Ti u ha nng sut v tnh cht ca u ph la t u nnh. I.

Nc: t l u
Tm tt
Giai on khai thc ca vic chun b u ph la c iu tra v t l u: nc
c th hin l rt quan trng v s lng protein chit xut v cc thuc tnh ca u
ph. Trong phm vi 9-14: 1, 10: 1 cho kt qu tt nht. Khai thc mc 8: 1 v chim
n 10: 1 cho kt qu km hn nhiu, nhng ngm 8: 1 theo sau l mt khai thc hn na
2: 1 a ra mt h cht lng tt hn. Thi gian ngm c chng minh l c tc
dng r rt v s lng protein chit xut.
Nh chi ph sn xut tht leo thang, nhu cu v cc protein thc vt r hn s tng ln.
i vi nhiu ni trn th gii, ni n chay l tiu chun, mt ngun chnh ca protein l
u tng.
u tng l hp dn dinh dng trong vic c mt hm lng protein cao cht lng
tt, v hn 50% cht bo trong cc hnh thc ca cc axit bo khng bo ha a (PUFA)
(Arnold & Choudbury, 1962). l mt ngun hu ch ca c hai nc v cc vitamin
tan trong cht bo bao gm thiamine, acid nicotinic v axit panthothenic (Moinichen,
1952). Tuy nhin, nhng ht c ph nguyn liu khng c yu t khng dinh dng, mt
s nhit khng n nh, v d nh cht c ch trypsin v haernaglutenins, nhng ngi
khc khng (v d nh saponin v oestrogen, l t quan trng) nhng mt s trong
ha tan trong nc (v d nh stachyose v raffinose) v y hi sn xut (Liener, 1981).
Mt nhc im tim nng s chp nhn ca u nnh l c bt k off-hng v m
c th pht trin trong u b nghin nt v c th l do tc ng ca lipoxygenase trn
lipid khng bo ha (Wilkins, Mattick & cm tay, 1967; Schroder & Jackson, 1972).
Nhiu n lc c thc hin loi b hoc trch xut cc 'beany' hng v cng vi
lipid (v d Pontecorvo & Bourne, 1978).
u tng c s dng trong ng trong quy trnh cng ngh thp cung cp cho mt
lot cc sn phm c rt t, nu c, 'beany' hng v khi ch bin ng cch v a ra mt
lot cc kt cu. Mt trong nhng sn phm c gi bng mt trong nhng tn tui nh
u ph, u ph, tahu vv Tuy nhin, mt s khc bit phi c rt ra, nh kt ta u
ph thng c mt kt cu khng ng u v thng th, trong khi
"u ph" c th bao gm "u ph" cng nh mt sn phm kt cu tt nh trong 'la'
hoc "mm" u ph (Saio, 1979). Sau ny c mt kt cu l gn gi hn vi cc sn
phm c tiu th rng ri phng Ty v rt khc nhau t th u ph. Nghin
cu ny l trn cc thng s trong qu trnh chun b ca u ph la, c bit l lin
quan n sn xut chi ph thp nht c th t u c sn.
X l c li th dinh dng trong haemaglutenins v trypsin cht c ch hu nh b
ph hy (Rackis, 1975) v hu ht cc flatu ha tan ng hung hng sn xut nc c
loi b. Bo co v tc ng ca nhit trn lipoxygenase khc nhau nhng hnh nh n b
ph hy.
S khc bit ln tn ti trong cc phng php c s dng sn xut u ph
(Shurtleff & Aoyagi, 1979). Nghin cu ca Watanabe et al. (1964) vo cc iu kin s
dng chun b u ph t u nnh lnh vc protein cao cho php sn xut thng mi
quy m ln cc sn phm u sa ng Nht Bn. H s dng phng php truyn
thng ca Nht Bn lm nng u bn t trc khi lc; iu ny s cho mt chit xut
protein khc nhau khi so snh vi cc phng php lnh lc thng c s dng bi
ngi Trung Quc v nhng ngi khc sn xut u ph la (Shurtleff & Aoyagi,
1979).
Cc th tc chung l ngm u nnh cho 16-24 gi v xay ht chit vi nc 10: 1
nc: t l u. Bn c th c lc trc khi un si trong vi pht, lm lnh n 80 C
trc khi thm mt cht kt ta nh canxi sunfat, magi clorua (Watanabe v cng AI,
1964;. Wang & Hesseltine, 1982) hoc Glucono-o lacton (Saio , 1979). Sau khi gn, sa
ng c nhn mang li u ph.
Cc mui canxi c mt li th dinh dng quan trng i vi cng tc phng chng bnh
long xng trong cuc sng sau ny (Marshall, Nordin & Tc , 1976; Heaney, Recker
& Saville, 1978). Thch cao c s dng trong cng vic hin ti. Cc loi hiu ng u
nng sut v cht lng mc d cc ging Bc M, ch yu c trng sn xut du
v s dng y, dng nh khng nh hng n sn lng rng ca u ph hoc u
ph (Skurray, Cunich & Carter, 1980; Tsai v cng s. , 1981). Nhiu bin tn ti trong
chun b u ph: chng c th c a vo ba giai on: (a) ngm v trn, (b) lc v
si m v (c) giai on ng mu.
Bin hin nay trong giai on u tin, chng hn nh cc nc: t l u v thi gian
ngm v t l, investigatedin cng vic hin ti.
Vt liu v phng php
u nnh mua ti a phng l hn hp ca Hoa K v Canada ging. Canxi sulfat,
2HzO v tt c cc ha cht khc l cp phn tch (BDH Ltd, Poole, Dorset, Anh).
phn tch
u c phn tch v m v hm lng nit (phng php Kjeldahl, AACC, 1970).
m v cht rn ni dung ca tt c cc mu c xc nh bng cch sy kh ng
bng n khi lng khng i. Mu d lng kh c s dng phn tch nit;
nit / protein chuyn i s dng yu t l 6.25 (Sheard, Mitchell & Ledward, 1985)
Tt c cc phn tch c thc hin kp trn ba ch phm khc nhau ca u ph v gi
tr trung bnh c tnh ton.
Chun b sa u nnh
u tng (250 g) c ngm trong d tha de-ion ha nc (2.0 I) cho 16 gi 20 e.
Nc ly c phn tch v ni dung cht rn v cho canxi hp th nguyn t. u ra
sch c cn, c chia thnh ba, v mi phn c ngm vi nc (833 ml) trong mt
my xay sinh t Atomix tc cao trong vng 3 pht. Nhit c ghi nhn trc v
sau khi ngm. Ba ngm c kt hp, lc qua vi pho mt v tng khi lng ghi.
Chun b ca u ph
Phn phn c ca sa (250 ml) c un nng trn mt tm nng, khuy u thng
xuyn, dng 10 pht t n 100 C v sau ninh nh la trong 3 pht trc khi
lm mt n 85 C. Mt h thng treo ca CaS04 2H20 trong de-ion ha di nc (0,4
g/25 ml) 60 C c thm vo mt cch nhanh chng khuy (250 rpm), c tip
tc cho thm 30 giy. Temp-erature c ghi nhn. Cc sa ng c php nh c cho
1 gi trc khi ton b c chuyn giao cho mt container xp lt bng mt pho mt
vi. Cc sa ng c bao ph bng mt pho mt vi v trng lng c p dng ng
u cho p sut 3,06 g / cm? cho n khi nh git chm dt. Tng trng lng ca sn
phm v khi lng ca sa c ghi li.
nh gi ca sa ng
Kt cu, v cc tnh cht c hc ca cc phn ca sa ng c kch thc v hnh dng c
th, c kim tra trong ba ln s dng mt penetrometer (Stanhope Seta Ltd, Surrey,
Vng quc Anh vi mt a ng knh 2,2 ern vi trng lng ca xe cung cp cho
49,3 g tng s trng lng = 12,98 g / crrr 'p lc). a trng c t trn nh ca
sa ng, pht hnh v qung ng i (mm) sau 5 giy c ghi li. Sa ng cng
b kim tra trc quan. Bin th bao gm nhng thay i trong nc: t l u (9: 1-14: 1)
bng cch thay i s lng u thc hin. Trong mt th nghim, ngm c thc hin
ti 8: t l 1 nhng sa kt qu c thc hin ln n 10: t l 1 trc khi tip tc x
l. Trong mt th nghim tng t, sau khi ngm vo lc 8: 1, lc rn c chit xut
thm vi nc cung cp cho mt t l cui cng ca 10: 1. Trong mi trng hp, t
l l i vi cc loi u ngm vi.
Thi im ngm c iu tra gia 1 pht v 6 pht 1 khong thi gian pht s
dng iu kin khuy tiu chun, v sa u nnh kt qu c phn tch.
Kt qu v tho lun
u c 41,44% protein, l tng t nh bo co ca Smith, Watanabe & Nash (1980),
DeMan, Stanley & ngi quy r y (1975) v Bourne, Clements & Banzon (1976), v
4,15% m. Khi lng tnh sau khi ngm tng
1,31-1,35 bui biu din ca ht ca cao kh, tng t nh tm thy bng 1,34 Wang et al.
(1979). Ngm nc cha 3,13 g cht rn / lt, do , ht c ph b mt 2.51% cht rn do
ra tri. Watanabe et al. (1964) bo co thua l 5% ngm. Cc cht rn cha canxi tng
ng vi 26 mg / kg u s dng.
Phn tch ca sa c ngun gc t 10: 1 hn hp c tm t nc v u ngm nc
cho thy n cha 52,7 g cht rn / lt v 27,9 g / Iitre protein, trong a ra mt t l
khai thc 58,8% cho cc cht rn v 76,5% cho cc protein .
Sa thu c t mi nc: t l u c chuyn i sang u ph trong iu kin
tiu chun, v cc mu u ph kt qu phn tch (Bng 1). Nng sut rng th hin nh
s lng sn xut u ph / g u c tnh ton v cho thy nng sut ti a l trong
khu vc ca 11:01-00:01, mc d cc sn phm t 10:01 v 13:01 hn hp khng ng
k khc nhau.
S gia tng nng sut c lin quan trc tip n lng nc c t chc bi sa ng.
y l th v nh nc d tha c mt trong s hnh thnh sa ng v n c th c
gi tr thng mi xc nh nhng g gi nc. Kim tra vic nc: t l protein (Bng
1) cho thy rng iu ny l thng xuyn vi cc mu 9,11 v 12:01, trong khi 10: mu
1 l thp hn ng k (P <0.005). T l
nc: cht rn nc: t l u c t nh du, nhng t l thp hn 10:1 c l l phn
x ca protein thp hn: t l nc. Nh vy, sn lng khng lin quan n kh nng
tng th ca protein gi nc nhng c l cc cht rn khc c mt.
Water:
bean
Bulk
yield
Water
retention

Solids

Protein

Water
:

Water:

Penetration

ratio (g/g)' (g/g)' (%) (%) solids protein (mm) Appearance
9:1 3.06 2.63 14.3 8.42 6.0 10.1 6.6 Soft, watery
10: 1 2.64 2.23 15.1 9.03 5.6 9.5 3.6 Good, even
11: 1 2.78 2.40 14.5 8.42 5.9 10.1 3.6
Coarse,
lumpy
12: 1 2.78 2.42 13.8 8.47 6.2 10.1 3.0
Coarse with
holes
13:1 2.62 2.23 14.9 8.77 5.7 9.7 ts t Soft, poorly
formed
14: 1 2.12 1.81 15.1 9.73 5.6 8.7 IS Soft, poorly
formed

Protein: tng tc nc din ra lc 10: 1 phi l kh quan trng l kt qu u ph c tnh
cht c th. Mi quan h ca phc hi protein vo nc: t l u (Hnh 1) l rt khc
bit vi vic khai thc cao nht c ly ti 10: T l 1. Cc protein thm 5% trong mu
ny c th c mt kh nng gi nc khc nhau. C th gii thch c th l trong qu
trnh ngm mt s thay i xy ra trong protein: protein tng tc bi s can thip ca
nc. Vi lng tha nc nh, phn ln cc protein c th tng tc y gi nc
nhng mt s protein trng lng phn t thp c kh nng ha tan ln hn c th b mt
trong giai on ng mu. S mt mt ny c th ln hn vi nhiu nc hn t l cao
hn. Mt t l 10:1 c s dng rng ri trong nhiu quy trnh truyn thng mc d
nng sut rng thp hn.

T l phn trm con s 1 ca protein phc hi trong u ph so vi t l nc:. u c
s dng ngm. Gi tr trung bnh c s dng l khng qu 1% ca gi tr thc t thu
c vi cc phn tch ba ln
S xut hin v tnh cht c hc ca sn phm rt c bit. Cc sn phm thu c t 13:
1 v 14: 1 t l c kt cu rt ngho v cc hnh dng ct khng gi li hnh thc ca h.
Cc penetrometer gy ra sa ng ph v kt qu l khng c gi tr. 9: 1 mu t l
l chy nc v mm mi nhng c mt kt cu thm ch. Cc sn phm 11:01 v
00:01 l 'sn v c l. Ch c 10 mu 1 c kt cu thm ch vi duy tr tt cc hnh thc
ct.
Nh vy, 10: t l 1 l rt th v c v s phc hi protein v cht lng ca u ph.
Khi s dng u nnh protein cao v lm nng trc khi lc bn, Watanabe et al. (1964)
tm thy s khc bit nh trong cc protein v cht rn thu trn mt t l 8: ti v mt s
gia tng nh trong lng ca rn v protein chit xut thu c theo t l 20: 1.
N khng r rng t cc d liu thu c c 10: t l 1 l ti u tch protein t u
ton b, hoc cho giai on ng mu. giai on ny tp trung ng mu s l khc
nhau bi v mc d cng mt lng thch cao c thm vo mi n v khi lng,
s lng protein trong sa s thp hn t l cao hn.
Phng php truyn thng thng lin quan n khai thc ti mt nc thp hn: t l
u v lm cho sa ln n 10: 1 (Shurtleff & Aoyagi, 1979). Do mt th nghim
c thc hin, trong cc ht c ngm vi nc 8: t l 1, v sau khi lc sa
c thc hin ln n mt t l 10:1. Mt kim sot vi t l 10:01 n c thc hin
cng mt lc. Kt qu (Bng ~) cho thy r rt t protein v cht rn c trch xut vo
sa ti 8: t l 1 cho thy hiu qu khai thc cng l mt yu t trong cc kt qu thu
c vi c 9: t l 1: 1 v 10. Tng tc protein-protein v protein-nc c th quan
trng trong giai on khai thc.
Tuy nhin, s phc hi protein t sa t 08:01 v 10:01 nh, nh th hin bi cc
'chuyn i protein (Bng 2) l ng ch khc nhau v c l l do tnh cht ca protein
hin din trong mi sa vi mt phn ng do khc nhau cc cht kt ta. iu ny c
th gii thch cho s khc bit trong kt cu ca u ph. mc d mt nc d tha lun
lun hin din trong ng mu.
Nh vy, nc: t l u nh hng c lng protein chit xut v s lng ng t.

mt s c s sn xut u ph bng cc phng php truyn thng, phn cn li c
ra sch loi b protein hn na (Shurtleff & Aoyagi, 1979). V iu ny c th nh
hng n s lng v loi protein chit xut v nh hng n giai on ng mu, mt
khai thc s dng mt 8: t l 1 c theo sau bi mt khai thc th hai ca d lng
nng tng s ln n mt trn chung kt 10:01 nc: t l u. So snh vi mt nc
10:01: qu trnh u thc hin cng mt lc cho thy chuyn i protein rt tt thu
c vi sa gp i chit xut, mc d ch c 4,2% trong tng s protein c phc
hi vi vic khai thc th hai. Tuy nhin, cu trc ca sa ng sn xut bi vic khai
thc i hi khng ng u.
Nu mc m nc tng tc vi cc protein quan trng sau hiu qu ca ngm nn
cng. L tng nht l mt s gin on ng nht ca vt liu di ng s cho php khai
thc ti sn xut ca protein. iu ny ph thuc vo ngm hoc phay thit b ang c
s dng v c th c c th cho mt h thng c th. Tuy nhin, iu quan trng l
xc nh nh hng ca thi gian v y l bin m c th c thay i nhiu nht. iu
ny c nh gi n gin v s lng protein chit xut vo sa. Ti a t c
sau 5 pht khi 80% tng lng protein trong sa l (Bng 3). Ngm trong thi gian di
khng ci thin c khai thc. Nh nh hng ca thi gian ngm c rt nh du,
mi h thng s cn phi c iu tra cho cc mc ch sn xut.


Dinh dng, lng protein chit xut l rt quan trng. Phng php truyn thng thng
s dng 10: 1 nc: t l u v iu ny cho php khng ch l sn lng protein tt
nht m cn l mt sn phm m c mt s lng ln thp hn do t nc c t chc;
iu ny c th l quan trng trong tiu th khi phn ln mng c th l yu t quan trng
hn. Nh u ph rt d dng tiu th n c th ng gp rt ng k vo protein; 300
g s cung cp 27 g protein. Hm lng canxi trong u ph ch yu l do cc cht kt ta
thm v phn tch cho thy, khong 80% c gi li sau khi hnh thnh u ph. V vy,
mt phn 300 g u ph s cung cp cho mt lng canxi 300 mg; iu ny s l mt
ng gp ng k vo vic tr cp hng ngy c ngh, m cho ngi ln nam l 500
mg (DHSS, 1979).
kt lun
Bin th t truyn thng 10: 1 nc: t l u l rt hn ch nh cc kt cu ca u ph
sn xut ti t l 9: 1 v 11: 1 v trn l Evert ngho mc d sn lng ti a t c
mc 11-12: 1. Protein thu hi ti a cho mt ring bit ti 10: 1 v protein chit xut
dng nh c mt kh nng gi nc ti u. Kt cu ca u ph khng c ci thin
bng mt k thut khai thc tng gp i nhng lng protein thu hi tng ln. Thi gian
ngm phi gii phng protein u vo sa.