i s 8 Hunh Minh Khai

I. BT NG THC
1. Bt ng thc
Ta gi h thc dng a < b (hay a > b, a b, a b) l bt ng thc v gi a l v tri, b l v
phi ca b!t "#ng thc$
2. Tnh cht
iu kin Ni ung
a < b a % c < b % c (&)
c > ' a < b ac < bc ((a)
c < ' a < b ac > bc ((b)
a < b v c < d a % c < b % d ())
a > ', c > ' a < b v c < d ac < bd (*)
n ng+y,n d-.ng
a < b a
(n%&
< b
(n%&
(/a)
' < a < b a
(n
< b
(n
(/b)
ab > ' a > b
a b
1 1
< (0a)
ab < '
a > b
a b
1 1
> (0b)
!. "t #$ %t ng thc th&ng 'ng
()
a a
2
0,
. Du "=" xy ra a 1 ' .
a b ab
2 2
2 +
. Du "=" xy ra a 1 b.
%) Bt ng thc C&*#i:
Vi a, b ', ta c:
a b
ab
2
+
. Du "=" xy ra a 1 b.
H qu: 2 3+ 4, y > ' c5 6 1 4 % y 7h8ng "9i th: ; 1 4y l<n nh!t 4 1 y$
2 3+ 4, y > ' c5 ; 1 4 y 7h8ng "9i th: 6 1 4 % y nh= nh!t 4 1 y$
c) Bt ng thc + gi, t-. tu/t $i
iu kin Ni ung
x x x x x 0, ,
a > '
x a a x a
x a
x a
x a

a b a b a b + +
) Bt ng thc + c,c c0nh c1( t(2 gi,c
Vi a, b, c l di cc cnh ca mt tam ic, ta c:
! a, b, c > '$
! a b c a b < < + " b c a b c < < + " c a b c a < < + .
3. Chng 2inh %t ng thc
>hng ?inh ?@t ABT l lCp l+Cn "D 7h#ng "Enh tFnh "Gng "Hn ca ABT "5$
BD chng ?inh ?@t ABT ta th-Ing JK dLngM
2 TFnh ch!t ca N+an h th tO cc JP$
2 TFnh ch!t ca b!t "#ng thc$
2 Q@t JP ABT th8ng dLng$
CH45NG I67 BT 8H45NG T9:NH B;C NHT "<T =N
Trang #$
i s 8 Hunh Minh Khai
6N > 17 Chng 2inh BT ?( +@A .nh nghi( +@ tnh cht cB %Cn
BD chng ?inh ?@t ABT ta c5 thD JK dLng cc cch Ja+M
2 Ain "9i ABT cRn chng ?inh t-.ng "-.ng v<i ?@t ABT "S bit$
2 6K dLng ?@t ABT "S bit, bin "9i "D dTn "n ABT cRn chng ?inh$
Q@t JP ABT th-Ing dUngM
%
A
2
0
%
A B
2 2
0 +
% AB . 0 v<i V, A '$ %
A B AB
2 2
2 +
Ch :
2 TrWng N+ tr:nh bin "9i, ta th-Ing chG X "n cc hYng "#ng thc$
2 Zhi chng ?inh ABT ta th-Ing t:? "i[+ 7in "D d!+ "#ng thc 4y ra$ Zhi "5 ta c5 thD
t:? \T]3, \T33 ca biD+ thc$
B@i 1. %h& a, b, c, d, ^ _$ %h'n minh cc (t )n th'c *au:
a+
a b c ab bc ca
2 2 2
+ + + +
(+
a b ab a b
2 2
1 + + + +
c+
a b c a b c
2 2 2
3 2( ) + + + + +
d+
a b c ab bc ca
2 2 2
2( ) + + +
,+
a b c a ab a c
4 4 2 2
1 2 ( 1) + + + + +
-+
a
b c ab ac bc
2
2 2
2
4
+ + +
+
a b b c c a abc
2 2 2 2 2 2
(1 ) (1 ) (1 ) 6 + + + + +
h+
a b c d e a b c d e
2 2 2 2 2
( ) + + + + + + +
`aM a)
a b b c c a
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 + +
b)
a b a b
2 2 2
( ) ( 1) ( 1) 0 + +
c)
a b c
2 2 2
( 1) ( 1) ( 1) 0 + +
d)
a b c
2
( ) 0 +
^)
a b a c a
2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( 1) 0 + +
b)
a
b c
2
( ) 0
2
_


,
g)
a bc b ca c ab
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 + +
h)
a a a a
b c d e
2 2 2 2
0
2 2 2 2
_ _ _ _
+ + +

, , , ,
B@i 2. %h& a, b, c _. %h'n minh cc (t )n th'c *au:
a+
a b a b
ab
2
2 2
2 2
_ + +


,
(+
a b a b
3
3 3
2 2
_ + +

,
" .i a, b '
c+
a b a b ab
4 4 3 3
+ +
d+
a a
4
3 4 +
,+
a b c abc
3 3 3
3 + +
, .i a, b, c > /. -+
a b
a b
b a
6 6
4 4
2 2
+ + " .i a, b '.
+
ab
a b
2 2
1 1 2
1
1 1
+
+
+ +
" .i ab 0. h+
a b a b a b a b
5 5 4 4 2 2
( )( ) ( )( ) + + + +
" .i ab > '.
`aM a)
a b a b
ab
2
2
( )
0
2 4
_ +


,
c
a b a b a b
2
2 2 2
( )
0
2 2 4
_ + +


,
b) a b a b
2
3
( )( ) 0
8
+ c)
a b a b
3 3
( )( ) 0
d)
a a a
2 2
( 1) ( 2 3) 0 + +
^) >hG XM
a b a b a b ab
3 3 3 2 2
( ) 3 3 + +
$
ABT
a b c a b c ab bc ca
2 2 2
( ) ( ) 0
1
+ + + + + +
]
$
b)
a b a a b b
2 2 2 4 2 2 4
( ) ( ) 0 + +
g)
b a ab
ab a b
2
2 2
( ) ( 1)
0
(1 )(1 )(1 )

+ + +
Trang #1
Hunh Minh Khai i s 8
h)
ab a b a b
3 3
( )( ) 0
$
B@i !. %h& a, b, c, d _$ %h'n minh r2n
a b ab
2 2
2 +
30+. 45 d6n ch'n minh cc (t )n
th'c *au:
a+
a b c d abcd
4 4 4 4
4 + + +
(+
a b c abc
2 2 2
( 1)( 1)( 1) 8 + + +
c+
a b c d abcd
2 2 2 2
( 4)( 4)( 4)( 4) 256 + + + +
`aM a)
a b a b c d c d
4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 ; 2 + +
c
a b c d abcd
2 2 2 2
2 +
b)
a a b b c c
2 2 2
1 2 ; 1 2 ; 1 2 + + +

c)
a a b b c c d d
2 2 2 2
4 4 ; 4 4 ; 4 4 ; 4 4 + + + +
B@i 3. %h& a, b, c, d > '$ %h'n minh r2n n7u
a
b
1 < th8
a a c
b b c
+
<
+
30+. 45 d6n ch'n minh cc
(t )n th'c *au:
a+
a b c
a b b c c a
1 2 < + + <
+ + +
(+
a b c d
a b c b c d c d a d a b
1 2 < + + + <
+ + + + + + + +
c+
a b b c c d d a
a b c b c d c d a d a b
2 3
+ + + +
< + + + <
+ + + + + + + +
`aM ABT (&) (a 2 b)c < '$
a) 6K dLng (&), ta "-dcM
a a a c
a b c a b a b c
+
< <
+ + + + +
c
b b b a
a b c b c a b c
+
< <
+ + + + +
c
c c c b
a b c c a a b c
+
< <
+ + + + +
$
>@ng cc ABT v th^W v, ta "-dc "pc?$
b) 6K dLng tFnh ch!t phen JP, ta c5M
a a a
a b c d a b c a c
< <
+ + + + + +
T-.ng tOM
b b b
a b c d b c d b d
< <
+ + + + + +
c
c c c
a b c d c d a a c
< <
+ + + + + +
c
d d d
a b c d d a b d b
< <
+ + + + + +
>@ng cc ABT v th^W v ta "-dc "pc?$
c) >hng ?inh t-.ng tO ce+ b)$ Ta c5M
a b a b a b d
a b c d a b c a b c d
+ + + +
< <
+ + + + + + + +
>Ung v<i ) ABT t-.ng tO, ta J+y ra "pc?$
B@i D. %h& a, b, c _$ %h'n minh (t )n th'c:
a b c ab bc ca
2 2 2
+ + + +
30+. 45 d6n
ch'n minh cc (t )n th'c *au:
a+
a b c a b c
2 2 2 2
( ) 3( ) + + + +
(+
a b c a b c
2
2 2 2
3 3
_ + + + +

,
c+
a b c ab bc ca
2
( ) 3( ) + + + +
d+
a b c abc a b c
4 4 4
( ) + + + +
`aM
a b b c c a
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 + +
$
a) Zhai triDn, rGt gn, "-a v[ (&) b, c) fCn dLng a) d) 6K dLng (&) hai lRn
B@i E. %h& a, b ' $ %h'n minh (t )n th'c:
a b a b b a ab a b
3 3 2 2
( ) + + +
30+. 45 d6n
ch'n minh cc (t )n th'c *au:
a+
abc
a b abc b c abc c a abc
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1
+ +
+ + + + + +
" .i a, b, c > /.
Trang #9
i s 8 Hunh Minh Khai
(+
a b b c c a
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1
1
1 1 1
+ +
+ + + + + +
" .i a, b, c > / . abc 1 0.
c+
a b b c c a
1 1 1
1
1 1 1
+ +
+ + + + + +
" .i a, b, c > / . abc 1 0.
`aM (&)
a b a b
2 2
( )( ) 0
$
a) Tg (&)
a b abc ab a b c
3 3
( ) + + + +

ab a b c
a b abc
3 3
1 1
( )

+ +
+ +
$
>Ung v<i ( ABT t-.ng tO, c@ng v th^W v, ta J+y ra "pc?$
b, c) 6K dLng a)$
B@i F. %h& a, b, c l di # cnh ca mt tam ic. %h'n minh:
a+
ab bc ca a b c ab bc ca
2 2 2
+ <2( ) + + + + +
(+
abc a b c b c a a c b ( )( )( ) + + +
c+
a b b c c a a b c
2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4
2 2 2 0 + + >
d+
a b c b c a c a b a b c
2 2 2 3 3 3
( ) ( ) ( ) + + + > + +
`aM a) 6K dLng ABT ta? gic, ta c5M
a b c a b bc c
2 2 2
2 > > +
$
>Ung v<i ( ABT t-.ng tO, c@ng v th^W v, ta J+y ra "pc?$
b) Ta c5M
a a b c a a b c a b c
2 2 2 2
( ) ( )( ) > > + +
$
>Ung v<i ( ABT t-.ng tO, c@ng v th^W v, ta J+y ra "pc?$
c)
a b c a b c b c a c a b ( )( )( )( ) 0 + + + + + >
$
d)
a b c b c a c a b ( )( )( ) 0 + + + >
$
B@i G. %h& a, b, c l di # cnh ca mt tam ic. %h'n minh:
a+
a b b c c a
1 1 1
; ;
+ + +
c:n l di cc cnh ca mt tam ic ;hc.
(+
a b c b c a c a b a b c
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + > + +
+ + +
.
`aM a) 6K dLng tFnh ch!t phen JP v ABT cc cnh trWng ta? gic$
Ta c5M
a b b c a b c a b c
1 1 1 1
+ > +
+ + + + + +
>
c a c a c a
2 1

+ + + +
T-.ng tO, chng ?inh cc ABT chn li$
b) 6K dLng ABTM f<i 4 > ', y > ' ta c5M
x y x y
1 1 4
+
+
$
Ta c5M
a b c b c a a b c b c a b
1 1 4 2
( ) ( )
+
+ + + + +
$
>Ung v<i ( ABT t-.ng tO, c@ng v th^W v, ta J+y ra "pc?$
6N > 27 8hHBng Ih,I J@2 t-i
Trang #<
Hunh Minh Khai i s 8
aUng cc tFnh ch!t ca b!t "#ng thc "D "-a ?@t v ca b!t "#ng thc v[ dng t9ng hi+ hn
hWjc tFch hi+ hn$
Ph!ng "h#" chung $ t%nh t&ng h'u hnM 6 1
n
+ + + + + + ....
= 0
Ta bin "9i JP hng t9ng N+t
k
u
v[ hi+ ca hai JP hng li,n tip nha+M
0 +

7 7 7
a a +
Zhi "5M 6 1
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0 # = = 0
....
+ +
+ + +
n n n
a a a a a a a a
Ph!ng "h#" chung () t%nh t%ch h'u hnM ; 1
n
+ + + ....
= 0
Ta bin "9i cc JP hng
7
+
v[ th-.ng ca hai JP hng li,n tip nha+M
k
k
k
a
u
a
1 +

Zhi "5M ; 1
0
0
0 #
=
=
0
..... .
+ +

n n
n
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
B@i 1. %h'n minh r2n .i m>i *? t@ nhiAn n 1 > , ta c:
a+
$
# 0
....
=
0
0
0
=
0
<
+
+ +
+
+
+
<
n n n n
(+
( ) 0 0 =
0
....
#
0
=
0
0 + > + + + + n
n
c+
n
2 2 2
1 1 1
1 ... 2
2 3
+ + + + <
d+
0
+. 0 3
0
.......
$ . #
0
# . =
0
= . 0
0
<

+ + + +
n n
`aM a) Ta c5M
n n n 7 n =
0 0 0

+
>
+
, v<i 7 1 &, (, ), k, n 2&$
b) Ta c5M
( ) 7 7
7 7 7 7
+
+ +
> 0 =
0
=
=
= 0
, v<i 7 1 &, (, ), k, n$
c) Ta c5M
( ) 7 7 7 7 7
0
0
0
0
0 0
=

<
, v<i 7 1 (, ), k, n$
d) Ta c5M
k n k k
1 1 1
( 1). 1


, v<i 7 1 (, ), k, n$
6N > !7 Chng 2inh BT ?( +@A BT C&*#i
*+ ,t ng thc C-.siM
% f<i a, b ', ta c5M
a b
ab
2
+
$ a!+ l1l 4y ra a 1 b$
/+ 0ng 12ng t34 56789 5688:
% 3+ 4, y > ' c5 6 1 4 % y 7h8ng "9i th: ; 1 4y l<n nh!t 4 1 y$
% 3+ 4, y > ' c5 ; 1 4 y 7h8ng "9i th: 6 1 4 % y nh= nh!t 4 1 y$
B@i 1. %h& a, b, c '. %h'n minh cc (t )n th'c *au:
a+
a b b c c a abc ( )( )( ) 8 + + +
(+
bc ca ab
a b c
a b c
+ + + + " .i a, b, c > '$
c+
ab bc ca a b c
a b b c c a 2
+ +
+ +
+ + +
" .i a, b, c > '$
d+
a b c
b c c a a b
3
2
+ +
+ + +
" .i a, b, c > '$
Trang #B
i s 8 Hunh Minh Khai
`aM a)
a b ab b c bc c a ca 2 ; 2 ; 2 + + +
"pc?$
b)
bc ca abc
c
a b ab
2
2 2 +
,
ca ab a bc
a
b c bc
2
2 2 +
,
ab bc ab c
b
c a ac
2
2 2 +
"pc?
c) f:
a b ab 2 +
n,n
ab ab ab
a b
ab
2
2

+
$ T-.ng tOM
bc bc ca ca
b c c a
;
2 2

+ +
$

ab bc ca ab bc ca a b c
a b b c c a 2 2
+ + + +
+ +
+ + +
(v:
ab bc ca a b c + + + +
)
d) fT 1
a b c
b c c a a b
1 1 1 3
_ _ _
+ + + + +

+ + + , , ,
1 [ ] a b b c c a
b c c a a b
1 1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) 3
2
_
+ + + + + + +

+ + + ,

9 3
3
2 2
$
>ch 7hcM Bjt 4 1b % c, y 1 c % a, m 1 a % b$
Zhi "5, fT 1
x y z x z y
y x x z y z
1
3
2
1
_ _ _
+ + + + +
1
,
, , ]

1 3
(2 2 2 3)
2 2
+ + $
B@i 2. %h& a, b, c > '. %h'n minh cc (t )n th'c *au:
a+ a b c a b c
a b c
3 3 3 2
1 1 1
( ) ( )
_
+ + + + + +

,
(+
a b c a b c a b c
3 3 3 2 2 2
3( ) ( )( ) + + + + + +
c+
a b c a b c
3 3 3 3
9( ) ( ) + + + +
`aM a) fT 1
a b b c c a
a b c
b a c b a c
3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2
_ _ _
+ + + + + + + +
, , ,
$
>hG XM
a b
a b ab
b a
3 3
2 2
2 2 +
$ >Ung v<i ( ABT t-.ng tO ta J+y ra "pc?$
b) ( ) ( ) ( )
a b c a b b a b c bc c a ca
3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
2( ) + + + + + + +
$
>hG XM
a b ab a b
3 3
( ) + +
$ >Ung v<i ( ABT t-.ng tO ta J+y ra "pc?$
c) np dLng b) ta c5M
a b c a b c a b c
3 3 3 2 2 2
9( ) 3( )( ) + + + + + +
$
ao chng ?inh "-dcM
a b c a b c
2 2 2 2
3( ) ( ) + + + +
"pc?$
B@i !. %h& a, b > '. %h'n minh
a b a b
1 1 4
+
+
30+. 45 d6n ch'n minh cc CDE *au:
a+
a b c a b b c c a
1 1 1 1 1 1
2
_
+ + + +

+ + + ,
" .i a, b, c > '.
(+
a b b c c a a b c a b c a b c
1 1 1 1 1 1
2
2 2 2
_
+ + + +

+ + + + + + + + + ,
" .i a, b, c > '.
c+ %h& a, b, c > ' th&
a b c
1 1 1
4 + + . %h'n minh:
a b c a b c a b c
1 1 1
1
2 2 2
+ +
+ + + + + +
d+
ab bc ca a b c
a b b c c a 2
+ +
+ +
+ + +
" .i a, b, c > '.
,+ %h& 4, y, m > ' th&
x y z 2 4 12 + +
. %h'n minh:
xy yz xz
x y y z z x
2 8 4
6
2 2 4 4
+ +
+ + +
.
-+ %h& a, b, c l di (a cnh ca mt tam ic, p l nFa chu .i. %h'n minh r2n:
p a p b p c a b c
1 1 1 1 1 1
2
_
+ + + +

,
.
Trang #G
Hunh Minh Khai i s 8
`aM (&) a b
a b
1 1
( ) 4
_
+ +

,
$ `iDn nhiDn J+y tg ABT >82Ji$
a) np dLng (&) ba lRn ta "-dcM
a b a b b c b c c a c a
1 1 4 1 1 4 1 1 4
; ; + + +
+ + +
$
>@ng cc ABT v th^W v ta "-dc "pc?$
b) T-.ng tO ce+ a)$
c) np dLng a) v b) ta "-dcM
a b c a b c a b c a b c
1 1 1 1 1 1
4
2 2 2
_
+ + + +

+ + + + + + ,
$
d) Th^W (&)M
a b a b
1 1 1 1
4
_
+

+ ,

ab
a b
a b
1
( )
4
+
+
.
>Ung v<i cc ABT t-.ng tO, c@ng v th^W v ta "-dc "pc?$
^) np dLng ce+ d) v<i a 1 4, b 1 (y, c 1 *m th: a b c 12 + + "pc?$
b) 3hCn 4ptM (p 2a) % (p 2 b) 1 (p 2 (a % b) 1 c$
np dLng (&) ta "-dcM
p a p b p a p b c
1 1 4 4
( ) ( )
+
+
$
>Ung v<i ( ABT t-.ng tO, c@ng v th^W v, ta "-dc "pc?$
B@i 3. %h& a, b, c > '. %h'n minh
a b c a b c
1 1 1 9
+ +
+ +
30+. 45 d6n ch'n minh cc CDE *au:
a+ a b c a b c
a b b c c a
2 2 2
1 1 1 3
( ) ( )
2
_
+ + + + + +

+ + + ,
.
(+ %h& 4, y, m > ' th&
x y z 1 + +
. E8m HEIJ ca (iKu th'c: L =
x y z
x y z 1 1 1
+ +
+ + +
.
c+ %h& a, b, c > ' th& a b c 1 + + . E8m HEJJ ca (iKu th'c:
L =
a bc b ac c ab
2 2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2
+ +
+ + +
.
d+ %h& a, b, c > ' th& a b c 1 + + . %h'n minh:
ab bc ca
a b c
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
30 + + +
+ +
.
`aM Ta c5M (&) a b c
a b c
1 1 1
( ) 9
_
+ + + +

,
$ ao dng J+y tg ABT >82Ji$
a) np dLng (&) ta "-dcM
a b b c c a a b c
1 1 1 9
2( )
+ +
+ + + + +
$
fT
a b c a b c
a b c
a b c a b c
2 2 2 2 2 2
9( ) 3 3( ) 3
. ( )
2( ) 2 2
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Hunh Minh Khai i s 8
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