO
3
v K
2
CO
3
th c 2,24 lit kh CO
2
thot ra ( ktc) v dd D. Thm dd Ca(OH)
2
c
d vo dd D thu c kt ta B.
a/ Tnh khi lng mi mui trong hn hp A v khi lng kt ta B.
b/ Thm m (g) NaHCO
3
vo hn hp A c hn hp A
/
. Tin hnh th nghim tng t nh
trn, th tch dd HCl 0,5M thm vo vn l 0,8 lit, dd thu c l dd D
/
. Khi thm Ca(OH)
2
d
vo dd D
/
c kt ta B
/
nng 30 g. Tnh V (lit) kh CO
2
thot ra ( ktc) v m (g).
Hng dn gii:
Gi x, y ln lt l s mol ca Na
2
CO
3
v K
2
CO
3
.
Theo bi ra: S mol HCl = 0,4 mol
Giai on 1:
HCl + Na
2
CO
3
NaHCO
3
+ NaCl (1)
HCl + K
2
CO
3
KHCO
3
+ KCl (2)
Sau phn ng (1 v 2) S mol HCl cn li l: 0,4 (x + y) tip tc tham gia phn ng
Giai on 2:
HCl + NaHCO
3
NaCl + H
2
O + CO
2
(3)
HCl + KHCO
3
KCl + H
2
O + CO
2
(4)
Theo bi ra ta c: S mol CO
2
= 0,1 mol.
Theo PTP ( 3 v 4 ) th: S mol HCl
( p )
= S mol CO
2
= 0,1 mol.
Khi thm dd Ca(OH)
2
d vo dd D thu c kt ta B , chng t HCl tham gia phn ng ht.
Trong D ch cha Mui clo rua v mui hir cacbonat (cn li sau phn ng 3 v 4)


Theo PTP:
NaHCO
3
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ NaOH + H
2
O (5)
KHCO
3
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ KOH + H
2
O (6)
T cc PT (1, 2, 3, 4) ta c: x + y = 0,3 (I)
Theo bi ra ta c: 106 x + 138 y = 35 (II)
Gii h PT (I) v (II): ta c x = 0,2 ; y = 0,1.
Khi lng ca cc cht trong hn hp ban u l: m
Na
2
CO
3
= 21,2 g ; m
K
2
CO
3
= 13,8 g
Theo PT (5,6) S mol CaCO
3
= S mol (NaKHO
3
+ KHCO
3
) cn li sau phn ng (3,4)
Theo PT (3,4) S mol NaHCO
3
+ KHCO
3
phn ng = S mol CO
2
gii phng = 0,1 mol
Vy s mol NaHCO
3
+ KHCO
3
cn li l: 0,3 0,1 = 0,2 mol
Khi lng CaCO
3
to thnh l: 0,2 x 100 = 20 g
b/ khi thm m(g) NaHCO
3
vo hn hp A
giai on 1: ch c Na
2
CO
3
v K
2
CO
3
phn ng nn s mol ca HCl vn l: x + y = 0,3 mol
s mol HCl phn ng giai on 2 vn l: 0,1 mol
Do s mol CO
2
vn l 0,1 mol. Vy V
CO
2
= 0,1 x 22,4 = 2,24 lit
Nu gi s mol ca NaHCO
3
thm vo l b (mol)
Th tng s mol NaHCO
3
+ KHCO
3
cn li sau giai on 2 l: (0,2 + b) mol
Theo bi ra ta c: 0,2 + b = 30 : 100 = 0,3. Vy b = 0,1 (mol)
Khi lng NaHCO
3
thm vo l: 0,1 x 84 = 8,4 g

Bi 10: Cho 38,2g hn hp gm 2 mui cacbonat trung ho ca 2 kim loi ho tr I tc dng
va vi dung dch axit HCl th thu c 6,72 lit CO
2
(ktc).
a/ Tm tng khi lng 2 mui thu c sau phn ng.
b/ Tm 2 kim loi trn, bit 2 kim loi ny lin tip nhau trong phn nhm chnh nhm I.
p s:
a/ m
hh mui
= 41,5g.
b/ 2 kim loi trn l Na v K.

Bi 11: Mt hn hp X gm Na
2
CO
3
v K
2
CO
3
c khi lng l 10,5g. Khi cho hn hp X tc
dng vi HCl d th thu c 2,016 lit kh CO
2
(ktc).
a/ Xc nh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca hn hp X.
b/ Ly 21g hn hp X vi thnh phn nh trn cho tc dng vi dung dch HCl va (khng
c kh thot ra). Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 2M cn dng.
p s:
a/ %Na
2
CO
3
= 60,57% v %K
2
CO
3
= 39,43%.

Bi 12: Cho 7,2g hn hp A gm 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi k tip nhau trong phn nhm
chnh nhm II. Cho A ho tan ht trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
long thu c kh B, cho ton b kh
B hp th ht bi 450ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,2M thu c 15,76g kt ta. Xc nh 2 mui
cacbonat v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca chng tronh hn hp.
p s:
TH
1
: Ba(OH)
2
d --> 2 mui l: MgCO
3
v CaCO
3

%MgCO
3
= 58,33% v %CaCO
3
= 41,67%
TH
2
: Ba(OH)
2
thiu --> 2 mui l: MgCO
3
v BeCO
3


%MgCO
3
= 23,33% v %BeCO
3
= 76,67%

Bi 13: Cho 9,2g hn hp A gm 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi k tip nhau trong phn nhm
chnh nhm II. Ho tan hon ton hn hp a trong dung dch HCl thu c kh B, cho ton b
kh B hp th ht bi 550ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,2M thu c 19,7g kt ta. Xc nh 2 mui
cacbonat v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca chng trong hn hp u.
p s:
TH
1
: Ba(OH)
2
d --> 2 mui l: MgCO
3
v CaCO
3

%MgCO
3
= 45,65% v %CaCO
3
= 54,35%
TH
2
: Ba(OH)
2
thiu --> 2 mui l: MgCO
3
v BeCO
3

%MgCO
3
= 44% v %BeCO
3
= 56%

Bi 14: Mt hn hp X gm 2 kim loi A, B thuc 2 chu k lin tip trong bng tun hon, c
khi lng l 8,5g. Cho X phn ng ht vi nc cho ra 3,36 lit kh H
2
(ktc)
a/ Xc nh 2 kim loi v tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u.
b/ Thm vo 8,5g hn hp X trn, 1 kim loi kim th D c hn hp Y, cho Y tc dng vi
nc thu c dung dch E v 4,48 lit kh H
2
(ktc). C cn dung dch E ta c cht rn Z c
khi lng l 22,15g. Xc nh D v khi lng ca D.
c/ trung ho dung dch E trn cn bao nhiu lt dung dch F cha HCl 0,2M v H
2
SO
4

0,1M. Tnh khi lng kt ta thu c.
p s:
a/ m
Na
= 4,6g v m
K
= 3,9g.
b/ kim loi D l Ba. --> m
Ba
= 6,85g.
c/ S mol BaSO
4
= s mol Ba(OH)
2
= s mol Ba = 0,05mol.
---> khi lng ca BaSO
4
= 0,05 . 233 = 11,65g.

Bi 15: Ho tan 23g mt hn hp gm Ba v 2 kim loi kim A, B thuc 2 chu k k tip nhau
trong bng tun hon vo nc thu c dung dch D v 5,6 lit H
2
(ktc).
a/ Nu trung ho 1/2 dung dch D cn bao nhiu ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,5M? C cn dung dch
thu c sau khi trung ho th c bao nhiu gam mui khan?
b/ Nu thm 180ml dung dch Na
2
SO
4
0,5M vo dung dch D th cha kt ta ht c
Ba(OH)
2
. Nu thm 210ml dung dch Na
2
SO
4
0,5M vo dung dch D th dung dch sau phn
ng cn d Na
2
SO
4
. Xc nh 2 kim loi kim trn.
p s:
a/ m
hh mui
= 23,75g
b/ 2 kim loi kim l Na v K.

B- TON HN HP MUI HALOGEN.

Cn nh:
- halogen ng trn y c halogen ng di ra khi mui.
- Tt c halogen u tan tr: AgCl, AgBr, AgI.
- Hin nhin: AgF tan.


Bi 1: Mt hn hp 3 mui NaF, NaCl, NaBr nng 4,82g. Ho tan hon ton trong nc c
dung dch A. Sc kh Cl
2
vo dung dch A ri c cn, thu c 3,93g mui khan. Ly mt na
lng mui khan ny ho tan trong nc ri cho phn ng vi dung dch AgNO
3
d, thu c
4,305g kt ta. Vit cc phn ng xy ra v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi mui trong
hn hp ban u.
Hng dn:
PTHH xy ra:
Cl
2
+ 2NaBr ---> 2NaCl + Br
2
(1)
z z mol
T PT (1) --> Trong 3,93g hn hp c cha x(mol) NaF v (y + z) mol NaCl.
Phn ng to kt ta:
AgNO
3
+ NaCl ----> NaNO
3
+ AgCl (2)

2
z y +

2
z y +
mol
Ta c h PT.
m
mui ban u
= 42x + 58,5y + 103z = 4,82 (I)
m
mui khan
= 42x + 58,5(y + z) = 3,93 (II)
S mol AgCl =
2
z y +
= 4,305 : 143,5 = 0,03 (III)
Gii h 3 phng trnh: x = 0,01, y = 0,04, z = 0,02
---> %NaCl = 48,5%; %NaBr = 42,7% v %NaF = 8,8%.

Bi 2: Dung dch A c cha 2 mui l AgNO
3
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
, trong nng ca AgNO
3
l
1M. Cho 500ml dung dch A tc dng vi 24,05g mui gm KI v KCl, to ra c 37,85g kt
ta v dung dch B. Ngm mt thanh km vo trong dung dch B. Sau khi phn ng kt thc
nhn thy khi lng thanh kim loi km tng thm 22,15g.
a/ Xc nh thnh phn % theo s mol ca mui KI v KCl.
b/ Tnh khi lng Cu(NO
3
)
2
trong 500ml dung dch A.
p s:
a/ n
KI
= n
KCl
---> %n
KI
= %n
KCl
= 50%.
b/ S mol Cu(NO
3
)
2
= 0,5 mol ----> khi lng Cu(NO
3
)
2
= 94g.

Bi 3: Ho tan 5,94g hn hp 2 mui clorua ca 2 kim loi A v B( A, B l 2 kim loi thuc
phn nhm chnh nhm II) vo nc, c 100ml dung dch X. Ngi ta cho dung dch X tc
dng va vi dung dch AgNO
3
th thu c 17,22g kt ta. Lc kt ta thu c dung dch
Y c th tch l 200ml. C cn dung dch Y thu c m(g) hn hp mui khan.
a/ Tnh m?
b/ Xc nh CTHH ca 2 mui clorua. Bit t l KLNT A so vi B l 5 : 3 v trong mui ban
u c t l s phn t A i vi s phn t mui B l 1 : 3.
c/ Tnh nng mol/l ca cc mui trong dung dch X.
Hng dn:
Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
t x, y l s mol ca mui ACl
2
v BCl
2

Ta c: (M
A
+ 71).x + (M
B
+ 71)y = 5,94


S mol AgCl to ra = 2(x + y) = 17,22 : 143,5 = 0,12 mol ---> x + y = 0,06.
----> xM
A
+ yM
B
= 1,68
dd Y thu c gm x mol A(NO
3
)
2
v y mol B(NO
3
)
2
---> mui khan.
(M
A
+ 124)x + (M
B
+ 124)y = m
Thay cc gi tr ta c: m = 9,12g
b/ theo bi ra ta c:
M
A
: M
B
= 5 : 3
x : y = n
A
: n
B
= 1 : 3
x + y = 0,06
xM
A
+ yM
B
= 1,68
Gii h phng trnh ta c: M
A
= 40 v M
B
= 24.
Nng mol/l ca cc dung dch l:
C
M
(CaCl
2
) = 0,15M v C
M
(BaCl
2
) = 0,45M.

Bi 4: Chia 8,84 gam hn hp MCl v BaCl
2
thnh 2 phn bng nhau. Ho tan phn 1 vo nc
ri cho phn ng vi AgNO
3
d thu c 8,61g kt ta. em in phn nng chy phn 2 n
hon ton thu c V lit kh X ktc. Bit s mol MCl chim 80% s mol trong hn hp ban
u.
a/ Xc nh kim loi M v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi cht trong hn hp u.
b/ Tnh V?
Hng dn:
Gi s mol MCl v BaCl
2
trong 8,84g hn hp l 2x v 2y (mol)
Cc PTHH xy ra:
MCl + AgNO
3
---> AgCl + MNO
3

BaCl
2
+ 2AgNO
3
----> Ba(NO
3
)
2
+ 2AgCl
Phn 2:
2MCl -----> 2M + Cl
2

BaCl
2
------> Ba + Cl
2

Ta c: n
AgCl
= x + 2y = 8,61 : 143,5 = 0,06 mol
---> n
Cl
2
= (x + 2y) : 2 = 0,03 mol
Vy th tch kh Cl
2
thu c ktc l:
V = 0,03 . 22,4 = 0,672 lit
- V MCl chim 80% tng s mol nn ta c: x = 4y ---> x = 0,04 v y = 0,01.
m
hh X
= (M + 35,5).2x + (137 + 71).2y = 8,84 ---> M = 23 v M c ho tr I, M l Na.
%NaCl = 52,94% v %BaCl
2
= 47,06%.

Bi 5: Mt hp cht ho hc c to thnh t kim loi ho tr II v phi kim ho tr I. Ho tan
9,2g hp cht ny vo nc c 100ml dung dch. Chia dung dch ny thnh 2 phn bng
nhau. Thm mt lng d dung dch AgNO
3
vo phn 1, thy to ra 9,4g kt ta. Thm mt
lng d dung dch Na
2
CO
3
vo phn 2, thu c 2,1g kt ta.
a/ Tm cng thc ho hc ca hp cht ban u.
b/ Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch pha ch.
Hng dn.
- t R l KHHH ca kim loi ho tr II v X l KHHH ca phi kim c ho tr I


- Ta c CTHH ca hp cht l: RX
2

- t 2a l s mol ca hp cht RX
2
ban u.
Ta c: 2a(M
R
+ 2M
X
) = 9,2 (g) ----> a.M
R
+ 2.a.M
X
= 4,6 (I)
- Vit cc PTHH xy ra:
- Phn 1: 2a(M
Ag
+ M
X
) = 216.a + 2.a.M
X
= 9,4 (II)
Hay 2.a.M
Ag
- a.M
R
= 216.a - a.M
R
= 9,4 4,6 = 4,8 (*)
- Phn 2: a(M
R
+ M
CO
3
) = a.M
R
+ 60.a = 2,1 (III)
Hay 2.a.M
X
- a.M
CO
3
= 2.a.M
X
60.a = 4,6 2,1 = 2,5 (**)
T (*) v (III) ---> 216.a + 60.a = 4,8 + 2,1 = 6,9 ---> a = 0,025.
Thay a = 0,025 vo (III) ---> M
R
= 24. Vy R l Mg
Thay vo (I) ---> M
X
= 80. Vy X l Br.
CTHH ca hp cht: MgBr
2

p s:
a/ Cng thc ho hc ca hp cht l MgBr
2

b/ Nng dung dch MgBr
2
l 0,5M.

Bi 6: Hn hp A gm 3 mui MgCl
2
, NaBr, KI. Cho 93,4g hn hp A tc dng vi 700ml
dung dch AgNO
3
2M. Sau khi phn ng kt thc thu c dung dch D v kt ta B, cho 22,4g
bt Fe vo dung dch D. Sau khi phn ng xong thu c cht rn F v dung dch E. Cho F vo
dung dch HCl d to ra 4,48 lit H
2
(ktc). Cho dung dch NaOH d vo dung dch E thu c
kt ta, nung kt ta trong khng kh cho n khi lng khng i thu c 24g cht rn. Tnh
khi lng kt ta B.
Hng dn:
Gi a, b, c ln lt l s mol MgCl
2
, NaBr, KI.
Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
Dung dch D gm: Mg(NO
3
)
2
, NaNO
3
, KNO
3
, v AgNO
3
cn d.
Kt ta B gm: AgCl, AgBr, AgI.
Rn F gm: Ag v Fe cn d.
Dung dch E: Fe(NO
3
)
2
, Mg(NO
3
)
2
, NaNO
3
, KNO
3
ch c Fe(NO
3
)
2
, Mg(NO
3
)
2
tham gia phn
ng vi dung dch NaOH d.
----> 24g rn sau khi nung l: Fe
2
O
3
v MgO. p s: m
B
= 179,6g.
Bi 7: Ho tan 104,25g hn hp cc mui NaCl v NaI vo nc. Cho kh clo i qua ri un
cn. Nung cht rn thu c cho n khi ht hi mu tm bay ra. B cht rn thu c sau khi
nung nng 58,5g. Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi mui trong hn hp.
Hng dn:
Gi a, b ln lt l s mol ca NaCl v NaI
Khi sc kh clo vo th ton b mui NaI chuyn thnh mui NaCl.
Tng s mol mui NaCl sau phn ng l: (a + b) = 58,5 : 58,5 = 1 mol
v ta c: 58,5a + 150b = 104,25
Gii phng trnh ta c: a = 0,5 v b = 0,5
---> %m
NaCl
= (58,5 . 0,5 : 104,25 ) . 100% = 28,06%
v %m
NaI
= 100 28,06 = 71,94%


Bi 8: Cho 31,84g hn hp NaX v NaY (X, Y l hai halogen thuc 2 chu k lin tip) vo
dung dch AgNO
3
c d thu c 57,34g kt ta. Tm cng thc ca NaX v NaY v thnh
phn % theo khi lng ca mi mui trong hn hp ban u.
Hng dn:
Gi R l halogen tng ng ca X v Y.
Cng thc tng ng ca 2 mui NaX, NaY l Na R
Na R + AgNO
3
---> Ag R + NaNO
3

C 1 mol kt ta Ag R nhiu hn 1 mol Na R l: 108 23 = 85g
Vy s mol Na R phn ng l: (57,34 31,84) : 85 = 0,3 mol
Ta c: Khi lng mol ca Na R l: 31,84 : 0,3 = 106,13
---> Khi lng mol ca R = 106,13 23 = 83,13.
Vy X l Br v Y l I.
---> %m
NaI
= 9,43% v %m
NaBr
= 90,57%

Bi 9: C hn hp gm NaI v NaBr. Ho tan hn hp vo nc ri cho brm d vo dung
dch. Sau khi phn ng thc hin xong, lm bay hi dung dc lm kh sn phm, th thy khi
lng ca sn phm nh hn khi lng hn hp 2 mui ban u l m(g). Li ho tan sn phm
vo nc v cho clo li qua cho n d, lm bay hi dung dch v lm kh, cht cn li ngi
ta thy khi lng cht thu c li nh hn khi lng mui phn ng l m(g). Tnh thnh
phn % theo khi lng ca NaBr trong hn hp ban u.
Hng dn;
Gi a, b ln lt l s mol ca NaBr v NaI.
Khi sc Br
2
vo trong dung dch th ch c NaI phn ng v ton b NaI chuyn thnh NaBr.
Vy tng s mol NaBr sau phn ng (1) l: (a + b) mol.
Sau phn ng (1) khi lng gim: m = m
I
- m
Br
= (127 - 80)b = 47b (*)
Tip tc sc Cl
2
vo trong dung dch th ch c NaBr phn ng v ton b NaBr chuyn thnh
NaCl. Vy tng s mol NaCl sau phn ng (2) l: (a + b) mol.
Sau phn ng (2) khi lng gim: m = m
Br
m
Cl
= (80 35,5)(a + b) = 44,5(a + b) (**)
T (*) v (**) ta c: b = 17,8a
Vy %m
NaBr
= (103a : (103a + 150b)) . 100% = 3,7%


CHUYN 13:
BI TP TNG HP V TNH THEO PTHH

Bi 1: Chia hn hp gm 2 kim loi A, B c ho tr n, m lm 3 phn bng nhau.
Phn 1: Ho tan ht trong axit HCl thu c 1,792 lit H
2
(ktc).
Phn 2: Cho tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d thu c 1,344 lit kh (ktc) v cn li cht rn
khng tan c khi lng bng 4/13 khi lng mi phn.
Phn 3: Nung trong oxi d thu c 2,84g hn hp gm 2 oxit l A
2
O
n
v B
2
O
m
. Tnh tng
khi lng mi phn v xc nh 2 kim loi A v B.
Hng dn:
Gi a, b l s mol ca A, B trong mi phn.
Phn 1:
Vit PTHH:
S mol H
2
=
2
na
+
2
mb
= 1,792 : 22,4 = 0,08 mol ----> na + mb = 0,16 (I)
Phn 2:
Tc dng vi NaOH d ch c 1 kim loi tan, gi s A tan.
A + (4 n)NaOH + (n 2)H
2
O ---> Na
4 n
AO
2
+ n/2 H
2

a (mol) na/2 (mol)
S mol H
2
= na/2 = 1,344 : 22,4 ---> na = 0,12 (II)
Thay vo (I) --> mb = 0,04.
Mt khc khi lng B trong mi phn:
m
B
= 4/13.m
1/3 hh

Phn 3:
Vit PTHH:
m
hh oxit
= (2M
A
+ 16n).a/2 + (2M
B
+ 16m).b/2

= 2,84
= M
A
+ M
B
+ 8(na + mb) = 2,84 ---> M
A
+ M
B
= 1,56 (g) (*)
m
B
= 4/13. 1,56 = 0,48 (g) ----> m
A
= 1,08 (g)
---> M
A
= 1,08n : 0,12 = 9n --> n = 3 v M
A
= 27 l ph hp. Vy A l Al
---> M
B
= 0,48m : 0,04 = 12m --> m = 2 v M
B
= 24 l ph hp. Vy B l Mg.

Bi 2: Nung a(g) hn hp A gm MgCO
3
, Fe
2
O
3
v CaCO
3
nhit cao n khi lng
khng i, thu c cht rn B c khi lng bng 60% khi lng hn hp A. Mt khc ho
tan hon ton a(g) hn hp A trong dung dch HCl thu c kh C v dung dch D. Cho dung
dch D tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, lc ly kt ta, nung n khi lng khng i, thu
c 12,92g hn hp 2 oxit.
Cho kh C hp th hon ton vo 2 lit dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,075M, sau khi phn ng xong, lc
ly dung dch, thm nc vi trong d vo trong dung dch thu c thm 14,85g kt ta.
a/ Tnh th tch kh C ktc.
b/ Tnh % khi lng cc cht trong hn hp A.
Hng dn:
t s mol MgCO
3
, Fe
2
O
3
, CaCO
3
ln lt l x, y, z (mol) trong hn hp A.


Ta c: 84x + 160y + 100z = a(g) (I)
Sau khi nung cht rn B gm: x mol MgO, y mol Fe
2
O
3
v z mol CaO.
40x + 160y + 56z = 0,6a (II)
T (I, II) ta c: 44(x + y) = 0,4a ---> a = 110(x + y) (III)
Cho A + HCl.
Kh C gm c: S mol CO
2
= x + y (mol)
Hn hp D gm c: x mol MgCl
2
, y mol FeCl
3
, z mol CaCl
2
.
Cho D + NaOH d thu c 2 kt ta: x mol Mg(OH)
2
v y mol Fe(OH)
3
---> 2 oxit tng ng
l: x mol MgO, y mol Fe
2
O
3
.
m
oxit
= 40x + 160y = 12,92 (IV)
Cho C + dd Ba(OH)
2
---> a mol BaCO
3
v b mol Ba(HCO
3
)
2

Ta c: S mol CO
2
phn ng l: a + 2b = x + z
S mol Ba(OH)
2
phn ng l: a + b = 2 . 0,075
---> b = (x + y) 0,15 (V)
PTHH:
Ba(HCO
3
)
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
-----> CaCO
3
+ BaCO
3
+ 2H
2
O
b mol b mol b mol
Ta c: 100b + 197b = 14,85 ---> b = 0,05.
T (V) --> x + y = 0,2
T (III) --> a = 110 . 0,2 = 22g
a/ Th tch kh CO
2
thu c ktc l: 4,48 lit
b/ Gii h PT (I, III, V) ---> x = 0,195, y = 0,032, z = 0,005.
Khi lng v thnh phn % ca cc cht l:
m
MgCO
3
= 16,38g ( 74,45%)
m
Fe
2
O
3
= 5,12g (23,27%)
m
CaCO
3
= 0,5g ( 2,27%)

Bi 3: Hn hp bt A gm Fe v Mg c khi lng 2,72g c chia thnh 2 phn bng nhau.
Phn 1: Cho vo 400ml dung dch CuSO
4
a(M) ch cho phn ng xong thu c 1,84g cht rn
B v dung dch C. Cho dung dch NaOH d vo dung dch C thu c kt ta. Sy nung kt ta
trong khng kh n khi lng khng i cn c 1,2g cht rn D.
Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp A v tr s a?
Phn 2: Cho tc dng vi V(ml) dung dch AgNO
3
0,1M. Sau khi phn ng xong thu c cht
rn E c khi lng 3,36g. Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng cc cht trong cht rn E? Tnh
V?
Hng dn:
Xt phn 1:
m
(Mg + Fe)
= 2,72 : 2 = 1,36g.
TH
1
: 1/2 hh A phn ng ht vi CuSO
4
. ---> dd C gm c: FeSO
4
, MgSO
4
, CuSO
4
.
Cht rn B l Cu (c khi lng 1,84g)
Cho dd C + dd NaOH ---> kt ta Fe(OH)
2
, Mg(OH)
2
, Cu(OH)
2
---> Oxit tng ng sau khi
nung trong kk l Fe
2
O
3
, MgO, CuO c khi lng l 1,2g < 1,36g --> Vy A cha tham gia
phn ng ht.
TH
2
: 1/2 hh A phn ng cha ht vi CuSO
4
.


Gi thit Mg Mg phn ng cha ht (m Mg li hot ng ho hc mnh hn Fe) th dd
CuSO
4
phi ht v Fe cha tham gia phn ng --> dd C l MgSO
4
v cht rn D ch c MgO.
---> S mol Mg phn ng = n
Cu
= n
MgO
= 1,2 : 40 = 0,03 mol
Cht rn B gm Cu, Fe v Mg cn d.
Nhng ta thy m
Cu to ra
= 0,03 . 64 = 1,92g > 1,84g --> Tri vi iu kin bi ton. Vy Mg phi
ht v Fe tham gia 1 phn.
Nh vy:
cht rn B gm c: Cu v Fe cn d
dd C gm c MgSO
4
v FeSO
4

cht rn D gm c MgO v Fe
2
O
3
c khi lng l 1,2g.
- t x, y l s mol Fe, Mg trong 1/2 hh A v s mol Fe cn d l z (mol)
- 56x + 24y = 1,36
- (x z).64 + y.64 + 56z = 1,84
- 160(x z) : 2 + 40y = 1,2
Gii h phng trnh trn ta c: x = 0,02, y = 0,01, z = 0,01.
---> %Fe = 82,35% v %Mg = 17,65%
S mol ca CuSO
4
= 0,02 mol ----> a = 0,02 : 0,4 = 0,05M
Xt phn 2:
1/2 hh A c khi lng l 1,36g
tng khi lng cht rn = 3,36 1,36 = 2,0g
Gi thit Fe cha phn ng.
Ta c: s mol Mg phn ng = 2 : (2 . 108 24) = 0,0104 mol > n
Mg
trong phn 1.
----> Nh vy Fe tham gia phn ng v Mg phn ng ht.
m
rn do Mg sinh ra
= 0,01 . (2. 108 24) = 1,92g
m
rn do Fe sinh ra
= 2 1,92 = 0,08 g
n
Fe phn ng
= 0,08 : (2. 108 56) = 0,0005 mol.
n
Fe d
= 0,02 0,0005 = 0,0195mol
Vy cht rn E gm c Fe cn d v Ag c sinh ra sau phn ng.
Tng s mol AgNO
3
phn ng = (0,01 + 0,0005).2 = 0,021 mol
Th tch ca dd AgNO
3
0,1M dng = 0,021 : 0,1 = 0,21 lit.

Bi 4: Cho 9,86g hn hp gm Mg v Zn vo 1 cc cha 430ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
1M long.
Sau khi phn ng hon ton, thm tip vo cc 1,2 lit dung dch hn hp gm Ba(OH)
2
0,05M
v NaOH 0,7M, khuy u cho phn ng hon ton, ri lc ly kt ta v nung nng n khi
lng khng i th thu c 26,08g cht rn. Tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u.
Hng dn;
t s mol Mg v Zn l x v y.
Ta c: 24x + 65y = 9,86 (I)
S mol H
2
SO
4
= 043.1= 0,43 mol
t HX l cng thc tng ng ca H
2
SO
4
---> n
HX
= 2n
H
2
SO
4
= 0,43.2 = 0,86 mol
S mol Ba(OH)
2
= 1,2 . 0,05 = 0,06 mol
S mol NaOH = 0,7 . 1,2 = 0,84 mol
t ROH l cng thc tng ng cho 2 baz cho.
Ta c: n
ROH
= 2n
Ba(OH)
2
+ n
NaOH
= 0,06.2 + 0,84 = 0,96 mol


PTHH xy ra
Gi s hn hp ch cha mnh Zn ---> x = 0.
Vy y = 9,86 : 65 = 0,1517 mol
Gi s hn hp ch Mg ---> y = 0
Vy x = 9,86 : 24 = 0,4108 mol
0,1517 < n
hh kim loi
< 0,4108
V x > 0 v y > 0 nn s mol axit tham gia phn ng vi kim loi l:
0,3034 < 2x + 2y < 0,8216 nhn thy lng axit dng < 0,86 mol.
Vy axit d --> Do Zn v Mg phn ng ht.
Sau khi ho tan ht trong dung dch c.
x mol MgX
2
; y mol ZnX
2
; 0,86 2(x + y) mol HX v 0,43 mol SO
4
.
Cho dung dch tc dng vi dung dch baz.
HX + ROH ---> RX + H
2
O.
0,86 2(x + y) 0,86 2(x + y) mol
MgX
2
+ 2ROH ----> Mg(OH)
2
+ 2RX
x 2x x mol
ZnX
2
+ 2ROH ----> Zn(OH)
2
+ 2RX
y 2y y mol
Ta c n
ROH phn ng
= 0,86 2(x + y) + 2x + 2y = 0,86 mol
Vy n
ROH d
= 0,96 0,86 = 0,1mol
Tip tc c phn ng xy ra:
Zn(OH)
2
+ 2ROH ----> R
2
ZnO
2
+ 2H
2
O
b: y 0,1 mol
P: y
1
2y
1
mol
cn: y y
1
0,1 2y
1
mol
( iu kin: y > y
1
)
Phn ng to kt ta.
Ba(OH)
2
+ H
2
SO
4
---> BaSO
4
+ 2H
2
O
b: 0,06 0,43 0 mol
p: 0,06 0,06 0,06 mol
cn: 0 0,43 0,06 0,06 mol
Nung kt ta.
Mg(OH)
2
-----> MgO + H
2
O
x x mol
Zn(OH)
2
-------> ZnO + H
2
O
y y
1
y y
1
mol
BaSO
4
----> khng b nhit phn hu.
0,06 mol
Ta c: 40x + 81(y y
1
) + 233.0,06 = 26,08
---> 40x + 81(y y
1
) = 12,1 (II)
Khi y y
1
= 0 ---> y = y
1
ta thy 0,1 2y
1

>
0 ---> y
1

s
0,05
Vy 40x = 12,1 ---> x = 12,1 : 40 = 0,3025 mol
Thay vo (I) ta c y = 0,04 ( y = y
1

s
0,05) ph hp
Vy m
Mg
= 24 . 0,3025 = 7,26g v m
Zn
= 65 . 0,04 = 2,6g


Khi y y
1
> 0 --> y > y
1
ta c 0,1 2y
1
= 0 (v n
ROH
phn ng ht)
----> y
1
= 0,05 mol, thay vo (II) ta c: 40x + 81y = 16,15.
Gii h phng trnh (I, II) ---> x = 0,38275 v y = 0,01036
Kt qu y < y
1
(khng ph hp vi iu kin y
>
y
1
) ---> loi.

Bi 5: Cho X l hn hp ca 3 cht gm kim loi R, oxit v mui sunfat ca kim loi R. bit R
c ho tr II khng i trong cc hp cht. Chia 29,6 gam X thnh 2 phn bng nhau.
Phn 1: em ho tan trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
long d thu c dung dch A, kh B. lng kh
B ny va kh ht 16g CuO. Sau cho dung dch A tc dng vi dung dch KOH d
cho n khi kt thc phn ng thu c kt ta C. Nung C n khi lng khng i th thu
c 14g cht rn.
Phn 2: Cho tc dng vi 200ml dung dch CuSO
4
1,5M. Sau khi phn ng kt thc tch b
cht rn, c cn phn dung dch th thu c 46g mui khan.
a/ Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
b/ Xc nh kim loi R.
c/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng cc cht trong X. Bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton.
Hng dn:
t x, y, z l s mol R, RO, RSO
4
trong 1/2 hh X ta c:
x.M
R
+ (M
R
+ 16).y + (M
R
+ 96).z = 14,8g
phn 1;
Vit cc PTHH xy ra;
dd A c RSO
4
= (x + y + z) mol v H
2
SO
4
d
Kh B l H
2
= x mol
H
2
+ CuO -----> Cu + H
2
O
x x x mol
n
CuO
= x = 16 : 80 = 0,2 mol
dd A + KOH d
H
2
SO
4
+ 2KOH ----> K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
RSO
4
+ 2KOH ----> K
2
SO
4
+ R(OH)
2

R(OH)
2
------> RO + H
2
O
(x + y + z) (x + y + z) mol
Ta c: (M
R
+ 16). (x + y + z) = 14 (II).
Thay x = 0,2 vo (I, II) --> z = 0,05
Phn 2:
R + CuSO
4
----> RSO
4
+ Cu
b: 0,2 0,3 mol
p: 0,2 0,2 0,2 mol
S mol CuSO
4
d = 0,3 0,2 = 0,1 mol
Tng s mol RSO
4
= (0,2 + z) mol
m
Mui khan
= m
RSO
4
+ m
CuSO
4
= 0,1.160 + (M
R
+ 96)(0,2 + z) = 46.
Thay z = 0,05 ---> M
R
= 24, R c ho tr II ---> R l Mg
Thay cc gi tr vo tnh c y = 0,1.
m
Mg
= 4,8g --> %Mg = 32,43%
m
MgO
= 4,0g --> %MgO = 27,03%


m
MgSO
4
= 6,0g --> %MgSO
4
= 40,54%

Bi 6: Ho tan ht 7,74g hn hp bt 2 kim loi Mg v Al bng 500ml dung dch hn hp cha
axit HCl 1M v axit H
2
SO
4
long 0,28M, thu c dung dch A v 8,736 lit kh H
2
(ktc). Cho
rng cc axit phn ng ng thi vi 2 kim loi.
a/ Tnh tng khi lng mui to thnh sau phn ng.
b/ Cho dung dch A phn ng vi V lit dung dch hn hp gm NaOH 1M v Ba(OH)
2
0,5M.
Tnh th tch V cn dng sau phn ng thu c lng kt ta ln nht, tnh khi lng kt
ta .
Hng dn:
t x, y l s mol Mg v Al
24x + 27y = 7,74 (I)
t HA l cng thc tng ng ca hn hp gm 2 axit HCl v H
2
SO
4
.
n
HA
= n
HCl
+ 2n
H
2
SO
4
= 0,5 + 2.0,14 = 0,78 mol.
Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
n
H
2
= x + 1,5y = 8,736 : 22,4 = 0,39 (II)
T (I, II) --> x = 0,12 v y = 0,18.
m
mui
= m
hh kim loai
+ m
hh axit
- m
H
2
= 38,93g
t ROH l cng thc tng ng ca hn hp gm 2 baz l NaOH v Ba(OH)
2

n
ROH
= n
NaOH
+ 2n
Ba(OH)
2
= 1V + 2.0,5V = 2V (mol)
Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
----> Tng s mol ROH = 0,78 mol. Vy th tch V cn dng l: V = 0,39 lit
Ngoi 2 kt ta Mg(OH)
2
v Al(OH)
3
th trong dung dch cn xy ra phn ng to kt ta
BaSO
4
.Ta c n
BaSO
4
= n
H
2
SO
4
= 0,14 mol
(V n
Ba(OH)
2
= 0,5.0,39 = 0,195 mol > n
H
2
SO
4
= 0,14 mol) ---> n
H
2
SO
4
phn ng ht.
Vy khi lng kt ta ti a c th thu c l.
m
kt ta
= m
Mg(OH)
2
+ m
Al(OH)
3
+ m
BaSO
4
= 53,62g

Bi 7:
1. Ho tan va axit ca kim loi M c cng thc MO vo dung dch H
2
SO
4
long nng
4,9% c dung dch ch cha mt mui tan c nng 7,6 %.
a) Cho bit tn kim loi M.
b) Tnh khi lng dung dch H
2
SO
4
dng
2. Hp th ton b hn hp gm kh CO
2
v hi H
2
O vo 900 ml dung dch Ca(OH)
2
1M, thu
c 40 gam kt ta. Tch b phn kt ta, thy khi lng dung dch tng 7,8 gam so vi khi
lng dung dch Ca(OH)
2
ban u.
Hy tm khi lng CO
2
v khi lng H
2
O em dng.
Hng dn:
Gi x l s mol MO
MO + H
2
SO
4
MSO
4
+ H
2
O
Khi lng cht tan MSO
4
l: (M+96)x.
Khi lng MO l: (M+16)x.
Khi lng H
2
SO
4
ban u:


m = x
x
2000
9 , 4
100 . 98
=
Khi lng dung dch MSO
4
: 2000x + (M + 16)x

m = 69 , 7 100 .
) 16 ( 2000
) 96 (
=
+ +
+
x M x
x M

m = 2000 (g) (x=1)
Do x c nhiu gi tr nn c rt nhiu gi tr khi lng dung dch H
2
SO
4
tng ng.
2,
a . Khi s mol CO
2
s s mol Ca(OH)
2

CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ + H
2
O

S mol CaCO
3
=
100
40
= 0,4 mol
Khi lng CO
2
l 0,4 . 44 = 17,6 (g)
17,6 + m
dd
+m
H2O
= m' + 40 (m' = m
dd
+7,8)
m
H2O
=7,8+40-17,6 = 30,2 (g)
b) Khi n
Ca(OH)2
< n
CO2
< 2n
Ca(OH)2

CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3 +
+ H
2
O
? 0,9 0,9
CO
2
+ CaCO
3
+ H
2
O Ca(HCO
3
)
2

S mol kt ta:
0,9- t = 5 , 0 4 , 0
100
40
= = t
S mol CO
2
: 0,9 + 0,5 = 1,4 (mol)
Khi lng CO
2
: 1,4.44 = 61,6 (g)
Khi lng H
2
O: 40 +7,8 - 61,6 < 0 -----> Ta loi trng hp ny.

Bi 8: Ho tan hon ton 25,2 g mt mui cacbonat ca kim loi ha tr II bng dung dch HCl
7,3% (D = 1,038 g/ml). Cho ton b kh CO
2
thu c vo
500 ml dung dch NaOH 1M th thu c 29,6g mui.
a. Xc nh CTHH ca mui cacbonat.
b. Tnh th tch ca dung dch HCl dng.
Hng dn:
a/ t cng thc ca mui cacbonat l MCO
3
.


Cc PTHH:
MCO
3
+ 2 HCl MCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O (2)

NaOH + CO
2
NaHCO
3
. (3)
a a a
2NaOH + CO
2
Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O. (4)
2b b b
S mol NaOH: n
NaOH
= 0,5. 1 = 0,5 mol
Gi a, b ln lt l s mol CO
2
tham gia phn ng (3) v (4).
Theo phng trnh v bi ta c:
n
NaOH
= a + 2b = 0,5 mol (5).
m
mui
= 84 a + 106 b = 29,6 g (6)
Gii (5) v (6) ta c: a = 0,1mol ; b = 0,2mol.
S mol CO
2
to thnh (2):
n
CO2
= a + b = 0,1 + 0,2 = 0,3 mol.
Theo pt (2):
n
MCO3
= n
CO2
= 0,3 mol.
Khi lng phn t ca mui ban u:

3
25, 2
0,3
MCO
M =
= 84.
M + 60 = 84 M = 24 vC.
Vy M l Mg suy ra CTHH ca mui cn tm: MgCO
3

Lu : HS c th bin lun chng minh xy ra c (3) v (4).
Ta thy:
29, 6
106
< n
mui
<
29, 6
84

0,28 mol < n
mui
< 0,35 mol.
M n
CO2
= n
mui.
: 0,28 < n
CO2
< 0,35.

2
0, 5 0, 5
2
0, 35 0, 28
NaOH
CO
n
n
s s <
1< n
NaOH
/ n
CO2
< 2

ra to 2 mui c c (3 ) v (4) xy ra.
a. Theo phng trnh (2)
n
HCl
=2n
CO2
=2 . 0,3 = 0,6 mol
Khi lng HCl dng:
M
HCl
=0,6 .36,5 =21,9 (g)
Khi lng dung dch HCl dng:
m
ddHCl
=
3 , 7
100 9 . 21 x
= 300g.
Th tch dung dch HCl dng:


V
dd HCl
=
038 , 1
300
= 289ml = 0,289 (lit)

Bi 9: Cho 4g Fe v mt kim loi ho tr II vo dung dch H
2
SO
4
long ly d thu c 2,24 lt
kh H
2
(ktc). Nu cho 1,2g kim loi ho tr II ni trn phn ng vi 0,7 lt kh O
2
(ktc) th
lng Oxi cn d sau phn ng.
a, Xc nh kim loi ha tr II.
b, Tnh % khi lng tng kim loi trong hn hp.
Hng dn:
a/ Cc PTP:
Fe + H
2
SO
4
FeSO
4
+ H
2
xmol
xmol xmol
A + H
2
SO
4
ASO
4
+ H
2
ymol
ymol ymol
n
2
H
= mol 1 , 0 =
4 , 22
24 , 2

Theo bi ra ta c h phng trnh:
{
1 , 0 = y + x
4 = Ay + x 56
(a)
Ay - 56y = - 1,6

A
y
- 56
6 , 1
=
0 < 40 1 , 0
- 56
6 , 1
< <
A
M
A
(1) 2A +
O
2
2AO (*) n mol 03125 , 0 =
4 , 22
7 , 0
= O
2

Theo PTP (*):
1
03125 , 0
<
A 2
2 , 1
(do oxi d)
---> 2A > 38,4 Vy A > 19,2 (2)
(1) v (2) Ta c 19,2 < M
A
< 40.
Do A l kim loi c ho tr II nn A l Mg.
b. Thay A vo h PT (a)

)
`
=
=
)
`
= +
= +
05 , 0
05 , 0
1 , 0
4 24 56
y
x
y x
y x

m
Fe
= 0,05. 56= 2,8g
m
Mg
= 1,2g
% Fe = % 70 = % 100 .
4
8 , 2

% Mg = 100% - 70% = 30%

Bi 10: Nhit phn hon ton 20 g hn hp MgCO
3
, CaCO
3
, BaCO
3
thu c kh B. Cho kh
B hp th ht vo nc vi trong thu c 10 gam kt ta v dung dch C. un nng dung dch
C ti phn ng hon ton thy to thnh thm 6 gam kt ta. Hi % khi lng ca MgCO
3

nm trong khong no?


Hng dn: Cc PTHH:
MgCO
3

0
t
MgO + CO
2(k)
(1)

(B)
CaCO
3

0
t
Ca0 + CO
2(k)
(2)
(B)
BaCO
3

0
t
BaO + CO
2;k)
(3)

(B)
CO
2(k)
+ Ca (OH)
2(dd)
----> CaCO
3(r)
+ H
2
O
(l)
(4)
(B)
2CO
2(k)
+ Ca(OH)
2(dd)
----> Ca(HCO
3
)
2(dd)
(5)

(B) (C)

Ca(HCO
3
)
2

0
t
CaCO
3(r)
+ CO
2(k)
+ H
2
O
(l)
(6)
(C)
Theo phng trnh phn ng (4) v (6) ta c:
n
CaCO3
= 0,1 + 0,06 = 0,16 (mol) ----> n
cO2
= 0,1 + 0,06 x 2 = 0,22 (mol)
theo phng trnh phn ng (1) , (2) , (3), (4 ), (5) ta c:
Tng s mol mui: n
mui
= n
CO2
= 0,22 (mol)
Gi x, y, z ln lt l s mol ca mui: MgCO
3
, CaCO
3
, BaCO
3
c trong 100 gam hn hp v
tng s mol ca cc mui s l: x + y + z = 1,1 mol
V ban u l 20 gam hn hp ta quy v 100 gam hn hp nn n
mui
= 1,1 (mol)
Ta c: 84x + 100y + 197z = 100 ---> 100y + 197z = 100 84x
V x + y + z = 1,1 ---> y + z = 1,1 x
<--> 100 <
100 197 100 84
1,1
y z x
y z x
+
=
+
< 197
----> 52,5 < 84x < 86,75
Vy % lng MgCO
3
nm trong khong t 52,6% n 86,75 %

Bi 11: Ho tan 11,2g CaO vo nc ta c dd A.
1/ Nu kh CO
2
sc qua A v sau khi kt thc th nghim c 2,5 g kt ta th c bao nhiu lt kh
CO
2
tham gia phn ng?
2/ Nu ho tan 28,1g hn hp MgCO
3
v BaCO
3
c thnh phn thay i trong cha a%
MgCO
3
bng dd HCl v cho tt c kh thot ra hp th ht vo dd A th thu c kt ta D.
Hi: a c gi tr bao nhiu th lng kt ta D nhiu nht v t nht?
1. nCaO =
56
2 , 11
= 0,2 mol
Phng trnh ho hc:


CaO + H
2
O Ca(OH)
2
(1)
0,2 0,2 mol
Khi sc CO
2
vo c phn ng:
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O (2)
Trng hp 1: Ca(OH)
2
d v CO
2
phn ng ht th:
Theo (2) nCO
2
= nCaCO
3
=
100
5 , 2
= 0,025 mol
V
CO2
= 0,025 . 22,4 = 0,56 Lt.
Trng hp 2:
CO
2
d, Ca(OH)
2
phn ng ht c thm phn ng:
CaCO
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O Ca(HCO
3
)
2
(3)
Theo (1) nCO
2
= nCa(OH)
2
= nCaCO
3
= 0,2 mol.
nCaCO
3
phn ng (3): = 0,2 - 0,025 = 0, 175 mol.
Theo (3) nCO
2
= nCaCO
3
= 0,175 Mol.
Tng nCO
2
(2) v (3) l: 0,2 + 0,175 = 0,375 mol.
V
CO2
= 0,375 . 22,4 = 8,4 Lt.
2. Cc phn ng xy ra:
MgCO
3
+ 2 HCl MgCl
2
+ CO
2
| + H
2
O (1)
BaCO
3
+ 2 HCl BaCl
2
+ CO
2
| + H
2
O (2)
Khi sc CO
2
vo dd A c th xy ra cc phn ng :
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ + H
2
O (3)
2 CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
(4)
lng kt ta CaCO
3
thu c l ln nht th ch xy ra phn ng (3).
Khi : nCO
2
= nCa(OH)
2
= 0,2mol.
Theo bi khi lng MgCO
3
c trong 28,1 g hn hp l:

mMgCO
3
=
100
. 81 , 2 a
= 0,281a nMgCO
3
=
84
281 , 0 a

nBaCO
3
=
197
281 , 0 1 , 28 a

Theo (1) v (2) nCO
2
= nMgCO
3
+ nBaCO
3

Ta c phng trnh:

197
281 , 0 1 , 28
84
281 , 0 a a
+ = 0,2.
Gii ra ta c: a = 29,89 % . Vy khi a = 29,89 % th lng kt ta ln nht.
Khi a = 0 % th ngha l hn hp ch ton mui BaCO
3

Khi nCO
2
=
197
1 , 28
= 0,143 mol.
Ta c: nCO
2
< nCa(OH)
2
.
Theo (3): nCaCO
3
= nCO
2
= 0,143 mol.
m CaCO
3
= 0,143 . 100 = 14,3g.
Khi a = 100% ngha l hn hp ch ton mui MgCO
3
khi :


nCO
2
=
84
1 , 28
= 0,334 > nCa(OH)
2
= 0,2 mol.
Theo (3): nCaCO
3
= nCa(OH)
2
= 0,2 mol.
V CO
2
d nn CaCO
3
tip tc phn ng:
CaCO
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O Ca(HCO
3
)
2
(5)
Theo (5): nCaCO
3
= nCO
2
d = 0,334 - 0,2 = 0,134.
nCaCO
3
cn li : 0,2 - 0,134 = 0,066
mCaCO
3
= 0,066 . 100 = 6,6 < 14,3g.
Vy khi a = 100% th lng kt ta thu c b nht.

Bi 12: Ho tan 7,74g hn hp 2 kim loi Mg, Al trong 500ml dung dch hn hp cha HCl 1M
v H
2
SO
4
0,38M (long). Thu c dung dch A v 8,736 lt kh H
2
(ktc).
a. Kim loi tan ht cha? gii thch?
b. Tnh khi lng mui c trong dung dch A?
Hng dn:
n
HCl
= 0,5 mol ; n
4 2
SO H
= 0,19 mol ; n
2
H
= 0,39 mol
a/ Cc P.T.H.H: Mi PTHH ng cho.
Mg + 2 HCl MgCl
2
+ H
2
(1)
2 Al + 6 HCl 2AlCl
3
+ 3H
2
(2)
Mg + H
2
SO
4
MgSO
4
+ H
2
(3)
2 Al + 3 H
2
SO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3H
2
(4)
T 1,2 :
n
2
H
=
2
1
n
HCl
=
2
1
.0,5 = 0,25 (mol).
T 3, 4
n
2
H
= n
4 2
SO H
= 0,19 (mol)
Suy ra: Tng n
2
H
= 0,25 + 0,19 = 0,44 (mol)
Ta thy: 0,44 > 0,39
Vy: Axt d, kim loi tan ht.
b/ Theo cu a: Axt d.
* TH
1
: Gi s HCl phn ng ht, H
2
SO
4
d:
n
HCl
= 0,5 mol n
2
H
=0,25 mol
(1,2)
n
2
H
= 0,39 - 0,25 = 0,14 (mol) suy ra n
4 2
SO H
= 0,14 mol
(3,4) (p)
Theo nh lut BTKL:
m
mui
= 7,74 + 0,5 .35,5 + 0,14 .96 = 38,93g
(A)
* TH
2
: Gi s H
2
SO
4
phn ng ht, HCl d
Suy ra n
4 2
SO H
= 0,19 mol suy ra n
2
H
= 0,19 mol
3,4
n
2
H
= 0,39 0,19 = 0,2 (mol) suy ra n
HCl
= 0,2.2 =0,4 (mol)
(1,2) (p )


Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng:
m
mui
= 7,74 + 0,19.96 + 0,4.35,5 = 40,18 (g)
V thc t phn ng xy ra ng thi. Nn c 2 axt u d.
Suy ra tng khi lng mui trong A thu c l:
38,93 (g) < m
mui A
<40,18 (g)

Bi 13: Cho hn hp gm MgO, Al
2
O
3
v mt oxit ca kim loi ho tr II km hot ng. Ly
16,2 gam A cho vo ng s nung nng ri cho mt lung kh H
2
i qua cho n phn ng hon
ton. Lng hi nc thot ra c hp th bng 15,3 gam dung dch H
2
SO
4
90%, thu c
dung dch H
2
SO
4
85%. Cht rn cn li trong ng em ho tan trong HCl vi lng va , thu
c dung dch B v 3,2 gam cht rn khng tan. Cho dung dch B tc dng vi 0,82 lt dung
dch NaOH 1M, lc ly kt ta, sy kh v nung nng n khi lng khng i, c 6,08
gam cht rn.
Xc nh tn kim loi ho tr II v thnh phn % khi lng ca A.
Hng dn:
Gi R l KHHH ca kim loi ho tr II, RO l CTHH ca oxit.
t a, b, c ln lt l s mol ca MgO, Al
2
O
3
, RO trong hn hp A.
Theo bi ra ta c:
40a + 102b + (M
R
+ 16)c = 16,2 (I)
Cc PTHH xy ra:
RO + H
2
-----> R + H
2
O (1)
MgO + 2HCl ----> MgCl
2
+ H
2
O (2)
Al
2
O
3
+ 6HCl ---> 2AlCl
3
+ 3H
2
O (3)
MgCl
2
+ 2NaOH ----> Mg(OH)
2
+ 2NaCl (4)
AlCl
3
+ 3NaOH -----> Al(OH)
3
+ 3NaCl (5)
C th c: Al(OH)
3
+ NaOH -----> NaAlO
2
+ H
2
O (6)
x x x
Gi x l s mol ca NaOH cn d tham gia phn ng vi Al(OH)
3

Mg(OH)
2
-----> MgO + H
2
O (7)
2Al(OH)
3
------> Al
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
O (8)
2b x
2
2 x b
mol
Ta c:
Khi lng ca axit H
2
SO
4
trong dd 90% l:
m = 15,3 . 0,9 = 13,77 (g)
Khi lng ca axit H
2
SO
4
trong dd 85% vn l 13,77(g). V khi pha long bng H
2
O th khi
lng cht tan c bo ton.
Khi lng dd H
2
SO
4
85% l: (15,3 + 18c)
Ta c: C% =
) 18 3 , 15 (
77 , 13
c +
.100% = 85%
Gii phng trnh: c = 0,05 (mol)
Cht rn khng tan trong axit HCl l R, c khi lng 3,2g.
M
R
=
05 , 0
2 , 3
= 64. Vy R l Cu.


Thay vo (I) ---> 40a + 102b = 12,2 (II)
S mol NaOH = 0,82.1 = 0,82 (mol)
TH
1
: Phn ng 6 xy ra nhng Al(OH)
3
tan cha ht.
n
NaOH
= 2a + 6b + x = 0,82 (III)
40a + 102(
2
2 x b
) = 6,08 (IV)
Gii h phng trnh (II) v (IV) c: x = 0,12 (mol)
Thay vo (III) ---> 2a + 6b = 0,7 (III)
/

Gii h phng trnh: (II) v (III)
/
c: a = 0,05 v b = 0,1
%CuO = 24,69% ; %MgO = 12,35% v %Al
2
O
3
= 62,96%
TH
2
: Phn ng 6 xy ra v Al(OH)
3
tan ht
m
rn
= m
MgO
= 6,08g
n
MgO
= 6,08 : 40 = 0,152 mol
m
Al
2
O
3
= 12,2 6,08 = 6,12 g
n
Al
2
O
3
= 6,12 : 102 = 0,06 mol
n
NaOH
= 2n
MgO
+ 6n
Al
2
O
3
= 2.0,152 + 6.0,06 = 0,664 mol
n
Al(OH)
3
= 2n
Al
2
O
3
= 0,12 mol
n
NaOH d
= 0,82 0,664 = 0,156 mol
Nhn thy: n
NaOH d
= 0,156 > n
Al(OH)
3
= 0,12 mol => Al(OH)
3
tan ht.
Tnh c: m
CuO
= 4g => %m
CuO
= 24,69%
m
MgO
= 6,08g => %m
MgO
= 37,53%
m
Al
2
O
3
= 6,12 => % m
Al
2
O
3
= 37,78%


CHUYN 14:
NHN BIT - PHN BIT CC CHT.

I/ Nguyn tc v yu cu khi gii bi tp nhn bit.

- Mun nhn bit hay phn bit cc cht ta phi da vo phn ng c trng v c cc hin
tng: nh c cht kt ta to thnh sau phn ng, i mu dung dch, gii phng cht c
mi hoc c hin tng si bt kh. Hoc c th s dng mt s tnh cht vt l (nu nh
bi cho php) nh nung nhit khc nhau, ho tan cc cht vo nc,
- Phn ng ho hc c chn nhn bit l phn ng c trng n gin v c du hiu
r rt. Tr trng hp c bit, thng thng mun nhn bit n ho cht cn phi tin hnh
(n 1) th nghim.
- Tt c cc cht c la chn dng nhn bit cc ho cht theo yu cu ca bi, u
c coi l thuc th.
- Lu : Khi nim phn bit bao hm so snh (t nht phi c hai ho cht tr ln) nhng
mc ch cui cng ca phn bit cng l nhn bit tn ca mt s ho cht no .
II/ Phng php lm bi.
1/ Chit(Trch mu th) cc cht vo nhn bit vo cc ng nghim.(nh s)
2/ Chn thuc th thch hp(tu theo yu cu bi: thuc th tu chn, han ch hay khng
dng thuc th no khc).
3/ Cho vo cc ng nghim ghi nhn cc hin tng v rt ra kt lun nhn bit, phn bit
c ho cht no.
4/ Vit PTHH minh ho.

III/ Cc dng bi tp thng gp.
- Nhn bit cc ho cht (rn, lng, kh) ring bit.
- Nhn bit cc cht trong cng mt hn hp.
- Xc nh s c mt ca cc cht (hoc cc ion) trong cng mt dung dch.
- Tu theo yu cu ca bi tp m trong mi dng c th gp 1 trong cc trng hp sau:
+ Nhn bit vi thuc th t do (tu chn)
+ Nhn bit vi thuc th hn ch (c gii hn)
+ Nhn bit khng c dng thuc th bn ngoi.

1. i vi cht kh:
- Kh CO
2
: Dng dung dch nc vi trong c d, hin tng xy ra l lm c nc vi
trong.
- Kh SO
2
: C mi hc kh ngi, lm phai mu hoa hng hoc Lm mt mu dung dch nc
Brm hoc Lm mt mu dung dch thuc tm.
5SO
2
+ 2KMnO
4
+ 2H
2
O 2H
2
SO
4
+ 2MnSO
4
+ K
2
SO
4

- Kh NH
3
: C mi khai, lm cho qu tm tm t ho xanh.
- Kh clo: Dng dung dch KI + H tinh bt th clo lm dung dch t mu trng chuyn
thnh mu xanh.


Cl
2
+ KI 2KCl + I
2

- Kh H
2
S: C mi trng thi, dng dung dch Pb(NO
3
)
2
to thnh PbS kt ta mu en.
- Kh HCl: Lm giy qu tm t ho hoc sc vo dung dch AgNO
3
to thnh kt ta
mu trng ca AgCl.
- Kh N
2
: a que dim vo lm que dim tt.
- Kh NO ( khng mu ): ngoi khng kh ho mu nu .
- Kh NO
2
( mu nu ): Mi hc, lm qu tm tm t ho .
4NO
2
+ 2H
2
O + O
2
4HNO
3

2. Nhn bit dung dch baz (kim): Lm qu tm ho xanh.
- Nhn bit Ca(OH)
2
:
Dng CO
2
sc vo n khi xut hin kt ta th dng li.
Dng Na
2
CO
3
to thnh kt ta mu trng ca CaCO
3

- Nhn bit Ba(OH)
2
:
Dng dung dch H
2
SO
4
to thnh kt ta mu trng ca BaSO
4
.
3. Nhn bit dung dch axt: Lm qu tm ho
- Dung dch HCl: Dng dung dch AgNO
3
lm xut hin kt ta mu trng ca AgCl.
- Dung dch H
2
SO
4
: Dng dung dch BaCl
2
hoc Ba(OH)
2
to ra kt ta BaSO
4
.
- Dung dch HNO
3
: Dng bt ng v un nhit cao lm xut hin dung dch mu
xanh v c kh mu nu thot ra ca NO
2
.
- Dung dch H
2
S: Dng dung dch Pb(NO
3
)
2
xut hin kt ta mu en ca PbS.
- Dung dch H
3
PO
4
: Dng dung dch AgNO
3
lm xut hin kt ta mu vng ca Ag
3
PO
4
.
4. Nhn bit cc dung dch mui:
- Mui clorua: Dng dung dch AgNO
3
.
- Mui sunfat: Dng dung dch BaCl
2
hoc Ba(OH)
2
.
- Mui cacbonat: Dng dung dch HCl hoc H
2
SO
4
.
- Mui sunfua: Dng dung dch Pb(NO
3
)
2
.
- Mui phtphat: Dng dung dch AgNO
3
hoc dng dung dch CaCl
2
, Ca(OH)
2
lm xut
hin kt ta ma trng ca Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
.
5. Nhn bit cc oxit ca kim loi.
* Hn hp oxit: ho tan tng oxit vo nc (2 nhm: tan trong nc v khng tan)
- Nhm tan trong nc cho tc dng vi CO
2
.
+ Nu khng c kt ta: kim loi trong oxit l kim loi kim.
+ Nu xut hin kt ta: kim loi trong oxit l kim loi kim th.
- Nhm khng tan trong nc cho tc dng vi dung dch baz.
+ Nu oxit tan trong dung dch kim th kim loi trong oxit l Be, Al, Zn, Cr..
+ Nu oxit khng tan trong dung dch kim th kim loi trong oxit l kim loi kim th.

Nhn bit mt s oxit:
- (Na
2
O; K
2
O; BaO) cho tc dng vi nc--> dd trong sut, lm xanh qu tm.
- (ZnO; Al
2
O
3
) va tc dng vi dung dch axit, va tc dng vi dung dch baz.
- CuO tan trong dung dch axit to thnh ung dch c mu xanh c trng.
- P
2
O
5
cho tc dng vi nc --> dd lm qu tm ho .
- MnO
2
cho tc dng vi dd HCl c c kh mu vng xut hin.
- SiO
2
khng tan trong nc, nhng tan trong dd NaOH hoc dd HF.


Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Ch dng thm mt ho cht, nu cch phn bit cc oxit: K
2
O, Al
2
O
3
, CaO, MgO.

Bi 2: C 5 mu kim loi Ba, Mg, Fe, Al, Ag nu ch dng dung dch H
2
SO
4
long c th nhn
bit c nhng kim loi no. Vit cc PTHH minh ho.

Bi 3: Ch c nc v kh CO
2
hy phn bit 5 cht bt trng sau y: NaCl, Na
2
CO
3
, Na
2
SO
4
,
BaCO
3
, BaSO
4
.

Bi 4: Khng c dng thm mt ho cht no khc, hy nhn bit 5 l b mt nhn sau y.
KHCO
3
, NaHSO
4
, Mg(HCO
3
)
2
, Na
2
CO
3
, Ba(HCO
3
)
2
.

Bi 5: Ch dng thm Cu v mt mui tu hy nhn bit cc ho cht b mt nhn trong cc l
ng tng cht sau: HCl, HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
, H
3
PO
4
.

CHUYN 15:
TCH - TINH CH CC CHT

tch v tinh ch cc cht ta c th:
1/ S dng cc phng php vt l.
- Phng php lc: Dng tch cht khng tan ra khi hn hp lng
- Phng php c cn: Dng tch cht tan rn (Khng ho hi khi gp nhit cao) ra
khi dung dch hn hp lng.
- Phng php chng ct phn on: Dng tch cc cht lng ra khi hn hp lng nu
nhit ng c ca chng cch bit nhau qu ln.
- Phng php chit: Dng tch cc cht lng ra khi hn hp lng khng ng nht.

2/ S dng phng php ho hc. XY
- S tch: + Y Tch bng
AX phng php
Tch (P ti to) vt l
hh A,B + X bng
p tch PP vt l (A)

(B)

Lu : Phn ng c chn tch phi tho mn 3 yu cu:

- Ch tc dng ln mt cht trong hn hp cn tch.
- Sn phm to thnh c th tch d dng khi hn hp


- T sn phm phn ng to thnh c kh nng ti to c cht ban u.

Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Tch ring tng cht ra khi hn hp rn gm: Al
2
O
3
; CuO ; Fe
2
O
3

Bi 2: Tch cc kim loi sau y ra khi hn hp bt gm: Cu, Fe, Al, Ag.

Bi 3: Bng phng php ho hc hy tch 3 mui KCl, AlCl
3
v FeCl
3
ra khi nhau trong mt
dung dch.

Bi 4: Tch ring tng cht nguyn cht t hn hp cc oxit gm: MgO, CuO, BaO.

Bi 5: Trnh by cch tinh ch: Cl
2
c ln CO
2
v SO
2
.

Bi 6: Tch ring tng cht ra khi hn hp kh: H
2
S, CO
2
, N
2
v hi nc.

Bi 7: Tch ring N
2
, CO
2
dng tinh khit ra khi hn hp: N
2
, CO, CO
2
, O
2
v hi H
2
O.

Mt s lu :

Phng php thu Thu kh c tnh cht Kt qu thu c kh
p ngc ng thu Nh hn khng kh H
2
, He, NH
3
, CH
4
, N
2

Nga ng thu Nng hn khng kh O
2
, Cl
2
, HCl, SO
2
, H
2
S
y nc Khng tan v khng tc dng vi H
2
O H
2
, O
2
, N
2
, CH
4
, He


CHUYN 16:
VIT PHNG TRNH HO HC
IU CH CHT V C V
THC HIN S CHUYN HO

(Vn dng tnh cht ho hc ca cc cht v cc phn ng ho hc iu ch cc cht vit)

Bi 1: Vit PTHH thc hin s sau.
CaCO
3

+A
+B
CO
2
+E
+C ( Bit A,B,C,D,E l nhng cht
+D khc nhau )
Na
2
CO
3

Bi tp p dng: HON THNH CC PTHH THEO S PHN NG.
1/ Xc nh cc cht A,B,C,D,E v hon thnh s bin ho sau
NaHCO
3

+A + B

CO
2
+ D + E CaCO
3

+A + C
Na
2
CO
3

2/ Xc nh cc cht A, B, C, D, E, F, M v hon thnh cc phng trnh ho hc theo s
sau:
A
+
) ( dd
NaOH
C
+HCl
(d d )
+ F,kk,t
0

D
+
0
2
,t H
M + Fe,t
0
+ Cl
2
,t
0
E
0
t
D
+
0
,t CO
M.

+ Cl
2
,t
0
+ NaOH
( dd )

B


3/ Xc nh B, C, D, E, M, X, Z. Gii thch v hon thnh cc phng trnh ho hc th hin
theo s bin ho sau:
B
+ HCl + X + Z

M D t
0
E pnc M.
+ Z
+ NaOH + Y + Z
C

4/ Vit cc phng trnh ho hc th hin theo s bin ho sau ( ghi r iu kin nu c ).
FeCl
2

( 2 )
Fe(NO
3
)
2
( 3 )
Fe(OH)
2

(1 ) ( 4 )
Fe
( 9 )
( 10 )
( 11 )

Fe
2
O
3

( 5 )
FeCl
3

( 6 )
Fe(NO
3
)
3

( 7 )
Fe(OH)
3
( 8 )

5/ Xc nh cc cht A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H v hon thnh s bin ho sau:
C

( 2 ) ( 3 ) + E
+H
2
SO
4

+ H
2
O + G
A ( 1 ) B ( 6 ) H

+ H
2
SO
4
( 4 ) ( 5 ) + F

D
Bit H l mui khng tan trong axt mnh, A l kim loi hot ng ho hc mnh, khi chy
ngn la c mu vng.

6/ Hon thnh dy bin ho sau ( ghi r iu kin nu c )
FeSO
4
(2) Fe(OH)
2
(3) Fe
2
O
3
(4) Fe
(1)

Fe (7) (8) (9) (10)

(5)
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
(6) Fe(OH)
3
Fe
3
O
4


7/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng theo s bin ho sau( ghi r iu kin nu c )
BaCO
3

( 2 ) ( 3 )

Ba
( 1 )
Ba(OH)
2

( 8 ) ( 9 )
BaCl
2

( 6 )
BaCO
3

( 7 )

BaO

( 4 ) ( 5 )
Ba(HCO
3
)
2

CaCO
3

( 2 ) ( 3 )

Ca
( 1 )
Ca(OH)
2

( 8 ) ( 9 )
CaCl
2

( 6 )
CaCO
3

( 7 )

CaO

( 4 ) ( 5 )
Ca(HCO
3
)
2

Hoc cho s sau: Bit rng C l thnh phn chnh ca phn.
C

( 2 )
+ G

+ H
( 3 )

( 9 )
A
( 1 )
B

( 8 )
E
( 6 )
C
( 7 )
F

+ H
2
O
+ G + H

( 4 ) ( 5 )
D

K
2
CO
3

( 2 ) ( 3 )

K
( 1 )
KOH

( 8 ) ( 9 )
KCl
( 6 )
KNO
3

( 7 )

KNO
2

( 4 ) ( 5 )
KHCO
3

10/ Al
( 1 )
Al
2
O
3

( 2 )
AlCl
3

( 3 )
Al(NO
3
)
3
( 4 )
Al(OH)
3

( 5 )


Al
2
O
3

11/ Xc nh cc cht X
1
, X
2
v hon thnh s bin ho sau
X
1

( 1 ) ( 2 ) 4Fe(OH)
2
+ O
2

0
t
2Fe
2
O
3
+ 4H
2
O

FeCl
2
( 5 ) Fe
2
O
3

( 3 ) ( 4 )
X
2
4FeCl
2
+ 8KOH + 2H
2
O + O
2
4Fe(OH)
3
+ 8KCl

12/ Hon thnh dy bin ho sau (ghi r iu kin nu c)
+B
+H
2
,t
0
A X + D

X +O
2
,t
0
B +

Br
2
+ D Y + Z

+Fe,t
0

C +Y hoc Z A + G
Bit A l cht kh c mi xc c trng v khi sc A vo dung dch CuCl
2
c cht kt ta
to thnh.

13/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng sau:

KClO
3
t
0
A + B

A + MnO
2
+ H
2
SO
4
C + D + E + F
A pnc G + C
G + H
2
O L + M
C + L t
0
KClO
3
+ A + F

14/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng sau:

KClO
3
t
0
A + B

A + KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
C + ...
A pnc C + D
D + H
2
O E + ...
C + E t
0
...


15/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh ho hc theo s phn ng sau.

M + A F
M +B E
G H E F
M + C Fe I K L H + BaSO
4
J
M + D M G H
16/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh ho hc theo s phn ng sau.
Fe(OH)
3
+ A

FeCl
2
+ B + C
FeCl
3
FeCl
2
+ D + E

FeCl
2
+ F
Fe
2
(CO
3
)
3
Fe(OH)
3
+ G
( k )

17/ Chn 2 cht v c tho mn cht R trong s sau:
A B C
R R R R
X Y Z

2 cht v c tho mn l NaCl v CaCO
3

CaO Ca(OH)
2
CaCl
2

CaCO
3
CaCO
3
CaCO
3
CaCO
3

CO
2
NaHCO
3
Na
2
CO
3

Na NaOH Na
2
SO
4

NaCl NaCl NaCl NaCl
Cl
2
HCl BaCl
2

BI TP TNG HP: VIT PTHH THEO S CHUI PHN NG, GII
THCH TH NGHIM, NHN BIT PHN BIT TCH CHT V C
1/ Cho s sau:

Bit A l kim loi B, C, D, E, F, G l hp cht ca A. Xc nh cng thc ca A, B, C, D, E, F,
G vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
A
E G
B F D
C
A


A l Fe; B l FeCl
2
; C l FeCl
3
; D l Fe(OH)
2
; E l Fe(OH)
3
; F l FeO;
G l Fe
2
O
3
.
Cc phng trnh Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
|
2Fe + 3Cl
2
2FeCl
3

2FeCl
3
+ Fe 3FeCl
2

FeCl
2
+ NaOH Fe(OH)
2
+ + NaCl
Fe(OH)
2
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O 4Fe(OH)
3

Fe
2
O
3
+ CO FeO + CO
2
|
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3CO 2FeO + 3CO
2
|
FeO + CO Fe + CO
2
|

2/ t cacbon trong khng kh nhit cao c hn hp A
1
. Cho A
1
tc dng vi CuO nung
nng c kh A
2
v hn hp A
3
. Cho A
2
tc dng vi dung dch Ca(OH)
2
th thu c kt ta
A
4
v dung dch A
5
. Cho A
5
tc dng vi Ca(OH)
2
li thu c A
4
. Cho A
3
tc dng vi H
2
SO
4

c nng thu c kh B
1
v dung dch B
2
. Cho B
2
tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d c kt
ta B
3
. Nung B
3
n khi lng khng i c cht rn B
4
.
Vit cc PTHH xy ra v ch r : A
1
, A
2
, A
3
, A
4
, A
5
, B
1
, B
2
, B
3
, B
4
l cht g?
- t cacbon trong khng kh thu c hn hp kh A
1

PTHH : 2C + O
2
2CO (1)
2CO + O
2
2CO
2
(2)
Hn hp kh A
1
gm CO v CO
2

- Cho A
1
tc dng vi CuO
PTHH : CO + CuO Cu + CO
2
(3)
Kh A
2
l CO
2

Hn hp A
3
l Cu v c th c CuO d.
- Cho A
2
tc dng vi dd Ca(OH)
2

CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
Ca CO
3
+

H
2
O (4)
CO
2
+ CaCO
3
+ H
2
O Ca(HCO
3
)
2
(5)
Kt ta A
4
l CaCO
3

dung dch A
5
l Ca(HCO
3
)
2

- Cho A
5
tc dng vi Ca(OH)
2
thu c A
4

Ca(HCO
3
)
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
2CaCO
3
+ 2H
2
O (6)
t
0
t
0
t
0


- Cho A
3
tc dng vi H
2
SO
4
(, nng) c kh B
1
v dung dch B
2
.
Cu + 2H
2
SO
4
CuSO
4
+ 2H
2
O + SO
2
(7)
CuO + H
2
SO
4
CuSO
4
+ H
2
O (8)
Kh B
1
l SO
2
, dung dch B
2
l CuSO
4

- Cho B
2
tc dng vi NaOH d thu c kt ta B
3

CuSO
4
+ 2NaOH Cu(OH)
2
+ Na
2
SO
4
(9)
- Kt ta B
3
l Cu(OH)
2

- Nung B
3
n khi lng khng i c B
4
.
Cu(OH)
2
CuO + H
2
O (10)
B
4
l CuO
Theo phn ng 1 10 ta c :
A
1
: CO; CO
2
B
1
: SO
2

A
2
: CO
2
B
2
: CuSO
4
A
3
: Cu; CuO (d) B
3
: Cu(OH)
2
A
4
: CaCO
3
B
4
: CuO
A
5
: Ca(HCO
3
)
2

3/ Hn hp A gm Fe
3
O
4
, Al, Al
2
O
3
, Fe.
Cho A tan trong dung dch NaOH d, thu c cht rn B, dung dch C v kh D. Cho kh D
d tc dng vi A nung nng c cht rn A
1
. Dung dch C cho tc dng vi dung dch H
2
SO
4

long d c dung dch C
1
. Cht rn A
1
tc dng vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
c nng (va ) thu
c dung dch E v kh F. Cho E tc dng vi bt Fe d c dung dch H. Vit cc PTHH
xy ra.

4/ t chy cacbon trong oxi nhit cao c hn hp kh A. Cho A tc dng vi FeO
nung nng c kh B v hn hp cht rn C. Cho B tc dng vi dung dch nc vi trong thu
c kt ta K v dung dch D, un si D li thu c kt ta K. Cho C tan trong dung dch
HCl, thu c kh v dung dch E. Cho E tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d c kt ta
hiroxit F. Nung F trong khng kh ti khi lng khng i thu c cht rn G. Xc nh cc
cht A, B, C, D, K, E, F. Vit cc PTHH xy ra.

t
0
t
0
t
0


5/ Xc nh cc cht t A
1
n A
11
v vit cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
A
1
+ A
2
A
3
+ A
4

A
3
+ A
5
A
6
+ A
7

A
6
+ A
8
+ A
9
A
10

A
10

0
t
A
11
+ A
8

A
11
+ A
4

0
t
A
1
+ A
8

Bit A
3
l mui st Clorua, nu ly 1,27 gam A
3
tc dng vi dd AgNO
3
d thu c 2,87
gam kt ta.

6/ Hn hp A gm BaO, FeO, Al
2
O
3
. Ho tan A trong lng nc d c dd D v phn
khng tan B. Sc kh CO
2
d vo D, phn ng to kt ta. Cho kh CO d i qua B nung nng
c cht rn E. Cho E tc dng vi dd NaOH d, thy tan mt phn v cn li cht rn G. Ho
tan ht G trong lng d H
2
SO
4
long ri cho dd thu c tc dng vi dd NaOH d, lc kt
ta nung ngoi khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c cht rn Z.
Gii thch th nghim trn bng cc phng trnh ho hc.

7/ C cc phn ng sau:
MnO
2
+ HCl
Kh A
Na
2
SO
3
+ H
2
SO
4 ( l )
Kh B
FeS + HCl Kh C
NH
4
HCO
3
+ NaOH
d
Kh D
Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
SO
4 ( l )
Kh E
c. Xc nh cc kh A, B, C, D, E.
d. Cho A tc dng C , B tc dng vi dung dch A, B tc dung vi C, A tc dung dch
NaOH iu kin thng, E tc dng dung dch NaOH. Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
e. C 3 bnh kh A, B, E mt nhn. Bng phng php ho hc hy phn bit cc kh.
8/ Mt hn hp X gm cc cht: Na
2
O, NaHCO
3
, NH
4
Cl, BaCl
2
c s mol mi cht bng nhau.
Ho tan hn hp X vo nc, ri un nh thu c kh Y, dung dch Z v kt ta M. Xc nh
cc cht trong Y, Z, M v vit phng trnh phn ng minh ho.

9/ Nhit phn mt lng MgCO
3
trong mt thi gian thu c mt cht rn A v kh B. Cho
kh B hp th hon ton vo dung dch NaOH thu c dung dch C. Dung dch C c kh nng
tc dng c vi BaCl
2
v KOH. Cho A tc dng vi dung dch HCl d li thu c kh B v
mt dung dch D. C cn dung dch D
c mui khan E. in phn nng chy E c kim loi M.
Xc nh A, B, C, D, E, M v Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra trong th nghim trn.

10/ Cho BaO vo dung dch H
2
SO
4
long ,sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c kt ta
A v dung dch B. Cho nhm d vo dung dch B thu c kh E v dung dch D. Ly dung
dch D cho tc dng vi dung dch Na
2
CO
3
thu c kt ta F. Xc nh cc cht A,B,C,D,F .
Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra.

11/ Tm cc cht A,B,C,D,E (hp cht ca Cu) trong s sau v vit phng trnh ho hc:


A B C D

B C A E
S v cc PTHH xy ra:
A - Cu(OH)
2
B- CuCl
2
C - Cu(NO
3
)
2
D- CuO E - CuSO
4

(1) (2) (3) (4)
Cu(OH)
2
CuCl
2
Cu(NO
3
)
2
CuO

(5) (6) (7) (8)
CuCl
2
Cu(NO
3
)
2
Cu(OH)
2
CuSO
4

(1) Cu(OH)
2
+ 2 HCl CuCl
2
+ 2 H
2
O

(2) CuCl
2
+ 2AgNO
3
2AgCl + Cu(NO
3
)
2

t
0
(3) 2Cu(NO
3
)
2
2CuO + 4 NO
2
+ O
2

t
0
(4) CuO + H
2
Cu + H
2
O

(5) CuCl
2
+ 2AgNO
3
2AgCl + Cu(NO
3
)
2

(6) Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2 NaOH Cu(OH)
2
+ 2 NaNO
3

(7) Cu(OH)
2
+ H
2
SO
4
CuSO
4
+ 2H
2
O
(8) Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu.
12/ Nung nng Cu trong khng kh, sau mt thi gian c cht rn A. Ho tan A trong H
2
SO
4

c, nng c dung dch B v kh C. Kh C tc dng vi dung dch KOH thu c dung dch
D, Dung dch D va tc dng c vi BaCl
2
va tc dng c vi NaOH. Cho B tc dng
vi KOH. Vit cc PTHH Xy ra.

13/ C mt ming Na do khng cn thn nn tip xc vi khng kh m trong mt thi gian
bin thnh sn phm A. Cho A phn ng vi nc c dung dch B. Cho bit thnh phn c
th c ca A, B? Vit cc PTHH v gii thch th nghm trn.

14/ Hn hp A gm BaO, FeO, Al
2
O
3
. Ho tan A trong lng nc d c dung dch D v
phn khng tan B. Sc kh CO
2
d vo D, phn ng to kt ta. Cho kh CO d i qua B nung
Cu
Cu


nng c cht rn E. Cho E tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d thy tan mt phn v cn li
cht rn G. Ho tan ht G trong lng d dung dch H
2
SO
4
long. Vit cc PTHH xy ra.

15/ Cht rn A mu xanh lam tan c trong nc to thnh dung dch. Khi cho thm NaOH
vo dung dch to ra kt ta B mu xanh lam . Khi nung nng cht B b ho en. Nu sau
tip tc nung nng sn phm trong dng kh H
2
th to ra cht rn C mu . Cht rn C tc
dng vi mt axt v c m c to ra dung dch ca cht A ban u. Hy cho bit A l cht
no. Vit tt c cc PTHH xy ra.

PHN B. HO HC HU C

CC PHNG PHP GII TON HO HC C BN.

1/ Phng php p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t.
Trong mi qu trnh bin i vt cht th cc nguyn t (ngoi tr cc phn ng bin i ht
nhn nguyn t), tng s khi lng v in tch ca cc thnh phn tham gia bin i lun
lun c bo ton.

2/ Phng php p dng nh lut v thnh phn khng i
Vi mi hp cht cho trc th:
- T l khi lng ca mi nguyn t i vi khi lng hp cht l mt s khng i.
- T l khi lng gia cc nguyn t l mt s khng i.

3/ Phng php p dng cc nh lut vt l v cht kh.
- nh lut Avgar: cng mt iu kin v nhit v p sut, bt k cht kh no nu
c cng s phn t bng nhau th chim th tch nh nhau.
- H qu: 1 mol phn t cht kh no cng c mt s phn t l N = 6,02.10
23
phn t. Do
1 mol phn t kh no cng chim mt th tch nh nhau khi xt cng iu kin v nhit
v p sut.
- Phng trnh Mendeleev Clapeyron:
PV = nRT
Trong :
+ n: s mol
+ p: p sut (atm) = p/760 (mmHg)
V: th tch (lit)
T = t
0
c + 273 (nhit tuyt i: K)
R = 22,4/273 atm.lit/mol.K (hng s Rydberg)

4/ Phng php chuyn bi ton hn hp thnh bi ton mt cht tng ng
(phng php trung bnh)


Khi hn hp gm nhiu cht cng tc dng vi mt cht khc m phn ng xy ra cng
mt loi (oxi ho - kh, trung ho, axit baz,...) v hiu sut cc phn ng bng nhau th ta c
th thay th c hn hp bng mt cht gi l cht tng ng c s mol, khi lng, hay th
tch bng s mol, khi lng hay th tch ca c hn hp m cc kt qu phn ng ca cht
tng ng y ht nh kt qu cc phn ng ca ton hn hp.
Cng thc ca cht tng ng gi l cng thc tng ng hay cng thc trung bnh.
Khi lng mol phn t, khi lng mol nguyn t, s nguyn t ca cc nguyn t ca
cht tng ng l cc gi tr trung bnh M , A, x , y , z ,...
Gi a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, ...< 1 ln lt l thnh phn % theo s mol ca cc cht 1, 2, 3, ...trong hn hp.
Ta c:
M =
Tongsomol
onhop Khoiluongh
=
hh
hh
n
m
= a
1
M
1
+ a
2
M
2
+ a
3
M
3
+ ....
Vi m
hh
= n
1
M
1
+ n
2
M
2
+ n
3
M
3
+ ...
Trong : n
1
, n
2
, n
3
, ...ln lt l s mol phn t ca cht 1, 2, 3,...
A = a
1
A
1
+ a
2
A
2
+ a
3
A
3
+ ...
x = a
1
x
1
+ a
2
x
2
+ a
3
x
3
+ ...
y = a
1
y
1
+ a
2
y
2
+ a
3
y
3
+ ...
z = a
1
z
1
+ a
2
z
2
+ a
3
z
3
+ ...
Gi tr nh nht < gi tr trung bnh < gi tr ln nht.
Suy ra:
- Hai cht ng ng lin tip th:
x < x < x + 1 ; 2p < y < 2(p + 1)
- Hn hp anken v ankyn th: 1 < k < 2
- Hai s c gi tr trung bnh l trung bnh cng khi v ch khi hai s c h s bng nhau; n
1

= n
2
---> a
1
= a
2

Trung bnh ca hai s nguyn lin tip l mt s khng nguyn v trong khong hai s
nguyn .
Th d: cho n v n + 1 c n = 3,2
---> n = 3 v n + 1 = 4.

5/ Bn cht phn ng sc kh CO
2
hay SO
2
vo dung dch kim.
Dung dch kim c th l dung dch NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)
2
, Ba(OH)
2
. Khi cho CO
2
hay
SO
2
l nhng oxit axit vo trong dung dch th CO
2
hay SO
2
s kt hp vi nc ca dung dch
kim s to ra axit.
Bn cht ca phn ng gia CO
2
hay SO
2
v dung dch kim l phn ng trung ho axit v
baz.
H
+
+ OH
-
----> H
2
O
- Nu s mol OH
-
> s mol H
+
---> mi trng trung ho hay c tnh kim. Do bi ton cho
kim d (nc vi trong d, xt d,...) th phn ng ch to ra mui trung tnh khi kim dng
va hoc d.
- Nu s mol H
+
> s mol OH
-
---> mi trng c tnh axit.
s mol H
+
(d) = s mol H
+
(b) s mol OH
-
.
- Nu s mol H
+
(d) > s mol CO
3
2-
---> Phn ng ch to mui axit.


- Nu s mol H
+
(d) < s mol CO
3
2-
----> Phn ng ch bin i mt phn mui trung tnh
ra mui axit, ngha l to ra hai mui.

6/ Phng php bin lun:
Khi ta s dng ht gi thit m vn cha tm c kt qu hoc cho nhiu kt qu khng
hp l th bi ton phi c gii hoc chn nghim hp l bng phng php bin lun.
Ni chung, trong ton Ho, ta hay da vo quy lut ca s t nhin, quy lut kt hp ca cc
nguyn t, thuyt cu to ho hc, dy in ho, bng phn loi tun hon bin lun.

CHUYN 17:
VIT NG PHN CTCT, VIT PTHH
THEO CHUI PHN NG - IU CH,
NHN BIT - PHN BIT - TCH CC
CHT HU C.

Bi 1: Vit cc cng thc cu to c th c ng vi cng thc phn t C
5
H
10
:
CH
2
= CH - CH
2
- CH
2
- CH
3
CH
2
= C - CH
2
- CH
3

CH
3
- CH = CH- CH
2
- CH
3
CH
3
- C= CH - CH
3

CH
2
= CH - CH - CH
3

|
CH
3

|
CH
3

|
CH
3

CH
2

CH
2

CH
2
CH
2

CH
2

CH
2

CH
2
CH - - CH
3
CH
2

CH
2
CH
2

CH
2
CH CH
3

CH
2

CH
2

C
CH
3

CH
3

CH CH
2

CH
2
CH
CH
3


Bi 2:
1. A, B, D, F, G, H, I l cc cht hu c tho mn cc s phn ng sau:
A
0
t
B + C ; B + C
xt t ,
0
D ; D + E
xt t ,
0
F ;
F + O
2

xt t ,
0
G + E ; F + G
xt t ,
0
H + E ; H + NaOH
0
t
I + F G + L
I + C
Xc nh A, B, D, F, G, H, I, L. Vit phng trnh ho hc biu din s phn ng trn.
2. Vit cng thc cu to cc ng phn ca A ng vi cng thc phn t C
5
H
12
. Xc nh
cng thc cu to ng ca A bit rng khi A tc dng vi clo( askt ) theo t l 1 : 1 v s mol
to ra mt sn phm duy nht.
3. T nguyn liu chnh l vi, than , cc cht v c v iu kin cn thit. Vit s
phn ng iu ch cc ru CH
3
OH; C
2
H
5
OH; CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
OH v cc axit tng ng.

Bi 3:
1/ Vit cng thc cu to c th c ng vi cng thc phn t : C
5
H
12
, C
3
H
6
O
2
, C
3
H
7
O
2/ C cc cht ng ring bit trong cc l mt nhn gm: Ru etylic, axit axtic, benzen,
dung dch NaOH, dung dch H
2
SO
4
, dung dch Ba(OH)
2
. Bng phng php ho hc hy phn
bit cc cht ng trong mi l trn.
Bi 4: Hon thnh s bin ho sau (ghi r iu kin nu c)
B
) 3 (
C
) 4 (
Cao su buna

( 2 )
CaC
2

( 1 )
A

( 5 )
D
) 6 (
Ru etylic
) 7 (
E
) 8 (
F
) 9 (
G

10
CH
3
Cl
Bit F l: CH
3
COONa

Bi 5:
1/ a - Vit cng thc cu ti c th c ca C
4
H
8
, C
2
H
4
O
2
, C
3
H
8
O.
b - C cc cht kh sau C
2
H
6
, C
2
H
2
, C
2
H
4
, CO
2
, N
2
, O
2
. Bng phng php ho hc hy
phn bit cc cht trn.
2/ Vit PTP theo s bin ho sau (Ghi r iu kin nu c):

CH
3
COOH

2
C
2
H
2

1
CH
3
CHO
4
CH
3
COOC
2
H
5

5

3
C
2
H
5
OH

C
2
H
5
OH
3/ T than , vi, cc cht v c v cc iu kin cn thit. Vit cc PTP
(Ghi r iu kin) iu ch Vinyl clorua, Poly etilen, Cao su buna.

Bi 6:
a. Xc nh cc cht A , B , C , D , E , F v vit cc PTHH minh ho.
C
2
H
6

+ AS Cl ,
2
A
+NaOH
B
xt O ,
2
C
+
2
) (OH Ca
D
+
3 2
CO Na
E
+
0
, , t xtCaO NaOH
F
b. Vit tt c cc ng phn c th c ng vi cng thc phn t : C
3
H
6
O
2


Bi 7:
1. C cc cht: H
2
O, ru etylic, axit axtic v axit cacbonic. Sp xp theo th t gim dn
v tnh axit, t dn ra cc phng trnh phn ng minh ho cho trt t sp xp .
2. T kh thin nhin, cc cht v c v iu kin cn thit vit cc phng trnh phn ng
iu ch axtilen, ru etylic, axit axtic, poli vinyl clorua (PVC), cao su buna.

Bi 8: Hy nhn bit cc l mt nhn ng cc cht lng: CH
3
COOH, HCl, C
2
H
5
OH, NaOH v
C
6
H
6
bng phng php ho hc.

Bi 9: Xc nh cng thc cu to ca A, B, C, D, E, F, G v hon thnh cc phng trnh ho
hc th hin theo s bin ho sau(ghi r cc iu kin nu c).
C + Y

C ( TH:t
0
,p,xt) G
+ X, (t
0
,xt) (xt) (t
0
,xt)
A
LLN C, 1500
0
B E
+Y, (t
0
,xt) + X (t
0
,xt)
D ( t
0
,xt ) F
( T
0
; H
2
SO
4
c )

CH
3
COOC
2
H
5

Bit A l thnh phn chnh ca kh bn ao, D ch c 1 nhm chc l: CHO, G l PE
Bi 10: Vit cc phng trnh ho hc th hin theo s chuyn ho sau.
CaCO
3

) 1 (
CaO
) 2 (
CaC
2

) 3 (
C
2
H
2

) 4 (
C
2
H
4

) 5 (
C
2
H
5
OH
) 6 (
CH
3
COOH

) 7 (
CH
3
COONa
) 8 (
CH
4

) 9 (
CO
2

) 10 (
Ba(HCO
3
)
2
.

Bi 11:
1/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh ho hc theo dy bin ho sau .
a/ CaC
2
CH = CH

CH
2
= CH
2
CH
3
CH
2
OH
CH
3
COOH CH
3
COONa CH
4
CH
3
Cl
b/ CH
3
COOH CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
CH
3
CH
2
OH
CH
3
CH
2
ONa
2/ Vit phng trnh ho hc ca axtilen vi H
2
, HCl, dung dch Brm v vi Ag
2
O trong
mi trng NH
3
(hoc AgNO
3
trong mi trng NH
3
).

Bi 12:
1/ Vit cc cng thc cu to thu gn ca cc ng phn c cng cng thc phn t ca cc hp
cht hu c sau : C
4
H
8
, C
4
H
10
O , C
3
H
6
O
2
.
2/ Hn hp X gm mt ankan v mt ankin c t l phn t khi tng ng l
22 : 13. t chy hon ton 0,2 mol hn hp X, thu c 22g CO
2
v 9g H
2
O. Xc nh cng
thc phn t ca ankan v ankin trn.
3/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng theo s bin ho sau(ghi r iu kin nu c)
D
+NaOH
E

men gim Xt : CaO, T
0

+O
2
CO
2

Clorofin ASKT,
A
Lenmen
B CH
4

+ H
2
O XT

XT, T
0
Crcking,T
0


C
4
H
6

+
0
2
, , t Ni H
C
4
H
10

CH
4

c
0
1500
F
Xc nh cc cht A,B,D,E,F trong mi phng trnh.
Bi 13:
1/ C 3 hp cht hu c c cng thc phn t nh sau: CH
2
O
2
, C
2
H
4
O
2
, C
3
H
6
O
2
. Hy vit cng
thc cu to c th c ng vi 3 cng thc phn t trn.
2/ Hon thnh s bin ho sau (ghi r iu kin nu c)
B
) 3 (
C
) 4 (
Cao su buna

( 2 )
CaC
2

( 1 )
A

( 5 )
D
) 6 (
Ru etylic
) 7 (
E
) 8 (
F
) 9 (
G
Bit G (thnh phn chnh ca kh bn ao)
3/ Bng phng php ho hc hy phn bit cc dung dch ng trong cc l mt nhn cha
ring bit cc dung dch: CH
3
COOH, HCOOH, C
2
H
5
OH, C
6
H
6
.
4/ Hy xc nh cng thc cu to c th c ca cc hp cht hu c ng vi cng thc tng
qut: C
X
H
Y
O
Z
khi x s 2. Bit rng cc hp cht u tc dng c vi kali v khng phi l
hp cht a chc.
5/ Cho mt hir cacbon A, t chy hon ton 1 mol A cn 6 mol oxi. Xc nh cng thc
phn t, vit cng thc cu to v gi tn A. Bit A th kh.

Bi 14:
1/Xc nh cc cht A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H v hon thnh s bin ho sau (ghi r iu kin
nu c)

C (3) D

(2) (4)
Ln men gim
Ln men + Cl
2
, askt
A (1) B G (8)
H
(5) (7)
+ H
2
, xt Ni, t
0

E (6) F
Bit: E l nguyn liu chnh sn xut cao su buna.
G l thnh phn chnh ca kh bn ao.
2/ Cho mt ru no X, t chy hon ton mt mol X cn 3 mol oxi. Xc nh cng thc
phn t, vit cng thc cu to v gi tn X.
3/ Bng phng php ho hc hy tch ring CO
2
v C
2
H
6
ra khi hn hp kh CO
2
, C
2
H
2
,
C
2
H
4
v C
2
H
6
.
4/ C 4 l mt nhn cha ring bit cc kh CO
2
,CH
4
,C
2
H
4
v C
2
H
2
.Bng phng php ho
hc hy nhn bit cc nm trong mi l. Vit phng trnh ho hc minh ho (nu c).


Bi 15:
1/ Vit cng thc cu to cc ng phn ng vi cng thc phn t: C
3
H
6
O
2
, C
3
H
8
O, C
3
H
6
,
C
5
H
10

2/ Cht A c cng thc phn t C
2
H
6
.Xc nh cng thc cu to ca cc cht B, C, D, E, F v
hon thnh cc phng trnh ho hc theo s phn ng sau:
C
2
H
6

+ ASKT Cl ,
2
B
+NaOH
C
+ XT O ,
2
D
+
2
) (OH Ca
E
+
3 2
CO Na
F

+
0
, : , t CaO Xt NaOH
CH
4

3/ t chy 1 lt hn hp gm 2 Hir cacbon th kh thu c 1,6 lt kh CO
2
v 1,4 lt hi
nc. Cc th tch o cng iu kin nhit v p sut. Xc nh 2 cht v thnh phn % v
s mol ca mi cht trong hn hp.
4/ Bng phng php ho hc hy nu cch phn bit 4 cht kh sau: CH
4
, C
2
H
2
, SO
2
v CO
2
.

Bi 16: Cho s biu din bin ho ho hc sau:
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4

R
6
R
5
R
3

- Xc nh cng thc cc cht R
1
, R
2
, R
3
, R
4
, R
5
, R
6
(thuc hp cht hu c) v vit cc phng
trnh ho hc biu din cc bin ho trn (mi mi tn ch vit mt PTHH).
- Trong cc bin ho trn c khi no phn ng xy ra theo chiu ngc li khng? (Vit cc
PTHH, nu iu kin xy ra cc phn ng)
V R
1
tc dng vi I
2
to ra mau xanh nn R
1
l tinh bt(C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
ta c:
R
1
->R
2
: (C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
+ nH
2
O nC
6
H
12
O
6
(1)
R
2
->R
3
: C
6
H
12
O
6
men zima 2C
2
H
5
OH + 2CO
2
(2)
R
3
->R
4
: C
2
H
5
OH + O
2
XT CH
3
COOH + H
2
O (3)
R
3
->R
5
: C
2
H
5
OH H
2
SO
4
C
2
H
4
+ H
2
O (4)

R
5
->R
3
: C
2
H
4
+ H
2
O AX C
2
H
5
OH (5)
R
3
->R
6
: C
2
H
5
OH + CH
3
COOH H
2
SO
4
CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
+ H
2
O (6)
R
4
->R
6
: CH
3
COOH +C
2
H
5
OH CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
+ H
2
O (7)
Nhng phn ng xy ra theo chiu ngc li c l :(4), (5)
C
2
H
4
+ H
2
O XT,P C
2
H
5
OH
C
2
H
5
OH H
2
SO
4
C
2
H
4
+ H
2
O


CHUYN 18:
TON HIROCACBON

Cng thc phn t tng qut v cng thc phn t ca cht tng ng vi hn hp.

Cng thc mt cht Cng thc cht tng ng
C
x
H
y
iu kin: y s 2x + 2
Hay C
n
H
2n + 2 2k
iu kin: x, y, n e N
0
Vi k l tng s lin kt t v vng.
Nu mch h --> k = tng s ni t , keN.
Cx Hy , x > 1; y > 2
Hay C
n
H
2 n

+ 2 - 2 k

n > 1; k > 0
k = 0: Ankan
C
n
H
2n + 2
; n > 1
C
n
H
2 n

+ 2
; n > 1
k = 1: Xiclankan hay anken.
Xiclankan: C
n
H
2n
; n > 3
Anken: C
n
H
2n
; n > 2

C
n
H
2 n
; n > 2
k = 2 (mch h): Ankaien hay ankyn
Ankaien: C
n
H
2n 2
; n > 3
Ankyn: C
n
H
2n 2
; n > 2

C
n
H
2 n

- 2
; n > 2
k = 4: Aren (3t + 1 vng)
C
n
H
2n 6
; n > 6
C
n
H
2 n

- 6
; n > 6

1/ Phn ng cng:
Hirocacbon c ni t , Xiclopropan, xiclobutan mi c phn ng cng.
- Cng H
2
: vi cht xc tc l Ni hoc Pt nung nng.
C
n
H
2n + 2 2k
+ kH
2
----> C
n
H
2n + 2

C
n
H
2 n

+ 2 - 2 k
+ k H
2
----> C
n
H
2 n

+ 2

1mol k mol 1mol
H qu:
- gim s mol ca hn hp lun lun bng s mol H
2
tham gia phn ng.
- Tng s mol hirocacbon sn phm v s mol hirocacbon nguyn liu (d) lun lun
bng s mol hirocacbon nguyn liu ban u.

2/ Phn ng cng Br
2
:
C
n
H
2 n

+ 2 - 2 k
+ k Br
2
----> C
n
H
2 n

+ 2 - 2 k
Br
2 k

H qu:
-
S mol hirocacbon tham gia phn ng bng
k
1
s mol Br
2.
3/ Phn ng chy:
Cx Hy + ( x +
4
y
)O
2
----> x CO
2
+
2
y
H
2
O
C
n
H
2 n

+ 2 - 2 k
+ (3n + 1 - k )/2 O
2
----> n CO
2
+ ( n + 1 - k ) H
2
O.


H qu:
*) k = 0, ta c:
C
n
H
2 n

+ 2
+ (3n + 1)/2 O
2
----> n CO
2
+ ( n + 1) H
2
O
x mol n x mol ( n + 1)x mol
----> x = ( n + 1)x - n x
= s mol H
2
O s mol CO
2

Vy ta c: C
n
H
2 n

+ 2
chy <---> s mol H
2
O > s mol CO
2

v s mol C
n
H
2 n

+ 2
= s mol H
2
O - s mol CO
2

*) k = 1, ta c:
C
n
H
2 n
+ 3n /2 O
2
----> n CO
2
+ n H
2
O
C
n
H
2 n
chy <--> s mol H
2
O = s mol CO
2

*) k = 2, ta c:
C
n
H
2 n

- 2
+ (3n - 1)/2 O
2
----> n CO
2
+ ( n - 1) H
2
O
x mol n x mol ( n - 1)x mol
----> x = n x - ( n + 1)x
= s mol CO
2
- s mol H
2
O
Vy ta c: C
n
H
2 n

- 2
chy <---> s mol H
2
O < s mol CO
2

v s mol C
n
H
2 n

- 2
= s mol CO
2
- s mol H
2
O

*) Ch :
- Hn hp hirocacbon th kh th: n s 4 v n s 4
- Ch c nhng Ankyn 1 (c ni 3 u mch) mi c phn ng th AgNO
3
/NH
4
OH.
- Ngoi tr CH CH, cc ankyn cn li khi b hyrat ho cho sn phm chnh l xtn.
- Nu hircacbon b hyrat ho m to ra ru n chc no th hirocacbon ny chnh l
anken (hay olefin)

Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1:
1. Hn hp A gm mtan, axtylen theo t l th tch l 1:1
a/ Tinh ch CH
4
t hn hp
b/ Tinh ch C
2
H
2
t hn hp
2. Hn hp A gm axtylen v hidro c t khi so vi hidro bng 4.
a/ Tnh % v th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp A,
b/ t nng hn hp trong bnh kn c t bt Ni lm xc tc thu c hn hp kh B.
- Cho 1/2 khi lng B i qua dung dch AgNO
3
trong NH
3
thy to thnh 0,12g kt ta mu
vng. Tnh khi lng ca C
2
H
2
trong hn hp B.
- Cho 1/2 lng kh B qua dung dch nc Brm thy bnh nng thm 0,041(g). Tnh khi
lng ca tylen c trong hn hp B.
Hng dn:
1.


a/ Cho hn hp i qua nc Br
2
d:
C
2
H
2
+ 2Br
2
C
2
H
2
Br
4
Tinh ch c CH
4

b/ Cho hn hp i qua dung dch Ag
2
O (NH
2
)
C
2
H
2
+ Ag
2
O C
2
Ag
2
+ + H
2
O
- Lc ly kt ta hon tan bng HNO
3

C
2
Ag
2
+ HNO
3
AgNO
3
+ C
2
H
2
|
2.
a. Gi mt s mol ca C
2
H
2
l x -> nH
2
= 1 - x
Ta c:
2
) 1 ( 2 26 x x +
= 4
-> x = 0, 25
Ta c: C
2
H
2
chim 25%; v H
2
Chim 75%
b. t nng hn hp
C
2
H
2
+ H
2

o
t
Ni
> C
2
H
4

C
2
H
2
+ 3H
2

0
t
Ni
> C
2
H
6

Hn hp kh B; C
2
H
2
; C
2
H
4
; C
2
H
6

Cho 1/2B i qua dung dch Ag
2
O (NH
3
)
C
2
H
2
+ Ag
2
O
3
NH
C
2
Ag
2
+ + H
2
O
nC
2
H
2
= nC
2
Ag
2
=
240
12 , 0
= 0,0005 (mol)
Khi lng C
2
H
2
c trong hn hp B: 0,0005.2. 26 = 0,026(g)
- Cho 1/2 B i qua dung dch Br
2

Cc phn ng:
C
2
H
4
+ Br
2
C
2
H
4
Br
2

C
2
h
2
+ 2Br
2
C
2
H
2
Br
4

- Khi lng ca C
2
H
4
trong hn hp B l:
(0,041 -
2
026 , 0
). 2 = 0,056 (g)

Bi 2: Cc hirocacbon A, B, C u trng thi kh iu kin thng, xc nh cng thc ca
chng bng kt qu ca tng th nghim sau:
a, 1,4g cht A lm mt mu va mt dung dch cha 8g brm.
b, Mt th tch V ca B chy cn 2,5V kh xi.
c, Tng th tch C v th tch xi va bng tng th tch ca kh CO
2
v hi nc to
thnh, th tch hi nc ng bng th tch CO
2
.
a, theo TN ta c : M
A
=
8
160 . 4 , 1
= 28 (g)
Xt cc trng hp :- hirocacbon C
n
H
2n+2
v C
n
H
2n-2
khng c trng hp no c M =
28g
- hirocacbon C
n
H
2n
: ch c C
2
H
4
l tho mn M=28g vy A l C
2
H
4
(1)


b, Gi cng thc B l C
x
H
y
v t V
B
= V
0
Ta c :C
2
H
4
+ (x+
4
y
) O
2
xCO
2
+
2
y
H
2
O
V
O2
(x +
4
y
)V
0
= x +
4
y

V
CxHy
V
0

x, y phi tho mn iu kin :
x, y l nhng s nguyn dng
2x-2 s y s 2x+2
Ch c nghim x=y=2 tho mn . Vy B l C
2
H
2

C, Ta c : C
n
H
2n
+ (n+
2
n
)O
2
nCO
2
+ nH
2
O
-Theo PTHH V
CO2
= V
H2O
(hi )
Nu ly VCnH2n =1 th V
u
= 1+ n +
2
n

V
cui
=V
u
-> 1=
2
n
-> n=2 Vy C l C
2
H
4

Bi 3: Hn hp A gm cc kh mtan, tylen v axtylen.
a. Dn 2,8 lt hn hp A ktc qua bnh ng dung dch nc Brm thy bnh b nht
mu i mt phn v c 20g brm phn ng.
b. Mt khc t chy hon ton 5,6 lit A ktc ri cho ton b sn phm chy qua bnh
ng 175,2 gam dung dch NaOH 20% sau th nghim thu c dung dch cha 1,57% NaOH.
Tnh % theo th tch ca mi kh c trong hn hp A.
Hng dn:
Gi x, y, z ln lt l cc s mol ca CH
4
, C
2
H
4
v C
2
H
2
c trong 2,8 lt hn hp:
n
hh
=
4 , 22
8 , 2
= 0, 125 mol
Khi cho 2,8 lt hn hp i qua bnh ng ncBrm ch c C
2
H
4
v C
2
H
2
phn ng
Phng trnh phn ng:
C
2
H
4
+ Br
2
-> C
2
H
4
Br
2

C
2
H
2
+ 2 Br
2
-> C
2
H
2
Br
Ta c: nBr
2
= y + 2z =
100
20
= 0, 125
t chy 5,6 lt hn hp
CH
4
+ 2O
2
-> CO
2
+ 2h
2
O
2x 2x
C
2
H
4
+ 3O
2
-> 2CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
2y 4y
2C
2
H
2
+ O
2
-> 4 CO
2
+ 2 H
2
O
2z 4z
Ta c: n CO
2
= 2x + 4y + 4z = 0,375 + y


n NaOH = 0,876 mol
CO
2
+ 2NaOH -> Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
1mol 2mol
n NaOH phn ng = 2n CO
2
= 0,75 + 2y
n NaOH d = 0, 876 - 0,75 - 2y = 0,126 - 2y
Ta c h phng trnh
=
= +

= +
= + +
57 , 1 100 .
2 , 175 44 ). 375 , 0 (
) 2 126 , 0 .( 40
125 , 0 2
125 , 0
y
y
z y
z y x

Gii h ta c: y = 0,025
x = z = 0, 05
% CH
4
= 40%
% C
2
H
4
= 20%
% C
2
H
2
= 40%

Bi 4: Hn hp A gm CH
4
, C
2
H
2
v mt hirocacbon X c cng thc
C
n
H
2n +2
. Cho 0,896 lt hn hp A i qua dung dch Brom d phn ng xy ry ra hon
ton, thy thot ra 0,448 lt hn hp hai kh .
Bit rng t l s mol CH
4
v C
n
H
2n+ 2
trong hn hp l 1:1, khi t chy 0,896 lit A thu
c 3,08gam CO
2
( KTC).
a- Xc nh cng thc phn t ca Hirocacbon X
b- Tnh thnh phn % theo th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp A.
Hng dn:
a- Khi cho hn hp A qua dung dch brom d, c phn ng:
C
2
H
2
+ 2Br
2
C
2
H
2
Br
4

V phn ng xy ra hon ton v c hai kh thot ra khi dung dch brom, nn hai kh l
CH
4
v C
n
H
2n+ 2

Theo bi, VC
2
H
2
tham gia phn ng l: 0,896 - 0,448 = 0,448 (lt)
Vy s mol C
2
H
2
l: 0,448 = 0,02 (mol)
22,4
Gi s mol ca CH
4
l x. Theo bi => s mol ca C
n
H
2n + 2
cng l x.
Vy ta c: x + x = 0,448 = 0,02 => x = 0,01.
22,4
Phng trnh ho hc ca phn ng t chy hn hp:
2C
2
H
2
+ 5O
2
4CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
0,02 mol 0,04 mol
CH
4
+ 2O
2
CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
0,01 mol 0,01mol
2C
n
H
2n + 2
+ (3n + 1) O
2
2nCO
2
+ 2 (n +1)H
2
O
0,01 mol 0,01,n mol
Vy ta c: n
CO2
= 0,04 + 0,01 +0,01n = 3,08 => n = 2
44
Vy cng thc phn t ca hirocacbon X l C
2
H
6


b- Tnh % th tch cc kh:
% VC
2
H
2
= 0,448: 0,896 x 100% = 50%
% VCH
4
= % VC
2
H
6
= (100% - 50%) : 2 = 25%

Bi 5: Ngi ta t chy mt hidrcacbon no bng O
2
d ri dn sn phm chy i ln lt qua
H
2
SO
4
c ri n 350ml dung dch NaOH 2M thu c dung dch A. Khi thm BaCl
2
d vo
dung dch A thy tc ra 39,4gam kt ta BaCO
3
cn lng H
2
SO
4
tng thm 10,8gam. Hi
hir cc bon trn l cht no ?
Hng dn:
- Sn phm chy khi t Hir cac bon bng kh O
2
l CO
2
; H
2
O; O
2
d. Khi dn sn phm
chy i qua H
2
SO
4
c th ton b H
2
O b gi li (do H
2
SO
4
c ht nc mnh), do vy lng
H
2
SO
4
tng 10,8gam, chnh bng lng nc to thnh (
O H
2
m = 10,8gam), kh cn li l CO
2
,
O
2
d tip tc qua dung dch NaOH, xy ra phn ng gia CO
2
v NaOH
CO
2
+ 2NaOH Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O (1)
CO
2
+ NaOH NaHCO
3
(2)
Tu thuc vo s mol ca CO
2
v NaOH m c th to ra mui
trung ho Na
2
CO
3
ln mui axit NaHCO
3
)

* Trng hp 1:
NaOH d, sn phm ca phn ng gia CO
2
v NaOH ch l mui trung
ho. Dung dch A gm Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O

Khi phn ng vi dung dch BaCl
2
, ton b mui gc cacbonat b chuyn thnh kt ta BaCO
3
.
Na
2
CO
3
+ BaCl
2
BaCO
3
+ 2NaCl (3)
Ta c:
3
BaCO
n =
2
CO
n
V:
3
BaCO
n = ) mol ( 2 , 0
197
4 , 39
=

2
CO
n = 0,2 (mol)
Trong khi:
O H
2
n = ) mol ( 6 , 0
18
8 , 10
=
Suy ra: T s
3
1
6 , 0
2 , 0
n
n
O H
CO
2
2
= = khng tn ti hir cc bon no no nh vy v t s nh nht l
2
1

CH
4
chy
* Trng hp 2:
- Nh vy NaOH khng d. Ngha l NaOH phn ng ht. ng thi to ra c mui axt v
mui trung ho (c phn ng (1) v (2) u xy ra, lng CO
2
phn ng hon ton, lng CO
2

b gi li hon ton)
- Theo phng trnh (1) n
NaOH
ban u = 0,35 . 2 = 0.7 (mol)
n
NaOH
= 2.
3 2
CO Na
n = 2 .
3
BaCO
n

= 2 . 0,2 = 0,4 (mol)

2
CO
n (1) = 0,2 (mol) (*)
Lng NaOH cn li: 0,7 - 0,4 = 0,3 (mol). Tham gia phn ng (2)
- Theo phng trnh (2):
2
CO
n = n
NaOH
= 0,3 (mol) (**)
- Vy t (*), (**) lng kh CO
2
to thnh trong phn ng chy l


2
CO
n = 0,2 + 0,3 = 0,5 (mol)
Gi CTHH hir cc bon no l C
n
H
2n+2
(n > 1)
Phn ng chy;
CnH
2n+2
+
2
O
2
1 n 3 +
n CO
2
+ (n + 1)H
2
O
Do ; 5 n
6 , 0
5 , 0
1 n
n
= =
+

Vy hir cc bon cn tm c cng thc ho hc C
5
H
12

Bi 6: Cho bit X cha 2 hoc 3 nguyn t trong s cc nguyn t C; H; O.
1/ Trn 2,688lt CH
4
(ktc) vi 5,376lt kh X (ktc) thu c hn hp kh Y c khi lng
9,12g. Tnh khi lng phn t X.
2/ t chy hon ton hn hpY. Cho sn phm chy hp th ht vo dung dch cha 0,48 mol
Ba(OH)
2
thy to ra 70,92g kt ta. Xc nh CTPT v vit CTCT ca X.
Hng dn:
1/ S mol cc cht =
4 , 22
688 , 2
= 0,12 mol
n
x
=
4 , 22
376 , 5
= 0,24 mol
m
x
= 9,12 . 0,12 . 16 = 7,2
=> M
x
=
24 , 0
2 , 7
= 30
2/ Cc PTHH c th xy ra gm:
CH
4
+ 2O
2
-> CO
2
+ 2H
2
O (1)
C
x
H
y
O
z
+ (x +
2
y
-
2
z
)O
2
-> xCO
2
+
2
y
H
2
O (2)
CO
2
+ Ba(OH)
2
-> BaCO
3
+ H
2
O (3)
CO
2d
+ H
2
O + BaCO
3
-> Ba(HCO
3
)
2
(4)
Xy ra 2 trng hp:
a, Trng hp 1: CO
2
thiu -> khng c PTHH(4)

2
CO
n =
3
BaCO
n =
197
92 , 70
= 0,36 mol
lng CO
2
do CH
4
to ra theo PT (1) =
4
CH
n = 0,12 mol. Do lng CO
2
do X to ra = 0,36
- 0,12 = 0,24 mol. Nh vy s nguyn t C trong X =
24 , 0
24 , 0
= 1
12 . 1 + y + 16z = 30 hay y + 16z = 18.
Cp nghim duy nht z = 1 v y = 2 O
=> CTPT l CH
2
O CTCT l H - C
H
b, Trng hp 2: CO
2
d c PTHH (4)
Lc n CO
2
= 0,48 + ( 0,48 - 0,36 ) = 0,6 mol


d

2
CO
n do X to ra = 0,6 - 0,12 = 0,48 mol
-> nguyn t C trong X =
24 , 0
48 , 0
= 2
ta c 12 . 2 + y + 16z = 30
<=> 24 + y + 16z = 30 <=> y + 16z = 6
Cp nghim duy nht z = 0 ; y = 6 H H
CTPT l C
2
H
6
CTCT l H - C - C - H
H H

Bi 7: t chy hon ton 1 hn hp kh gm 2 hidrocacbon c cng thc tng qut C
n
H
2n
v
C
m
H
2m + 2
. (4 > m > 1); (4 > n > 2) cn dng 35,2g kh O
2
.
Sau phn ng thu c 14,4g H
2
O v lng kh CO
2
c

th tch bng
3
7
th tch ca hn
hp kh ban u.
a. Tnh % th tch ca hn hp kh ban u.
b. Xc nh CTPT v CTCT c th c ca cc hidrocacbonat ni trn.

n
2
O =
32
2 , 35
=1,1 mol
n O H
2
=
18
4 , 14
= 0,8 mol
Gi a, b ln lt l s mol ca 2 hirocacbon C
n
H
2n
v C
m
H
2m + 2
Ta c PTHH
C
n
H
2n
+
2
3n
O
2
n CO
2
+ n H
2
O
a.
2
3na
na na
C
m
H
2m + 2
+
2
1)O + 3 (
2
m
m CO
2
+ (m +1)H
2
O
b (
) 2
) 1 3 + m
). b mb (m+1)b
n
2
O =
2
3na
+
2
) 1 3 ( + m
b = 1,1 (1)
n O H
2
= na + (m+1)b = 0,8 (2)
n CO
2
= na

+ mb =
3
7
(a+b) (3)
Gii h PT ta c a = 0,2
b = 0,1
% C
n
H
2n
=0,2/0,3 x 100% ~ 66,7%
a. % C
m
H
2m + 2
= 100% - 66,7% = 33,3 %


b. na + mb =
3
7
( a +b)
0,2n + 0,1m =
3
7
x 0,3
2n + m = 7
n 2 3
m 3 1
Cc hirocacbon c CT: C
2
H
4
v C
3
H
8
C
3
H
6
v CH
4

Bi 8: Cho hn hp A gm C
2
H
4
v C
2
H
2
. Ly 2,96g hn hp A em t chy hon ton thu
c m
1
g CO
2
v m
2
g H
2
O. Ly 0,616 lt A(ktc) cho phn ng vi lng d nc Brm thy
c 6,8g Br
2
tham gia phn ng (phn ng xy ra hon ton).
a, Vit PTP.
b, Tnh % theo khi lng v theo th tch ca mi hirocacbon trong A.
c, Tnh m
1
v m
2
.
a) (1 im) C
2
H
4
+ O
2
2CO
2
+ 2H
2
O (1)
C
2
H
2
+
2
5
O
2
2CO
2
+ H
2
O (2)
C
2
H
4
+ Br
2
C
2
H
4
Br
2
(3)
C
2
H
2
+ 2Br
2
C
2
H
2
Br
4
(4)
b) mol 0275 , 0 =
4 , 22
616 , 0
= n
A hp hn
v mol 0425 , 0 =
160
8 , 6
= n
2 Br

Gi s mol C
2
H
4
l a mol
C
2
H
2
l b mol
Theo PT (3) v (4) ta c h PT: { {
mol 015 , 0 = b
mol 0125 , 0 = a
0425 , 0 = b 2 + a
0275 , 0 = b + a

m
4 2
H C trong 0,0275 mol hn hp : 0,0125.28 = 0,35 g.
m
2 2
H C trong 0,0275 mol hn hp : 0,015.26 = 0,39g.
Tng khi lng = 0,35 + 0,39 = 0,74 g
T l 2,96g : 0,616 lt = 2,96 : 0,74 = 4:1
S mol C
2
H
4
v C
2
H
2
trong 2,96 g hn hp l:
n mol 05 , 0 = 4 . 0125 , 0 = H C
4 2

n mol 06 , 0 = 4 . 015 , 0 = H C
2 2

% C
2
H
4
theo V bng: % 45 , 45 = % 100 .
11 , 0
05 , 0

% C
2
H
2
theo V bng 100%- 45,45% = 54,55%


% C
2
H
4
theo m bng % 3 , 47 = % 100 .
96 , 2
28 . 05 , 0

% C
2
H
2
theo m bng 100%- 47,3%= 52,7%
c, Tnh m
1
, m
2

Theo PT (1) v (2):
n
2
CO = 2n
4 2
H C + 2n
2 2
H C = 0,1 + 0,12 = 0,22 (mol)
m
1
= 0,22.44= 9,68(g)
n O H
2
= 2n
4 2
H C + 2n
2 2
H C = 2.0,05 + 0,06 = 0,16 (mol)
m
2
= 0,16.18 = 2,88(g)
Bi 9: Cho 3,36 lt hn hp kh A (KTC) gm hiro cacbon X c cng thc C
n
H
2n + 2
v hiro
cacbon Y (cng thc C
m
H
2m
) i qua bnh nc Brom d thy c 8 gam brom tham gia phn
ng. Bit 6,72 lt hn hp A nng 13 gam, n v m tho mn iu kin: 2 s n; m s 4.
Tm cng thc phn t 2 hiro cacbon X; Y.
Hng dn:
Cho hn hp kh qua dd nc brom
X: C
n
H
2n + 2
+ Br
2
Khng phn ng
Y: C
m
H
2m
+ Br
2
C
m
H
2m
Br
2

Gi s mol X, Y trong hn hp ln lt l a v b ta c:
a + b =
4 , 22
36 , 3
= 0,15 (mol)
n
Y
= n
Brom
= b =
160
8
= 0,05 (mol a = 0,1 mol
Theo khi lng hn hp:
(14n + 2)0,1 + 14m . 0,05 = 13 .
72 , 6
36 , 3
= 6,5
Rt gn: 2n + m = 9
V cn tho mn iu kin 2 s n; m s 4. ( m, n nguyn dng)
Ch hp l khi n = m = 3
Vy cng thc phn thc phn t X l C
3
H
8
; Y l C
3
H
6
.
Bi 10: Mt hn hp gm kh Metan, Etilen c th tch 5 lt c trn ln vi 5 lt kh Hiro ri
nung n 250
0
C c bt kn xc tc cho n khi phn ng kt thc. Sau khi tr li nhng iu
kin lc u. V nhit v p sut th tch tng cng ch cn li 8 lt c dn qua dung dch
nc Brom. Hi
1) Dung dch Brom c b mt mu khng ?
2) Tnh thnh phn % theo th tch ca CH
4
v C
2
H
4
trong hn hp lc u


3) Nu thay C
2
H
4
bng cng th tch ca C
2
H
2
th sau phn ng th tch tng cng bng
bao nhiu ?
Hng dn:
a) Khi trn hn hp kh CH
4
; C
2
H
4
vi kh H
2
n khi phn ng kt thc c ngha phn
ng xy ra hon ton v ch c C
2
H
4
phn ng vi H
2
.
PTHH : C
2
H
4
+ H
2
C
2
H
6

Theo phn ng ta c n
C2H4
= n
H2

M theo bi ra : n
C2H4
< n
H2
nn sau phn ng c H
2
(d) v CH
4
; C
2
H
6
l nhng cht
khng phn ng vi dd Brom. Nn Brom khng mt mu.
b) Theo phn ng trn : Vh hp gim = V
C2H4
phn ng.
=> V
C2H4
= 5 + 5 - 8 = 2 (lt)
% C
2
H
4
% 40 % 100 .
5
2
= =
% CH
4
= 100% - 40% = 60%
c) Nu thay C
2
H
4
+ 2H
2
C
2
H
6

Theo PTHH :
V
H2
= 2V
C2
H
2
= 2.2 = 4 (l)
=> V
H2
(d) = 5 - 4 = 1 (lt)
V
hh
= 3 +2 + 1 = 6 (lt).
Bi 11: Hp cht hu c A ch cha hai nguyn t X v Y. t chy hon ton m gam A thu
c ng m gam H
2
O. A c phn t khi trong khong 150 < M < 170.
a. X v Y l nguyn t g?
b. Xc nh cng thc n gin nht (cng thc trong t l s nguyn t ca cc nguyn
t l ti gin) v cng thc phn t ca A.
Hng dn:
- Nu c v A l hp cht hu c nn trong X v Y phi c mt nguyn t l C.
Mt khc khi t A thu c H
2
O. Vy X v Y l C v H
- Vit c phng trnh tng qut:
CxHy + (x +
4
y
)O
2
xCO
2
+

2
y
H
2
O
a
2
y
. a
- Lp c h thc a(mol) C
x
H
y
=>
2
y
.a(mol) H
2
O
Ni
t
0
Ni
t
0


M M
A
=
a
m
v M
H
2
O
=
2
y
a
m
= 18 => a.M
A
= 9.a.y => M
A
= 9y.
V 150 < M < 170 nn 16 < y < 19.
Ta c:
y 16 17 18 19
M
A
145 156 16
2
171
V nu M = 156, y = 17 th x = 11,5 (loi). Vy ch c y = 18, x = 12 v M = 162 l ph
hp.
Cng thc phn t ca A l: C
12
H
18

Cng thc n gin nht l: (C
2
H
3
)
n

Bi 12: Hn hp kh B cha mtan v axetilen.
1. Cho bit 44,8 lt hn hp B nng 47g. Tnh % th tch mi kh trong B.
2. t chy hon ton 8,96 lt hn hp B v cho tt c sn phm hp th vo 200ml dung dch
NaOH 20% (D = 1,2 g/ml). Tnh nng % ca mi cht tan trong dung dch NaOH sau khi
hp th sn phm chy.
3. Trn V lt hn hp B vi V
'
Hircacbon X (cht kh) ta thu c hn hp kh D nng 271g,
trn V' lt hn hp kh B vi Vlt Hirocacbon X ta thu c hn hp kh E nng 206g. Bit V'
- V = 44,8 lt. Hy xc nh cng thc phn t ca Hirocacbon X. Cc th tch kh u o
iu kin tiu chun.
Hng dn:
1. Gi n l s mol C
2
H
2
trong 1 mol hn hp B ta c phng trnh v khi
lng mol: M
B
= 26n +16 (1 - n) = 47/2 = 23,5 => n = 0,75 tc axetilen= 75%,
mtan = 25%
2. Cc phng trnh:
2C
2
H
2
+ 5O
2
4CO
2
+2H
2
O (1)
CH
4
+ 2O
2
CO
2
+2H
2
O (2)
Tnh n
B
= 0,4 mol , trong c 0,3mol C
2
H
2
v 0,1mol CH
4

Theo cc phn ng : 1;2:
Tng mol CO
2
= 0,3 x 2 + 0,1 x 1 = 0,7 mol
Tng mol H
2
O = 0,3 x 1 + 0,1 x 2 = 0,5 mol
S mol NaOH = 200x 1 ,2 x 20 /100x40 = 1,2mol
V: s mol CO
2
< s mol NaOH < 2 x s mol CO
2
.
Do to thnh 2 mui :
CO
2
+ 2NaOH Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O (3)
CO
2
+NaOH NaHCO
3
(4)
Gi a, b ln lt l s mol Na
2
CO
3
v NaHCO
3
Ta c:
a + b = 0,7
=> a = 0,5mol Na
2
CO
3

2a +b = 1,2
b = 0,2mol NaHCO
3
Khi lng dung dch NaOH sau khi hp th CO
2
vH
2
O l:


200x 1,2+ 0,7 x 44 + 0,5 x 18 = 279,8 g
Vy % N
2
CO
3
=106 x 0,5 x 100/279,8 = 18,94%
% NaHCO
3
= 84 x 0,2 x 100/279,8 = 6%
3- Ta c cc phng trnh v hn hp D v E:
V . 23,5 + V' .M = 271 (a)
22,4 22,4
V' . 23,5 + V .M = 206 (b)
22,4 22,4
Mt khc: V' - V = 44,8 lt (c)
Trong : M l khi lng phn t ca HirocacbonX.
T (a), (b) v (c) gii ra ta c M = 56
Gi cng thc X l C
X
H
Y
ta c: 12 x + y = 56
Suy ra cng thc ca X l C
4
H
8

Bi 13: Hn hp X (ktc) gm mt ankan v mt anken. Cho 3,36 (l) hn hp X qua bnh
nc Brom d thy c 8(g) Brm tham gia phn ng. Bit 6,72 (l) hn hp X nng 13(g).
1, Tm cng thc phn t ca ankan v anken, bit s nguyn t cacbon trong mi phn t
khng qu 4.
2, t chy hon ton 3,36 (l) hn hp X v cho tt c sn phm chy hp th vo dung dch
NaOH (d), sau thm BaCl
2
d th thu c bao nhiu (g) cht kt ta?
Hng dn:
t CTPT ca X, Y ln lt l C
n
H
2n + 2
v C
m
H
2m

iu kin: 1 s n s 4 v 2 s m s 4 ( m, n nguyn dng)
Cho hn hp kh qua dd nc brom
X: C
n
H
2n + 2
+ Br
2
Khng phn ng
Y: C
m
H
2m
+ Br
2
C
m
H
2m
Br
2

Gi s mol X, Y trong hn hp ln lt l a v b ta c:
a + b =
4 , 22
36 , 3
= 0,15 (mol)
n
Y
= n
Brom
= b =
160
8
= 0,05 (mol a = 0,1 mol
Theo khi lng hn hp:
(14n + 2)0,1 + 14m . 0,05 = 13 .
72 , 6
36 , 3
= 6,5
Rt gn: 2n + m = 9
V cn tho mn iu kin: 1 s n s 4 v 2 s m s 4 ( m, n nguyn dng)
Ch hp l khi n = m = 3
Vy cng thc phn thc phn t X l C
3
H
8
; Y l C
3
H
6
.
2/ Ta c cc PTHH xy ra:
C
3
H
8
+ 5O
2
----> 3CO
2
+ 4H
2
O


0,1 0,3 mol
2C
3
H
6
+ 9O
2
-----> 6CO
2
+ 6H
2
O
0,05 0,15 mol
CO
2
+ 2NaOH -----> Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
0,45 0,9 0,45 mol
BaCl
2
+ Na
2
CO
3
----> BaCO
3
+ 2NaCl
0,45 0,45 -----> 0,45 mol
m
rn
= 0,45 . 197 = 88,65g

CHUYN 19:
TNH CHT - IU CH ANCOL

Cng thc phn t tng qut v cng thc phn t ca cht tng ng vi hn hp
ru.

Cng thc mt cht Cng thc cht tng ng
Ru no: C
n
H
2n + 2
O
x

x s n ; n, x e N
*

C
n
H
2 n

+ 2
Ox
x < n
Ru no n chc: C
n
H
2n + 2
O C
n
H
2 n

+ 2
O
n > 1
Ru cha no no, mch h, c k ni t v
n chc.
C
n
H
2n + 2 2k
O
n > 3, n, k e N
*

C
n
H
2 n

+ 2- 2 k
O
n > 3
Cc phn ng ca ru:

- Phn ng vi kim loi kim:
2R(OH)
n
+ 2nM ----> 2R(OM)
n
+ nH
2

2R-OH + 2M ----> 2R-OM + H
2

R(OH)
n
: Ru n chc, R-OH: Ru n chc.
- Phn ng vi axit:
R-OH + H-Br ---> R-Br + H
2
O
- Phn ng tch nc:
C
n
H
2n + 1
-OH -------> C
n
H
2n
+ H
2
O.
- Phn ng ete ho ca ru n chc, ta c:
S mol ete = 1/2 s mol ca ru tham gia phn ng.
Hn hp 2 ru b ete ho s to ra 3 ete.
- Phn ng chy ca ru no hay ete no.
C
n
H
2 n

+ 2
Ox + (3n + 1 - x )/2 ------> n CO
2
+ ( n + 1)H
2
O
xmol n xmol ( n + 1)x mol


H qu:
Ru no hay ete no chy ----> s mol H
2
O > s mol CO
2
. V s mol ru no hay ete no tham
gia phn ng = s mol H
2
O s mol CO
2
.

Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: t chy 3,075 gam hn hp 2 ru no n chc k tip nhau trong dy ng ng. Sn
phm thu c ln lt cho qua bnh 1 ng H
2
SO
4
c v bnh 2 ng KOH rn. Tnh khi
lng cc bnh ny tng ln, bit rng nu cho lng ru trn tc dng vi Na thy thot ra
0,672 lt H
2
(ktc). Lp cng thc phn t ca 2 ru.
Bi gii
Gi n l s nguyn t cacbon trung bnh ca 2 ru. Ta c CTPT tng ng ca 2 ru l
C
n
H
2 n + 1
OH.
Phn ng t chy:
C
n
H
2 n + 1
OH +
2
3n
O
2

0
t
n CO
2
+ ( n + 1) H
2
O
(1)

Khi cho sn phm thu c qua bnh 1 ng H
2
SO
4
th H
2
O b hp th v qua bnh 2 ng
KOH th CO
2
b gi li theo phng trnh.
CO
2
+ 2KOH K
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
(2)

Phn ng ru tc dng vi Na
2C
n
H
2 n + 1
OH + 2Na 2C
n
H
2 n + 1
ONa + H
2

(3)

Theo (3) s mol hn hp 2 ru l.
n
hh
= 2.n
H
2
= 2
4 , 22
672 , 0
= 0,06 (mol)
M
hh
=
06 , 0
075 , 3
= 51,25 = 14n + 18
n = 2,375. V 2 ru k tip nhau nn suy ra: C
2
H
5
OH v C
3
H
7
OH.
Theo (1) ta c:
Khi lng bnh 1 tng = m
H
2
O
= 0,06(2,375 + 1).18 = 3,645 g
Khi lng bnh 2 tng = m
CO
2
= 0,06 . 2,375 . 44 = 6,27 g

Bi 2: A l hn hp gm ru Etylic v 2 axit hu c k tip nhau c dng C
n
H
2n+1
COOH v
C
n+1
H
2n+3
COOH. Cho 1/2 hn hp A tc dng ht vi Na thot ra 3,92 lt H
2
(ktc). t 1/2 hn
hp A chy hon ton, sn phm chy c hp th ht vo dung dch Ba(OH)
2
d th c
147,75g kt ta v khi lng bnh Ba(OH)
2
tng 50,1 g.
a, Tm cng thc 2 axit trn.
b, Tm thnh phn hn hp A.

nH2 =
4 , 22
92 , 3
= 0,175 (mol)
PT phn ng:
2C
2
H
5
OH + 2Na 2C
2
H
5
ONa + H
2
(1)
2C
n
H
2n+1
COOH +2Na 2C
n
H
2n+1
COONa + H
2
(2)


2C
n+1
H
2n+3
COOH +2Na 2C
n+1
H
2n+3
COONa + H
2
(3)
Bin lun theo tr s trung bnh.
Tng s mol 3 cht trong 1/2 hn hp = 0,175.2= 0,35 (mol)
t
0

C
2
H
6
O + 3O
2
2CO
2
+ 3H
2
O (4)

t
0

C
x
H
2x
O
2
+
2
2 3 x
O
2
xCO
2
+ xH
2
O (5)
Cht kt ta l BaCO
3
nBaCO
3
=
197
75 , 147
= 0,75 (mol)
PT: CO
2
+ Ba(OH)
2
BaCO
3
+ H
2
O (6)
Theo PT (6) ta c: nCO
2
= nBaCO
3
= 0,75 (mol)
mCO
2
= 0,75 x44 = 33(g)
mH
2
O = m tng - mCO
2

mH
2
O = 50,1 - 33 = 17,1 (g)
nH
2
O =
18
1 , 17
= 0,95 (mol)
T PT (4) ta thy ngay:
S mol ru C
2
H
5
OH = 0,95 - 0,75 = 0,2 ( mol)
Theo PT (4) ta thy s mol CO
2
to ra l
nCO
2
= 2.nC
2
H
5
OH = 2.0,2 = 0,4 (mol)
Suy ra: 2 a xt chy to ra 0,75 - 0,4 = 0,35 (mol CO
2
)
T PT (4) ta thy nH
2
O = 3.nC
2
H
5
OH = 3.0,2 = 0,6 (mol)
Suy ra 2 axit chy to ra: 0,95 - 0,6 = 0,35 mol H
2
O
Vi s mol 2axit = 0,35 - 0,2 = 0,15 x = 0,35 : 0,15 = 2,33
(x l s mol trung bnh gia n+1 v n+2)
2 axit l CH
3
COOH v C
2
H
5
COOH.
Gi s mol CH
3
COOH, C
2
H
5
COOH trong 1/2 A l a, b.
Theo phng trnh t chy ta c:
S mol ca 2 axit = 0,15mol = a + b.
nCO
2
sinh ra = 2a + 3 b = 0,35. Gii ra ta c: a = 0,1; b = 0,05.
Vy hn hp c 0,2 mol CH
3
COOH l 12 g v 0,10 mol C
2
H
5
COOH l 7,4g
Bi 3: Hn hp A gm 0,1 mol Ru Etylic v a mol Ru X c cng thc l: C
n
H
2n
(OH)
2
.
Chia A thnh 2 phn bng nhau. Phn 1 cho tc dng ht vi Na thy bay ra 2,8lt kh Hir (
KTC). Phn th 2 em t chy hon ton thu c 8,96 lt kh CO
2
( KTC) v b g nc.
a/ Tm cc gi tr ca a, b?
b/ Xc nh cng thc phn t, vit cng thc cu to ca X, bit rng mi nguyn t C ch lin
kt c vi 1 nhm OH?
Hng dn:
1. Cc phn ng xy ra.
2C
2
H
5
OH + 2Na 2C
2
H
5
ONa + H
2
| (1)
C
n
H
2n
(OH)
2
+ 2 Na C
n
H
2n
(ONa)
2
+ H
2
| (2)


C
2
H
5
OH + 3 O
2

to
2 CO
2
+ 3 H
2
O (3)
C
n
H
2n
(OH)
2
+
2
1 3 n
O
2

to
n CO
2
+ (n+1) H
2
O (4)
Theo phn ng (1), (2) ta c:
n H
2
=
2 , 2
1 , 0
+
2
a
=
4 , 22
8 , 2
= 0,125 (mol) a = 0,2 mol.
Theo phn ng (3), (4):
n CO
2
=
2
1 , 0
. 2 +
2
2 , 0
. n =
4 , 22
96 , 8
= 0,4 (mol). n = 3.
Theo phn ng (3), (4):
n H
2
O =
2
1 , 0
. 3 +
2
2 , 0
. 4 = 0,55 (mol).
m H
2
O = b = 0,55 . 18 = 9,9g
2. Cng thc phn t ca X l: C
3
H
8
O
2
hay C
3
H
6
(OH)
2
.
Cng thc cu to hp cht l:
CH
2
- CH - CH
3
CH
2
- CH
2
- CH
2

OH OH OH OH
Bi 4 : t chy hon ton 23g mt ru no n chc A, thu c 44g CO
2
v 27g H
2
O.
a/ Xc nh CTPT, CTCT ca A
b/ Hn hp X gm A v B l ng ng ca nhau. Cho 18,8g hn hp X tc dng vi Na d, thu c
5,6 lit H
2
(ktc). Xc nh CTPT, CTCT ca A, B v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca A, B trong
X.
c/ t chy hon ton hn hp X ri cho ton b sn phm i qua bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d, thu
c 35g kt ta. Tnh khi lng hn hp X em t chy.
Hng dn :
a/ S mol CO
2
= 1 mol v s mol ca H
2
O = 1,5 mol. Nhn thy s mol ca H
2
O > s mol ca CO
2
-----
> Ru A l ru no.
n
H
2
O
: n
CO
2
=
n
n 1 +
= 1,5 ----> n = 2. CTPT ca A l C
2
H
6
O v CTCT l CH
3
CH
2
OH.
b/ Gi CTPT TB ca A v B l C
n
H
2 n

+ 1
OH, a l s mol ca ru tng ng.
m = (14n + 18)a = 18,8 (*)
2C
n
H
2 n

+ 1
OH + 2Na ------> 2C
n
H
2 n

+ 1
ONa + H
2

a(mol) a/2(mol)
S mol H
2
= a/2 = 5,6/22,4 = 0,25 ----> a = 0,5 mol


Thay a = 0,5 vo (*) ----> n = 1,4 Vy n < n < n + 1 (n nguyn dng v n > 1)
Vy ru B ch c 1 nguyn t C, B l CH
3
OH.
t s mol ca CH
3
OH l x, s mol ca CH
3
CH
2
OH l y.
x + y = a = 0,5
32x + 46y = 18,8
Gii phng trnh ta c: x = 0,3 v y = 0,2.
---> m
CH
3
OH
= 0,3 . 32 = 9,6g ---> % m
CH
3
OH
= 51,06% v % m
CH
3
- CH
2
- OH
= 48,94%.
c/
2C
n
H
2 n

+ 1
OH + 3n O
2
----> 2n CO
2
+ 2(n + 1) H
2
O
a mol n a mol
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
----> CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
n a mol n a mol
S mol ca CaCO
3
= n a = 35 : 100 = 0,35 mol ----> a = 0,35 : n = 0,35 : 1,4 = 0,25.
Ta c: m
X
= (14n + 18)a = 14n a + 18a = 14.0,35 + 18.0,25 = 9,4g.

Bi 5:
1 - Trong bnh kn 150
0
C cha hn hp kh gm 1 th tch axetilen v 2 th tch oxi. t
chy axetilen bng chnh kh oxi trong bnh. Sau khi phn ng kt thc a bnh v nhit
ban u th p sut trong bnh thay i nh th no?
2 - Trn 12,4 g hn hp hai ru CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH vi 3 g axit C
x
H
y
COOH ri em t th
thu c 13,44 l kh CO
2
(KTC). Nu em 3 g oxit trn trung ho bi dung dch KOH 0,5 M
th cn 100 ml DD KOH.
a. Tm CTHH ca axit trn.
b. Tnh % khi lng hn hp ru ban u.
c. Vit PTHH cc phn ng Este ho gia cc cht trn.
Hng dn:
1 - 150
0
C nc th hi.
Gi V l th tch ca C
2
H
2

th V
O
2
= 2V
Th tch hn hp C
2
H
2
v O
2
trong bnh bng 3V
PTHH:
2C
2
H
2
(k) + 5O
2
(k) 4CO
2
(k) + 2H
2
O(h)
2 mol 5 mol 4 mol 2 mol
V l 2,5 V l 2 V l V l
x l 2 Vl y l z l
x = V
5
4
y = V
5
8
z = V
5
4

V
C
2
H
2
cn d = V - V
5
4
= V
5
1

V
hh
sau phn ng = ( V
5
8
+ V
5
4
+ V
5
1
) = V
5
13

Gi p sut trong bnh lc u l 100%


p sut trong bnh sau phn ng l a %. p dng cng thc
s
d
P
P
=
s
d
n
n
=
s
d
V
V

Ta c: a =
3
5
13
. 100
= 86,7 (%)
Vy p sut kh trong bnh gim i l:
100 % - 86,7 % = 13,3 %
2.
a- Tm CTHH ca axit:
n
KOH
= 0,5 . 0,1 = 0,05 (mol)
PTHH: C
x
H
y
COOH (dd) + KOH (dd) C
x
H
y
COOK (dd) + H
2
O (l)
0,05 mol 0,05 mol
M
C
x
H
y
COOH
=
05 , 0
3
= 60
12 x + y + 45 = 60
12x + y = 15
x = 1 v y = 3 ----> CTHH ca axit l: CH
3
COOH.
b. Tnh phn khi lng ca hn hp ru ban u:
N
co
2
=
4 , 22
44 , 13
= 0,6 (mol)
Gi x, y ln lt l s mol CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH trong hn hp (x, y > 0).
PTHH: t chy hn hp
2CH
3
OH (l) + 3O
2
(k) 2CO
2
(k) + 4H
2
O (h)
x mol x mol
C
2
H
5
OH (l) + 3O
2
(k) 2 CO
2
(k) + 3H
2
O (h)
y mol 2y mol
CH
3
COOH (l) + 2O
2
(k) 2 CO
2
(k) + 2H
2
O (h)
0,05 mol 0,1 mol
Tng s mol CO
2
: 2y + x + 0,1 = 0,6
2y + x = 0,5
Khi lng hn hp hai ru bng 12,4 gam
46 y + 32 x = 12,4
suy ra x = 0,1 mol v y = 0,2 mol
% CH
3
OH =
4 , 12
32 . 1 , 0
. 100% ~ 25,8 %
% C
2
H
5
OH = 100% - 25,8 % = 74,2%

c. Phn ng ESTE ho:
H
2
SO
4
(c), t
0

CH
3
COOH (l) + C
2
H
5
OH (l) CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
(l) + H
2
O (l)
H
2
SO
4
(c), t
0

CH
3
COOH (l) + CH
3
OH (l) CH
3
COOCH
3
(l) + H
2
O (l)


CHUYN 20:
TNH CHT, IU CH AXIT V ESTE

Cng thc phn t tng qut ca axit v este a chc no, mch h.

C
n
H
2n + 2 2k
O
2k
vi k: nhm chc COOH hay C O H v n, k thuc N
*
= 1, 2, 3..

O
Hn hp: C
. n
H
2 n + 2 - 2 k
O
2 k
vi n , k > 1.
k = 1: ---> este v axit u n chc no c cng thc phn t l:
C
n
H
2n
O
2
vi axit th n > 1 v este th n > 2.
Hn hp: C
. n
H
2 n
O
2
vi axit th n > 1 v este th n > 2.
- Nu mt trong hai gc ru hoc axit l n chc th este mch h. Nu ru v axit u
a chc th este mch vng.
- Axit v este u tc dng vi dung dch kim gi chung l phn ng x phng ho, u to
ra mui kim ca axit hu c.

RCOOH RCOOM + H
2
O
R C O R
/
+ MOH ----> RCOOM + R
/
OH

O
- Este c phn ng thu phn trong mi trng axit H
2
SO
4
to ra ru v axit.
- Phn ng chy ca axit v este n chc no u to ra CO
2
v H
2
O c s mol bng nhau.
- Tng qut, mt cht c cng thc phn t l C
n
H
2n
O
x
v mch h th C
n
H
2n
O
x
c mt ni
t trong cng thc cu to v khi chy to ra CO
2
v H
2
O c s mol bng nhau.

Bi ton p dng:

Bi 1: t chy 3(g) mt hp cht hu A c trong khng kh thu c 4,4g CO
2
v 1,8g H
2
O.
a. Xc nh CTPT ca hp cht hu c A. Bit rng t khi ca A so vi H
2
l 30. Vit CTCT
c th c ca A.
b. Nu em ton b lng kh CO
2
trn tc dng vi 100 ml dd NaOH 1,5M th thu c
mui g? Tnh khi lng ca mi mui.
Hng dn;
a.V t chy hp cht hu c A thu c CO
2
v H
2
O nn chc chn trong A phi cha hai
nguyn t l C v H c th c O.
S mol sn phm.
mol n
CO
1 , 0
44
4 , 4
2
= = => mol n n
CO C
1 , 0
2
= = => g m
C
2 , 1 12 . 1 , 0 = =

g m mol n n mol n
H O H H O H
2 , 0 1 . 2 , 0 2 , 0 2 1 , 0
18
8 , 1
2 2
= = => = = => = =
Ta c: g m g m m
A H C
6 ) ( 6 , 2 2 , 0 4 , 2 = < = + = +


Do trong A phi cha nguyn t O
) ( 6 , 1 ) 2 , 0 2 , 1 ( 3 ) ( g m m m m
H C A O
= + = + =
) ( 1 , 0
16
6 , 1
mol n
O
= =
T l : 1 : 2 : 1 1 , 0 : 2 , 0 : 1 , 0 : : = =
O H C
n n n
Cng thc n gin nht ca A l CH
2
O. t cng thc tng qut ca A l ( CH
2
O)
n
c m
A
=30n
Theo cng thc d
A/
2
H
= 30.2

= 60 =>30n = 60 => n = 2.
Vy cng thc phn t ca A l C
2
H
4
O
2
.
b. mol n
NaOH
15 , 0 5 , 1 . 1 , 0 = = .
Phng trnh phn ng: CO
2
+ NaOH NaHCO
3

Trc phn ng: 0,1 0,15
Phn ng: 0,1 0,1
Sau phn ng : 0 0,05 0,1
Tip tc c phn ng: NaHCO
3
+ NaOH Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
Trc phn ng: 0,1 0,05
0,05 0,05
Sau phn ng 0,05 0 0,05
Ta thu c 2 mui: NaHCO
3
v Na
2
CO
3
c khi lng l:

g m
g m
CO Na
NaHCO
3 , 5 106 . 05 , 0
2 , 4 84 . 05 , 0
3 2
3
= =
= =

Bi 2: t chy hon ton 4,4g hp cht hu c Y cha C, H, O cn va 5,6 lt kh xi
(KTC), thu c kh CO
2
v hi nc vi th tch bng nhau.
a) Xc nh cng thc phn t ca Y, bit rng khi lng phn t ca Y l 88 vc.
b) Cho 4,4gam Y tc dng hon ton vi mt lng va dung dch NaOH sau lm bay
hi hn hp thu c m
1
gam hi ca mt ru n chc v m
2
gam mui ca mt A xit hu
c n chc. S nguyn t cc bon trong ru v A xt thu c bng nhau. Hy xc nh
cng thc cu to v tn gi ca Y. Tnh lng m
1
v m
2

Hng dn:
a/ Gi cng thc phn t ca cht Y l CxHyOz. Phn ng t chy Y:
CxHyOz + (x+
4
y
-
2
z
)O
2

0 t
xCO
2
+
2
y
H
2
O. (1)
(0.05mol) 0.25mol 0.05x 0.05
2
y

Tnh n
Y
= mol 5 . 0
88
4 . 4
= ; n
O2
= ) ( 25 . 0
4 . 22
6 . 5
mol =
n
CO2
=0.05x ; n
H2O
=0.05
2
y

V th tch CO
2
bng th tch hi nc, do ta c:
0.05x = 0.05
2
y
y=2x (2)


n
O2
=(x+
4
y
-
2
z
)0.05=0.25 (3)
Thay (2) vo (3) ta c: 3x -z=10 (4)
Khi lng phn t ca Y=12x+y+16z =88 (5)
T cc phng trnh (2,3,4,5) ta c: x = 4 ; y = 8; z = 2
Vy cng thc phn t ca Y l: C
4
H
8
O
2

b/ Phn ng vi NaOH
V Y(C
4
H
8
O
2
) + NaOH Ru (m
1
gam) + mui(m
2
gam) nn Y phi l mt este v s nguyn
t cacbon trong ru =s nguyn t cc bon trong axit =
2
4
= 2 nguyn t C
Do cng thc ca ru l C
2
H
5
OH vi m
1
= 0.0546 = 23g
Cng thc axt l CH
3
COOH Vi m
2
= 0.05 82 =4.1g CH
3
COONa

Bi 3: t chy hon ton 3 gam cht A, thu c 2,24 lt CO
2
( ktc) v 1,8g nc. T khi
hi ca A so vi Mtan l 3,75. Tm cng thc cu to ca A bit A tc dng c vi NaOH.
Hng dn: Ta c.

mol 1 , 0
4 , 22
24 , 2
n
2
CO
= = m
C
= 1,2g
g 2 , 0 m mol 1 , 0
18
8 , 1
n
H O H
2
= = =
m
O
= 3 - (1,2 + 0,2) = 1,6g
t cng tc ca A l: C
x
H
y
O
2
, theo bi ra ta c:
M
A
= 3,75 . 16 = 60 (g)
Ta c:
3
60
6 , 1
162
2 , 0
y
2 , 1
y 12
= = =
Gii ra ta c: x = 2, y = 4, z = 2
CTTQ ca A l: C
2
H
4
O
2
A C cc CTCT: CH
3
COOH v HCOOC
2
H
5

V A phn ng c vi NaOH nn A c th l CH
3
COOH v HCOOC
2
H
5
(axit
axetic)
* CH
3
COOH + NaOH CH
3
COONa + H
2
O
* HCOOCH
3
+ NaOH HCOONa + CH
3
OH

Chuyen de BD HSG Thcs

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Chuyen de BD HSG Thcs

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tham gia phn ng vi dung dch HCl v dung dch Ba(OH)

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