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BI TP CHN LC V DANH PHP V LP TH

CA HIROCACBON VNG NO
ng Cng Anh Tun
Trng THPT Chuyn L Qu n
I. M U
1. L ! "#$% &' ()*
Chng ti chn ti B)* (+, "#$% -$" .' /%# ,#0, .) -+, (#1 "2/ #*&3!"/"4!% .5%6 %! !"i
nh#ng $% &' ! ()c %ch *+u ,y-
./t $ c0n c1 gi2' tr3nh 4 &5y hc *inh chuyn h1+6 7ng thi th8c hi9n nhi9( !) nghin c:u c2c
chuyn ;7i &<ng hc *inh gi=i ( nh trng r+ tr'ng n>( hc ny?
H+i $6 (@ng AiBn th:c ny !C+ $ trng t,( !C+ $ cD *E 4 nghin c:u nh#ng chuyn Ah2c6 nh
hFG cht t8 nhin6 G'$i(H I
J+ $6 thi hc *inh gi=i KuLc gi+ hi9n n+y c1 nhiu ;i t'2n $in Bn "78 9%6 ! /%# ,#0, cM+
c2c hFG cht h#u cD?
:. N#*;< .= %6#*>% "?8
ThiBt AB6 chn $c c2c ;i tNG c1 h9 thLng ! &+nh Gh2G6 cu h3nh ! cu &5ng cM+ hir'c+c;'n !Ong
n'?
@. P#AB%6 ,#0, (*C% #)%#
TNG hFG c2c ti $i9u th+( Ah@' c1 $in Ku+n Bn Li tFng nghin c:u-
Pghin c:u cD *E $ thuyBt c1 $in Ku+n?
LNG *D 7 nghin c:u-
ThiBt $NG6 chn $c c2c ;i tNG GhQ hFG !"i ()c tiu r+?
II. NDI DUNG
B)* 1.
Ric$'+nA+n $ g3S ThB n' $ ('n'Tic$'+nA+nS ThB n' $ G'$iTic$'+nA+n S Cng th:c chung cM+
('n'Tic$'+nA+n $ g3 S
Bi gii
Ric$'+nA+n $ hir'c+c;'n n' (5ch !Ong?
Ric$'+nA+n c1 (/t !Ong U!Ong DnV gi $ ('n'Tic$'+nA+n?
W% &)-
.'n'Tic$'+nA+n
.'n'Tic$'+nA+n
P'$iTic$'+nA+n
P'$iTic$'+nA+n
Cng th:c
cu t5'
Cng th:c
cu t5'
X+nh Gh2G
X+nh Gh2G
Cu h3nh
Cu h3nh Cu &5ng
Cu &5ng
Hir'c+c;'n
!Ong n'
Hir'c+c;'n
!Ong n'
Ric$'+nA+n c1 nhiu !Ong U+ !OngV gi $ G'$iTic$'+nA+n?
W% &)- n';'n+n $ (/t ;iTic$'+nA+n?
;iTic$'YZ?Z?[\hHGt+n
.'n'Tic$'+nA+n c1 cng th:c chung $ C
n
H
Zn
Un ]V?
Lu - Tr'ng chDng tr3nh h1+ hc Gh^ thng6 Tic$'+nA+n Fc hi4u $ ('n'Tic$'+nA+n?
B)* :.
WiBt cng th:c Gh,n t_ ! c tn thH' `aPAC ch' c2c Tic$'+nA+n *+u-
U+V U;V
UcV U&V
UHV
UbV
Bi gii Qui tcc c tn- Xiclo + tn mch chnh + an
U+V U;V
UcV U&V
UHV
UbV
Tic$'Gr'G+n Tic$';ut+n
Tic$'GHnt+n
Tic$'hHT+n
Tic$'hHGt+n Tic$''ct+n
B)* @.
WiBt cng th:c Gh,n t_ ! c tn thH' `aPAC ch' c2c Tic$'+nA+n *+u-
U+V U;V
UcV U&V
UHV
UbV
UgV
UhV
Bi gii
Qui tcc c tn- s ch v tr + tn nhnh + xiclo + tn mch chnh + an
U+V U;V
UcV U&V
UHV
UbV
(Hty$Tic$'Gr'G+n [6Zd&i(Hty$Tic$';ut+n
[6[d&i(Hty$Tic$'GHnt+n [6Z6edtri(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n
[di*'Gr'Gy$dZd(Hty$Tic$'hHGt+n [dsecd;uty$dZdHty$Tic$''ct+n
UgV
UhV
(Hty$HnTic$'hHT+n
[d(Hty$d]d(Hty$Hncyc$'GHnt+n
B)* E.
Ch' ;iBt cng th:c chung cM+ hir'c+c;'n c1 h+i !Ong n'6 Gh,n $'5i? Ch' ;iBt nguyn tcc c tn
cM+ c2c $'5i ny?
Bi gii
Cng th:c chung cM+ hir'c+c;'n h+i !Ong n' $ C
n
H
ZndZ
n e? P1 c1 ] $'5i6 1 $-
d H+i !Ong ri
Ly !Ong $"n $( (5ch ch%nh6 cOn !Ong nh= $( nh1( thB?
W% &)-
Tic$'GHnty$Tic$'hHT+n
d H+i !Ong c1 chung (/t nguyn t_ (ct !Ong6 Ai4u *Gir'?
.5ch c+c;'n Fc 2nh *L hBt !Ong nh= Bn !Ong $"n6 ;ct 0u tC (/t nguyn t_ E A nguyn t_
chung?
Tn cM+ hir' Ai4u *Gir' g7( c2c ;/ GhNn hFG thnh thH' tr3nh t8 *+u ,y-
*Gir' f Yc2c *L nguyn t_ c+c;'n ring UtC *L $"n Bn *L nh=V\ f tn hir'c+c;'n (5ch hE tDng
:ng?
W% &)-
[
Z
]
e
g
h h
i
j [k
*Gir'Ye?g\&Hc+n
d H+i !Ong c1 chung c0u nLi6 Ai4u ;iTic$'
.5ch c+c;'n Fc 2nh *L ;ct 0u tC (/t nguyn t_ chung UE (/t lnhV6 Bn c2c nguyn t_ cM+
c0u nLi &i nht6 tiBG Bn c2c c0u nLi ngcn hDn?
Tn cM+ hir'c+c;'n Ai4u g7( c2c ;/ GhNn hFG thnh thH' th: t8 *+u-
;iTic$' f Y*L nguyn t_ C E c2c c0u nLi Ughi tC *L $"n Bn *L nh=V\ f tn cM+ hir'c+c;'n (5ch hE
tDng :ng?
W% &)-
;iTic$'Ye?]?k\n'n+n
[
Z
]
e
g
h
m
i
j
B)* F.
Hny gi tn ch' c2c hFG cht *+u?
U+V
U;V
UcV
U&V
Bi gii
U+V
U;V
UcV
U&V
Tic$'Gr'Gy$Tic$'GHnt+n
Tic$';uty$Tic$';ut+n
[dTic$'GHnty$ded(Hty$cyc$'hHT+n U]d(Hty$cyc$'GHnty$VTic$'hHT+n
B)* G.
Hny gi tn c2c cht *+u-
U+V U;V
UcV
U&V
UHV UbV
Bi gii
U+V U;V
UcV
U&V
UHV UbV
;iTic$'Y[?[?[\GHnt+n ;iTic$'YZ?[?[\hHT+n
;iTic$'YZ?Z?[\hHGt+n ;iTic$'YZ?Z?Z\'ct+n
;iTic$'Y]?[?[\hHGt+n ;iTic$'Ye?[?[\'ct+n
B)* H.
oi tn c2c hFG cht *+u-
U+V U;V
UcV
U&V
UHV UbV
Ji gi@i-
U+V U;V
*Gir'YZ?]\hHT+n *Gir'YZ?Z\GHnt+n
UcV U&V
*Gir'YZ?e\hHGt+n
*Gir'Y]?e\'ct+n
UHV UbV
*Gir'Ye?g\&Hc+n *Gir'YZ?g\'ct+n
B)* I.
Ch' ;iBt cng th:c cu t5' cM+ c2c cht c1 tn *+u-
U+V *Gir'YZ6]\hHT+n U;V [d(Hty$*Gir'YZ?]\hHT+n
UcV *Gir'Y]?e\'ct+n U&V gdHty$*Gir'Y]?e\'ct+n
UHV *Gir'Ye?g\&Hc+n UbV idiGr'Gy$*Gir'Ye?g\&Hc+n
Ji gi@i
U+V *Gir'YZ6]\hHT+n U;V [d(Hty$*Gir'YZ?]\hHT+n
*Gir'YZ?]\hHT+n [d(Hty$*Gir'YZ?]\hHT+nH
[
Z
]
e
g
h
UcV *Gir'Y]?e\'ct+n U&V gdHty$*Gir'Y]?e\'ct+n
*Gir'Y]?e\'ct+n gdHty$*Gir'Y]?e\'ct+n
UHV *Gir'Ye?g\&Hc+n UbV idiGr'Gy$*Gir'Ye?g\&Hc+n
*Gir'Ye?g\&Hc+n idiGr'Gy$*Gir'Ye?g\&Hc+n
[
Z
]
e
g
h m
i
j
[k
B)* J.
Wp cng th:c cu t5' cM+ c2c hir'c+c;'n h+i !Ong n' *+u-
U+V JiTic$'YZ?Z?[\hHGt+n
U;V JiTic$'Yg?Z?k\n'n+n
UcV JiTic$'Y]?[?[\hHGt+n
U&V JiTic$'Y]?]?k\'ct+n
Ji gi@i

;iTic$'YZ?Z?[\hHGt+n
U+V
;iTic$'Yg?Z?k\n'n+n
U;V
;iTic$'Y]?[?[\hHGt+n
UcV U&V
;iTic$'Y]6]6k\'ct+n
B)* 1K.
Ch' ;iBt cng th:c cu t5' cM+ c2c cht c1 cng th:c *+u-
U+V ;iTic$';ut+n
U;V Zd(Hty$;iTic$';ut+n
UcV ;iTic$'Y]?Z?[\'ct+n
U&V id(Hty$;iTic$'Y]?Z?[\'ct+n
Ji gi@i
U+V JiTic$';ut+n U;V Zd(Hty$;iTic$';ut+n
;iTic$'Y[?[?k\;ut+n Zd(Hty$;iTic$'Y[?[?k\;ut+n
[
Z
]
e
UcV ;iTic$'Y]?Z?[\'ct+n U&V id(Hty$;iTic$'Y]?Z?[\'ct+n
;iTic$'Y]?Z?[\'ct+n id(Hty$;iTic$'Y]?Z?[\'ct+n
[
Z
]
e g
h
m
i
B)* 11.
c tn c2c cht *+u-
U+V U;V
UcV U&V
Bi gii
Ch : Hai nhm th cn! "ha l# $%n! "h&n cis' c(n )hc "ha l# $%n! "h&n trans*
cisd[6Zd&i(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n cisd[6]d&i(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n
transd[6ed&i(Hthy$cyc$'hHT+n transd[dHty$d]d(Hhy$Tic$'GHnt+H
B)* 1:.
Ric$'+nA+n n' c1 7ng Gh,n ci* q tr+n* S PBu c1 !p c@ h+i 7ng Gh,n 1?
U+V [6]d&i(Hty$Tic$'G+nt+n
U;V rty$Tic$'G+nt+n
UcV [dHty$dZd(Hty$Tic$';ut+n
Bi gii
U+V [6]d&i(Hty$Tic$'G+nt+n? C1 7ng Gh,n ci* q tr+n*
CH
]
CH
]
CH
]
H
]
C
cisd[6]d&i(Hty$Tic$'GHnt+n
CH
]
CH
]
CH
]
H
]
C
transd[6]d&i(Hty$Tyc$'GHnt+n
U;V rty$Tic$'G+nt+n? shng c1 7ng Gh,n ci*dtr+n*?
C
Z
H
g
C
Z
H
g
H+i cht trn $ (/t?
UcV [dHty$dZd(Hty$Tic$';ut+n- C1 7ng Gh,n ci*dtr+n*

C
Z
H
g
H
CH
]
H
H
]
C C
Z
H
g
cisd[dHty$dZd(Hty$Tic$';ut+n

H
C
Z
H
g
CH
]
H
H
]
C C
Z
H
g
transd[dHty$dZd(Hty$Tic$';ut+n
B)* 1@.
H+i hFG cht h#u cD A ! J u c1 cng th:c Gh,n t_ C
g
H
[k
? C@ h+i u Ahng Gh@n :ng !"i C$
Z
tr'ng tLi ! $5nh? A Gh@n :ng !"i C$
Z
c1 2nh *2ng6 nhng ch' (/t *@n Ght( &uy nht $ C
g
H
j
C$? COn hFG
cht J cung t2c &)ng !"i C$
Z
tr'ng cQng iu Ai9n nhng ch' h 7ng Gh,n C
g
H
j
C$ Ah2c nh+u6 c1 th4 Gh,n
;i9t ;vng GhDng Gh2G !Nt $? Hny T2c wnh cu trc cM+ A6 J ! c2c *@n Ght( ('n'c$' 1?
Bi gii:
A ! J c1 cng th:c C
g
H
[k
nn chng c1 th4 $ +nAHn h'c Tic$'+nA+n? ThH' u ;i6 c2c cht ny Ahng
t2c &)ng !"i C$
Z
tLi ! $5nh nn A ! J $ c2c Tic$'+nA+n?
A t2c &)ng !"i C$
Z
ch' (/t ('n'c$' &uy nht nn A $ Tic$'GHnt+n
f C$
Z
+*
C$ f HC$
J t2c &)ng !"i C$
Z
U2nh *2ngV t+' r+ h &xn Tut ('n'c$'6 nn J Gh@i $ (Hty$Tic$';ut+n?
C$
Z
dHC$
CH
]
CH
]
C$
CH
]
C$
CH
]
C$
CH
]
C$
CH
]
C$
CH
Z
C$
B)* 1E.
y:c c>ng J+HyHr $ g3S
Bi gii
Rut Gh2t tC h+i tin $ c2c !Ong n' c1 cu trc Ghzng ! g1c ;3nh thng cM+ hir'c+c;'n n' $
[kj
k
Zi{6 n>( [iig6 J+HyHr ch' rvng *8 |' nh= h+y trDng r/ng c2c g1c cM+ !Ong n' u &xn Bn (/t *:c
c>ng $ ch' t%nh ;n cM+ !Ong gi@( i? Pgi t+ gi 1 $ *:c c>ng J+HyHr? y:c c>ng cng $"n6 !Ong
tDng :ng cng %t ;n? / (5nh cM+ *:c c>ng Fc 2nh gi2 ;vng ? Fc t%nh thH' cng th:c
( )


=
n
[ik Z n
} Zi [kj
Z
[
k


!% &)-
n ] e g h m i j

Ze
k
ee{ j
k
ee{ k
k
ee{ dg
k
ee{ j
k
]]{ [Z
k
eh{ d[g
k
kh{
B)* 1F.
W3 *+' n1i $in ABt CdC tr'ng Ti$'Gr'G+n Fc gi $ $in ABt Ku@ chuLi S
Bi gii
Ric$'Gr'G+n $ hFG cht !Ong n' &uy nht c1 cu t5' Ghzng? ThH' Ku+n ni9( hi9n 5i6 Gh0n THn GhM c8c
5i cM+ c2c 2( (,y H$Hctr'n Ahng nv( trn ng thzng nLi $in h+i nguyn t_ c+c;'n ( c1 *8 uLn
c'ng? y8 uLn c'ng ny $( ch' Gh0n THn GhM 2( (,y H$Hctr'n c1 gi@( i6 nhng *cG TBG nh thB c1 $Fi
! (t n>ng $Fng? C2c $in ABt CdC ny Fc gi $ $in ABt Ku@ chuLi6 n1 (+ng t%nh cht trung gi+n
gi#+ $in ABt ! ;3nh thng? X' *8 uLn c'ng nh !Ny6 th8c tB g1c $in ABt cM+ !Ong chl ;vng [kh
k

ch: Ahng Gh@i [kj
k
Zi{ ! $"n hDn nhiu *' !"i g1c cu t5' Ghzng cM+ t+( gi2c u Uhk
k
V? Ric$'Gr'G+n
rt &~ ;w (E !Ong &"i t2c &)ng cM+ hir'h+$'gHnu+6 Jr
Z
! ;w hir' h'2 c1 cht Tc t2c?
B)* 1G.
ThB n' $ $8c ty PitHS
Bi gii
Th8c tB6 c2c !Ong n' UtrC Tic$'Gr'G+nV Ahng Gh@i $ nh#ng !Ong Ghzng? Tr'ng (/t !Ong ng'i *:c c>ng
g1c J+HyHr c1 c1 (/t $8c ty n#+ 1 $ $8c ty gi#+ c2c nguyn t_ hir' E tr5ng th2i chH Ahut (/t Gh0n
h+y t'n Gh0n g,y nn6 ' 1 (/t !i nguyn c+c;'n cM+ !Ong ;w $9ch r+ Ah=i (t Ghzng !Ong? L8c ty
1 gi $ $8c ty PitH
B)* 1H.
Pguyn nh,n n' 4 Tic$';ut+n t7n t5i E &5ng Ahng GhzngS
Bi gii
ThH' Ku+n ni9( hi9n n+y6 Tic$';ut+n c1 cu t5' Ahng Ghzng g1c gG c1 gi2 trw Ah'@ng ZkdZg
k
? T%nh
Ahng Ghzng cM+ Tic$';ut+n Fc ch:ng t= tC c2c &# Ai9n th8c nghi9( cM+ gi@n 7 DnghHn6 gi@n 7
H$Hctr'n6 ('(Hn $<ng c8c6 Gh^ c/ng hEng tC h5t nh,n ! (/t *L GhDng Gh2G Ah2c? Pguyn nh,n chM
yBu 4 Tic$';ut+n t7n t5i &5ng Ahng Ghzng $ 4 gi@( *:c c>ng Pit?

B)* 1I.
Ric$'GHnt+n t7n t5i h+i cu &5ng Ahng Ghzng- &5ng Gh'ng ;3 ! &5ng n_+ ghB? Hny !p h+i
cu &5ng ny ! ch' ;iBt &5ng n' c1 t,( Li T:ng6 &5ng n' c1 tr)c Li T:ng?
Bi gii
PBu gi@ *_ Gh,n t_ Tic$'GHnt+n nv( trn (/t (t Ghzng th3 g1c $9ch k
k
ee6 &' 1 c'i nh Ahng c1 *:c
c>ng J+HyHr? Phng E ,y g $in ABt CdC E &5ng chH Ahut nn $5i Tut hi9n *:c c>ng Pit? Th8c tB
Tic$'GHnt+n t7n t5i h+i cu &5ng Ahng Ghzng $ cu &5ng Gh'ng ;3 c1 (t Ghzng Li T:ng nn cOn gi $
cu &5ng C
*
? Cu &5ng n_+ ghB c1 tr)c Li T:ng ;Nc h+i nn cOn gi $ cu &5ng C
Z
?
+,- : .hi th/c hi0n "h1" 2-a3 "h&n t4 x-n! 2-anh tr5c $i x6n! C
n
m7t !c
n
Z
=
sao cho "h&n t4
trn! v8i chnh n* 9r5c 2-a3 C
n
!:i l# tr5c $i x6n! c;" n*
B)* 1J.
X8+ !' gi@n 7 thB n>ng *+u6 ch' ;iBt cu &5ng n' cM+ Tic$'hHT+n ;n nht S oi@i th%ch S
C
g
C
Z
Bi gii
Cu &5ng ghB ;n hDn cu &5ng thuyn6 !3 n1 c1 thB n>ng thG nht? Pguyn nh,n &xn Bn *8 Ah2c nh+u
! / ;n gi#+ h+i &5ng ghB ! thuyn $ $8c ty tDng t2c gi#+ c2c nguyn t_ hir' cM+ !Ong? &5ng
ghB tt c@ u Fc Gh,n ;L thH' h3nh th4 THn Ap? Tr'ng Ahi 1 E &5ng thuyn chl c1 e h9 thLng UC
[
dC
Z
6
C
]
dC
e
6 C
e
dC
g
! C
h
dC
[
V $ Gh,n ;L THn A6 cOn h+i h9 thLng cOn $5i C
Z
dC
]
! C
g
dC
h
V th3 Gh,n ;L chH Ahut?
HDn n#+ nguyn t_ H E C
[
! C
e
chl c2ch nh+u [6ie
k
A
nn n1 c1 (/t $8c ty Ah'@ng ] Ac+$('$? T^ng
c/ng thB n>ng cM+ &5ng thuyn $"n hDn &5ng ghB h6i Ac+$('$?
Cng th:c PH(+n &5ng ghB Cng th:c PH(+n &5ng thuyn
B)* :K.
Tr'ng Tic$'hHT+n6 T2c inh $in ABt tr)c U+Ti+$V ! $in ABt ;in UHKu+t'ri+$V? y' *2nh t%nh ;n cM+
ad(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n ! ed(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n? oi@i th%ch?
Bi gii
Tr'ng Tic$'hHT+n6 *+u nguyn t_ c+c;'n E &5ng ghB Fc Gh,n ;L trn h+i (t Ghzng *'ng *'ng? .t
Ghzng th: nht ch:+ C
[
6 C
]
! C
g
(t Ghzng th: h+i ch:+ C
Z
6 C
e
! C
h
? Tr)c Li T:ng ;Nc ;+ cM+ Gh,n t_
thzng g1c !"i h+i (t Ghzng? [Z $in ABt CdH Fc chi+ $( h+i nh1(- nh1( th: nht g7( h nguyn t_ H
*'ng *'ng !"i tr)c Li T:ng ;Nc ;+ U ] $in ABt h"ng $n ! ] $in ABt h"ng TuLngV? T+ gi 1 $ $in ABt
tr)c6 A hi9u $ + U+Ti+$V? Ph1( th: h+i g7( h $in ABt cOn $5i6 chng h"ng r+ ng'i ;in Gh,n t_ Ut5' !"i
tr)c Li T:ng (/t g1c [kj
k
Fc gi $ $in ABt ;in6 A% hi9u $ H UHKu+t'ri+$V?

sBt Ku@ Ah@' *2t $ thuyBt cung nh th8c nghi9( ed(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n ;n hDn ad(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n? nhi9t
/ thng ed(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n chiB( jg cOn ad(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n chiB( g?
+d(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n A|( ;n !3 c1 Bn h+i tDng t2c *yn6 tr'ng Ah' 1 ed(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n Ahng c1 tDng
t2c *yn n' c@?
ed(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n ad(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n
B)* :1.
R|t cu &5ng *+u-
[
Z
]
e
g
h
U+V Ph1( (Hty$ gcn Gh%+ &"i Cdh $ $in ABt tr)c U+Ti+$V h+y $in ABt ;in UHKu+t'ri+$V S
U;V y' *2nh / ;n Ahi nh1( (Hty$ gcn Gh%+ &"i Cd[ ! Cde?
UcV shi nh1( (Hty$ gcn !' C] th3 t5' r+ cu &5ng ;n6 !Ny n1 gcn !' &"i h+y trnS
Bi gii
U+V Ph1( CH
]
$ $in ABt tr)c U+V
CH
3
h
U;V Cd[ A|( ;n hDn Cde6 !3 $in ABt tr)c A|( ;n hDn $in ABt ;in UHV?
CH
3
[
H
3
C
e
UcV Ph1( CH
]
gcn !' Cd] t5' r+ cu &5ng ;n th3 Gh@i $ $in ABt ;in6 tDng :ng !"i !w tr% ny $
gcn !' Gh%+ &"i?
H
3
C
H
B)* ::.
R2c wnh cu trc ;n tr'ng (i cG cu &5ng ch' &"i ,yS
Bi gii:
C2c cu &5ng ;n $-
B)* :@.
Lt ch2y h'n t'n Hty$Tic$'Gr'G+n ! (Hty$Tic$';ut+n6 *' *2nh n>ng $Fng gi@i Gh1ng cM+ (i
7ng Gh,n?
Bi gii
rty$Tic$'Gr'G+n ! (Hty$Tic$';ut+n $ 7ng Gh,n Uu c1 cng th:c Gh,n t_ C
g
H
[Z
V? 7ng Gh,n n' ;n
gi@i Gh1ng n>ng $Fng thG? rty$Tic$'Gr'G+n c1 *:c c>ng g1c $"n ! A|( ;n hDn (Hty$Tic$';ut+n?
CH
Z
CH
]
CH
]
Hty$Tic$'Gr'G+n
(Hty$Tic$';ut+n
iki6i Ac+$('$ ik[6Z Ac+$('$
B)* :E.
y' *2nh t%nh ;n cM+ 7ng Gh,n $NG th4 [6]6gdtri(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n?

H
CH
]
H CH
]
H
H
]
C
cisd[6]6gdtri(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n

H
CH
]
H
]
C H
H
H
]
C
transd[6]6gdtri(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n
Bi gii
Tt c@ nh1( CH
]
$ HKu+t'ri+$ tr'ng cisd[6]6gdtri(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n nn n1 ;n hDn transd[6]6gd
tri(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n c1 ch:+ (/t nh1( CH
]
$ +Ti+$?
H
CH
]
H CH
]
H
H
]
C
H
CH
]
H
CH
]
H
H
]
C
cisd[6]6gdtri(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n
H
CH
]
H
]
C H
H
H
]
C
CH
]
CH
]
H
CH
]
H
H
transd[6]6gdtri(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n
B)* :F.
WiBt cu trc Gh,n t_ c1 cu &5ng ;n nht ch' (i hFG cht *+u-
U+V transd[dtertd;uty$d]d(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n
U;V cisd[dtertd;uty$d]d(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n
UcV transd[dtertd;uty$ded(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n
U&V cisd[dtertd;uty$ded(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n
Bi gii
U+V 4 c1 7ng Gh,n cu &5ng ;n nht th3 nh1( tHrtd;uty$ $ HKu+t'ri+$? y+u 1 th( nh1( CH
]
U+Ti+$V
!' Cd] cM+ !Ong Tic$'hHT+n?
H
CUCH
]
V
]
H
CH
]
H
CUCH
]
V
]
transd[dtertd;uty$d]d(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n
U;V Tr"c tin !p Tic$'hHT+n E &5ng ghB !"i (/t nh1( tHrtd;uty$ E !w tr% HKu+t'ri+$? 4 t5' r+ cisd[d
tertd;uty$d]d(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n th3 Gh@i gcn nh1( (Hty$ !' Cd] E !w tr% HKu+t'ri+$?
H
]
C
H
H
CUCH
]
V
]
cisd[dtertd;uty$d]d(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n
UcV transd[dtertd;uty$ded(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n c@ h+i nh1( tHrtd;uty$ ! Cde (Hty$ u $ HKu+t'ri+$?
H
CUCH
]
V
]
transd[dtertd;uty$ded(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n
H
]
C
H
U&V L0n n#+6 nh1( tHrtd;uty$ E !w tr% HKu+t'ri+$6 tuy nhin6 tr'ng cisd[dtertd;uty$ded(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n6
Ced(Hty$ Gh@i E !w tr% +Ti+$?
H
CUCH
]
V
]
cisd[dtertd;uty$ded(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n
H
CH
]
B)* :G.
Wp c2c 7ng Gh,n ! gi tn cM+ hir'c+c;'n c1 h+i !Ong nhng Ahng ch:+ nh1( thB +nAy$ c1
cng th:c Gh,n t_ C
g
H
i
?
Bi gii
*Gir'GHnt+n ;iTic$'YZ?[?k\GHnt+n ;iTic$'Y[?[?[\GHnt+nH
B)* :H.
WiBt c2c 7ng Gh,n ! gi tn cM+ hir'c+c;'n c1 h+i !Ong nhng Ahng ch:+ nh1( thB +nAy$ c1
cng th:c Gh,n t_ C
h
H
[k
Bi gii
*Gir'YZ?]\hHT+n ;iTic$'YZ6Z6k\hHT+n
;iTic$'Y]6[6k\hHT+n
;iTic$'YZ6[6[\hHT+n Tic$'Gr'Gy$Tic$'Gr'G+n
B)* :I.
Hny !p (/t ( h3nh Gh,n t_ ch' n';'n+n U;iTic$'YZ6Z6[\hHGt+nV? WOng h c5nh E &5ng thuyn h+y
ghBS HFG cht ('n'c$' n';'n+n c1 ;+' nhiu 7ng Gh,n Ah2c nh+uS
Bi gii n';'n+n

WOng h c5nh cM+ n';'n+n E &5ng thuyn?
('n'c$' n';'n+n c1 e 7ng Gh,n-
C$
C$
C$
C$
A B C D
A ! J c1 th4 c1 7ng Gh,n Ku+ng hc
B)* :J.
Phi9t Lt ch2y cM+ (/t *L Tic$'+nA+n nh *+u-
Ric$'+nA+n
H UAc+$('$V
Ric$'+nA+n
H UAc+$('$V
Ric$'Gr'G+n ejj6i] Ric$'n'+n [eZj6gk
Ric$';ut+n hgg6ih Ric$'Hc+n [gih6kk
Ric$'GHnt+n mj]6gZ Ric$'unHc+n [meZ6ek
Ric$'hHT+n jee6ei Ric$'Hc+n [ijZ6ek
Ric$'hHGt+n [[ki6Zk Ric$triHc+n Zkg[6ek
Ric$''ct+n [Zhj6Zk Ric$'tHtr+Hc+n ZZk]6hk
Hny t%nh nhi9t Lt ch2y cM+ nh1( (Hty$Hn tr'ng (i Tic$'+nA+n? Hny t%nh *:c c>ng g1c tr'ng c2c
Tic$'+nA+n trn? JiBt rvng Tic$'hHT+n $ tFng trng ch' h9 Ahng c1 *:c c>ng g1c U*:c c>ng g1c t8 &'V?
Hny $i9t A c2c $'5i *:c c>ng g1c tr'ng c2c !Ong c1 A%ch th"c Ah2c nh+u?
U;V Hny gi@i th%ch t5i *+' nh#ng !Ong c1 A%ch th"c trung ;3nh UC
m
dC
[[
V Fc t^ng hFG !"i hi9u *ut thG
hDn *' !"i !Ong nh= UC
]
dC
h
V h'c !Ong $"n UC
[Z
dC
n
VS
Bi gii
U+V 4 t%nh nhi9t Lt ch2y cM+ (i nh1( CH
Z
c1 tr'ng c2c Tic$'+nA+n t+ $y nhi9t Lt ch2y cM+
Tic$'+nA+n 1 chi+ ch' *L nguyn t_ C? HHT+n c1 *:c c>ng g1c ;vng Ahng nn nhi9t Lt ch2y cM+ nh1(
CH
Z
Ahi Ahng c1 *:c c>ng g1c $ [gm6e[ Ac+$('$? TC 1 t+ c1 th4 t%nh Fc nhi9t Lt ch2y cM+ c2c
Tic$'+nA+n tDng :ng Ahi Ahng c1 *:c c>ng g1c ;vng c2ch $y [gm6e[ nh,n ch' *L nguyn t_ c+c;'n?
sBt Ku@ th4 hi9n tr'ng ;@ng *+u?
n Phi9t Lt ch2y
Ac+$('$
Phi9t Lt ch2y cM+
CH
Z
Ac+$('$
Phi9t Lt ch2y
Ahng c1 *:c c>ng
g1c Ac+$('$
y:c c>ng g1c
Ac+$('$
]
ejj?i]
[hh?h[ emZ?Ze Zm?gj
e
hgg?ih
[h]?jm hZj?hg Zh?Z[
g
mj]?gZ
[gi?m mim?km h?eg
h
jee?ei
[gm?e[ jee?ei k
m
[[ki?Z
[gi?][ [[k[?ij h?][
i
[Zhj?Z
[gi?hg [Zgj?][ j?ij
j
[eZj?g
[gi?i] [e[h?mZ [Z?mi
[k
[gih
[gi?h [gme?[] [[?im
[[
[meZ?e
[gi?e [m][?gg [k?ig
[Z
[ijZ?e
[gm?m [iii?jh ]?ee
[]
Zkg[?e
[gm?i Zkeh?]m g?k]
[e
ZZk]?h
[gm?e ZZk]?mj dk?[j
PhNn T|t
y:c c>ng g1c gi@( &0n tC Tic$'Gr'G+n Bn Tic$'hHT+n? W3 c1 *8 ABt hFG *:c c>ng g1c U*:c c>ng J+yHrV
! *8 ty tDng h gi#+ c2c nh1( thB E !w tr% chH Ahut U*:c c>ng PitHrV? C2c !Ong $"n n [Z *:c c>ng
g1c nh= Ahng 2ng A4? C2c !Ong trung ;3nh UC
m
dC
[[
V c1 *:c c>ng g1c?
U;V rntr'Gi @nh hEng Bn cu &5ng cM+ !Ong nh=? Ph#ng !Ong ny c1 Ah@ n>ng 1ng !Ong $"n ng+y c@
Ahi c1 *:c c>ng? Ph#ng !Ong $"n c1 th4 t5' r+ !"i hi9u *ut hFG $ !3 chng c1 *:c c>ng g1c ;| ! yBu tL
Hntr'Gi c1 th4 !Ft Ku+ ;vng *8 $8+ chn iu Ai9n Gh@n :ng GhQ hFG? C2c !Ong trung ;3nh ! (t
Hntr'Gi ! *:c c>ng u Ahng thuNn $Fi nn hi9u *ut Gh@n :ng nh=?
B)* @K.
y' *2nh / ;n cM+ h+i cu &5ng *+u6 gi@i th%ch S
H
H
CH
]
CH
]
H
H
H
]
C
UAV
H
H
H
]
C
CH
]
H
H
CH
]
UJV
Bi gii
Cu &5ng J ;n hDn cu &5ng A !3 c1 Z CH
]
q H [6]d&i+Ti+$ rHGu$*i'n* tr'ng Ahi 1 cu &5ng A c1 (/t
CH
]
dCH
]
[6]d&i+Ti+$ rHGu$*i'n ! h+i CH
]
dH [6]d&i+Ti+$ rHGu$*i'n?
B)* @1.
Wp c2c cu &5ng ghB cM+ tr+n*d[6Zd&i(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n ! ci*d[6Zd&i(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n? y' *2nh /
;n cM+ c2c cu &5ng 1?
Bi gii
CH
3
CH
3
UHV
UHV
CH
3
CH
3 U+V
U+V bn hn
transd[6Zd&i(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n
CH
3
UHV
CH
3
U+V
cisd[6Zd&i(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n
CH
3
U+V
CH
3 UHV
Hai cu dng ny c bn nh nhau
B)* @:.
Wp c2c cu &5ng ghB cM+ tr+n*d[6]d&i(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n ! ci*d[6]d&i(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n? y' *2nh /
;n cM+ c2c cu &5ng 1?
CH
3
UHV
CH
3
U+V
transd[6]d&i(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n
Hai cu dng ny c bn nh nhau
CH
3
(a)
H
3
C
UHV
CH
3
UHV
CH
3
U+V
cisd[6]d&i(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n
H
3
C
UHV
CH
3
U+V
bn hn
B)* @@.
Wp c2c cu &5ng ghB cM+ transd[6ed&i(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n ! cisd[6ed&i(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n? y' *2nh /
;n cM+ c2c cu &5ng?
Bi gii
CH
3
UHV
CH
3
U+V
transd[6ed&i(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n
bn hn
H
3
C
UHV
CH
3
U+V
CH
3
UHV
CH
3
U+V
cisd[6ed&i(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n
CH
3
U+V
H
3
C
UHV
Hai cu dng ny c bn nh nhau.
B)* @E.
U+V Zd`*'Gr'Gy$dgd(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n'$ c1 e 7ng Gh,n ci* q tr+n*6 hny !iBt c2c 7ng Gh,n 1? U;V Wp
cu &5ng cM+ c2c 7ng Gh,n 1? Tr'ng *L e 7ng Gh,n 1 7ng Gh,n n' ;n nhtS
Bi gii
U+V Cng th:c cM+ e 7ng Gh,n
U;V Ji4u &i~n c2c cu &5ng
UcV Cu &5ng ;n nht $ tr+n*dZd`*'Gr'Gy$dci*dgd(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n'$? W3 tt c@ c2c nh1( thB u E &5ng H?
B)* @F.
oi@i th%ch t5i *+u [6Zd&i(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n c1 7ng Gh,n h3nh hc tr'ng Ahi 1 [6Zd
&i(Hty$Tic$'&'&Hc+n th3 Ahng S
Xi !Ong Tic$'&'&Hc+n M $"n 4 c2c nh1( nguyn t_ c1 th4 Ku+y t8 &'6 !3 thB n1 Ahng th4 t7n t5i 7ng
Gh,n ci*dtr+n*?
B)* @G.
WiBt cng th:c c2c 7ng Gh,n $NG th4 Ahng Li Ku+ngU7ng Gh,n $NG th4 i d + V cM+ Z d c$' d [6] d
i(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n ! ch' ;iBt cu trc *@n Ght( t5' thnh Ahi ch' c2c 7ng Gh,n 1 t2c &)ng !"i
CH
]
P+?
Bi gii
CH
3
CH
3
Cl
CH
3
Cl
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
Cl
CH
3
Cl
CH
3
I
II III
CH
3
CH
3
1,3 - imetylicl!heen
"h#ng t$ch % c &'H ( C
b)n cnh *h#ng +ng ,h-ng
& u ( &.t/0ci1 2i &3 i cl!.
C4 5 H ( C b)n cnh
u t$ch % c.
Ch6c 1 H l t$ch % c.
1,3 - imetylicl!heen
CH
3
CH
3
Cl
H
CH
3
H
H
3
C
Cl
H
CH
3
H
H
3
C
Cl
H
CH
3
CH
3
B)* @H.
y2u hir'c+c;'n A6 J6 C6 X6 r6 u c1 cng th:c Gh,n t_ C
e
H
i
? Ch' tCng cht !' ;r'( tr'ng
CC$
e
Ahi Ahng chiBu *2ng th3 thy A6 J6 C6 X t2c &)ng rt nh+nh?6 r t2c &)ng chN( hDn6 cOn th3
h0u nh Ahng Gh@n :ng? C2c *@n Ght( thu Fc tC J ! C $ nh#ng 7ng Gh,n Ku+ng hc Ahng Li
Ku+ngU7ng Gh,n $NG th4 i d +V cM+ nh+u? shi ch' t2c &)ng !"i H
Z
UP&6 t
k
V th3 A6 J6 C u ch' cQng
(/t *@n Ght( o? J c1 nhi9t / *i c+' hDn C?
[? R2c wnh cng th:c cM+ h hir'c+c;'n trn? oi@i th%chS
Z? y' *2nh nhi9t / *i cM+ r ! ?
]? PBu c1 C6 X6 r6 ? Hny nu GhDng Gh2G h'2 hc nhNh ;iBt chng?
Bi gii.
[? C2c 7ng Gh,n c1 th4 c1 cM+ C
e
H
i
-
CH
3
CH
5
CH CH
5
CH
3
C CH
5
CH
3
CH
3
CH CH
CH
3
CH
3
CH CH
CH
3
H
5
C
H
5
C CH
5
CH
5
H
5
C CH
CH
5
CH
3
d W3 h0u nh Ahng Gh@n :ng !"i Jr
Z
CC$
e
6 nn $-
H
5
C
H
5
C CH
5
CH
5
d r t2c &)ng chN( !"i Jr
Z
CC$
e
6 nn r $-
H
5
C CH
CH
5
CH
3
d W3 A6 J6 C Fc hir' h'2 u ch' cQng (/t *@n Ght( o ch:ng t= A6 J6 C c1 Ahung C nh nh+u6 nn
cOn $5i X-
CH
3
C CH
5
CH
3
W3 J6 C t2c &)ng !"i Jr
Z
CC$
e
ch' nh#ng 7ng Gh,n Ku+ng hc Ahng Li Ku+ng cM+ nh+uUc1 %t nht Z

CV6
nn J ! C $ 7ng Gh,n cis < trans cM+ nh+u? X' J c1 nhi9t / *i c+' hDn C nn J $ 7ng Gh,n
cis UGh,n c8c hDnV?
78 CH
3
C C
CH
3
H
H
C8 CH
3
C C
CH
3
H
H
A- CH
]
d CH
Z
d CH CH
Z
III. LMT LUN
Pghin c:u ti ny6 chng ti n thu Fc (/t *L ABt Ku@ *+u-
[? T^ng Ku+n Fc $ thuyBt cM+ ti nghin c:u?
Z? Chng ti n thiBt AB ! chn $c ]m ;i tNG ! &+nh Gh2G ! $NG th4 cM+ hir'c+c;'n !Ong n' c1 $i
gi@i6 tr'ng 1-
Ji tNG ! Ah2i ni9(- j ;i
Ji tNG ! &+nh Gh2G- j ;i
Ji tNG ! cu h3nh- e ;i
Ji tNG ! cu &5ng- [[ ;i
Ji tNG t^ng hFG- e ;i
]? R,y &8ng Fc h9 thLng ;i tNG tC &~ Bn Ah16 tC Dn gi@n Bn Gh:c t5G6 giG ch' c2c H( hc *inh &~
tiBG thu? ti ny $ (/t ti $i9u giG c2c H( hc *inh t8 hc6 t8 nghin c:u6 $ ti $i9u th+( Ah@' ch'
gi2' !in ;7i &<ng hc *inh gi=i c2c cG?
siBn nghw-
X+nh Gh2G ! $NG th4 cM+ c2c hFG cht Ah2c6 nh - hir'c+c;'n Ahng n'6 hir'c+c;'n thD( ! c2c &xn
Tut cM+ hir'c+c;'n *p tiBG t)c nghin c:u *+u ny?
TI LINU THAM LHOO
Y[?\ ng 3nh J5chUZkk[V6 Ph#ng !n h1+ hc h#u cD6 PRJ sh'+ hc ! s thuNt
YZ?\ Trwnh 3nh Ch%nh U[jjgV6 CD *E $ thuyBt h1+ $NG th46 Ti $i9u JXTR?
Y]?\ Tr0n QuLc yDn6 U[jmmV6 CD *E $% thuyBt h1+ h#u cD6 PRJ oi2' &)c?
Ye?\ Tr0n QuLc yDn q Tr0n Thw T_u UZkk]V6 X+nh Gh2G hFG cht h#u cD?
Yg?\ Th2i X'nn Tnh UZkkZV oi2' tr3nh cD *E $ thuyBt h1+ hc6 PRJ sh'+ hc ! s thuNt?
Yh?\ Pguy~n Trng Th UZkkkV6 $y(Gic h1+ hc q Wi9t P+( ! QuLc t6 tNG ] q Ph#ng ;i tNG chutn
;w ch' A3 thi $y(Gic KuLc tB $0n th: ]k6 ][6 ]Z6 PRJ oi2' &)c?
Ym?\ Pg Thw ThuNn U[jjjV6 H1+ hc h#u cD6 Gh0n ;i tNG6 PRJ sh'+ hc ! s ThuNt?
Yi?\ Pguy~n 3nh Tri9u UZkk]V6 Zkkk C,u h=i ! ;i tNG trcc nghi9( h1+ hc h#u cD6 TNG [6 PRJ
sh'+ hc ! s ThuNt?
Yj?\ r+nci* A? C+rHy U[jjhV6 rg+nic ChH(i*try6 ThH .cor+dHi$$
Y[k?\ ';Hrt Th'r(nt'n .'rri*'n U[jjZV6 rg+nic ChH(i*try6 PrHnticH H+$$?
Y[[?\ httG-&HGt*?+*hingt'n?H&uchH(cr*;u$A&i*AchH(Z]mJ+utkhh+n&'utCh+GtHr]CHr.Z]mJ
+utkh?G&b
Y[Z?\ httG-?chH(?uc+$g+ry?c+c'ur*H*]g[C+rHygthChk]ch]dk?ht($
Y[]?\ httG-?chH(?uc+$g+ry?c+c'ur*H*]g[C+rHygthChk]ch]dk?ht($
Y[e?\ httG-?chH(?uc+$g+ry?c+c'ur*H*]g[C+rHygthChk]ch]dk?ht($
Y[g?\ httG-?chH(?uc+$g+ry?c+c'ur*H*]g[C+rHygthChk]ch]dk?ht($
Y[h?\ httG-?c'$u(;i+?H&uitcchH(i*trychH(dc]keg'rg+nictHTtch+GtHr*ch]?ht($
Y[m?\ httG-?chH(?uic?H&uH;[CLd```PALsAPr]?HT.
Y[i?\ httG-*tH$+;[?un$?H&uChH(Zg[dZkkgP'HrP'intyCh+GtHrZk]?GGt
Y[j?\ httG-?cH(?(*u?H&uG+rri$$('!iH*c'nb?ht($
YZk?\ httG-?chH(i*try?(c(+*tHr?c+c'ur*H*Z'+]$HcturHt'?G&b
YZ[?\ httG-?chH(i*try?(c(+*tHr?c+c'ur*H*Z'+]$HcturHt'?G&b
YZZ?\ httG-chH(i*try?uc+?H&ub+cu$ty(+ni'nZek[Zek[rH*ch+Ge?G&b

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