Udcntt Day Hoc Toan Trinh Thanh Hai

I HC THI NGUN
TRNG I HC S PHM
KHOA TON

Trnh Thanh Hi
(Ch bin)

GIO TRNH

NG DNG CNG NGH THNG TIN
TRONG DY HC TON

Thi Nguyn 6/2004

ng dng Cng ngh thng tin trong dy hc ton

Li cm n

hon thnh tp gio trnh ny, chng ti xin trn trng by t lng bit n ti
cc cng s thuc khoa Ton trng HSP-HTN trc tip bin son, gp v
sa cha ni dung ca gio trnh.
Chng ti xin trn trng cm n cc em sinh vin khoa ton cc kho K34, K35
trong nm hc 2002-2003 v 2003-2004 th nghim hc tp v gp cho nhng
bn tho ca b gio trnh ny trong chng trnh hc phn Tin hc ng dng dnh
cho sinh vin ton, tin.
Chng ti xin trn trng cm n Ban gim hiu, Phng o to NCKH-QHQT
trng HSP-HTN to iu kin chng ti c dp gii thiu v hng dn hn
300 cn b gio vin b mn ton ca 6 tnh. H Giang, Sn La, Bc Kn, Lng Sn,
Cao Bng v Thi Nguyn lm quen v thc hnh theo mt s ni dung ca gio trnh
ny.
Chng ti xin trn trng cm n cc trng THPT Lng Ngc Quyn- TP Thi
Nguyn, THPT I T, THCS Th trn i T - huyn i T, trng THPT Thi
Nguyn thuc HSP Thi Nguyn to iu kin cho chng ti th nghim s phm.

Xin trn trng cm n.

Li Ni u

Hin nay chng ta ang chng kin s pht trin nh v bo ca cng ngh
thng tin v truyn thng (ICT). Vi s ra i ca Intemet thc s m ra mt k
nguyn ng dng cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng trong mi lnh vc ca i sng
x hi, kinh t,... Trong khung cnh o to v gio dc c coi l mnh t mu
m cho cc ng dng ca ICT pht trin, iu s to ra nhng thay i su sc
trong cng ngh o to v gio dc. Nhng cng ngh tin tin nh a phng tin,
truyn thng bng rng, CD - ROM, DVD v Intemet s mang n nhng bin i c
tnh cch mng trn quy m ton cu trong lnh vc o to, gio dc do s dn n
nhng thay i trong phng php dy hc.
Vic ng dng cng ngh thng tin trong ngnh gio dc c ng, Nh
nc v B Gio dc v o to c bit quan tm, n c:
+ Ch th s 58 ca B Chnh tr, k ngy 17/10/2000, v y mnh ng dng v
pht trin cng ngh thng tin phc v s nghip cng nghip ho, hin i ho nu
r: "y mnh ng dng cng ngh thng tin trong cng tc gio dc v o to cc
cp hc, bc hc, ngnh hc. Pht trin cc hnh thc o to t xa phc v cho nhu
cu hc tp ca ton x hi. c bit tp trung pht trin mng my tnh phc v cho
gio dc v o to, kt ni Intemet ti tt c cc c s gio dc v o to".
+Quyt nh ca th tng Chnh ph S: 47/2001/Q-TTg ph duyt "Quy
hoch mng li trng i hc,cao ng giai on 2001 - 2010" H Ni, ngy 04
thng 4 nm 2001 ch r: "Tng cng nng lc v nng cao cht lng hot ng th
vin; hnh thnh h thng th vin in t kt ni gia cc trng tng bc kt ni
v h thng th vin ca cc trng i hc, th vin quc gia ca cc nc trong khu
vc v trn th gii. M cng kt ni Intemet trc tuyn cho h thng gio di i
hc".
+Ch th s 29 ca B trng B Gio dc v o to k ngy 30/7/2001 v vic
tng cng ging dy, o to v ng dng cng ngh thng tin trong ngnh gio dc
giai on 2001-2005 nu r: "i vi gio dc v o to, cng ngh thng tin c tc
ng mnh m, lm thay i ni dung, phng php. phng thc dy v hc. CNTT
l phng tin tin ti mt x hi hc tp. Mt khc gio dc v o to ng
vai tr quan trng bc nht thc y s pht trin ca CNTT thng qua vic cung cp
ngun nhn lm cho CNTT
+Ch th s 40/CT-TW ca Ban chp hnh TW ng ra ngy 15/6/2004 v vic
xy dng, nng cao cht lng i ng nh gio v cn b qun l gio dc nu r:

"Tch cc p dng mt cch sng to cc phng php tin tin, hin i, ng dng
cng ngh thng tin vo hot ng dy v hc."
Mn ton l mt b mn vn d c mi lin h mt thit vi tin hc. Ton hc
cha ng nhiu yu t phc v nhim v gio dc tin hc, ngc li tin hc s l
mt cng c c lc cho qu trnh dy hc ton.
Vi s h tr ca MTT c bit l ca Intemet v cc phn mm dy hc qu
trnh dy hc ton s c nhng nt mi chng hn:
Gio vin khng cn l kho kin thc duy nht. Gio vin phi thm mt chc
nng l t vn cho hc sinh khai thc mt cch ti u cc ngun ti nguyn tri thc
trn mng v cc CD-ROM.
- Tin trnh ln lp khng cn my mc theo sch gio khoa hay nh ni dung
cc bi ging truyn thng m c th tin hnh theo phng thc linh hot. Pht trin
cao cc hnh thc tng tc giao tip: hc sinh - gio vin, hc sinh - hc sinh, hc
sinh - my tnh,... trong ch trng n qu trnh tm li gii, khuyn kch hc sinh
trao i, tranh lun,... t pht trin cc nng lc t duy hc sinh.
Nh vy vi mc tiu nng cao cht lng o to, i mi phng php ging
dy th mt trong cc bin php kh thi l bit kt hp cc phng php dy hc
truyn thng v khng truyn thng trong c s dng CNTT nh mt yu t khng
th tch ri.
Vi mc tiu khim tn l cung cp nhng thng tin ban u bn c c th
khai thc cc phn mm ton hc vo cng vic ging dy, hc tp ca llluul chng ti
mnh dn bin son b ti liu: ng dng Cng ngh thng tin trong dy hc ton.
gio trnh gm:
Vi ni dung chnh " Hng dn s dng v khai thc mt s phn mm ph bin
trong dy hc ton "
y l mt cng vic mi m v "qu ti" i vi chng ti nn khng th trnh
c sai st. Rt mong c s tha th v ng gp kin ca bn c, c bit l cc
Thy, C gio v cc em hc sinh, sinh vin - y s l ngun t liu qu gi chng
ti hon thin ti liu ny.
Chng ti xin trn trng cm n.
a ch lin lc: Trnh Thanh Hi - Khoa Ton - Trng HSP Thi Nguyn;
E- mau: haisptn@pmail.vun.vn.
Gio trnh: S dng Cng ngh thng tin trong dy hc ton

Mc lc

Chng 1: DY HC TON VI S H TR CA CNG NGH THNG TIN
V TRUYN THNG (ICT) .........................................................................................1
1.1. Vn khai thc s dng ICT trong dy hc ton ...............................................1
1.2. T chc dy hc ton trong mi trng ICT........................................................4
1.3. Nhn nh............................................................................................................12
Chng 2 S DNG PHN MM GRAPH...............................................................13
2.1. Gii thiu v phn mm Graph...........................................................................13
2.2. Lm vic vi Graph ............................................................................................13
2.3. Gii thiu h thng Menu...................................................................................14
2.4. Mt s chc nng c bn....................................................................................16
2.5. Th vin cc hm ca Graph ..............................................................................20
2.6. Khai thc phn mm Graph ................................................................................21
2.7 Bi tp: .................................................................................................................21
Chng 3 S DNG PHN MM HNH HC NG.............................................22
3.1. Gii thiu s lc v phn mm Cabri Geometry..............................................22
3.2. Cc vn c bn lm vic vi Cabri Geometry ..........................................22
3.3. Thao tc vi h thng cc cng c ca Geometry Cabri ....................................26
3.4. Gii thiu phn mm The Geometer's Sketchpad ..............................................38
3.5. V hnh vi phn mm hnh hc Cabri...............................................................46
3.6. S dng Cabri minh ho bi ton qu tch .........................................................47
3.7. Khai thc phn mm hnh hc ng Cabri h tr dy hc ton .........................50
3.8. Tho lun v bi tp............................................................................................58
Chng 4 .......................................................................................................................59
HNG DN S DNG PHN MM MAPLE.......................................................59
4.1. Tng quan chung v phn mm Maple...............................................................59
4.2. Lm vic vi Maple............................................................................................59
4.3. Giao din ca ca s lm vic ca Maple ..........................................................60
4.4. Cc thao tc c bn trong vi Maple..................................................................61
4.5. S dng cc lnh ca Maple...............................................................................66
4.5. Khai bo hm t to............................................................................................85
4.6. Cc cu trc c bn c s dng trong lp trnh ca Maple ............................86
4.7. ng dng maple trong kho st hm s ..............................................................88
4.8. S dng Maple h tr kim tra kt qu tnh ton. ............................................119
4.8.2 Kim tra tnh ly tnh ca mt ma trn vung................................................120
4.9 S dng Maple h tr suy lun trong qu trnh hc ton. .................................123
4.10. Khai thc Maple trong Xc sut thng k ......................................................133
4.11. Maple vi bi ton quy hoch.........................................................................136
4.12. Khai thc Maple trong hnh hc .....................................................................140
Ti liu trch dn, tham kho.......................................................................................183

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Chng 1: DY HC TON VI S H TR
CA CNG NGH THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG (ICT)

1.1. Vn khai thc s dng ICT trong dy hc ton
Cng vi s pht trin nh v bo ca cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng, vic
nghin cu v trin khai cc th mnh ca ICT nhm h tr qu trnh dy hc ton c
nhiu quc gia v cc nh gio dc quan tm.
Trong ti liu The free NCET (1995) leanet (Mathematics ang IT - apupils
entitlement) m t 6 hng c bn trong vic s dng ICT nhm cung cp cc iu kin
cho ngi hc ton, c th:
* Hc tp da trn thng tin ngc: My tnh c kh nng cung cp nhanh v chnh
xc cc thng tin phn hi di gc khch quan. T nhng thng tin phn hi nh vy
cho php ngi hc a ra s c on ca mnh v t c th th nghim, thay i
nhng tng ca ngi hc.
* Kh nng quan st cc m hnh: Vi kh nng v tc x l ca MTT gip
ngi hc a ra nhiu v d khi khm ph cc vn trong ton hc. My tnh s tr gip
ngi hc quan st, x l cc m hnh, t a ra li chng minh trong trng hp tng
qut.
* Pht hin cc mi quan h trong ton hc: MTT cho php tnh ton biu bng, x
l ho mt n st s thay i trong cch chnh xc v lin kt chng vi nhau. Vic cho
thay i mt vi thnh phn v quacc thnh phn cn li gip ngi hc pht hin ra
mi tng quan gia cc i lng.
* Thao tc vi cc hnh ng: Ngi hc c th s dng MTT biu din cc biu
mt cch sinh ng. Vic gip cho ngi hc hnh dung ra cc hnh hnh hc mt
cch tng qut t hnh nh ca my tnh.
* Khai thc tm kim thng tin: MTT cho php ngi s dng lm vic trc tip vi
cc d liu thc, t hnh dung ra s a dng ca n v s dng phn tch hay lm sng
t mt vn ton hc.
* Dy hc vi my tnh: Khi ngi hc thit k thut ton s dng MTT gip tm
ra kt qu th ngi hc phi hon thnh dy cc ch th mnh lnh mt cch r rng, chnh
xc. H sp t cc suy ngh ca mnh cng nh cc tng mt cch r rng.
* S dng ho vi my tnh: th trn my tnh l nt mi trong cc lp dy hc
ton. Kenneth Ruthven bt u la chn, nghin cu v pht trin d n s dng ho
my tnh t nm 1986 (Ruthven 1990).Tuy nhin, khi nim, nh v mt mi trng m
trong ngi s dng c th thay i kch thc to nh, iu tra, tm hiu s giao nhau v

2
dc a phng c pht trin t lu (David Tall s dng my tnh BBC).
Tall trnh by con ng s dng ho my tnh ca ng dy hc cc php tnh t
u nm 1980. Phn mm "Hnh nh my tnh" do ng pht trin ln u tin cho my tnh
BBC. Phn mm ny cho php ngi hc phng to, thu nh th vi bt k phm vi no,
qua hnh thnh khi nim, chng hn gradient ca th. Tall sm cng b mt lot
cc bi bo v s quan h trong dy ton tp ch Mathematics Teaching, sau cc bi
bo c tp hp li trong mt cun sch nh (Tall 1987). Hn na trong thi gian gn y
mt vi ngi tng t Tall ng dng bng tnh, ho, cc tng ny c bo co
trong Micromath (Morgan .Jones & Mcleay, 1996; Crawford, 1998; Morrison, 1998).
Mt vi nghin cu ch ra rng nu gio vin c s dng ho MTT trong qu
trnh ging bi th h c th a ra cc cu hi vi yu cu cao hn so vi lp khng s
dng. V d, Ring (1993) hng dn 2 gio vin lm th no vi ho my tnh
phc v cho cu hi chin lc ca gio vin v phng php trnh by kin thc ton hc.
Rich tr gip gio vin s dng ho my tnh v ch trng n vic kho st t m,
gip hc sinh a ra phng on ca mnh. Vi s h tr ca my tnh, gio vin c th
ra cc cu hi c yu cu cao hoc s dng nhng v d khc nhau, qua khai thc vai
tr quan trng ca ho my tnh trong s phn tch vn . Mt khc, s dng ho cho
php ta phn tch cc mi lin kt gia i s, hnh hc. tng trn v s dng ho
my tnh cho hc sinh t 11 n 16 tui c trnh by trong Open Calculalor Challenge
ca Open University (1993), Graham & Galpin (1998), Arter (1993), Ruthven (1992). Theo
Colette, mt nh nghin cu v dy hc mn ton ngi Php, th MTT c kh nng to ra
mi trng gii quyt vn (problem solving environments) cho hc sinh v mi trng
c vai tr to ln trong vic kch thch hot ng tm ti khm ph v t hnh thnh
kin thc mi. Theo hc thuyt kin to (cosntructivist hypothesis) th kin thc hc sinh
c to nn khi hot ng trong mi trng ton hc, MTT c kh nng rt tt trong vic
to ra mi trng Trong mi trng my tnh hc sinh tip thu c bng chnh hot
ng, thc hnh ca mnh (learning hy doing).
John Mason (tc gi ngi Anh) nm 1992 pht trin tng cho rng cc phn
mm my vi tnh v ton l mt h thng cc cng c c kh nng c s dng gii ton
v gip nghin cu khi qut i n vic tm ra cc tnh cht ton hc.
Rosamund Sutherland thng qua d n "ANA" nghin cu v vic dy hc ton vi
phn mm lng c c kt rng: "iu quan trng nht khi hc sinh s dng ngn ng, k
hiu my tnh l c kh nng hnh thnh khi qut ho ton hc".
Cc tc gi Mark Hunter, Paul Marshall, John Monaghan v Tom Rope (nm 1993)
tin hnh mt t th nghim vi vic s dng h thng chng trnh CAS trong ging dy
cho i tng hc sinh THCS. Kt qu th nghim cho thy kh nng suy lun ton hc ca
hc sinh do phng tin mi em li t hiu qu rt cao.
Ton hc l mt mn khoa hc tru tng, do khai thc s dng phn mm v

3
MTT trong dy v hc ton c nhng c th ring. Ngoi mc tiu tr gip hc sinh
chim lnh kin thc th vn pht trin t duy suy lun lgic, c tng tng sng to
ton hc v c bit l kh nng t tm ti chim lnh kin thc l mt mc tiu rt quan
trng.
Sn phm ca mi trng hc tp vi s h tr ca cng ngh thng tin l nhng hc
sinh c nng lc t duy sng to ton hc, c nng lc gii quyt cc vn v nng lc t
hc mt cch sng to. Nh vy, vic t chc dy - hc vi s h tr ca MTT v cc
phn mm ton hc nhm xy dng mt mi trng dy - hc vi 3 c tnh c bn sau:
To ra mt mi trng hc tp hon ton mi m trong mi trng ny tnh ch
ng, sng to ca hc sinh c pht trin tt nht. Ngi hc c iu kin pht huy
kh nng phn tch, suy on v x l thng tin mt cch c hiu qu.
Cung cp mt mi trng cho php a dng ho mi quan h tng tc hai chiu
gia thy v tr.
To ra mt mi trng dy v hc linh hot, c tnh m.
Trong cc hnh thc t chc dy - hc c s h tr ca cng ngh thng tin th vai tr
ca ngi thy c bit quan trng. N i hi cao hn ngi thy kh nng cc hnh thc
t chc dy hc truyn thng. V mt gc no , nng lc ca ngi thy th hin qua
h thng nh hng gip hc sinh pht hin v gii quyt vn thng qua h thng cc
cu hi. H thng cc cu hi ca ngi thy phi p ng c cc yu cu sau:
Cc cu hi phi mang tnh gi m, nh hng gip cho hc sinh con ng x
l thng tin i n kin thc mi.
Cc cu hi phi tr gip hc sinh cng c kin thc mi v tng cng kh nng
vn dng kin thc trong thc hnh.
Cc cu hi phi c tnh m khuyn khch hc sinh pht huy tnh sng to, kh
nng phn tch tng hp, khi qut ho cc tri thc c trang b gii quyt vn
.
iu khc bit so vi cc hnh thc dy hc truyn thng l qu trnh truyn t, phn
tch, x l thng tin v kim tra nh gi kt qu c gio vin, hc sinh thc hin c s
tr gip ca cc phn mm v MTT.

4

1.2. T chc dy hc ton trong mi trng ICT
1.2.1. S dng phng tin ICT trong cc gi ln lp vi s ng hc sinh
Hnh thc ny c p dng vi quy m s hc sinh t 40 n 60. Ngoi cc phng
tin dy hc thng thng ca mt lp hc truyn thng nh bng en, phn trng, thc
k... lp hc c trang b thm my tnh, my chiu Project, my chiu Overhead... Trong
gi hc, c lp quan st kt qu x l ca my tnh trn mn hnh ln.
Hnh thc ny c nhng c im sau:
- Gio vin trc tip ln lp khai thc cc tnh nng ca ICT trnh by kin thc
mt cch sinh ng. Mt s trng hp, gio vin c th chun b sn hnh v, bng biu,...
rt ngn thi gian thao tc vi my tnh.
- Hc sinh quan st v phn on theo s nh hng ca gio vin. Hc sinh t c
trc tip thao tc vi my tnh. V d trong dy hc nh l, m hnh t chc lp hc nh
sau:

Nh vy, lp hc thng din ra theo xu hng sau:
- Tng hc sinh lm vic gn nh "c lp" vi nhau, cng tp trung vo quan st, x
l nhng thng tin trn mn hnh.
- Nhng hc sinh kh, gii cha c pht huy ti a kh nng ca bn thn v c lp
cng c giao mt nhim v c th nh nhau.
- Trong lp hc gia cc hc sinh s c s ganh ua vi nhau, do vy d so snh,
phn loi gio vin thng c xu hng tp trung vo ging dy v k nng thc hnh, gi

5
li kin thc c v h thng li kin thc ca hc sinh.
1.2.2. T chc hot ng hc "cng tc " theo nhm nh
Hc sinh c chia thnh cc nhm nh khng qu 7 hc sinh.
Trang thit b ti thiu mi nhm c mt my tnh. Nu cc my tnh c ni mng
th tt hn v cc nhm c th chia s thng tin vi nhau.
Hnh thc ny c nhng c im sau:
- Gio vin giao nhim v cho cc nhm thng qua cc nh hng gi m hoc cc
phiu hc tp.
- Mi nhm hc sinh s dng chung mt my tnh, c trch nhim cng tc, chia s
nhng tng ca bn thn hon thnh nhim v ca nhm cng nh ca mi bn thn.
Kt qu ca nhm ch thc s c hiu qu khi ton b cc thnh vin trong nhm hon
thnh mc tiu hc tp. Nh vy mi thnh vin u nhn thc c rng: Khng phi mi
hc sinh lm c g m l c nhm hc c iu g. Nh vy ba yu t c bn ca
hnh thc ny l: S thnh cng ca ton nhm, trch nhim ca mi c nhn trong nhm v
iu quan trng l mi thnh vin trong nhm u c c hi thnh cng bnh ng nh
nhau.
Hnh thc lm vic " cng tc " theo nhm nh c nhng u vit sau:
- C nhiu c hi th hin, trao i nhng suy ngh ca bn thn. Thay v ch mt
mnh gio vin thao tc, trnh by, hnh thc ny mi ngi trong nhm u c th trc
tip lm vic vi cc i tng hnh hc v c nhm lun sn sng n nhn nhng nhn
nh, phn on ca mi thnh vin.
- Mi c nhn ngoi iu kin lm vic trc tip vi phn mm, cn c kh nng nhn
c s h tr khng ch mt mnh gio vin m ca c nhm, qua lm tng hiu qu
hc tp ca c hc sinh c gip v nhng hc sinh i gip cc bn. Chnh v vy
kh nng thnh cng ca mi c nhn u tng. - Nhng hc sinh hc km s c kh nng,
c hi by t v hc hi nhiu hn chnh cc thnh vin trong nhm. V d trong dy hc
nh l c th t chc hc tp theo m hnh sau:

Hnh thc hc "cng tc" ch thc s pht huy tc dng nu ta m bo c cc yu
t quan trng sau:
- Thit lp s ph thuc tch cc gia cc thnh vin trong nhm.

6
- Gio vin hnh thnh v pht trin c k nng hp tc ca mi hc sinh.
- Khng nh r rng trch nhim ca tng c nhn trong nhm.
- To c mi trng tng tc gia cc thnh vin trong nhm.
- Hnh thnh k nng giao tip, ng x cho hc sinh trong hc tp.
- Hnh thc phn chia nhm:
Tu tng ni dung m ta c th chia nhm ngu nhin hay chia nhm theo trnh
ngi hc. V d: Khi lm vic vi ni dung mi c th s dng nhm ngu nhin hc
sinh gii, kh c th km cp, gip hc sinh yu. Nu l gi luyn tp, rn luyn k nng
th c th phn chia theo trnh ngi hc giao nhim v ph hp nhm pht huy c
ti a kh nng ca ngi hc.
1.2.3. Hnh thc hc sinh lm vic c lp ti lp
- Mi hc sinh c s dng mt my tnh. Lp hc c t chc ti phng my tnh
ca trng.
- Nhim v ca c lp c phn thnh cc nhim v nh giao cho cc c nhn (do
vy hc sinh u thc c rng, tuy hot ng c lp nhng thnh cng ca bn thn
chnh l thnh cng ca c lp v ngc li).
Hnh thc ny c cc c im chnh sau:
- Hc sinh c iu kin pht huy ht kh nng ca bn thn.
- Trong mt thi im c th gii quyt nhiu bi ton khc nhau. '
- Ph hp vi vic nhn thc chnh lch trong mt lp. Tu mc kh nng ca bn
thn m hc sinh c khuyn khch m nhn nhng nhim v va sc.
- i hi trnh phn tch, tng hp vn ca gio vin mc cao (v nu khng
gi hc phn tn, khng hng hc sinh c n nhng ni dung kin thc cn nm sau
mi gi hc).

7

Trong m hnh lm vic a tuyn, gio vin ng vai tr iu khin "t xa" bng cch
nu nhim v chung ca c lp. Hc sinh trao i, phn chia bi ton thnh cc bi ton con
(qu trnh ny c th c lp hoc din ra di s tham mu ca gio vin). Mi c nhn
cn c vo kh nng ca mnh nhn thi cng mt m un. Trong qu trnh lm vic, c th
c s trao i gia cc hc sinh. Kt qu ca hc sinh ny c th c hc sinh khc s
dng. Thm ch, mt thnh vin c th yu cu mt thnh vin khc iu chnh kt qu theo
hng c li cho vic k tha cho cc thnh vin khc.
1.2.4. S dng phng tin ICT dy mt ni dung ngn
Qu thi gian s dng phng tin ICT ch khong 1 n 3 pht nhm mc ch nu
ra tnh hung c vn vn , gi m, kim chng nhng suy on nhn nh trong qu trnh

8
i tm li gii hoc minh ho kt qu li gii. Hnh thc ny thng c s dng trong
hnh thc t chc lp hc vi s ng. Gio vin cho mt vi hc sinh trc tip thao tc vi
my tnh. Hnh thc ny tn dng c thi gian ln lp v ph hp hn c l cc tit hc
ni dung bi mi.
V d. S dng Cabri pht hin hoc hnh thnh ng c chng minh nh l minh
ho qu tch, minh ho kt qu tng qut va tm c vi nhng trng hp c th . . .
1.2.5. S dng phng tin ICT dy hc trn vn mt phn ca bi hc
Vi mc ch s dng phn mm gii quyt trn vn mt ni dung c th trong tit
hc nn qu thi gian s dng phng tin c th ko di t 5 n 10 pht. Qua vic thao
tc vi phn mm, hc sinh pht hin v gii quyt trn vn mt vn , v d dy hc khi
nim mi. Hnh thc ny c th s dng trong c hnh thc t chc lp s ng hoc hc
tp theo nhm. Hot ng s dng, khai thc phn mm c tin hnh an xen vi cc
hot ng khc nn gi hc rt sinh ng ph hp vi tm sinh l ca la tui hc sinh.
1.2.6. S dng phng tin cng ngh thng tin dy trn vn mt tit hc
Trong hnh thc ny bi ging c thit k thnh mt h thng lin kt cht ch phi
hp an xen cc hot ng ca thy v tr t c mc ch ca gi ging. iu c
bit l bi ging c thit k sao cho khai thc ti a s h tr ca phn mm v MTT.
Vi hnh thc ny, c th thi lng s dng bng en s khng nh cc gi hc khc v
ni dung kin thc c thit k sn trong cc Slide v gio vin chiu ln mn hnh thay
cho vit bng (ta tm gi l gio n in t). Gio n in t c bin son di hnh thc
cc Slide bao gm cc n v tri thc, cc bi tp t n gin n phc tp, to iu kin
cho vic lnh hi tri thc. T chin lc s phm, ta cu trc ho cc n v tri thc trong
gio n. Cc ni dung trnh by bao gm cc s kin s ny sinh trong qu trnh tng tc.
Cc tc ng ny thc hin theo nhng lc nht nh. Vic phn tch, nh gi cc p
ng ca ngi hc thng da trn cc yu cu chun b sn. S lng cng nh ni
dung ca mi Slide c xc nh sao cho th hin c tt nht ni dung bi ging cng
nh s phm. Lng thng tin ca mi Slide cng khng hn ch, vi s h tr ca
cc phn mm cng c th ni dung khng ch l dng text (vn bn) m cn l m thanh,
hnh v, nh ng, thm ch c video. Gio n in t cho php ta trnh din mt cch trc
quan sinh ng cc ni dung nh kho st hm s, dng hnh, qu tch m nu khng s
dng my vi tnh th khng th no m t c vi chc nng siu lin kt (Hyperlink) cho
php ta kt ni cc Slide ca bi ging thnh mt h thng, t mt v tr ta c th truy nhp
n bt k mt ni dung (mt Slide) no khc trong bi ging. Mt khc, ta c th kt ni
hng lot cc bi ging vi nhau thnh mt h thng hon chnh ging dy mt vn ,
mt chng.
V gio n in t tch hp sn mt khi lng kin thc c lin kt sn cho php
ngi gio vin n tp n phn no, gio vin kch chut vo tn mc chuyn n slide
ni dung ca mc . Vi gio n in t ny tin trnh ln lp rt linh hot, tin trnh n

9
tp c th r nhnh, trin khai i su vo nhng ni dung chi tit, quay lui chuyn v nhng
ni dung trnh by... Hn na, khi lng kin thc c n tp li trong mt tit rt ln
v gio vin tit kim c thi gian vit k, v ln bng. Nh s h tr ca my tnh v
gio n in t, gi n tp chng khng cn l cnh gio vin lit k li ni dung hc
m n l qu trnh lm vic tch cc ca tr di s dn dt ca thy. Vic lm vic vi
"cy" kin thc gp phn pht trin t duy lgic, bin chng cho hc sinh.
Tuy nhin gio n in t c thit k theo mt kch bn ca ngi gio vin d nh
trc nn vic a ra cc tnh hung l hu hn, cc gii php p ng yu cu c nh,
trong thc t rt a dng v phong ph. Vy gio vin cn phi hp vi cc phng
php, hnh thc dy hc khc pht huy ti a tnh tch cc, ch ng ca ngi hc nhm
nng cao cht lng dy hc.
Quy trnh thit k mt gio n in t:

V d v hnh thc gio n in t

10

1.2.7. S dng ICT trong kim tra, nh gi
Hot ng chnh ca ni dung ny l s dng MTT tr gip hc sinh gii bi tp,
kim tra nhn thc ca bn thn, c th:
+ Giao cho cho mi nhm hc sinh hoc mi hc sinh mt my tnh. Hc sinh t s
dng phn mm tm ti cch gii quyt vn v hon thnh nhim v c giao (gii
c bi tp hoc hon thnh phiu hc tp ca c nhn, ca nhm).
+ Kim tra nhn thc hc sinh bng ngn hng in t: Ton b cu hi v p n
c thit k np sn trong my. Mi hc sinh c my pht ngu nhin mt phiu kim
tra. Hc sinh s chn phng n tr li bng cch s dng chut hoc bn phm nh du
cu tr li m hc sinh cho l ng. Kt qu chm im c my tnh t ng cp nht v
thng bo kt qu ra mn hnh.


11
1.2.8. Tr gip hc sinh t hc
Trong iu kin nhiu hc sinh c iu kin trang b my tnh ti nh ring th y l
mt hnh thc cn c khuyn khch v khai thc s dng v thi lng hc sinh t hc
ngoi mt phm vi lp hc l rt ln, mt khc n khng tri buc hc sinh v mt thi
gian, a im, c th:
+ Gio vin ra nhim v, hc sinh s dng phn mm c lp tm ti v a ra cch
gii quyt vn . Gio vin kim tra, nhn nh li kt qu.
+ Gio vin thit k nhim v hc tp ghi trong cc tp tin. Hc sinh m tp tin, theo
hng dn v tip tc hon thnh nhim v. Gio vin c th c thit k nhim v theo tng
liu (c ghi trong cc tp tin khc nhau) hc sinh c th t hc theo chu trnh r nhnh.
+ S dng cc bi ging "gia s in t". Ton b ni dung kin thc, v d minh ho
v bi tp c thit k di dng Website. Hc sinh ln lt kch chn nhng ni dung cn
hc v tm hiu ni dung qua cc v d km theo. Kt thc mi mc c bi tp cho hc
sinh t kim tra nh gi nhn thc ca mnh. Sau khi gii song bi tp hoc c kh khn,
hc sinh c th m li gii hoc hng dn tham kho.

Nh vy hiu qu ca qu trnh ny ph thuc hon ton vo tnh ch ng, tch cc
v s hng ch rt cao ca hc sinh.
1.2.9. Dy hc qua mng
Trong iu kin c s h tng cng ngh thng tin ang pht trin nhanh nh hin nay
th Vit Nam cc hnh thc o to qua mng tr nn n gin. Mi nh trng u c
mt trang web ring ca mnh. Hc sinh truy cp qua mng v thc hin theo phc hc
tp c quy nh. Cc thc mc hoc trao i u c thc hin nhanh chng bng dch
v th in t (Email) hoc trao i trc tuyn (online) vi gio vin hng dn theo cc
gi quy nh.

Vi hnh thc ny, hc sinh hon ton t ch v mt thi gian, ni dung v phng
php hc tp. Hnh thc ny pht huy c tnh tch cc ca hc sinh, ph hp vi xu th

12
mi ca gio dc trn th gii.
1.3. Nhn nh
Vic khai thc c hiu qu s h tr ca ICT s tc ng mt cch tch cc ti hot
ng dy v hc bi cc yu t sau:
* Tnh linh ng, mm do: ngi hc b thu ht bi nhng thng tin v qu trnh x
l thng tin trn my tnh, t truy tm nguyn nhn vn .
* Tnh h thng: ngi hc c th iu chnh nhn thc ca mnh trong h thng kin
thc nm c vn , iu ho mu thun gia s hoang mang bi ri trc vn mi
v tnh t m ham mun tm hiu, khm ph.
* Tnh kt hp: ngi hc c lm vic trong nhm nn khai thc c nhng u
im v ng vin s ng gp ti a ca tng c nhn.
* Tnh mc ch: ngi hc c gng, tch cc tp trung cao vo cc hot ng nhm
tm hiu, khm ph, nhn thc cho c i tng.
* Tnh m thoi: hc l mt hot ng x hi, qu trnh i thoi gia ngi hc vi
nhau s h tr c lc cho vic nm bt c kin thc khng ch trong m c ngoi trng
hc.
* Tnh ng cnh: hot ng hc c t v tr c ngha c bit trong cc hot
ng ca th gii thc hoc ng vai tr mi trng c s, do to ra mt ng cnh mang
tnh tch cc, thc y vic hc ca sinh vin.
* Tnh phn nh: vi s h tr ca cc cng c, ngi hc kt ni li nhng g h
c hc v thu nhn nhng phn nh trong cc qu trnh t my tnh i n nhng
quyt nh ng n.
Vn s dng ICT trong nh trng c khng nh trong Ch th 58- CT/TW
ngy 17- 10-2000 ca B Chnh tr Ban chp hnh Trung ng ng Cng sn Vit nam,
Ch th 29-2001/CT-BGD&T ca B trng B Gio dc v o to, v rt nhiu vn bn
khc ca Chnh ph, ca B Gio dc v o to. iu chng t tnh cp thit v hiu
qu ca vic a ICT vo nh trng.
Cu hi tho lun: Khi s dng ICT trong dy hc th vai tr ca ngi Thy c g
khc so vi cc hnh thc dy hc khng s dng ICT?

13
Chng 2
S DNG PHN MM GRAPH

2.1. Gii thiu v phn mm Graph

Phn mm Graph l mt phn mm h
tr minh ho v gii quyt mt s vn
trong b mn ton ph thng tng i gn
nh c ci t trong mi trng h iu
hnh Windows. Ton b chng trnh cha
gn trn mt a mm 1.44 MB ca Ivan
Johansen. Phn mm ny hin nay c th
download min ph ti a ch:
http://www.padonwan.dk. Hin nay c
phin bn 3.0 c a ln mng ngy
20/1/2004.

2.2. Lm vic vi Graph
np chng trnh Graph, ta thc hin dy thao tc: StartlPrograms/Graph hoc
nhy chut vo biu tng ca Graph:

Giao din ca phn mm Graph gm cc thnh phn: H thng menu, thanh cng c
v trang cng tc c chia
thnh 2 phn: ca s tri l
danh sch cc i tng:
danh sch hm (Functions),
danh sch cc im (Point
series), danh sch cc min
c la chn (Shades) v
danh sch tn cc i tng
(Labels), ca s bn phi
dnh hin th cc i
tng nh th, ng
thng, im, nhn tn i
tng,...


14
2.3. Gii thiu h thng Menu
H thng mnh ca Graph gm 6 chc nng c bn: File, Edit, Function, Zoom,
Cacl, v Help
2.3.1. Menu File:

- M mt tp mi ( New - Ctrl + N),
- M mt tp c ( Open - CTrl+O),
- Lu tr tp ( Save - Ctrl+S, Save as),
- In n ( Print),
- Kt thc phin lm vic (Exit - Alt+F4),
- Lu tr kt qu di dng nh (Save as image -
Ctrl+B), chc nng ny gip ta c c cc th p
thit k gio n in t
2.3.2.Menu Edit:

- Hu b thao tc ngay trc ( Undo - Ctrl-Z),
- Lp li thao tc ngay trc ( Redo - Ctrl+Y),
- Ct i tng lu vo b m (Cut - Ctrl+x),
- Copy i tng lu vo b m ( Copy - Ctrl+c),
- Dn i tng t b m ra trang cng tc
(Paste- Ctrl+v),
- Sao chp hnh nh (Copy image),
- Tu bin h trc to ( Axes - Crtl+A),
Xc lp mi trng lm vic ( Options).

15
2.3.3. Menu Function:
- Khi to mt hm mi(Insert frunction - Ins),
- To v tip tuyn (Insert tangent - F2),
- nh du mt min(Insert shade... - F3),
- V im trn h to ca trang cng tc
(Insert point series... -F4),
- V h thng im (Insert trendline-Ctrl+T),
- t tn cho cc i tng (Insert label...),
- Cp nht cc i tng ang c la chn (Edit...),
- Xo b cc i tng ang c la chn
- Chn th o hm ca hm s (Insert f'(x)).
2.3.4. Menu Zoom :

H thng cc chc nng ca menu con gm cc lnh iu khin, thay i gc hin th
ca trang lm vic, trong ch cc chc nng sau:
- iu chnh theo hng thu hp khong [a,b] ca
trc honh c hin th trn trang cng tc (In)
- iu chnh theo hng gia tng khong [a,b] ca
trc honh c hin th trn trang cng tc (Out), Chuyn
v trng thi chun ( Standard-Ctrl+D),
- Chuyn v trng thi cho php di chuyn cc i
tng trn trang cng tc (Move system - Ctrl+M,
- Chuyn v ch hin th sao cho quan st c tt
c cc im trn trang cng tc (All points).
2.3.5. Menu Calc:

- Xc nh di ca th f(x) trn on [a,b] no
( Length of path),
- Tnh din tch phn gii hn bi cc ng thng
x=a, x=b vi th ca f(x) ( Aren),
- Xc nh gi tr ca f(x) ti mt im xo no (Evaluate - Ctrl+E),
- To bng tnh gi tr ca f(x) trong on [a,b] vi bc chia cch u ( Table).


16
2.4. Mt s chc nng c bn
2.4.1. V th hm f(x)
khi to mt th mi, dy thao tc nh sau:
-> Function-> Insert function (hoc chn biu
tng trn thanh cng c). Xut hin bng khai
bo cc tham s:
+ Biu thc tng qut ca f(x),
+ Gii hn phm vi gi tr ca i s,
+ Kiu nt v,
+ rng nt v,
+ Mu nt v,
Khai bo xong, nhn OK hon tt cng vic.

2.4.2. Cp nht i tng
chnh sa th ca hm s
c, thao tc nh sau: Trc tin la
chn th s chnh sa, tip theo
chn: ->Function ->Edit (hoc bm
p vo biu thc ca f(x) ca s
bn tri) s xut hin ca s Edit
function ta cp nht li. Ta c th
khai bo li gi tr on [a,b], chn li
dy nt v, nhp ni dung ghi ch
:cho i tng hoc mu v ca ng
tip tuyn. Nhn OK hon tt cng
vic.

17
2.4.3. V tip tuyn vi th f(x) ti im x
o

V tip tuyn vi th hm s f(x) ti
im x
o
trc tin phi la chn hm s, tip theo
chn: -> Function -> Insert tangent. Xut hin
ca s Insert

tangent. Ta nhp gi tr xo ti ca s: x=,
sau chn rng, kiu ng v tip tuyn,
mu v c th nhp ni dung ghi ch cho tip
tuyn ti ca s: Description. Sau cng nhn OK
hon tt.
iu chnh tip tuyn v, bm p
vo biu thc ca tip tuyn ti ca s tri, s
xut hin ca s Edit tangent ta cp nht.
2.4.4. Chn th ca o hm f'(x)
Graph c chc nng v cng mt
h trc to th ca hm s f(x) v
f'(x). s dng chc nng ny, trc
tin ta chn hm cn chn thm th
ca o hm ca s bn tri, sau
thao tc:
->Function -> Insert f'(x). Xut
hin ca s Insert (fx). Ta khai bo
khong [a,b], kiu nt v, dy, mu
v ghi ch cho th mi ny. Nhn
OK hon tt.
2.4.5. Xc nh di ca th f(x) trn on [a,b]

Chc nng Length of path cho php ta bit
c ngay gi tr di ca th hm s f(x)
trn on [a,b]. s dng chc nng ny, trc
tin ta chn hm ca s bn tri sau thao tc:
->Calc -> length of path. Xut hin ca s cho ta
nhp gi tr hai u mt a ti ca s From: v b
ti ca s To:, ta s c kt qu c thng bo
Length. C th nhp cc gi tr a, b khc nhau
tnh nhiu ln.

18
2.4.6. Tnh din tch
Graph c chc nng tnh nhanh din
tch phn mt phng gii hn bi cc ng
thng x=a, x=b vi th ca f(x).
s dng chc nng tnh din tch
hnh phng, trc tin ta chn hm ca s
bn tri, tip theo ta thao tc nh sau: ->
Calc > Aren. Xut hin ca s, ta nhp gi
tr u mt a ti ca s From:, b ti ca s
To., ta c kt qu din tch s c thng
bo ti ca s Area. Trn mn hnh ho s thy phn din tch tng ng s c biu
din bi cc ng gch sc. Ta c th nhp cc gi tr u mt a, b khc nhau tnh din
tch cc min khc nhau.
2.4.7. Tnh gi tri f(x), f'(x), f(x) ti im x
o

s dng chc nng ny, trc tin ta chn hm ca s bn tri, tip theo ta thc
hin thao tc:
-> Cacl -> Evaluate, xut hin ca s ta
nhp gi tr ca im x
o
cn tnh. Kt qu c
thng bo 3 ca s bn di ln lt l : f(x),
f'(x), f''(x).
Ta c th thay i gi tr x
o
c c kt
qu ti cc im khc nhau.

19

2.4.8. Tnh gi tr ca f(x) trong on [a,b]
vi bc chia cch u
Chc nng Calculate table cho phn
hoch on [a,b] bi mt li cc nt cch
u nhau mt on dx v tnh gi tr ca
hm s f(x) ti cc im chia.
lp bng, trc tin ta chn hm
ca s bn tri, v thao tc: ->Cacl ->Table,
xut hin ca s Calculate table. Ta khai
bo khong [a,b] v bc chia dx. Nhn nt
Calc ta s c kt qu cn thit.

20
2.4.9. V cc im trn h trc to .

s dng chc nng ny, ta
thao tc nh sau:->Function ->insert
point series..., xut hin ca s:
Insert point series. Ta cn khai bo
to ca im cn v. Bn tri c
cc la chn
- Kiu v im: Style,
- Mu v im: Color,
- Kch thc im: Size,
- Hin to ca im Show
coordinates...
Khai bo song nhn OK, ta s nhn
c hnh nh cc im trn mn
hnh.

2.4.10. In n kt qu
in cc kt qu, ta chn:
->File ->Print.
Xut hin ca s Page Setup
ta xc nh cc thng s trc khi
in. Nu cn la chn my in
trong danh sch cc my in ci
t; ta chn tip Printer... a
ra my in, ta chn OK.

2.5. Th vin cc hm ca Graph
Trong phn mm Graph, cc hm c thit k ci t trong th vin tng i phong
ph, tuy nhin cc hm sau thng c s dng nhiu trong chng trnh ph thng:
ABS - Hm ly gi tr tuyt i ca i s,

21
SQR - Hm cho gi tr bnh phng ca i s,
SQRT - Hm cho gi tr l cn bc hai ca i s,
SIN - Hm cho gi tr hm s sin ca i s,
COS - Hm cho gi tr hm s cosin ca i s,
TAN - Hm cho gi tr hm s tang ca i s,
ARCSIN - Hm cho gi tr ca hm s ngc ca hm s sin,
ARCCOS - Hm cho gi tr ca hm s ngc ca hm cosin,
ARCTAN - Hm cho gi tr ca hm s ngc ca hm tan,
LN - Hm cho gi tr logarit c s e ca i s,
LOG - Hm cho gi tr logarit c s thp phn ca i s,
PI - Cho gi tr ca s i,
Ton t ^ : dng biu din lu tha, v d 10^3 l 1000, 2^8 l 256.
bit thm chi tit, chn Help tra cu nhng thng tin cn thit.
2.6. Khai thc phn mm Graph
Graph cho ta mt cng c tng i y dy hc ni dung o hm v ng
dng ca n trong chng trnh ton lp 12, c bit l ni dung kho st hm s v ni
dung ng dng tch phn tnh din tch mt min.
Phng php ch yu l dng Graph minh ho v kim tra kt qu. Sau khi hc
sinh hon thnh khi lng cng vic, gio vin c th s dng Graph hc sinh kim
tra li kt qu tnh ton ca mnh v kho st chi tit thm hm s nh vo cc cng c ca
Graph.
Ta c th s dng Graph v th sau lu tr th di dng nh a vo
gio n son trn Word hoc Powerpoint.
2.7 Bi tp:
a) Kho st cc hm s

b) Minh ho vic t th hm s f(x) suy ra th cc hm s: f(|x|). |f(x)|, |f(|x|)l|
cng nh tnh cht ca hm s m, hm s lgarit.
c) S dng cc chc nng ca Graph kim tra kt qu tnh ton cc bi tp tnh
di, din tch v tch phn xc nh trong sch gio khoa THPT.

22
Chng 3
S DNG PHN MM HNH HC NG

3.1. Gii thiu s lc v phn mm Cabri Geometry
Phn mm Cabri Geometry l kt qu nghin cu ca phng nghin cu cu trc ri
rc v phng php ging dy - Trung tm nghin cu khoa hc quc gia - trng i hc
tng hp Joseph Fourier Grenoble (Php). Hai ngi c cng ln trong vic pht trin Cabri
Geometry l Laborde v Franck Bellemain. Jean - Marie Laborde bt u pht trin d n
Cabri II t nm 1981 nh mt mi trng cho l thuyt th. Franck Bellemain bt u
lm vic v d n Cabri II vo 1986 v chu trch nhim vit nhng phin bn u tin
ca phn mm Cabri Geometry.
Hin nay phn mm Cabri Geometry II c th download min ph ti a ch
http://www.ti.com/calc. Tp nn wcabri.zip c kch thc 3258 KB. Khi ci nn, chng
trnh t ng to mt th mc mi th mc gc C vi tn l CABRI vi dung lng
khong 5 MB. -
Giao din lm vic ca Cabri cho php chn cc ngn ng khc nhau vi ngm nh l
ting Anh. Tuy nhin ta c th Vit ho cc h thng mnh ca Cabri.

3.2. Cc vn c bn lm vic vi Cabri Geometry
3.2.1. .Khi ng Cabri Geometry
Cabri l phn mm c th chy trn nn ca h iu hnh MS - DOS v Windows.
Chng ti s gii thiu v phin bn Cabri for Windows.
gi Cabri ra lm vic, ta thc hin ln lt cc thao tc kch chut: -> Start -
>programs -> Cabri Geometry II -> Cabn Geometry II.

23
Ta c th to Shortcut ng ca Cabri Geometry trn mn hnh vic gi
c thun tin hn.
Sau khi khi ng, giao din ca Cabri nh sau:

3.2.2. H thng menu bar ca Cabri:
Cabri c h thng mnh bai gm 5 nhm chc nng chnh, mi nhm ng vi mt h
thng mnh dc (Popup).

* Nhm chc nng File
- New (CTRL + N): M mt tp (mt trang hnh hc)
mi.
- Open (CTRL + O): M mt tp ca Cabri c lu
tr trn (ta phi chn , th mc lu gi tp tin, chn
tn tp tin cn m).
- Close (CTRL + W): ng tp tin ang lm vic Nu
ta cha lu tr tp tin, Cabri s nhc: Nu chn Yes: Cabri s
lu tr tp tin trc khi ng. Nu chn No: Cabri s khng
lu tr nhng thay i ca tp tin so vi ln ghi trc
hoc khng lu tr. Chn Cancel l hu b lnh ng Cabri.


24

- Save (CTRL + S): Lu tr tp tin trn
mn hnh. Nu l ln lu tr u tin s xut hin
ca s Save, ta phi chn a, th mc lu tr
tp tin v tn ca tp tin ny. Nhng ln thc
hin lnh ghi sau, Cabri khng hi m s t
ng ghi theo thng s chn.

- Save As: Lu tr tp vi tn mi.
- Show Page: Xem ton b tp trc khi in (ta c th chn vng in bng cch di
chuyn khung ch nht n v tr cn thit).
- Page Setup: nh cc thng s trc khi in ni dung tp.
- Print (CTRL+P): Thc hin lnh in
- Exit (CTRL+Q): Kt thc phin lm vic.

* Nhm chc nng Edit: (bao gm 8 chc
nng)
- Undo (CTRL+ Z): Hu b lnh va thc
hin.
- Cut (CTRL + X): Ct b cc i tng
c la chn nh du khi mn hnh lm vic
v lu tm vo b m Clipboard.
- Copy (CTRL + C): Copy cc i tng
c la chn nh du lu tm vo b m
Clipboard.
- Paste (CTRL+ V): a cc i tng ang lu tm trong b m Clipboard ra v tr

25
con tr.
- Clear (Del): Xo b cc i tng c la chn nh du.
-Select All (CTRL + A): nh du la chn tt c cc i tng.
- Replay Construction: Xem li ton b qu trnh dng hnh.
- Refresh Drawing (CTRL + F): Ly li ho tit thao tc dng hnh.
* Nhm menu Options: (gm 5 chc nng cho php la chn thuc tnh)

- Hide Attributes: Cho hin hay n thanh cng
c la chn thuc tnh cho cc i tng.
- Preferences...: Khai bo la chn cc tham s
h thng nh: la chn n v mu, mu i tng,
ch hin th, font ch h thng . . .
Nu ta mun thay i cc thuc tnh ngm nh
ca Cabri th cn phi khai bo, la chn theo ca ngi s dng. lu tr li s la
chn ta bm chn vo : [ ] Keep as defaults. Nu mun lu tr cu hnh nh mt mu
ring, ta bm chn vo Sa ve to file.

- Language: La chn ngn ng hin th (c nhiu la chn nh: ngn ng Anh,
Php, c, an Mch...).
- Font: La chn kiu ch cho i tng ang c la chn.


26

* H thng menu Window
H thng menu ny bao gm cc lnh c cng dng tng
t nh cc phn mm khc trong mi trng h iu hnh
Windows dng b tr sp xp cc ca s.
* H thng mnh Help
H thng tr gip ca Cabri v gii thiu tng quan v phn
mm Cabri.
3.3. Thao tc vi h thng cc cng c ca Geometry Cabri
Ton b h thng cng c ca Cabri bao gm 11 nhm chc nng chnh:

3.3.1. Nhm chc nng chn trng thi lm vic vi chut
Khi bm chut vo hp cng c ny, xut hin 4 s la chn:

Pointer: Trng thi s dng la chn, dch
chuyn, xo b v lm cc thao tc sa i vi cc i tng
hnh hc.
Rotate: Xoay mt hnh xung quanh mt im
chn hay tm ca hnh.
Dilate: M rng hay thu hp mt hnh theo tm ca hnh hay mt im chn.
Rotale and Dilate: C th cng mt lc va xoay va thay i rng, chiu
cao ca hnh.
3.3.2. Nhm chn cng c to im
Khi bm chut vo nhm cng c ny, xut hin bng c
3 s la chn:
Point: To mt im t do.
Point on Object: To mt im trn mt hnh c
Intersection Points: Xc nh im l giao ca cc hnh hnh hc.
* S dng cc cng c:

27
+ To mt im trn mt phng:
Kch chut vo biu tng, chn Point, xut hin hnh tng bt ch, a u bt
ch n v tr xc nh im, bm chut tri c th xc nh nhiu im lin tc khng cn
chn li cng c.
+ To mt im thuc mt hnh hnh hc c:
Kch chut vo biu tng, chn Point on Object, khi a bt ch ch vo i
tng hnh hc c, xut hin cu hi, chng hn: "Dng im ny trn ng thng",
"Qua im ny trn ng trn "... cn chn v tr no, ta kch chut vo v tr .
+ Xc nh im l giao ca cc hnh hnh hc c:
Kch chut vo biu tng, chn Intersection Points, khi a bt ch vo v tr l
giao ca cc hnh hnh hc, xut hin dng thng bo tu ti giao im". Nu ng l im
cn chn, ta bm chut chn im .
3.3.3. Nhm chn cng c v cc ng v cc hnh
Khi bm chut chn nhm cng c ny, xut hin bng gm 7 chc nng v cc i
tng hnh hc c bn:
Line: V mt ng thng i qua hai im cho trc hoc i qua mt im vi
gc nghing,

segment: Dng mt ng thng i qua 2
im cho trc,
Ray: Dng mt tia bit gc v hng,
Vector: Dng mt vc t khi bit hng v 2
im mt,
Triangle: Dng 1 tam gic khi bit 3 nh,
Polygon: Dng a gic n cnh,
Regular Polygon: Dng a gic u (n<=30).
* S dng cc cng c:
+ To ng thng:
Kch chut vo biu tng, chn Line, khi a bt ch xc nh im c nh,
sau di chuyn chut chn im th hai v ng thng,

28
+ Dng mt on thng:
Kch chut vo biu tng chn Segment, a bt ch ln lt xc nh im th
nht, im th 2 ta c on thng tng ng.
+ Dng mt tia, bit gc v hng:
Ta chn chc nng dng tia: Kch chut vo biu tng, chn Ray. a bt ch
xc nh im gc ca tia, sau di chuyn chut chn hng ca tia cn xc nh; bm
chut tri xc nh im th 2, ta c tia cn dng.
+ Dng mt vc t khi bit hng v 2 u mt:
Ta chn chc nng dng vct: Kch chut vo biu tng, chn Vector, sau
a bt ch xc nh im gc v im ngn ca vc t cn dng. Sau khi chn xong 2 im
ta c vc t tng ng.
+ Dng tam gic:
Ta chn chc nng Dng hnh tam gic: Kch chut vo biu tng, chn
Triangle, sau a bt ch ln lt xc nh v tr 3 nh ca tam gic, khi ta s c
tam gic tng ng.
+ Chc nng dng a gic:
Chn chc nng dng hnh a gic: Kch chut vo biu tng, chn Polygon, sau
a bt tr ln lt xc nh cc nh, kt thc bm p chut tri, ta c a gic tng
ng vi cc im chn.
+ Chc nng dng mt a gic u:
Chn chc nng dng hnh a gic u: Kch chut vo biu tng, chn Regular
Polygon. . Trc tin ta a bt ch xc nh tm ca a gic, sau di chuyn bt ch
xc nh bn knh ca ng trn ngoi tip a gic u . tm xut hin s cnh ca a
gic, ta dng chut xc nh s cnh cn c. Kt thc bm chut tri.
3.3.4. Nhm chn cng c v cc ng cong
Khi bm chut chn nhm cng c ny, xut hin bng gm 3 chc
nng v cung, ng trn v ng cnic.
Circle: V ng trn khi xc nh tm v bn knh,
Arc: V cung trn qua 3 im,
Conic: V ng conic qua 5 im,
* S dng cc cng c:
+ Dng hnh trn:

29
Chn chc nng dng hnh trn: Kch chut vo biu tng, chn Circle, sau
a bt ch xc nh tm ca hnh trn, di chuyn chut xc nh bn knh v bm chut
tri. thay i bn knh, ta tr v ch con tr, sau ch chut vo ng trn, s xut
hin hnh bn tay ta thay i bn knh. Mun di chuyn ng trn, ta ch vo tm tip
theo gi phm tri di chuyn hnh v.
+ Dng mt cung trn:
S dng chc nng dng cung trn: Kch chut vo biu tng, chn Arc, sau
a bt ch xc nh 3 im, t hon ton xc nh mt cung trn tng ng vi 3 im
chn. Mun thay i, ta a bt ch vo mt trong 3 im xc nh cung trn iu
chnh. Mun di chuyn c cung trn ta a bt ch vo mt im bt k trn cung trn
(ngoi 3 im) di chuyn.
+ Dng ng cnic:
Chn cng c dng cc ng cnc: Kch chut vo biu tng, chn Conic, sau
ta xc nh ln lt 5 im. Tu v tr 5 im s cho ta cp hay parabol, hypecbol...
3.3.5. Nhm chn cng c xc nh im, ng, nh cc i tng hnh hc c dn
xut t cc i tng hnh hc c
Khi bm chut chn nhm cng c ny, xut hin gm
10 chc nng:
Perpendicular Line: Dng ng thng
i qua mt im v vung gc vi mt on thng,
ng thng. . . no .
Parallel Line: Dng ng thng i qua 1
im v song song vi mt on thng, ng
thng... no .
Midpoint: Xc nh im gia ca 2
im, trung im 1 on thng.
Perpenicular Bisector: Dng ng trung trc ca on thng, gia 2
im...
Ang le Bisector: Dng ng phn gic ca 1 gc khi bit 3 im.
Vector Sum: Xc nh tng 2 vc t.
Compass: Dng ng trn vi tm v bn knh xc nh.
Measurement Transfer: Xc nh nh ca mt im cch mt im cho

30
trc mt khong cho trc.
Locus : Xy dng tng bc cc i tng hnh hc, xy dng qu tch.
Rederme Object: nh ngha li i tng hnh theo s ph thuc ban
u.
* S dng cc cng c:
+ Dng ng thng vung gc:
S dng chc nng "Dng ng vung gc": Kch chut vo biu tng, chn
Perpendicular Line, ta ln lt phi xc nh ng thng hoc on thng cho trc v
im ng thng s i qua. Khi im hoc ng thng thay i th ng thng vung
gc cng thay i theo.
+ Dng ng thng i qua mt im v song song vi mt ng thng hay on
thng cho tr.
Ta s dng chc nng "Dng ng song song": Kch chut vo biu tng, chn
Parallel Line, ta ln lt xc nh ng thng hoc on thng c v im m ng
thng s i qua.
+ Xc nh trung im gia hai im:
Ta chn chc nng " Xc nh trung im gia 2 im": Kch chut vo biu tng,
chn Midpoint, sau a bt ch xc nh hai im mt. Trn mn hnh s xut hin
im gia ca 2 im hoc on thng.
+ Dng ng trung trc ca mt on thng cho:
Ta chn chc nng "Dng ng trung trc ca mt on thng": Kch chut vo biu
tng, chn Perpendicular Bisector, sau a bt ch xc nh hai u mt ca on
thng hoc on thng c. Trn mn hnh s xut hin ng thng trung trc ca on
thng m ta va la chn.
+ Dng ng phn gic:
S dng chc nng "Dng ng phn gic": Kch chut vo biu tng, chn
Angle Bisector, sau ta a bt ch xc nh 3 im theo th t thuc cnh th nht ca
gc, nh v im thuc cnh cn li. Ta s c ng phn gic tng ng.
+ Dng vct tng ca 2 vct :
Ta chn chc nng Dng tng vc t ca 2 vc t: Kch chut vo biu tng, chn
Vector Sum, sau a bt ch xc nh ln lt hai vc t thnh phn v cui cng l
chn im gc ca vc t tng.

31
+ Dng mt hnh trn c bn knh cho trc:
Ta chn chc nng "Dng ng trn c bn knh xc nh": Kch chut vo biu
tng, chn Compass, sau a bt ch xc nh 2 im ca on thng chn lm
bn knh hoc chn mt on thng c lm bn knh, tip theo chn tm ca ng
trn. Ta c ng trn cn dng. Tuy nhin, khi cho on ng thng chn thay i
v ln th ng trn cng thay i theo.
+ Dng mt im trn mt i tng ng thng, vi khong cch ca im ny vi
mt im xc nh thuc ng l mt s xc nh (khong cch hay di ca mt cung):
xc nh khong cch, ta chn mt s xc nh trn hnh chn cng c
Numerical Edit "To s" g s v n v. Thao tc tip theo bao gm: Chn chc nng
Measurement Transfer: "xc nh im vi khong cch", sau a bt ch chn
im gc v a bt ch chn con s c nhp trc mn hnh; trn mn hnh xut
hin mt ng chm k, ta di chuyn chn hng, bm chut tri xc nh im nh.
+ T ng xy dng tng bc i tng hnh hc (im, ng)- xy dng qu tch
thng qua s chuyn ng ca im:
Ta chn chc nng: "Dng qu tch ca mt im": Kch chut vo biu tng, chn
Locus v thit lp mi tng quan gia cc im, ng vi nhau, sau cho mt s
im, ng thay i xc nh qu tch.
+ nh ngha li i tng theo s ph thuc ban u ca mt nhm i tng: Kch
chut vo biu tng, chn LJ Redefine Ohject. Ta s dng chc nng ny a mt i
tng hnh hc ny chuyn thnh mt i tng hnh hc khc.
3.3.6. Nhm chn cng c dng nh qua cc php bin hnh
Khi bm chut chn hm cng c ny, xut hin bng gm 6 chc nng:
Renection: Dng hnh i xng qua mt ng
thng, on thng ca mt hnh no .
Symmetry: Xoay hnh 1 gc 180
0
.
Translation: Xc nh nh mt hnh qua mt
php tnh tin theo mt vc t.
Rotation: Xc nh nh ca mt hnh qua mt
php quay.
Dilation: Xc nh nh ca mt im qua mt php v t.
Inverse: Xc nh nh ca 1 im i xng qua cung, ng trn.

32

* S dng cc cng c:
+ Dng hnh i xng ca i tng hnh hc qua mt ng, on thng, tia, trc
to cnh tam gic, a gic...
Ta chn chc nng "Php i xng qua mt ng". Kch chut vo biu tng, chn
Reflection, sau la chn im gc v ng chn lm trc i xng, ta c nh
ca im i xng qua ng chn.
+ Xoay hnh mt gc 180
0
quanh mt im xc nh:
Ta chn chc nng " Php i xng tm": Kch chut vo biu tng, chn
Symmetry, sau ln lt la chn im cn ly i xng v im gc, ta s thu c nh
ca im chn qua php i xng tm.
+ Dng hnh nh ca mt i tng hnh hc qua php tnh tin theo mt vc t:
Bc 1 : Ta phi xc nh vc t lm hng v khong cch cho php tnh tin.
Bc 2: Chn chc nng "Php tnh tin hnh": Kch chut vo biu tng, chn
Translation, ln lt chn i tng cn dng nh qua php tnh tin v xc nh vc t
c chn lm hng v khong cch cho php tnh tin, ta c nh ca hnh qua php
tnh tin.
+ Dng nh ca mt i tng hnh hc qua php quay (vi mt im xc nh l mt
gc xc nh)
Xc nh i tng cn quay, tm quay v cui cng l gc quay (s hin trn mn l
gc).
Bc 1 : S dng chc nng Numerical Edit "g s v n v" xc nh gc
ca php quay.
Bc 2: Chn chc nng "Php quay quanh mt tm": Kch chut vo biu tng,
chn Rotation, tip theo la chn hnh cn quay, im chn lm tm quay v cui cng
ch vo s xc nh gc quay. Ta c nh qua mt php quay.
+ Dng mt im, hnh hay ng ca mt i tng qua mt php v t (vi mt
im v mt s xc nh)
Bc l: s dng chc nng Numerical Edit g s v n v nhp mt gi tr
chn lm t s ca php gin.
Bc 2: Chn chc nng "Gin i tng ": Kch chut vo biu tng, chn
Dilation, tip theo la chn hnh cn gin v i tng lin quan n php gin (tm, trc)
v xc nh h s ca php gin, ta thu c kt qu.

33
+ Dng im i xng ca mt im qua cung trn:
Xc nh im cn c im i xng v cung trn. Ta s dng chc nng "i xng
qua cung trn": Kch chut vo biu tng, chn Inverse, tip theo la chn im cn
ly i xng v cung trn c chn lm cn c i xng, ta thu c im nh.
3.3.7. Nhm cng c xy dng macro
Khi bm chut chn nhm cng c ny, xut hin bng gm 3 chc nng:
Initial Objects: Xc nh cc i tng ban u
thc hin cc lnh macro.
Final Object: Xc nh cc i tng thu c sau
khi kt thc vic thc hin cc lnh ca macro.
Define Macro: nh ngha tn v chn phm tt cho macro mi.
* S dng cc cng c:
Bc 1 : Dng hon chnh hnh v
Bc 2: Bm vo biu tng, chn Initial Objects, sau bm chut vo nhng
i tng c coi l nhng i tng xut pht (nh ngha lc ban u X)
Bc 3 : Bm vo biu tng, chn Final Object, sau bm chut vo nhng
i tng c coi l nhng i tng kt thc (Y)
Bc 4: Bm vo biu tng, chn Define Macro ghi li macro qu trnh dng
hnh, ta phi t tn cho Macro.
Bc 5: Chy cc macro (ta phi xc nh cc i tng u vo (X), chy macro ta s
thu c (Y)).
3.3.8. Nhm chn cng c kim tra thuc tnh
Collinear: Kim tra xem 3 im c thng hng
hay khng ?
Parallel: Kim tra xem 2 ng thng, on
thng... c song song khng?
Perpendicular: Kim tra xem 2 ng thng,
o thng... c vung gc vi nhau khng ?
Equidistant: Kim tra 2 im c cch u 1 im khng ?

34
Member: Kim tra mt im c thuc mt hnh hay khng ?
* S dng cc cng c:
+ Chc nng " Xc nh thng hng ":
Kch chut vo biu tng, chn Collinear, sau chn cc im cn xc nh c
thng hng hay khng. Sau khi chn im th 3, xut hin mt khung ch nht, ta a
khung ny n mt v tr no trn mn hnh, bm chut, kt qu kim tra s xut hin
trong khung .
+ Chc nng "Song song khng ":
Kch chut vo biu tng, chn Parallel:, ln lt xc nh cc on thng,
ng thng cn kim tra, kt qu s c thng bo trong mt khung ch nht.
+ Chc nng "Vung gc khng ": Kch chut vo biu tng, chn
Perpendicular:. S dng tng t chc nng kim tra tnh song song ca 2 on thng
hoc 2 ng thng.
+ Chc nng "Cch u nhau ":
kim tra xem trong 3 im c la chn c khong cch vi nhau c bng nhau khng?
Kch chut vo biu tng, chn Equidistant, sau ln lt bm chut vo cc
im, nu khong cch di 1 l nh nhau, ta c thng bo 3 im c cch u hay khng.
+ Xc nh mt i tng ny c thuc i tng khc khng:
Sau khi chn cng c: Kch chut vo biu tng, chn Member, ta ln lt la chn
i tng cn kim tra v i tng c kh nng cha i tng cn kim tra. Kt qu c
thng bo trong khung ch nht.
3.3.9. Nhm chn cng c o c tnh ton
Khi bm chut chn nhm cng c ny, xut hin
bng gm 7 chc nng:
Distance and Length: Xc nh
khong cch gia 2 i tng, di 1 on
thng, mi cung, chu vi ca mt hnh hnh hc.
Area: Tnh din tch hnh trn, tam
gic, a gic...
Slope: Xc nh h s gc y/x.
Angle: Xc nh s o ca gc.
Equation and Coordinates: Xc nh to im hay phng trnh ca
ng thng.

35
Calculate: Tnh ton trc tip (tng t nh mt my tnh b ti)
Tabulate: t cc s liu tnh ton vo bng.
* S dng cc cng c:
+ Chc nng " Khong cch v chiu di ":
xc nh khong cch gia 2 im bt k, sau khi chn chc nng Distance
and Length, ta ln lt bm chut xc nh 2 im cn o. xc nh chu vi ca mt
hnh, ta a bt ch vo i tng cn xc nh chu vi. Kt qu s c thng bo trong
khung ch nht.
+ Chc nng Tnh din tch ca a gic, hnh trn, hnh ellipse :
Ta chn chc nng Area "Din tch hnh", sau a bt ch xc nh hnh cn
o din tch. Kt qu c thng bo trong khung ch nht.
+ Xc nh dc (hay tg - xc nh t s y/x) ca ng, on, tia hay vc t.
Ta chn chc nng Slope "Xc nh r ca ng thng (y/x)" sau a bt ch
xc nh ng thng, on thng, vc t hoc tia cn xc nh h s gc.
+ Xc nh ln ca gc c xc bi ba im (im th hai l nh ca gc): Ta
chn chc nng Angle "Gc nghing", sau a bt ch xc nh 3 im theo th t
ln lt thuc cnh th nht, nh v cnh cn li.
+ Xc nh to ca im hay phng trnh ca ng:
Ta chn chc nng Equation and Coordinates "'Hm biu din ng v to
im", sau a bt ch la chn im cn xc nh to hoc la chn ng cn
xc nh phng trnh hm biu din.
+ Tnh kt qu pht sinh ca biu thc:
Chn chc nng Calculate "Tnh ton ta s c mt my tnh b ti vi cc php
ton s hc c bn. a kt qu ra mn hnh, ta chn chc nng INV, ta c thng bo
"Result" v kt qu tnh ton.
+ t cc gi tr tnh ton, hay cc s liu vo bng:
Ta chn chc nng Tabulate "Lp bng k", sau a bt ch ra mn hnh vch
mt khung bng, s ct v s dng tu theo ta la chn. chuyn d liu vo bng, ta phi
chuyn ln lt tng dng mt bng cch ch bt ch vo con s hoc d liu cn a vo
bng.

36

3.3.10. Nhm cng c s t tn cho cc i tng v xc nh yu t ng
Khi bm chut chn nhm cng c ny, xut hin bng
gm 8 chc nng:
Label: To, sa cc nhn t tn cc i
tng hnh hc.
Comments: To, sa li ch thch.
Numerical Edit: To, sa li cc s.
Mark Angle: nh du gc chn.
Fix/Free: Xc nh im l c nh hay
chuyn ng.
Trace On/Off: To nh cho s di chuyn ca i tng hnh hc ( li
vt).
Animation: Cho i tng chn chuyn ng theo mt rng buc
Xc nh trc...
Multiple Animation: Thc hin chuyn ng phc tp, hn hp.
* S dng cc cng c:
+ To cc nhn cho cc i tng hnh hc:
La chn chc nng Label "nh du nhn", sau a bt ch ch vo i
tng cn gn tn, s xut hin mt hp ch nht ta g tn cho i tng hnh hc .
+ Sa i hay thm li bnh, ghi ch:
Ta s dng chc nng Comments "Li bnh, ch thch", sau a bt ch xc
nh v tr dng vn bn trn mn hnh, khi xut hin khung ch nht ta nhp ni dung
text.
+ To v sa li gi tr s.
Chn chc nng Numerical Edit "To v sa li s", hoc n CTRL+U chn
n v, sau nhp gi tr.
+ nh du gc:
Gc c xc nh bng ba im, im th hai l nh. Ta chn chc nng Mark Angle
nh du gc bng nhau, sau a bt ch xc nh 3 im tng ng vi gc cn
nh du.

37
+ Gn thuc tnh cho im c nh, hay t do:
Ta s dng chc nng Fix/Free: "im c nh, im di ng" xc nh thuc tnh
c nh hay di chuyn cho mt im.
+ li vt khi di chuyn mt i tng hnh hc:
Ta chn chc nng Trace On/Off: li du vt On/Off, sau la chn i
tng hnh hc s di chuyn. Khi mi di chuyn ca i tng trn u li vt trn
mn hnh.
+ T ng cho tnh tin, quay hay gin cc i tng hnh hc.
Kch chut vo i tng ko v di chut, chuyn ng s theo chiu ca dy cng. Ta chn
chc nng Animation "Chuyn ng i tng", sau a bt ch xc nh i tng
hnh hc s di chuyn.
+ Thc hin cc chuyn ng phc tp, c t hai i tng hnh tr ln cng lc
chuyn ng:
Ta chn chc nng Multiple Animation chuyn ng phc tp, sau ln lt la
chn i tng v phng thc chuyn ng. thc hin, ta n phm Enter.
3.3.11. Nhm cng c nh dng cc i tng
Hide/ Show: Cho n, hin cc hnh c.
Color: T mu nt v.
Fill: Chn mu bn trong hnh v.
Thick: Thay i kiu nt v dy - mng.
Dotted : Chn kiu nt lin hay nt t.
Modifv Appearance: Sa k hiu trn hnh.
Show Axes: n hay hin trc to .
New Axes: t to mi.
Define Gid: nh ngha li.
* S dng cc cng c:
Nguyn l chung cho cc cng c nh dng l khi ta chn cng c, s xut hin mt
bng cc la chn. Ta bm chut vo mt trong nhng la chn (v d kiu ng k,
mu sc...), sau a bt ch bm vo i tng ta cn nh dng theo. Ring cng c
n/hin c s dng che bt khng hin ra mn hnh nhng i tng c nh du
n lm cho hnh v n gin, rc ri.

38
3.3.11. Bi tp
Bi 1 : Cho ng trn (O) v hai im A, B. Dng ng knh COD sao cho CA =
DB.
Bi 2: Cho gc xy v mt im A trong gc . Dng qua A mt ng thng ct
Ox,Oy M v N sao cho MA=AN.
Bi 3: Cho 3 im A,B,C.Dng ng thng d sao cho tng khong cch t B v C
n d bng h cho trc.
Bi 4: Cho hai ng trn (O) v (O') ct nhau A v B. Dng qua A mt ng
thng d ct (O) v (O') M,N sao cho MA+NA ln nht.
Bi 5: Cho gc xOy. Ly A nm trn Ox,B nm trn Oy sao cho OA+OA=m cho
trc. Ttm qi tch trung im I ca on AB.
Bi 6: Cho ng trn (O) v im A c nh,ng knh BC quay quanh O Tm tp
hp I l tm ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC.
Bi 7: Cho gc xy c nh v mt im A nm trong gc . Mt gc vung c nh
trng A, hai cnh ca gc ct Ox,Oy ti E v F (k c tia i ca Ox, Oy). Tm tp hp
trung im M ca EF khi gc EAF quay quanh A.
Bi 10: Cho tam gic cn ABC (AB=AC), M nm trn tia BA, N nm trn tia i ca
tia CA sao cho MB=CN. Ly BM, CN lm hai cnh bn lin tip dng hnh bnh hnh
BMNI. tm tp hp I khi M, N thay i.
Bi 1 l: Th hin nh ca mt hnh H qua php tnh tin (Hnh hc 10).
Bi 12: Th hin nh ca hnh H qua php i xng trc (Hnh hc 10).
Bi 1 3 : Th hin nh ca mt hnh H qua php v t (Hnh hc 10) .
Bi 14: V hnh bi Cabri sau copy hnh v sang Powerpoint thit k gio n ni
dung cc php bin hnh lp 10 v hnh khng gian lp 11, 12.
3.4. Gii thiu phn mm The Geometer's Sketchpad
Chng trnh The Geometer's Sketchpad l mt phn mm hnh hc ng h tr
vic nghin cu v dy hc hnh hc rt hiu qu. Chng trnh Sketchpad c th download
ti website: hp://www.keypess.com/sketchpad. (V phn mm Sketchpad, c th tm hiu
su trong cc ti liu ca TS. Trn Vui HSP Hu).
lm vic vi phn mm Sketchpad, ta thao tc nh sau:
-> Sart -> Programs-> Sketchpad ->The Geometer's Sketchpad
(hoc bm chut vo biu tng trn mn hnh ).
Sau khi khi ng, giao din lm vic ca Sketchpad c dng sau:

39

3.4.1.Thanh cng c
H thng cng c ca Sketchpad gm 6 nhm chc nng:
- Chn trng thi lm vic vi
chut,
- Xc nh im,
- Xc nh ng trn, - Xc
nh on thng, tia, ng thng,
- To text box,
Tu chn cc chc nng cng c

3.4.2. H thng cc menu chnh
* Menu File
- New Sketch (Ctrl+N): To mt bn v mi,
- Open (Ctrl+O: M mt Sketch/ Script c,
- Save (Ctrl+S: Lu tr Sketch/script,
- Save As: Lu Sketch/ Script vi tn mi,
- Close (Ctrl+W ng file hin thi,
- Docment Options...: La chn thuc tnh cho ti liu,
- Page Setup...: Xc nh thng s trc khi in n,
- Pht Preview: Chn ch in, xem ni dung ti liu trc khi in ra.
- Print: In ti liu,
- Quit (Ctrl+Q): Thot Sketchpad, tr v Windows.
* Menu Edit

40

- Undo (Ctrl+Z): Phc hi li trng thi trc ,
- Redo (Ctrl+R): Lm li thao tc va thc hin,
- Cut (Ctrl+X): Xo i tng c chn v lu vo b
nh,
- Copy (Ctrl+C): Copy i tng c chn vo b nh,
- Paste (Ctrl+V): Chp i tng b nh ra Sketch,
- Clear (Del): Xo cc i tng c chn,
- Action Buttons: To nt lnh thao tc vi cc i
tng,
- Select All (Ctrl+A): Chn tt c cc i tng trn trang
lm vic,
- Select Parents (Ctrl+U): Chn i tng c bn ban u,
- Select Children (Ctrl+D): Chn i tng dn xut,
- Split/Merge: Phn tch mt i tng hnh hc t mt i tng khc / hoc nhp
gn kt hai i tng hnh hc li thnh mt h thng,
- Edit Defmition (Ctrl+E): Sa cha hm, bng tnh ton hay tham s...
- Properties (An+?): Xc nh thuc tnh ca hnh,
- Preferences...: Xc nh cc thuc tnh tu chn cho mu, n v o lng, text
box...
* Menu Action Buttons:
- Hidel Show: To 2 nt lnh cho php hin th/ khng hin
th cc i tng chn.
- Animation...: To lnh thc hin vic di chuyn i tng,
- Movement. . . : To lnh thc hin vic di chuyn gia hai
i tng c chn,
- Presenlation...: To cc nt di chuyn, chuyn i...,
- Link: To cc nt lin kt cc hiu ng chng trnh,
- Scroll: To cc hiu ng ko trt.
* Menu Display

41
- Line Width: Chn 1 trong 3 dng ng,
- Color: Chn mu,
- Text: Chn kiu vn bn,
- Text Font: Chn font ch,
- Hide Object (Ctrl + H): Khng hin th cc i tng
la chn,
- Show All Hidden: Hin th tt c cc i tng ang n,
- Show Labels (Ctrl + K): Hin th tn ca i tng,
-Trace (Ctrl+X): t ch li vt khi i tng thay
i v tr,
- Erase Traces (Ctrl+B): Xo b cc vt do i tng chuyn ng li trn mn
hnh,
- Animate (Ctrl+) Lnh cho i tng chuyn ng,
- Increase Speed (Ctrl+[), Decrease Speed (Ctrl+]): Lnh cho thay i khong 25%
tc chuyn ng ca i tng,
- Stop Animation: Kt thc cc chuyn ng ang xy ra,
- Show Text Palette (Shift+Ctrl+T): Hin hay n thanh cng c nh dng text:

- Show Motion Controller: Hin hay n hp chc nng iu khin chuyn ng nh:
thc hin, dng, lp li...
- Hide Toolbox: Chn ch n hay hin hp cng c.
* Mnh Construct
- Point On Object: Chn im trn i tng,
- Midpoint (Ctrl+M): xc nh trung im ca mt on
thng hoc im gia ca 2 im,
- Intersection (Ctrl+I): Xc nh giao im ca hai i
tng,
- Segment (Ctrl+L): Xc nh on thng ni 2 im xc
nh cho trc,
- Line: Xc nh ng thng ni 2 im xc nh cho
trc,
- Parallel Line: Dng ng thng i qua mt im song

42
song vi mt ng thng khc,
- Perpendicular Line: Dng ng thng i qua mt im v vung gc vi mt
ng thng,
- Angle Bisector: Dng phn gic gc,
- Circle By Center+ Point: Dng ng trn khi bit tm v mt im trn ng
trn,
- Circle By Center+Radius: Dng ng trn khi xc nh tm v bn knh,
- Arc ON Circle: Dng mt cung qua 2 im trn ng trn,
- Arc Through 3 Points: Dng mt cung qua 3 im khng thng hng,
- Interior:(CTRL+P) T mu bn trong min mt a gic, hnh trn....,
- Locus: Xc nh qu tch ca mt i tng.
* Menu Transform
Transform Menu - Mark Center(Shift+Ctrl+F): Chn im lm tm ca
php quay,
- Mark Mirror: Chn trc i xng,
- Mark Angle: Xc nh gc cho php quay,
- Mark Ratio: nh du t s,
- Mark Vector: Chn vect cho php tnh tin,
- Mark Distance: Xc nh khong cch,
- Translate . . . : Xc nh php tnh tin,
- Rotate ...: Quay i tng mt gc vi tm chn,
- Dilate ...: Php v t vi tm v t s cho trc,
- Refiect ...: i xng qua trc,
- Iterate: Xc nh php bin hnh.
* Menu Measure
- Length: Xc nh di mt/ nhiu on thng,
- Distance: Xc nh khong cch gia hai im,
- Perimeter: Xc nh chu vi ca mt a gic,
- Circumference: Xc chu vi ca ng trn, cung trn


43
- Angle: Xc nh s o ca mt gc,
- Area: Xc nh din tch ca mt hnh kn,
- Arc Angle: Xc nh gc tm,
- Arc Length: Xc nh di ca dy cung,
- Radius: Xc nh bn knh mt hoc nhiu ng trn,
- Ratio: Xc nh t s di ca 2 on,
- Abscissa(x): Xc nh honh ca mt im,
- Ordinate(y): Xc nh tung ca mt im,
- Coordinate Distance: Xc nh khong cch gia hai i
tng,
- Slope: Xc nh h s gc ca ng thng,
- Equation: Xc nh phng trnh ng thng/ ng trn.
*Menu Graph
- Define Coordinate System: Thit lp h thng
mi (tu thuc vo i tng ta ang la chn),
- Mark Coordinate System: Thit lp to h
thng,
- Grid Form: La chn h thng to cc
hay to cc
- Show Grid/Hide Grid: Cho hin hay n h
thng li to ,
- Snap Points: La chn ch di chuyn theo
to nguyn hay bt k,
- Plot Points: V mt im trong to cc
hay to cc
- New Parameter (Shift+ctrl+P): Xc lp mt gi
tr cho bin,
- New Function (Ctrl+F): Xc lp mt hm vi i s x,
- Plot New Function... (Ctrl+G): V th ca mt hm s,
- Derivative: Xc nh o hm bc nht ca mt hm s,
- Tabulate: a cc i tng chn vo bng,
- Add Table Data: B sung thm d liu vo bng c,
- Remove Table Data: Hu b cc d liu a vo bng.

44
*. To im chuyn ng qu tch vi Sketchpad
Bc 1 : Chn i tng cn cho chuyn ng,
Bc 2: -> Display -> Animate s c hp thoi iu
khin chuyn ng,
Mun li vt ca i tng khi im chuyn ng, ta
chn i tng , -> Display -> Trace Point, sau
mi chn lnh Animate.
3.4.3. Thit k cc Script vi Sketchpad
Trong thao tc dng hnh vi Sketchpad, c nhiu thao tc phi lm i, lm li, tit
kim thi gian, ta c th ghi cc thao tc thnh mt Script v sau s dng nh mt
chc nng cng c c sn ca Sketchpad.
Thao tc:
- Trc tin m mt tp mi (Sketch) .
- Thc hin thao tc dng hnh cn thit.
- Chn tt c nhng i tng c quan h hnh hc va dng m ta mun to mt
Script.
- Chn Custom Tool t thanh cng c:
Xut hin bng lnh, gm cc chc nng c bn nh:
to mi mt Script, tu chn cng c, n hin Script v
danh sch cc Script c, ta chn tip: -> Create New
Tool...
Xut hin bng chn:

Ta t tn cho chc nng cng c
mi ny. Nu mun quan st ni dung
ca Script, ta nh du chn vo mc [x]
Show Script View. Khi xut hin ca
s ca Script c dng nh sau:


45
* Thc hin mt Script
Sau khi lu tr, mun s
dng, ta chn Custom Tool v
chn tn cng c Script m ta
cn thc hin.
Nu ta copy Script ny, th
trong danh sch Document s c
tn v ta s dng chng nh mt
lnh ca Sketchpad.

3.4.1 .Bi tp .
Bi 1: Cho ng trn (O,r) v mt im P ngoi ng trn. Mt ct tuyn thay i i
qua P ct ng trn (O,r) ti hai im B, C. Gi E l im gia cung BC. Gi A, A' l tip
im ca hai tip tuyn k t P vi ng trn (O,r).
Hy minh ho tp hp I l giao ca AE vi BC .
Bi 2: Gi s hai ng trn (O,r) v (O',r) ct nhau ti hai im A, B. im M chy trn
ng trn (O',r). MA, MB ct ng trn (O,r) ti P v N. tm qu tch tm I l tm vng
trn ngoi tip tam gic MNP.
Bi 3: Cho ng trn (O,r), v bn knh OA v dy AD c nh. V vng trn tm O,
ng knh OA ct AD ti C. Mt ct tuyn thay i i qua O ct ng trn (O,r) ti M
v (O,r) ti N, N'. DN ct CM ti P v DN' ct CM ti P'.
Tm qu tch P, P'.
Bi 4: Cho hai ng trn (O,r) v (O,r) tip xc ngoi nhau ti A. Mt gc vung c nh
trng vi im A, quay quanh A, hai cnh ca gc ct (O,r) v (O',r) ti B v C. Tm tp
hp hnh chiu H ca A trn BC.
Bi 5: Cho tam gic ABC cn ti A ni tip trong mt ng trn (O,r). M l mt im di
ng trn cung AB. Trn tia CM ly im N sao cho AM = CN.
Tm tp hp im N.

46
3.5. V hnh vi phn mm hnh hc Cabri
Trong ni dung ny, chng ti m t thao tc vi Cabri v hnh.
* Dng tam gic ABC, bit cnh Bc=a, ng cao AH : h, trung tuyn BD=m:

Thao tc dng hnh vi Cabri nh sau:
Bc 1 : Dng tam gic vung BDK bit cnh
huyn BD = m v cnh gc vung DK = h/2 nh sau:
- Xc nh im D v k mt ng thng Dx i
qua im D.
- V mt ng trn tm D, bn knh = h/2
=> Xc nh im K.
- T K dng ng vung gc vi ng thng
Dx.
- T D v mt ng trn tm D, bn knh = m.
=> Xc nh c im B.
Bc 2: V ng trn tm B, bn knh = a => xc nh im C.
Bc 3: V ng thng CD.
Bc 4: Ly i xng im C qua im D => xc nh im A.
* Dng tam gic ABC, bit cnh Bc=a, ng cao AH=h, trung tuyn AM=m.
- Thao tc dng vi Cabri.
- V ng thng Ax i qua
A.
- V ng trn tm A, bn
knh = h => Xc nh im H .
- V ngthng vung gc
vi Ax ti H.
- V ng trn tm A, bn
knh = m => xc nh im M.
- V ng thng i qua 2
im H, M.
- Ly M l tm, v ng trn bn knh a/2 => xc nh 2 giao im chnh l B, C V
tam gic ABC.
- Bi ton ch c nghim khi h < m (l iu kin tn ti tam gic AHM).

47
* Dng tam gic vung ABC (vung ti A), bit gc B=a (O<a<90
o
) v hiu hai
cnh BC v BA bng 1 :
Cch dng vi Cabri :
- Dng tia Ax.
- Ly DA = 1 (s dng chc nng v
ng trn bit bn knh, sau xc
nh D l giao im).
- V ng phn gic Op ca gc
xoy.
V ng OI vung gc vi tia
phn gic Op => gc YOI l 90 -
a/2.
- V ng trn tm O ct hai tia
Oy v OI ti I v K.
- Ti D v ng trn Cl bn knh OI, ct ng thng DA ti M.
- Ti M v ng trn C2 bn knh IK.
- Xc nh giao Cl v C2 l im Q.
- K ng thng DQ ct tia AI ti C.
- ng trung tuyn on CD ct DA ti B => Tam gic vung ABC l tam gic cn
dng.
3.6. S dng Cabri minh ho bi ton qu tch
*V d 1 : Cho tam gic ABC ni tip ng trn (O). D l mt im chuyn ng trn
cung BC khng cha nh A. Ni A vi D. H CH vung gc vi AD.
Minh ho qu tch ca im H.
- S dng Cabri ta v hnh, sau cho im D di
chuyn, ta pht hin c t nht c 3 im c nh thuc
qu tch:
- im E (chn ng cao h t nh C n cnh AB
tng ng vi trng hp khi D chy n trng vi B).
- im C (tng ng vi trng hp D trng vi C)
- im F (chn ng cao h t nh A n cnh BC,
ng vi trng hp AD trng vi ng cao h t A n BC).
Nh vy, ta d on qu tch l cung cha gc.
Dng chc nng li vt s c hnh nh qu tch im H.

48
* V d 2: Cho hnh thoi ABCD c cnh AB c nh. Minh ho qu tch giao im O
ca hai ng cho ca hnh thoi .
Bc l: S dng chut cho hnh thoi ABCD thay i.
- Hnh thoi ABCD tr thnh hnh vung ABCIDI => Xc nh im O1 thuc qu
tch.
- Hnh thoi ABCD tr thnh hnh vung ABC2D2 => Xc nh im O2 thuc qu
tch.
- Hnh thoi ABCD c im C tin trng vi
im B => im O trng vi im B.
Nh vy, bng trc quan cng nh bng kim
tra ta thy r 3 im khng thng hng, vy qu
tch c kh nng l mt ng trn i qua B. V vai
tr im A v B nh nhau nn khi cho im D tin
trng vi im A, ta pht hin c im A cng
thuc qu tch. Ta d on qu tch im O l
ng trn nhn AB l ng knh.
Bc 2: V mt trng hp bt k, ta kim
tra im O c thuc ng trn nhn AB l ng knh hay khng. Kt qu cho thy "im
ny nm trn i tng".
* V d 3: Trong mt ng trn (O), AB l mt ng knh c nh, M l mt im
chy trn ng trn. Ni MA, MB v trn tia i ca
tia MA ta ly im I sao cho MI = 2MB. Tm tp hp
cc im I ni trn.
Vi Cabri ta cho v tr im M thay i, qua ba v
tr c th ta c ngay d on: qu tch im I khng th
l thng, nh vy c kh nng qu tch im I l mt
cung cha gc. T y gi cho ta i tm yu t gc
khng i.
iu c bit bi ny l: Nu s dng tnh lun t ng dng ca tam gic MBI th
ch dng vic a ra kt lun gc AIB khng i. Vy qu tch l cung cha gc dng
trn on thng AB. Tuy nhin, vi Cabri ta c c kt lun tng i th v. Qu tch
im I l na ng trn ng knh BIO. Trong Io nm trn tip tuyn vi ng trn
ti im A sao cho AIO = 2AB.
Ta m rng bi ton theo hai hng sau:
+ AB khng phi l ng knh m ch l mt dy cung ca (O).


49
+ MI = k.MB (vi k l s thc dng cho
trc).
Kt qu cng rt th v. Qu tch l mt phn ca
cung cha gc i qua

* V d 4: Cho BC l mt dy cung c nh ca ng trn (O), A l mt im chy
trn cung ln BC sao cho tam gic ABC lun c 3 gc nhn. Gi M l im chnh gia ca
cung nh BC ca ng trn (O). Tm qu tch cc trung im I ca AM.
Sau khi d on qu tch, ta phi chng minh c gc OIM khng i bng 90
0
,
im M, O c nh, suy ra I nm trn ng trn ng knh OM.
y c mt yu t gc khng tng minh (
l tam gic ABC lun c 3 gc nhn). Nh vy chc
chn ta phi kim tra gii hn ca qu tch. Bng trc
quan cho im A di chuyn v li vt ca im I
cho php ta kim chng c gii hn ca qu tch l
phn cung (mu ). T trc quan, ta d dng xc
nh c hai v tr gii hn ca im A l im A1
v A2 ( tng ng vi cc ng knh CA1v BA2
ca ng trn (O)).
* V d 5: Cho hai ng thng vung gc x, y giao nhau ti im O. Tm qu tch
im M bit bnh phng khong cch t im M trn ng thng y bng khong cch t
im M trn ng thng x .
Xt theo gc hnh hc gii tch th qu tch im M chnh l tp hp cc im M(x,
y) sao cho y = x
2
. Tuy nhin, vi Cabri ta da hon ton vo kin thc hnh hc l nh l
Talet dng qu tch.
- Dng mt ng trn tm O bn knh bng 1 .
- Ly mt im X bt k trn ng thng x v dng ng trn tm O, c bn knh
OX.
- Ni im X vi giao im ca ng thng y vi (O,1) (chn giao im v pha di
ng thng xi gi l d1 .
- Ti giao im ca ng trn tm O i qua im X vi ng thng y (chn giao

50
im v pha di ng thng x) k ng thng song song vi on thng (d1) ni trn
gi l d2.
- Xc nh giao im A ca d2 vi ng thng
x.
- Dng ng trn (O, OA). ng trn ny ct
ng thng y ti B.
- Qua X, B ln lt dng cc ng thng vung
gc vi x, y. Hai ng thng ny giao nhau ti im
M.
D thy MX = MB2.
- Cho im X di chuyn trn ng thng x
minh ho qu tch cn tm. Kt qu cho ta mt parabol
.
3.7. Khai thc phn mm hnh hc ng Cabri h tr dy hc ton
* V d 1: Minh ho nh ca mt hnh
qua php v t.
- Dng im O. S dng chc nng., G
s v n v nhp mt s thc k 0.
- Dng hnh H v nh H ca n qua php
v t tm O t s k (V
0
k
).
- Khi thay i cc yu t to nn hnh H,
ta c ngay s thay i tng ng ca hnh H.
- Cho thay i gi tr ca k khi hnh v
cng thay i theo, c bit cc gi tr k = 1 (php ng nht) v k = -1 (php i xng tm
O).
* V d 2: Minh ho "Nu php i xng trc bin hai im bt k M v N thnh hai
im M', N th MN = M N ".
Cc bc thao tc vi Cabri nh sau:
- Dng ng thng d.
- Dng hai im M, N.
- Dng nh M ca M v N ca N qua php i
xng trc d (
d
)
- Dng on MM' v NN' bng nt t
- Ni MN v M'N', o di ca hai on thng ny
(kt qu c ghi vo mt khung hnh ch nht t bn cnh on cn o).

51
Ta cho thay i im M hoc im N th di on MN v M'N' cng thay i
nhng lun bng nhau.
* V d 3 : Minh ho "Php v t bin 3
im thng hng thnh 3 im thng hng v
bo tn th t ca chng ".
Ta thao tc vi Cabri nh sau:
- Dng im O v nhp vo mt s
thc k 0.
- Dng on thng AC.
- Ly im B thuc on AC.
- Dng im A' l nh ca A qua php V
o
k
, ni OA. Lm tng t i vi B v C
(nh ca chng ln lt l B', C').
- S dng chc nng "Xc nh thng hng" thy rng A', B', C' thng hng v B
nm gia A' v C'.
- Cho B chuyn ng trn AC th ta thy B cng chuyn ng nhng tnh thng hng
v th t ca 3 im A, B', C' vn c bo tn.
- Thay i on AC sao cho O, A, B, C thng hng, thm ch cho 1 trong 3 im A, B,
C trng vi O, ta vn thy A', B', C' thng hng v B nm gia A' v C'.
* V d 4: Minh ho "Php v t bin ng trn thnh ng trn" .
Thao tc vi Cabri nh sau:
- Dng im O v g vo mt s thc
k 0.
Dng ng trn (I,R), ly M thuc (I,R).
- Dng nh I' ca I qua php V
o
k
, ni OI.
- Dng nh MI ca M qua V
o
k
, ni OI
bng nt t.
Xc nh trng thi li du vt cho im M', sau di chuyn im M trn (I,R),
khi im MI cng di chuyn v vch ra qu tch ca n, qu tch nhn trc quan c v
nh l mt ng trn tm I'.
T d on trn, ta gii thiu nh l v gi cho hc sinh hng chng minh: S
chng minh cho im M lun cch im I' mt khong khng i. Ta ni IMv IM ri yu
cu hc sinh s dng nhng kin thc hc (nh l 1 ca bi Php v t" hoc "tam gic
ng dng ") chng minh.
* V d 5: Hng dn hc sinh tm li gii bi ton: "Cho 3 php i xng tm
A,

B
,
C
, vi im M bt k, gi M
1
l nh ca M qua
A
, M
2
l nh ca M
1
qua
B
, M
3
l nh

52
ca M
2
qua
c.
Chng minh rng trung im ca on thng MM
3
l mt im c nh. T
suy ra qu tch ca im M
3
khi im M chy trn mt ng trn (O) hay mt ng
thng d ". Vi Cabri c th lm nh sau:
- Dng cc im A, B, C, M.
- Dng cc im M
l
, M
2
, M
3
theo yu cu bi ton.
- Dng trung im D ca MM
3

- Ni cc on MM
1
, M
1
M
2
. M
2
M
3
bng nt t v
cc on AB, BC, CD, DA, M
3
M
1
, MM
3
bng nt lin.
Ta cho im M thay i minh ho cho kt lun
ca bi ton.
Cng trong qu trnh di chuyn im M, yu cu
hc sinh nhn xt v hnh dng ca t gic ABCD (l mt hnh bnh hnh c nh) t rt
ra hng chng minh: Chng minh cho D l nh th t ca hnh bnh hnh ABCD.
Sau khi chng minh c D l im c nh, nu hc sinh cha gii c tip
theo ca bi ton th ta c th tip tc nh sau:
- t thuc tnh " li du vt " cho im M
3
.
- Dng ng trn (O) hoc ng thng d i qua M.
- Cho im M di chuyn dc trn (O) (hoc d) quan st qu tch ca M
3
, t xc
nh phng hng gii quyt.
* V d 6: Hng dn hc sinh tm li gii bi ton: "Cho hai im c nh B, C trn
ng trn (O) v mt im A thay i trn ng trn . Tm
qu tch trc tm H ca tam gic Thao tc :
- Dng ng trn (O).
- Dng tam gic ABC ni tip trong ng trn.
- S dng Macro "ng cao " dng cc ng cao ca
tam gic ABC, t xc nh trc tm H ca tam gic .
- Cho im A chy trn ng trn (O) v theo di qu
tch ca im H, ta s thy H chy trn mt ng trn i qua B,
C. Chn 3 im trn ng trn ny v dng Macro "Tm ngoi
tip " xc nh tm O' ca ng trn ny.
Nhn hnh v, hc sinh c th d on rng ng trn (O') c bn knh bng bn knh
ca ng trn (O) (ta c th kim tra iu ny bng cch o 2 bn knh ca 2 ng trn
, sau cho bn knh ca ng trn (O) thay i th s thy bn knh ca ng trn
(O') cng thay i theo). T d on ny, ta c th hng hc sinh ti suy ngh rng: (O') l
nh ca (O) qua mt php di hnh no , chng hn nh php i xng trc, i xng

53
tm hoc php tnh tin. C th nh sau:
- Nu l php i xng trc th trc l ng thng no? (Hc sinh d nhn thy rng
l ng thng BC).
Nu l php i xng tm th tm l im no? (Hc sinh d nhn thy chnh l
trung im I ca BC).
Nu l php tnh tin th vect tnh tin l g?
Cho im A chy trn (O), ta thy AH lun vung gc vi BC v di AH hnh nh
khng i, t gi hc sinh chng minh rng vc t AH lun bng mt vect khng i
no ( chnh l vect tnh tin cn tm) t i n kt lun: A chnh l to nh ca
H qua php tnh tin ni trn.
- Ta c th a ra mt s trng hp c bit, chng hn nh cho A trng vi B hoc
C v yu cu hc sinh xc nh im H
* V d 7: Hng dn hc sinh tm li gii bi ton "Cho ng trn (O) v im P c
nh nm ngoi SO). BC l mt dy cung thay i ca (O) nhng c di khng i Tm
qu tch trng tm ca tam gic PBC ".
th hin gi thit: Mt dy
cung thay i nhng c di khng
i ca mt ng trn , ta c th
lm nh sau:
- Dng 2 ng trn ng tm
O nhng bn knh khc nhau.
- Trn ng trn nh ly im
I, dng on thng OI.
- Dng ng thng d qua I, vung gc vi OI.
- Gi B, C l giao im ca d vi ng trn ln. Dng on thng BC, sau lm n
i ng thng d v ng trn nh.
- Dng im P nm ngoi (O). Ni PB v PC.
- Dng Macro "Trng tm " dng trng tm G ca tam gic PBC.
- Ni IP th d thy G thuc IP (v I l trung im ca BC).
- Xc nh trng thi " li du vt cho im G, sau cm im I di chuyn dc
theo ng trn nh (ng trn nh lc ny tuy b n i nhng do cch dng im I
nn khi di chuyn th I s lun nm trn ng trn ), dy BC s c di khng i v
khong cch t O n BC lun bng bn knh ca ng trn nh.
- Quan st du vt ca im G li, ta d on qu tch ca G l mt ng trn. T
nhn xt PG = 2/3 PI, ta thay vic tm qu tch im G bng vic i tm qu tch im I. Sau

54
khi tm c qu tch im I l ng trn nh th cho ng trn nh hin ln ri i
n kt lun: 'lqu tch M chnh l nh ca ng trn nh qua php v t V
p
2/3
.
Ta m rng bi ton bng cch di chuyn im P vo trong hoc trn ng trn
nhn xt xem kt qu c cn ng khng? .
* V d 8: Cho im M di chuyn trn na ng trn ng knh AB. Ta dng bn
ngoi tam gic MAB cc hnh vung MBCD v MAEF.
Tm qu tch cc im C v E.
Bc 1 : Ta xy dng mt Script "Dng hnh vung" (tp hvuong.gss) nh sau:
Given:
Point A
Point B
1 . Let [j] = Segment between Point A and Point B.
2. Let C = 1mage of Point B rotated 90 degrees about center Point A.
3. Let D : 1mage of Point A rotated 90 degrees about center Point B.
4. Let [k] : Segment between Point C and Point D.
5. Let [l] = Segment between Point D and Point B.
6. Let [m] - Segment between Point A and Point C.
Bc 2: S dng phn mm Sketchpad c s dng Script "Dng hnh vung" dng
cc hnh vung MBCD v MAEF khi xc nh c cc im cho trc M, B v A, M. Cc
bc c th thc hin nh sau:
- Dng c tam gic MAB.
- M tp hvuong.gss ( thit k trn).
- Chn A, M theo th t, n vo nt PLAY ca ca s script "hvuong.gss" va m. Ta
ln lt c quan st cc bc dng hnh vung MAEF theo kch bn to sn.
- Tng t, dng c hnh vung MBCD vi hai im khi u l M, B.
Bc 3: Khai thc s tr gip ca
Sketchpad trong vic d on qu tch ca C v
E khi cho M di chuyn trn cung AB:
Chn E v C, vo menu Display chn nt
lnh Trace Object chn chc nng li vt
ca 2 im ny khi chng thay i.
- Chn im M v cung AB, vo Display
chn nt Animate, xut

55
hin ca s Path Match.
- n vo nt Animate, ri quan st s thay i tng ng vi M l hnh dng bin i
ca cc hnh vung MBCD v MAEF, cng s thay i v tr khc nhau ca C v E. Tp
hp cc v tr C v E i qua khi M thay i chnh l tp hp im cn tm.
T quan st hnh v: C v E di chuyn theo cung trn. Vn t ra: "Cung trn
c xc nh c th nh th no? ". C v E chnh l cc nh ca M qua php quay ln lt
tm B v A. Do M di chuyn trn na ng trn ng knh AB nn qu tch ca C v E
l hai nh ca ng trn ny trong cc php quay trn. Theo cch ny, ta cn dng thm
hnh vung ABB'A'. ng cn tm l 2 na ng trn ng knh AA' v BB', bn
ngoi ABB'A'.
* V d 9: Hng dn gii bi tp: "Cho tam gic cn ABC (AB=BC). Gi M l cung
im ca ng cao AH, gi D l giao im ca cnh AB vi CM. Chng minh rng
AB AD
3
1
= ".
Hot ng 1 : S dng Cabri v tam gic cn ABC (AB=BC), ng cao AH, xc
nh trung im M ca AH, ni CM xc nh D l giao im ca CM vi AB. Hc sinh
nhn xt ng cao AH ng thi l ng trung tuyn => BH=HC.
Hot ng 2: Xut pht t yu cu cn chng
minh rng AB AD
3
1
= , th khi ta chia on AB lm 3
phn bng nhau bi hai im chia th im D phi l
mt im, im cn li gi s t tn l E. D thy E
phi l trung im ca on AD. Khi ta c 3 on
thng bng nhau AD=DE=EA (iu c minh
ho bng kt qu con s trn mn hnh l 2 cm).
Hot ng 3: Ta ni E vi H. T trc gic thy hai ng thng HE v CD song song
v s dng Cabri khng nh iu .
Hot ng 4: Ta c BH=HC v BE=ED, vy HE i qua trung im hai cnh ca tam
gic CDB nn n phi song song vi cnh th ba l CD =>HE // CD => HE // MD.
Hot ng 5: Vi tam gic AEH, ta c:
AM = MH V MD // HE, vy ng thng MD i qua trung im ca cnh AH v
song song vi cnh th hai l HE vy n phi i qua trung im cnh th ba tc l: AD =
DE. Vy ta c AD = DE = EB => PCM.
* V d 10: Tm mi lin h gia khong cch t giao im cc ng trung trc ca
tam gic n mt cnh v khong cch t trc tm n nh i din vi cnh . S dng
Cabri hng dn hc sinh gii bi ton ny nh sau:
Hot ng 1 : S dng cabri v hnh.

56
Hot ng 2: S dng chc nng "Khong cch v
chiu di" xc nh s o ca on KE v HB. Hc sinh
thc hin php chia v nhn c kt qu HB:KE l 2.
Hot ng 3 : Cho tam gic ABC thay i. Hc
sinh nhn c thng bo ca Cabri: t s HB:KE
khng thay i v lun bng 2. Nh vy hc sinh d
on v tm cch chng minh t s HB:KE lun bng 2.
Hot ng 4: Tm ti cch chng minh: Hc sinh
lin tng kin thc c: trong mt tam gic, ng trung bnh ca tam gic song song vi
cnh th ba v bng na cnh . Nh vy, nu ta xc nh c mt tam gic m ng
trung bnh c s o bng s o KE v cnh tng ng c s o bng s o cnh HB th bi
ton c gii quyt.
Hot ng 5: K tia CK. Ta c E l trung im AC nn ta gi cho hc sinh k
thm cc ng ph sao cho KE l ng trung bnh ca tam gic m A v C l hai nh.
Gi nh cn li ca tam gic cn tn l Q, theo cch dng Anh KE vy hc sinh xc nh
c nh Q bng cch t A k Ax // KE ct CK ti im Q. Vy vi cch dng trn th KE
l ng trung bnh ca ACQ v KE bng mt na AQ .
Hot ng 6: Gio vin t vn : chng minh KE bng mt na HB, ta cn chng
minh c HB bng AQ.(H5)
T B k By // KF, gi s By ct CK ti Q'. Theo cch dng KF l ng trung bnh
ca tam gic CBQ' v do ta c Q'K=KC (*), mt khc v KE l ng trung bnh ca tam
gic ACQ nn KC=KQ (**). T * v ** chng t Q trng vi Q' suy ra BH=AQ. n y
ta gii quyt song bi ton: Kt qu hai khong cch lun t l vi nhau vi t s bng 2
* V d 11 : Cho gc xay khc gc bt, Az l tia phn gic, B l im c nh trn tia
Ax, C l im chuyn ng trn on thng AB, D l im chuyn ng trn tia Ay sao cho
AD=BC. Chng minh rng ng trung trc ca on thng CD lun lun i qua mt im
c nh khi C, D di ng.
Trc tin hc sinh dng Cabri v hnh, sau
cho thay i v tr im C d on im c
nh.
Mt s hc sinh pht hin ra im c nh l
giao ca tia phn gic gc vi ng thng trung
trc ca on thng AB. Mt s phn hc sinh li cho
im C di chuyn n nhng v tr c bit v pht
hin ra c im c nh chnh l giao ca hai
ng trung trc ca on thng AB v AD'. (D' trn tia Ay sao cho AD'=AB).
Sau khi d on im c nh, c hai nhm u chng minh c iu d on ca

57
mnh l chnh xc.
n y, c hc sinh cm thy hnh nh c 2
im c nh ! . tm hiu vn ny hc sinh s
dng chc nng kim tra Nm trn i tng v
kt qu cho thy giao hai ng trung trc nm trn
tia phn gic ca gc A. Nh vy y ch l 2 cch
xc nh im c nh.
Sau qu trnh m mm, pht hin, hc sinh
chng minh c ng trung trc ca on thng
CD lun lun i qua mt im c nh khi C, D di
ng.

Tuy nhin hc sinh cng rt kh hnh dung trn vn hnh nh im "c nh" khi C, D
di ng ra sau?. Ta s dng chc nng li vt
khi cho C,D di ng, hc sinh s c tn mt
quan st hnh nh v hnh dung y v im
c nh.

V d 12: Cho tam gic u ABC, M l trung im ca BC. V ME song song vi AB
(E thuc AC), v MF song song vi AC (F thuc AB). Chng minh rng
BME = FMC .
Bc 1 : S dng Cabri v hnh.
Vi gi thit M l trung im ca BC, hc sinh d dng chng
minh c BME = FMC (c.c.c).
Bc 2: Gio vin nu vn : M l im bt k thuc BC, kt
qu trn cn ng khng?. Hc sinh dng chut cho di chuyn v tr ca M trn BC, vi cc
cng c o khong cnh v gc, hc sinh nhn thy BME = FMC v nh vy hc sinh
s i tm hng chng minh bi ton m rng.

58
Bc 3: Tm ti hng chng minh.
C ME//AB nn gc CME lun bng 60
0
(gc ng v),
mt khc gc MCE bng 60
0
(gt) vy MCE l tam gic u
nn ME=MC (*).
-Tng t ta c MBF l tam gic u nn MB=MF (**).
Mt khc ta c gc FMC bng gc EMB.
-Vy BME = FMC (c.g.c). Nh vy vi Cabri gip hc sinh m rng bi ton
cho v gii quyt c trn vn bi ton .
3.8. Tho lun v bi tp
* Hy a ra cc v d c th v vic khai thc phn mm hnh hc ng trong cc tnh
hung in hnh ca dy hc ton:
- Dy hc khi nim.
- Dy hc nh l.
- Dy hc gii bi tp. . . .
* Xy dng mt s bi ging in t c tch hp vi vic s dng phn mm hnh hc
ng theo chng trnh ton THPT v THCS.

59
Chng 4
HNG DN S DNG PHN MM MAPLE

4.1. Tng quan chung v phn mm Maple
Phn mm Maple l kt qu ca nhm cc nh khoa hc trng i hc Waterloo -
Canada v l mt trong nhng b phn mm ton hc c s dng rng ri nht hin nay.
MAPLE l phn mm c mt mi trng tnh ton kh phong ph, h tr hu ht cc
lnh vc ca ton hc nh: Gii tch s, th, i s hnh thc... do ta d dng tnh c
cc gi tr gn ng, rt gn biu thc, gii phng trnh, bt phng trnh, h phng trnh,
tnh gii hn, o hm, tch phn ca hm s, v th, tnh din tch, th tch, bin i ma
trn, khai trin cc chui, tnh ton thng k, x l s liu, s phc, phng trnh vi phn,
phng trnh o hm ring... v lp trnh gii cc bi ton vi cu trc chng trnh n
gin. Ngoi ra, vi phn mm ny ta d dng bin son cc sch gio khoa in t vi chc
nng Hyperlink to cc siu vn bn rt n gin m khng cn n s h tr ca bt k
mt phn mm no khc (chng hn PageText, Word, Frontpage...). Vi cc chc nng trn,
MAPLE l cng c c lc h tr cho nhng ngi lm ton.
4.2. Lm vic vi Maple
* Khi ng Maple:
Nu Maple c ci t ng quy trnh, lm vic vi MAPLE ta chn:
->Sart -> Programs -> Maple9 -> Classic Worksheet Maple 9 hoc bm chut vo
biu tng ca Maple 9 trn mn hnh:

* Thot khi Maple:
thot khi Maple ta vo mnh File -> Exit (hoc nhn Alt + F4 hoc nhy vo biu
tng [X] pha trn gc phi ca s chng trnh). Nu ni dung lm vic cha c lu
tr, Maple s nhc ta c lu tr hay khng. Ta chn Yes hoc No ghi hoc khng ghi li,
chn Cancel l tip tc lm vic.


60
4.3. Giao din ca ca s lm vic ca Maple
Giao din lm vic ca Maple gm cc thnh phn c bn nh sau:

Cc thnh phn chnh ca ca s lm vic ca Maple :
* Tittle Bar (Thanh tiu ): Dng cha tn chng trnh v tp ang m.

* Menu Bar (Thc n ngang): Dng cha cc chc nng, ng vi mi chc nng l
mt thc n dc tng ng.

* Toal Bar (Thanh cng c): Cha mt s biu tng (Icon) th hin mt s lnh
thng dng ngi s dng thao tc nhanh.

* Status line (Thanh trng thi): Cho bit thi gian thc hin lnh, dung lng nh cc
bin chim khi thc hin chng trnh v dung lng b nh cn trng

* Ngoi ra trong ch vn bn Maple cn c thanh cng c Formatting Bar dng
nh dng vn bn.


61
4.4. Cc thao tc c bn trong vi Maple
4.4.1. Qun l thng tin vi Maple
Vi Maple, cc thao tc c bn nh: lu tr tp, m mt tp c, m mt tp mi,...
hon ton tng t nh cc phn mm quen thuc trong mi trng Windows nh
Winword, Excell,...
* Lu tr tp:
Cch 1 : -> File -> Save
Cch 2: bm vo biu tng
Cch 3 : nhn ng thi 2 phn CTRL v S.
Nu l ln u lu tr, xut hin ca s ta nhp tn tp, nhp tn tp xong th nhn
chut vo nt SAVE thc hin.
* M mt tp c trn a
Cch 1 : ->File -> Open ..
Cch 2: bm vo biu tng:
Cch 3: nhn ng thi 2 phm CTRL v O.
S xut hin ca s ta chn th mc lu tr tp v tn tp. Ta chn tn tp cn m,
nhn vo nt Open.
* M mt tp mi
Cch 1 : ->File->New
Cch 2: bm vo biu tng
Cch 3 : nhn ng thi 2 phm CTRL v N.
* ng tp
->File -> Close
Nu tp cha c lu tr, Maple s nhc ta c ghi hay khng (Y/N).
* Kt thc phin lm vic:
Cch 1 : -> File -> Exit
Cch 2: nhn ng thi 2 phm : ALT v F4
Cch 3: nhn vo nt Close [x] ng ca s son tho.
4.4.2. Cc thao tc h tr khi son tho vi Maple
* nh du on.
- nh du bng chut: t tr chut vo u on vn bn cn chn, ng thi n v

62
gi phm tri ri r ti cui on cn chn, sau bung phm tri ra. Nu mun hu phn
va chn, hy dch tr chut thot ra khi vng va chn ri n phm tri. Phn va chn s
b hu b v tr li trng thi bnh thng.
- nh du bng bn phm: a con tr n v tr u on, bm gi phm Shift v di
chuyn con tr n v tr cui on (bng cc phm iu khin con tr).
nh du c tp: T bn phm, g vo t hp phm Ctrl+A hoc kch chut vo Menu
Edit, chn Seclect All.
* Ct xo on :
- nh du on cn xo.
- Nhy chut vo Menu Edit, chn Cut hoc bm Ctrl+X t bn phm.
- Nu dng trn thanh cng c th ta chn vo
- T bn phm ta cn c th nhn phm Dell.
* Sao chp mt on:
- nh du on cn sao chp
- Nhy chut vo Menu Edit, chn Copy hoc bm Ctrl+C t bn phm
- Nu dng trn thanh cng c th ta chn vo .
- t con tr chut vo ni cn sao chp n. Nhy chut vo Menu Edit, chn Paste
hoc bm Ctrl+V t bn phn.
- Nu dng trn thanh cng c th ta chn vo hoc c th t tr chut vo
on c chn cn chn ng thi n phm Ctrl v gi phm tri ri r ti ni cn sao
chp n, sau bung chut ra.
4.4.3. inh dng cc i tng trong Maple
nh dng cc i tng trong Maple, nh thay i kiu ch ca cc dng lnh, cc
dng thng bo kt qu, l... ta tin hnh nh sau:
Bc 1 : La chn i tng.
Bc 2: -> Format -> Paragraph. Khi xut hin bng chn cc tham s

63

thay i cc thng s ngm nh, ta chn: -> Format-> Styles. Xut hin bng
ta khai bo cc thng s cn xc nh.

4.4.4. Cc i tng c bn tch hp trong mt tp tin ca Maple
+ Worksheet l mi trng m ngi s dng c th tnh ton, thc hnh trn cn
c gi l trang cng tc. Khi ngi s dng lu tr cc kt qu ln a t, mi Worksheet
c ghi thnh mt File vi phn m rng ngm nh l mws . Mt Worksheet ca Maple
thng c nhng thnh phn sau:
- Cm x l (Execution group) bao gm cc i tng c bn ca Maple nh: lnh,

64
kt qu tnh ton ca Maple, th,...
to mt cm x l mi, ta kch chut vo biu tng [> trn thanh cng c hoc
chn: -> Insert -> Execution Group -> After cursor.
- on (Paragraph): Khi nim Paragraph vi Maple c hiu nh khi nim
Paragraph ca phn mm son tho vn bn Winword. to mt Paragraph mi, ta chn:
Insert-> Paagraph -> After cursor.
- Mc (Section): Mc c th coi nh l cc modul thnh phn cu thnh nn trang
cng tc. Mt trang c th gm nhiu mc, mi mc c th cha nhng on v nhng mc
con. Biu tng ca mc l du [+], nu ta nhy chut vo biu tng ny th ni dung ca
mc c tri ra v biu tng ca mc s bin thnh [-], nu ta nhy chut vo biu tng
['] ny th ni dung ca mc s thu li.
to mc mi, ta chn: -> Insert-> Section.
-Siu lin kt (Hyperlink): Khi nim siu lin kt tr nn rt quen thuc vi
chng ta trong thi i bng n ca Internet. Mt siu lin kt l i tng m nu ta kch
hot vo th s dn ta n mt on, mt mc hay mt Worksheet no khc. to siu
lin kt ta chn i tng mang siu lin kt sau chn: -> Format -> Convert to ->
Hyperlink.
Ti mc: Linh Target c cc s
la chn:
- URL: Lin kt n mt a ch
websize no .
- Worksheet: Lin kt n mt
tp no ca Maple.
- Help Topic: Chuyn n mt
ch no trong ni dung
Help ca Maple.
- Bookmark: Chuyn n mt
bookmark no c nh
ngha trc .
C th nhn Browse tm kim a ch ch ca mi lin kt. Khai bo xong nhn
OK hon tt.
Vn bn (Text): l i tng c s dng rt nhiu trong Maple vi mc ch cung
cp thng tin di dng vn bn.
to on vn bn mi, ta kch chut vo biu tng ch [T] trn thanh Toal Bar
hoc c th chn: -> Insert -> Text.
- Lnh v Kt qu ca Maple (Maple Input and Output).

65
+ Lnh ca Maple (Maple Input) l nhng t ta ting Anh c s dng theo mt
ngha nht nh v phi tun theo c php ca Maple. Lnh c nhp sau du nhc lnh
"[>" v kt thc bi du : hoc " ; ", v d gii phng trnh 5x2 + 3x- 2 = 0, ta g
lnh [> solve(5*x^2 + 3*x- 2,{xi}); .
Mi cu lnh ca Maple nu kt thc lnh bng du (;) kt qu s hin th ngay ra mn
hnh, nu kt thc lnh bng du (:) th Maple vn tin hnh tnh ton bnh thng nhng
kt qu khng hin th ra mn hnh. Lnh c thc hin khi con tr trong hoc cui
dng lnh m ta nhn Enter (k hiu ).
Lnh ca Maple c hai loi lnh tr v lnh trc tip: Lnh tr v lnh trc tip ch
khc nhau ch ch ci u tin ca lnh tr vit n hoa, lnh trc tip cho kt qu ngay,
cn lnh tr ch cho ta biu thc tng trng. V d: Tnh thi
tuyn sinh HTN - Khi D - 1999)
- Nu ta s dng lnh tr Limit, kt qu nh sau:

Nu ta s dng lnh trc tip, kt qu nh sau:

Tuy nhin kt qu trn cha gn, ta c th s dng lnh sau:

nh vy kt qu
) 3 / 1 (
64
192
1
2
1
+ sau khi rt gn l
48
25

Kt qu tnh ton (Maple Output) s c a ra mn hnh, thng l mu xanh c
ban sau khi ta nhn phm enter thc hin cu lnh.
Tuy nhin Maple cng c ch cho php thc hin nhm cc cu lnh (nh tp bai
ca MS - DOS) ngi s dng thc hin mt nhm cc cu lnh nhm gii quyt mt vn
no , v d tnh tch phn ( thi tuyn sinh HTN - khi A - 1996).
Ta nhp vo 2 dng lnh sau:
[> lnt(sin(x)(2*n), x=0..Pi/2); (nhn t hp Shift + Enter xung dng)

66
T:=n->int(sin(x)^(2*n),x=0..Pi/2);
mn hnh s hin kt qu nh sau:

tnh gi tr tch phn vi mt n c th ta ch vic g .lnh [>T(n) , chng hn vi
vi n = 100, ta c :

v cn tnh , ta ch g [>l (2004)
th (Graph): Maple cho php v v hin th th trong trang cng tc, tnh nng
ny c gi l Kh nng ho trc tip
V d: v th hm s vi m = 0 ( thi tuyn sinh vo
HTN - nm hc 1999 - 2000, khi A, B). Ta s dng lnh ph nh sau
[> plot(x^3/3-x+2/3,x=-3..2); . Kt qu ta c th nh sau:

4.5. S dng cc lnh ca Maple
Ni dung ny, bn c cn tham kho nhng ti liu ca nhm tc gi Phm Huy
in, inh Th Lc, T Duy Phng [l], [2], y chng ti ch lit k li mt s cu lnh
n gin thng s dng trong chng trnh ton ph thng v chng trnh ton trng
i hc.
Lm quen vi cc lnh ca Maple:
+ Lnh [> restart;
Lnh restart c cng dng xo i tt c cc bin nh ca vic tnh ton trc v
khi ng mt quy trnh tnh ton mi.

67
xc nh gi tr cho mt bin, mt hng, mt hm hoc khai bo mt th tc Maple
s dng cu lnh gn ":=", v d:
Xc nh bin n nhn gi tr bng 5:
[> n := 5;
Khai bo hm f(x)= x2:
[> f := x->x ^2;
f:= x-x
2
Sau khi khai bo hm f(x), bit gi tr ca f(x) ti mt im xo no ta ch vic g
tn hm v gi tr x
0
trong ngoc, v d tnh gi tr f(x) ti x
0
=3:
[> f(3);
9
Khai bo mt chng trnh con (procedure) c tn l p vi 2 tham s hnh thc l a, b.
Kt qu thc hin th tc cho ta gi tr ca a
2
+ b
2
, v d:
[> p := proc(a, b) # ch nhn phm Shift+Enter xung dng
local c; c := a^2 + b^21 c; # tr li gi tr cui cng
end proc:
tnh gi tr ca th tc p ni trn vi tham s thc s l 2 v y, ta g lnh:
[> p(2, y);
4 + y
2
Maple cung cp mt h thng cc hm hu nh ph khp cc lnh vc ca ton hc, ta
c th k mt s hm thng dng:
[> factor(6*x^2 + 18*x - 24); #Phn tch mt a thc thnh tch cc nhn t
6 (x + 4 ) (x - 1)
[> expand((x + 1 )^3); #Trin khai mt biu thc
x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 3x + 1
[> normal( (x^2 - y^2)/(x - y)^3 ); #a mt biu thc v dng chun ho

[> simplify(4^(1/2) + 3); #n gin, rt gn mt biu thc
[> z := (x^2 + 1)/(x - y); #Khai bo dng tng qut cua Z


68
[> numer(z); #Tch t s ca mt phn thc
x
2
+ 1
[> denom(z); #Tch mu s ca mt phn thc
x - y
[> eval(x^3 + 2*x^2 - 7*x + 5, x=3); #Tnh gi tr ca mt biu thc
29
[> solve(x^2 + x : 1,x); #Gii phng trnh hoc h phng trnh

[> solve({u + v + w = 1, 3*u+v=3, u-2*v-w=0});

[> fsolve(tan(sin(x)) = 1, x ); #Gii phng trnh, h phng trnh ly nghim dng
thp phn
0.9033391108
[> diff(x^2 + x^4 - 3*x + 2, x), #Ly o hm ca mt biu thc theo mt bin
2x + 4x
3
-3
[> int(sin(x), x); #Ly tch phn ca mt hm s
-cos( x )
[> limit(sin(x)/x, x=0); #Tnh gii hn ca mt hm s
1
[> limit(g(x), x = infinity;

[>plot(sin(x),x=0..2*pi); # Lnh v th trong mt phng
[>plot3d(sin(x*y), x=0..1, y=0..1); # Lnh v th trong khng gian
Nh vy, c th thy vic s dng cu lnh ca Maple rt n gin, trc quan. Bn
thn phn mm Maple cng c mt h thng tr gip (Help) rt phong ph cho nhng ai
c lng nhit tnh mun tm hiu Maple.
4.5.1. Nhm cc lnh tnh ton x l cc vn trong s hc, i s
+ Cc php ton s hc: cng, tr, nhn, chia, lu tha...c Maple quy nh vi cc
k hiu nh sau: php cng(+), php tr (-), php nhn (*), php chia (/), php lu tha (^),
cc php ton ly phn nguyn, phn d,... ta g biu thc cn tnh ton v Maple s thc
hin tc th. V d:

69
[> (1245.67+2345.34^2)/(123.45^3+234.23);
+ Lnh tm UCLN: gcd(a,b);, v d [> gcd(55,100);
+ Lnh tm bi chung nh nht: lcm(a,b);,v d [> lcm(4,6);
+ Lnh phn tch mt s ra tha s nguyn t:ifactor(a); V d:
[> ifactor(2061962);
(2) (7) (147283 )
+ Lnh tm s nguyn t ng trc s nguyn a xc nh: prevprime(a);
V d, vi a = 100, ta g lnh:
[> prevprime(100);
vi a =127859746, ta g lnh: [ > prevprime(127859746);
+ Lnh tm s nguyn t ng sau s nguyn a: nextprime(a),
V d a = 100, ta g lnh: [> nextprime(100);
vi a = 27859746, ta g lnh [ > nextprime(127859746);
+ Lnh tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh: isolve(f, { x,y. . . } ); Trong f l biu
thc ca phng trnh hoc h phng trnh, { x,y... } l danh sch cc n.
V d, tm nghim nguyn ca bi ton c va g va ch b li cho trn 36 con 100
chn chn. Gi s g l x, s ch l y ta thc hin lnh:
[> isolve({2*x+4*y=100,x+y=36},{x,y})
{y = 14. x = 22 }
Kt qu cho ta p s ca bi ton l: s g l 22, s ch l 14.
+ Lnh tm thng v phn d: iquo(a,b); v irem(a,b); trong a, b l cc biu thc.
V d vi a = 23, b = 4, ta g lnh:
[> Thuong = iquo(23,4);
Thuong = 5
[> Du = irem(23,4);
Du = 3
+ Lnh tm s nh nht v s ln nht trong mt dy s min(); v max(); trong du
ngoc n cn lit k cc s, biu thc s cn thao tc.
V d, tm s ln nht, nh nht trong 3 gi tr { 3/2, 1 .49,Pi/2 }

70

+ Lnh tnh tng v hn v tng hu hn cc s hng sum(f,n=a..b); trong f l biu
thc ca s hng tng qut, a,b N l cn di, cn trn ca gii hn tnh tng, v d:

+ Lnh tnh tch hu hn v v hn cc s Product(f, n=a..b); trong f l biu thc
ca s hng tng qut, a,b N l cn di, cn trn ca gii hn tnh tch, v d:

+ Xc nh chnh xc ca cc php tnh s hc: evalf(f,n); trong f l biu thc, n
l s cc ch s sau du phy, v d:
[> eval(Pi,30);
3.14159265358979323846264338328
+ Tnh ton vi cc s phc c Maple thc hin theo quy tc thng thng, v d:

+ Chuyn s phc x v dng to cc: convert((x),polar), v d:

+ Lnh khai trin biu thc i s: expand(f)

71
v d:

+ Lnh phn tch a thc thnh nhn t: ractor(f),
v d:

+ Lnh xc nh bc ca a thc : degree(f),
v d:

+ Lnh vit a thc di dng bnh phng ca tng: completesquare() (lnh ny
phi phi m gi cng c student), v d:

+ Lnh sp xp a thc theo bc: collect(f,x), trong f l biu thc, x l n chn
xp theo th bc, v d:

+ Lnh n gin (rt gn) biu thc: simplify(),

+ Lnh ti gin phn thc: normal().

+ Lnh kh cn thc mu s: readlib(). Trc khi thc hin lnh ny cn m th

72
vin readlib(rationalize), v d:

+ Khai bo hm s: nh ngha hm s ta dng du gn (:=).
v d:

Sau khi nh ngha hm s ta c th tnh gi tr ca hm s, v d tnh gi tr ca
hm s ti x=0.1 2345 :
[> f(0.12345);
-0.8677073006
+ Gii phng trnh solve(f, { d/s bin } )
Bc 1 : nh ngha phng trnh bi lnh gn :=, v d :

Bc 2: gii phng trnh bng lnh solve();

+ Gii h phng trnh solve( { d/s, pt }, { d/s n } ).
Bc 1 : nh ngha cc phng trnh bng lnh gn :=, v d


73
Bc 2: gii phng trnh bng lnh solve.

+ Gii bt phng trnh solve() :
Bc 1 : nh ngha cc bt phng trnh bng lnh gn :=

Bc 2: dng lnh solve():

Ta c th gii trc tip bt phng trnh trn nh sau :

+ Gii h bt phng trnh vi lnh solve(), v d :
Bc 1 : nh ngha cc bt phng trnh:

Bc 2: dng lnh :
[> solve({Bpt1,Bpt2},x);
{l <x,x <4}, {8 <x~x <10}
Hoc ta c th a trc tip bt phng trnh vo trong cu lnh nh sau:

4.5.2. Nhm cc lnh tnh ton x l trong i s tuyn tnh
khai thc th mnh ca Maple trong lnh vc i s tuyn tnh, ta khi ng
chng trnh bng lnh restart v np gi cng c chuyn ngnh linalg
+ Lnh khai bo ma trn: matrix() hoc array(),v d:


74
+ Lnh so snh hai ma trn c cng s chiu: equal()
Trc tin ta khai bo s dng gi cng c i s linalg bi lnh

Thc hin php so snh cc ma trn trn bi lnh:

+ Lnh tnh tng ca hai ma trn: evalm() hoc add(), v d

+ Lnh nhn ma trn: multiply(), v d vi hai ma trn A, B nh khai bo trn, ta
c:

+ Lnh tm tch trong ca ma trn v vc t: innerprod(), v d:

75

+ Lnh tnh tch v hng ca hai vc t: dotprod(), v d:

+ Lnh hon v dng (ct) ca ma trn swaprow(), swapcol(), v d:

+ Lnh nhn mt dng ca ma trn vi mt biu thc mulrow(), mulcol(), v d:

76

+ Lnh tm ma trn chuyn v: transpose(), v d:

+ Lnh tm bt bin ca ma trn permanent(), v d:

+ Lnh tnh gi tr ring v vc t ring ca ma trn eigenvectors (), v d:

Kt qu ca lnh eigenvectors c xp xp nh sau: s u tin trong mi mc
vung ca dng l gi tr ring, s th hai l bi i s ca gi tr ring, v cui cng l tp

77
cc vc t c s ca khng gian ring ng vi gi tr ring . Mi mc vung ng vi mt
gi tr ring ca ma trn, c th:

+ Lnh tm ma trn c trng charmat(), v d:

+ Lnh tm a thc c trng ca ma trn: charpoly(), v d:

+ Lnh tnh hng ca ma trn rank(), v d:

+ Lnh tnh nh thc det (), v d:


78

+ Lnh gii phng trnh i s tuyn tnh Ax=u: linsolve (), v d:

4.5.3. Cc cu lnh v th ca Maple
Bt u khi ng chng trnh bng lnh [>restart: v tin hnh np chc nng v
th bng lnh [>with(plots); [>with(plottools);
* V th trong khng gian hai chiu plot().
V d 1 : v th hm s x
4
+2x
3
-x
2
+ 1

V d 2: V th hm s | x
4
+2x
3
-x
2
+ 1|

79

V d 3: V th hm s y= x
4
+2x
3
-x
2
+ l v y=2x
3
-2*x+2 trn cng h trc to :

*V th hm n implicitplot().
V d: v elip c phng trnh x
2
/9 + y
2
/4 = 1 .

* V th hm xc nh tng khc:
Trc ht cn, khai bo hm tng khc vi cu lnh: piecewise(),

sau dng lnh v th:

80

* V th hm sin, cos theo tham s t [> plot([sin(t),cos(t)],t=-Pi..Pi);

* V th trong khng gian ba chiu
Trc tin ta khi ng chng trnh v np th vin
[> restart: with(plots): with(plottools):
Tip theo v mt hai chiu trong khng gian ba chiu bng lnh plot3d()

[> c1:= [cos(x)-2*cos(0.4*y), sin(x)-2*sin(0.4*y), y]:
c2:= [cos(x)+2*cos(0.4*y), sin(x)+2*sin(0.4*y), y]:
c3:= [cos(x)+2*sin(0.4*y), sin(x)-2*cos(0.4*y), y]:
c4:= [cos(x)-2*sin(0.4*y), sin(x)+2*cos(0.4*y), y]:
plot3d({c1, c2, c3, c4}, x=0..2*Pi, y=0..10, grid=[25,15], style=patch, color:sin(x));
* S vn ng ca th.

81
Maple c chc nng h tr s vn ng (animation)
ca th hai chiu v th ba chiu vi c php
[>animate (cho th hai chiu), v c php [>animate3d
(cho th ba chiu). V d:
V th hm y = tsin(xt).

Mun cho th chuyn ng th ti khung th ta nhn chut phi sau chn ->
Animation -> Play

Mun cho th chuyn ng lin tc khng ngng trn thanh cng c:

nhp chut vo nt th th s chuyn ng lin tc, nt ng s vn ng. Tng
t nh vy ta c th cho th ba chiu vn ng.


82

4.5.4. Cc cu lnh ca Maple h tr gii cc bi ton gii tch.
+ Tnh gii hn ca hm s f(x) khi x tin ti a: limit(f,x=a); gi tr dng v cng,
m v cng c vit l infinity, - infinity. V d:

+ Tnh o hm ca hm s f(x) theo bin x: diff(f(x),x); Diff(f(x),x);

+ Tnh o hm bc n ca hm s f(x) theo bin x: diff(f(x),xu);

+ Tm nguyn hm ca hm s f(x) theo bin x: int(f(x),x); Int(f(x),x);. V d:

83

+ Tnh tch phn xc nh ca hm s f(x) trn on [a,b]: int(f(x),x=a..b);

+ Tnh gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca hm s trn min D: minimize(f,x=a..b);
maximize(f,x=a..b);V d:

+ xc nh nguyn hm ca mt hm s, ta c th s dng on lnh sau:
[> with(Maplets): with(Maplets[Elements]):
integrationMaplet3:= Maplet( Window('title'="TINH NGUYEN HAM", [["NGUYEN
HAM: ", TextField['TF1']()],[BIEN XC DINH TRONG NGUYEN HAM:,
TextField['TF2'](3)], MathMLViewer['TB1'](), ["Do thi ham va nguyn ham cua no"],
Plotter['PL1'](), [Button("NGUYEN HAM", Evaluate(TB1 = 'MathML[Export](int(TF1,
TF2))')),Button("DO THI", Evaluate('PL1'='plot([TF1, eval(int(TF1,TF2)) ], x=-2..2)')),
Button("OK", Shutdown(['TF1', 'TF2']))]] ) ):
[> Maplets[Display]( integrationMaplet3 );
Khi trn mn hnh xut hin ca s, ta nhp dng biu thc ca hm s cn tm
nguyn hm v tn bin, ta s nhn c biu thc ca nguyn hm. Nu nhn nt " th"
ta s thu c dng th ca f(x) v nguyn hm F(x) ca n:

84

+ xc nh tch phn xc nh ca hm s f(x) trn on [a,b], ta c th s dng
on lnh sau:
[> restart:
with(Maplets):with(Maplets[Elements]):with(student):
TICH_PHAN:= Maplet( Window('title'="TINH TICH PHAN",[[NHAP HAM SO CAN
TINH TICH PHAN: , TextField[' rFi']()],["NHAP CAN DUOI: ", TextField['
rF2'](4)],["NHAP CAN TREN: ", TextField['TF3'](3)], MathMLViewer['TB1'](),["DO THI
CUA HAM DA NHAP "], Plotter['PL1'](ld),[Button("TICH PHAN", Evaluate(TB1 =
MathML[Export](int(TF1, X=TF2..TF3))')), Button("DO THI", Evaluate('PL1
middlebox(TF1,x= -5..5,colour = red)')), Button("OK", Shutdown(['TF1', 'TF2','TF3']))]] ) ):
[>Maplets[Display](TICH_PHAN );
Khi trn mm hnh xut hin ca s nhp dng biu thc ca hm s cn tm tch
phn xc nh v cn ly tch phn, ta s nhn c kt qu. Nu nhn nt " th" ta s thu
c dng th ca f(x)

85

4.5. Khai bo hm t to
4.5.1. Khai bo hm bng ton t "->"
khai bo mt hm (f) c xc nh bi biu thc (bt(x)), trong Maple s dng
ton t "->" vi c php nh sau:
[> tn hm := x-> biu thc xc nh hm f (i s).V d

Sau khi khai bo hm, tnh gi tr ca hm ti mt gi tr no , ta ch vic thay
gi tr c th vo li gi hm [> f(value);, v d:
[> f(3);
4.5.2. Khai bo hm t to bng proco..... end
Gia proc(d/s tham s)... end: l cc cu lnh ca hm.
v d:
[> Max:=proc(a,b,c)

86
if a < b then
if b < c then c else b fi;
elif a < c then c
else a fi;
end:
Sau nu gi hm Max vi cc s c th s c kt qu v d: l> Max(23,5,87)l
4.6. Cc cu trc c bn c s dng trong lp trnh ca Maple
4.6.1. Cu trc lp iu kin trc
While <iu kin> Do < danh sch cc cu lnh>
od;
Vng lp While s thc hin lp i lp li cc cu lnh gia do v od nu iu kin
sau t kho While cn ng. Nu mun thot sm khi vng lp cn phi s dng cc lnh
Return, Break, Quit.
V d 1 : Thut ton clit tm c s chung ln nht ca hai s t nhin:
[> restart;
[> a:=126:b:=34: # khai bao hai so tu nhien a=126, b=34
[> while b <> 0 do
d:=irem(a,b);
a:=b;
b:=d;
od;
print(' USCLN cua hai so la:');
value(a);
V d 2: Vit ra mn hnh n s hng u ca dy Fibonacci
[>restart;
f(0):=1;
f(1):=1 ;
n:=2;
while n <= 20 do
f(n):=f(n-1)+f(n-2),
n:=n+1 ;

87
od;
seq(f(i),i=3..2);
4.6.2. Cu trc lp bit trc s ln
For <bin> from <cn u> by <bc thay i> to <cn cui>
Do <d/s cc cu lnh>; od;
Hoc
For < tn bin> in <danh sch gi tr>
Do <d/s cc lnh>; od;
V d: Tnh tng bnh phng cc s chn trong mng:
[> restart,
mang:=[2,5,7,8,9,23,45,67,89,24,36,42];
tong:=0;
for i in mang do
if irem(i,2)=0 then tong:=tong+i^2;
fi;
od;
print(' tong can tim la:',tong);
Khi thc hin ta c kt qu:
mang := [2, 5, 7, 8, 9,23, 45, 67, 89, 24, 36, 42]
tong :=0
tong can tinh la:, 3704
4.6.3. Cu trc r nhnh
if <iu kin l> then < d/s cc cu lnh l>;
elif < iu kin 2> then < d/s cc cu lnh 2>;
else < d/s cc cu lnh 3>; fi;
V d: gii phng trnh bc 2, trc tin ta khai bo mt proc() :
[> ptb2::proc(a,b,c)
local delta,x1,x2;
delta:=b*b-4*a*c;
if delta < 0 then
print(' phuong trinh da cho vo nghiem)

88
elif delta = 0 then
x1 :=-b/(2*a);
pint(' phuong trinh co nghiem kp:x1=',x1);
else
x1:=(-b-sqrt(delta))/(2*a);
x2:=(-b+sqrt(delta))/(2*a);
print(' phuong trinh da cho co 2 nghiem phan biet :');
print(x1);
print(x2):
gii phng trnh bc hai, ta ch cn gi tn proc() vi cc h s thc s, v d:
[> ptb2(1, 2, 1 ); phuong trinh co nghiem kep: x1= - 1
[> ptb2(1,2,-1); phuong trinh da cho co 2 nghiem phan biet:

[> ptb2(1,2,3); phuong trinh da cho vo nghiem
4.6.4. Bi tp:
Bi 1 : Lp trnh gii phng trnh trng phng.
Bi 2: Lp trnh gii h phng trnh bc nht hai n
Bi 3: Lp trnh kim tra mt s c l s nguyn t hay khng?
Bi 4: Lp trnh phn tch mt s nguyn dng thnh tch cc tha s nguyn t.
Lu : bn bi tp trn ch c ngha cho cc bn lm quyn vi vic lp trnh vi
Maple.
tm hiu v lp trnh vi Maple, bn c s tm thy nhng hng dn chi tit
chuyn su trong cc ti liu [l],[2],[3],[4].
4.7. ng dng maple trong kho st hm s
4.7.1. Cc lnh ca Maple c th vn dng trong kho st hm s
Ta c th s dng cc hm ca Maple khi kho st hm s, chng hn nh: xc nh
min gi tr, khong n iu, min li, cc tr v im un, v th,...
* Xc nh min xc nh ca hm s f(x):
xc nh min gi tr ca cc hm phn thc c trnh by trong sch gio khoa
gii tch lp 12, trc tin ta dng lnh denom() tch ly mu s. Min xc nh ca hm
s chnh l tp cc gi tr lm cho mu s c ngha. V d tm min xc nh ca hm s:

89

Ta dng nhm cc lnh sau:
[> restart;

Y:=simplify(Y):
print('Tap xac dinh cua ham so la:');
a:=solve(denom(Y)=0,x):
if(type(denom(Y),realcons)=true)or(coeff(denom(y),x^2)<>0 and type(a[1],realcons)
=falssel then D=R;fi:
if coeff(denom(y),x^2)=0 and coeff(denom(y),x)<>0 then D={x<>a};fi;
Kt qu thc hin chng trnh:

* Tm khong n iu ca hm s.
Bc 1: Tm o hm ca hm s vi lnh: [> diff(f(x),x);
Bc 2: Xc nh chiu bin thin:
Xc nh khong ng bin ca hm s (tc l tm nhng khong m o hm ca
hm s khng m), ta s dng lnh: [> dhbn := bieuthuc r(x) >=0;
Bc 3 : Gii phng trnh bng lnh [> solve(dhbn, { x } ) ;
Xc nh khong nghch bin ca hm s, tng t nh trn, ta dng lnh:
[> dhbn : = bieuthuc f(x) <=0; V gii phng trnh bng lnh: [> solve(dhbn,{x});
Th d: Tm khong n iu ca hm s: y = x
3
- 6 x
2
+ 4 x - 8
Bc 1: Tnh o hm:

Bc 2: Thit lp bt phng trnh
dhbn:= 0 3x
2
- 12x +4
Bc 3: Gii bt phng trnh: [> solve(dhbn,{x});


90
* Tm min li, min lm ca hm s
Bc 1: Tnh o hm bc nht: [> dhb1:=diff(f(x),x);
Bc 2: Tnh o hm bc hai: [> dhb2:=diff(dhbl,x);
Bc 3: Gii bt phng trnh .fx) 0 tm min li ca hm s, bng lnh:
(dhb2>=0,x);
v d xt hm s
Bc 1 : Tm o hm bc nht:

Bc 2 : Tm o hm bc 2 :

Bc 3 : Gii phng trnh tm min dng ca o hm bc 2 (min li ca hm s)

* Tm cc i, cc tiu:
xc nh cc i, cc tiu ca hm s ta xt o hm bc nht v tnh n iu ca
hm s hoc dng tnh li thng qua o hm bc hai, c th:
Bc 1 : Tm o hm ca hm s: [> diff(f(x), x);
Bc 2: Gii phng trnh f(x)=0 trn cc im nghi ng l cc tr.
[> solve(f(x)=0, x);
Bc 3: Tm khong ng bin v nghch bin ca hm s:
[> solve(f(x)>=, x);
Bc 4: Xt xem ti x
o
:
1) Nu o hm i du t dng sang m th x
o
l im cc i.
2) Nu o hm i du t m sang dng th x
o
l im cc tiu.
3) Nu qua x
o
o hm khng i du th xo khng phi l im cc tr.
V d tm cc tr ca hm s

91

Bc 4:

Qua nno hm bc nht i du t dng sang m nn l
im cc i, cn qua o hm bc nht i du t m sang dng nn
l im cc tiu ca hm s
Nu da vo o hm bc hai ta c th tin hnh cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Tm o hm ca hm s: [> dhb1:=diff(f(x),x);
Bc 2: Gii phng trnh f(x)= 0 tm cc im nghi ng l cc tr.
[> solve(dhb1=0,x);
Bc 3: tm o hm bc hai: [> dhb2:=diff(dhbl,x);
Th d Tm cc tr ca
Bc 1 :

Bc 2: Tm nhng im m o hm bc nht bng 0:

Bc 3: Tm o hm bc hai:

Bc 4: Tnh gi tr ca o hm bc hai ti nhng im m ti o hm bc nht

92
bng khng:

Bc 5: Xt gi tr ca o hm bc hai v kt lun, chng hn v d ny, ta
nn l im cc tiu, cn y,
nn l im cc i ca hm s.
* Tm im un:
im un l im m ti o hm bc hai i du. xc nh im un ca hm
s, ta ln lt thc hin cc cu lnh sau:
Bc 1. Tnh o hm bc nht: [> dhbl:=diff(f(x),x);
Trong f(x) l hm s m ta cn kho st
Bc 2: Tnh o hm bc hai: [> dhb2:=diff(dhbl,x);
Bc 3: im x l im un ca hm s nu x
o
l nghim chung ca hai bt phng trnh:
[> solve(dhb2>=0); v [> solve(dhb2<=0);
V d: Tm im un ca hm s x4 - 2x2

Kt lun: l hai im un ca th hm s cho.
* Tm gi tr nh nht ln nht ca hm s.
Cc hm minimize(expr, vars, ranges) v maximize(expr, vars,ranges) dng tm
gi tr nh nht, ln nht ca hm s c xc nh bi biu thc expr theo gi tr ca cc
i s c lit k (vars) trong mt phm vi no (ranges).V d :

93

*Xc nh cc tr a phng ca hm s extrema(f,{},x).

94
V d xc nh gi tr cc tiu, cc i ca hm s x
4
- 2x
2

[> y:=x^4-2*x^2 :# khai bo hm s

[> extrema(y,{},x);# xc nh cc i, cc tiu ca hm s
{ -1, 0 }
* Xc nh cc ng tim cn:
Ta s dng lnh tch mu s ca f(x) bi lnh denom(), dng lnh solve( tm
nghim ca mu s ta c tim cn ng.
Ln lt tnh cc gii hn a= lim(f(x)/x) v b=lim(f(x)-ax) khi x tin ti v cng
nu cc gii hn ny tn ti s cho ta tim cn xin y=ax+b. V d xc nh tin cn
ca hm s :
[> Y:=(x^2+x+1)/(2*x+2);
a:=limit(y/x,x=infinity);
b:=limit(y-a*x,x=infinity);
ms:=solve(denom(y)=0,x);
if a<>infinity or a <>-infinity then
print('tiem can dung:',x=ms);
print(tiem can xien y=',x*a+b); fi;

* Xc nh giao im ca th hm s Y=f(x )vi cc trc to .
S dng gi cng c student, sau dng cc lnh: Tm giao im vi trc tung
intercept(y=Y,x=0,{x,y}), tm giao im vi trc honh: intercept(y=Y,y=0,{x,y}), v
d xc nh giao im vi cc trc to ca hm s:
[> restart:with(student):

95
Y:=(x^2+x+1)/(2*x+2); # m gi cng c v khai bo hm
[> intercept(y=Y,y=0,{x,y}); # giao im vi trc honh
intercept(y=Y,x=0,{x,y}); # giao im vi trc tung

Nh vy th hm s khng ct trc honh m ch c mt giao im duy nht
vi trc tung ti im c to x = 0, y = 1/2.
* V th hm s.
V th l mt trong
nhng chc nng mnh ca
MaDle. v th hm s
f(x) trn on [a,b], ta s
dng lnh [> plot(f(x),x-
a..b); v d vi hm s x
4
-2x
2

trn on [-2, 2]:
[> plot(x^4-2*x^2,x=-
2..2); Kt qu ta c
th nh hnh v.
Qua hnh dng th, mt ln na chng t vic xc nh chiu bin thin, im
un, chiu li, lm, cc i, cc tiu .. vi cc cu lnh ca Maple
4.7.2. Mt s v d minh ho:
* Kho st hm s vi m = 0 ( thi tuyn sinh vo
H Thi Nguyn - Nm hc 1999-2000, khi A, B). Ta s dng chng trnh con sau:
[> Restart:
print(' Khao sai ham so y=x^3/3-mx^2-x+m+2/3 voi gia tri m=0');
Y:=(x^3/3-x+2/3);
print('Tap xc dinh cua ham so la:');
Y:=simplify(Y):
a:=solve(denom(Y)=0,x):
if(type(denom(y),realcons)=true) then D=R;fi;
print('Tinh dao ham bc nhai cua ham so),
dy/dx=factor(simplify(diff(Y,x)));

96
print('giai phng trinh f = 0:);
solve(diff(Y,x)=0,{x});
print(' Ham so se dong bien tren khoang);
solve(diff(y,x)>0);
pht(' Ham so nghch bien tren khoang);
solve(diff(Y,x)<0);
print(' Tim cac gia tri cuc tri dia phuong');
Ymin_max:=extrema(y,{},x);
print('Tinh dao ham bac hai cua ham so');
z:=simplify(diff(Y,x$2));
print(' Diem uon cua do thi ham so la);
solve({z=0,Y=y},{x,y});
print(' Tim giao diem voi truc tung');
student[intercept](y=Yy,x=0,{x,y});
print("rim giao diem voi truc hoanh')l
student[intercept](y=Y,y=0,{x,y});
print(' Do thi ham so co dang sau);
plot(Y,x=-5..5,color=red);
Kt qu thc hin chng trnh :
khao sat ham so y=x^3/3-mx^2-x +m+2/3 voi gia tri m=0

Tap xac dinh cua ham so la: D = R
Tinh dao ham bac nhat cua ham so

giai phuog trinh f=0:
Ham so dong bien tren khoan
RealRange( -, Open( - 1 ) ). RealRange( Open(1), )
Ham so nghich bien tren khoang
RealRange( Open(. - 1), Open( 1 ) )
Tim cac gia tri dia phuong

97

~l 1 ~i~lo ~ ~elll ~oi tr~l~ tl~ll~

Tim giao diem voi truc hoanh
(x = -2, y= 0 }: { x = 1. y = 0}. { x = 1. y = 0 }
Do th ham so co dang sau

* Kho st hm phn thc:
[> restart:
Y:=(x^2-3*x+4)/(2*x-2);Y:=simplify(y):
print(' Tap xac dinh cua ham so la:'); dk:=solve(denom(Y)=0,x):
if(type(denom(y),realcons)=true)or(coeff(denom(Y),x2)<>0 and type(dk[1],realcons)
=falsse) then D=R;fi;
if coeff(denom(Y),x^2)=0 and coeff(denom(Y),x)<>0 then D={x<>dk};fi;
a:=limit(Y/x,x=infinity):b:=limit(Y-a*x,x=infinity):ms:=solve(denom(Y)=0,x):
if a<>infinity or a <>-infinity then
print('tiem can dung:',x=ms);
print(' tiem can xien y=',x*a+b); fi;
print('Tinh dao ham bac nhat cua ham so');

98
dy/dx=factor(simplify(diff(y,x)));
print('giai phuong trinh f = 0:'); solve(diff(Y,x)=0,{x});
print( Ham so se dong bien tren khoang'); solve(diff(Y,x)>0);
print(' Ham so nghich bien tren khoang'); solve(diff(Y,x)<0);
print(' Tim cac gia tri cuc tri dia phuong'); Ymin_max:=extrema(Y,{},x);
print(' Tim giao diem vot truc tung); student[intercept](y=Y,x=0,{x,y});
print('Tim giao diem voi truc hoanh.); student[intercept](y=Y,y= 0,{x,y});
print(' Do thi ham so co dang sau);
plot({y,x*a+b},x=-4..4,-6..4,color=red);

Tap xac dinh cua ham so D = {x 1 }
Tiem can dung:, x = 1
Tiem can xien
Tinh dao ham bac' nhat cua ham so

Giai phuong trinh f=0:
Ham so se dong bien tren khoang
RealRang (-. Open( . RealRange( Open(
Ham so ngich bien tren khoang
RealRange( Open( 2 1 ). Open( 1 ) ), RealRange( Open( 1 ), Open( 2 1+ )
Tim cac gia tri cuc tri dia phuong

Tinh dao ham bac hai cua ham so
Tim giao diem voi truc tung
{y = -2, x =0)

99
Tim giao diem voi truc hoanh
{ y = 0, x = RootOf(_Z
2
- 3 _Z + 4. label= -
_LI)}
Do thi ham so co dang sau
Nh vy, kho st cc hm s khc
trong chng trnh ph thng, bn c ch cn
thay i cht t, v nh vy ta c mt cng c
mnh kim tra v minh ho cho cc bi ton
kho st hm s.

* Tm qu tch cc im M(xo,yo) m t k c 2 tip tuyn vung gc vi
parabo (phng theo thi tuyn sinh vo HTN - Nm hc 1999 -
2000, khi A, B). Ta s dng chng trnh con:
[> restart;

delta:=collect(simplify(discrim(f,x)),k):
solve(delta,{k}):
ki:=coeff(delta,k^2):
k2:=coeff(delta,k,0):
y3:=solve(k1*k2=-1,{yo}):
print(Ket luan ta co phuong trinh quy tich la);
print(y3);
Thc hin chng trnh, ta c kt qu:
Ket luan ta c phng trinh quy tich l

* Cho tam thc bc hai
Tm nhng gi tr ca tham s m sao cho p(x) c 2 nghim x1,x2 tho mn:
1 < x1 < 3 < x2. Ta s cc cu lnh sau sau:
[> restart;

100

Cc v d tng t, bn c c th xem trong [1], [2], [ 3], [4] hoc lin h trc
tip vi tc gi nhn c chng trnh ngun. Di y l mt s chng trnh
bn c tham kho:
* Chng trnh kho st hm s
[> reastart: with(plots): with(student):
kshbh:=proc(a,b,c)
local Y,Xt,Yt,dhbn;
print('khao sat ham so');
print('y =',Y); Xt:=-b/(2*a); Yt:=a*xt^2+b*xt+c:
dhbn:=diff(Y,x);
print(Tap xac dinh cua ham so la:R');
print('Ham so dong bien tren khoang');
print(solve(dhbn>=0));
prtnt('Ham so nghich bien tren khoang');
print(solve(dhbn<=0));
if a>0 then print('Ham so co diem cuc tieu la)
print(intercept(y=y,x=xt,{x,y}));fi;
if a<0 then print('Ham so co diem cuc dai la:'),
print(intercept(y=y,x=xt,{x,y}));fi;

101
implicitplot([y-y=0,x+0*y-xt=0],x=-5+xt..5+xt,y=-5+yt..5+yt, color=[red,blue],
legend=[parabol,trucdoixung]);
end:
s dng chng trnh, ta ch vic gi tn chng trnh con vi cc tham s
thc c th, v d:
[>kshbh(1,2,3);
[> restart: with(plots): with(student):
kshb3:=proc(a,b,c,d)
local x,dhbn,xg,dhbh,xct,A,B,Y,xu,x1,Y1 ;
print('khao sat ham so bac 3');

print('y =', Y);
print('Mien xac dinh cua ham so la R');
print('khao sat chieu bien thien'); dhbn:=diff(Y,x);
print(Dao ham bac nhat');
print('dhbn =',dhbn); dhbh:=diff(diff(y,x),x);
xct:=solve(dhbn=0); A:=solve(dhbn>=0); B:=solve(dhbn<=0);
if A=x then
print('Ham so dong bien tren toan truc so:');
print('Ham so khong co cuc tri: ');
print('Gioi han cua ham so);
print(limit(y,x=infinity)=limit(y,x=infinity));
print(limit(y,x=-infinity)=limit(y,x=-infinity));
print('Ham so loi tren cac khoang'); print(solve(dhbh<0,{x}));
print('cac khoang loi lom va diem uon');
print('Dao ham bac hai la:'); print(dhbh);
print('Ham so lom tren khoang');
print(solve(dhbh>0,{x}));

102
print('Diem uon) xu:=solve(dhbh:0,x);
print(intercept(y=y,x=xu,{x,y}));
print(plot(y,x=-3+xu..3+xu,-15+f(xu)..15+f(xu)));
Y1:=expand(a*(xi+xu)^3+b*(xi+xu)^2+c*(xi+xu)+d-f(xu));
Print(Do thi ham so sau khi doi truc la)
print(plot(y1,x1=-6..6,-20..20)); fi;
if B=x then
print('Ham so nghich bien tren toan truc so:');
print('Ham so khong co cuc tri: ');
print(Gioi han cua ham so');
print(limit(y,x=-infnity)=limit(y,x=-infinity));
print('Dao ham bac hai la:'); print(dhbh);
print(Ham so loi tren cac khoang');
print(solve(dhbh<0,{x})),
print('Ham so lom tren khoang');
print(solve(dhbh>0,{x}));
print('Diem uon');
xu:=solve(dhbh=0,x); print(intercept(y=y,x=xu,{x,y}));
print(plot(y,x=-3+xu..3+xu,-15+f(xu)..15+f(xu)));
Y1 :=expand(a*(x1+xu) ^3+b*(xi+xu)^2+c*(xi+xu)+d-f(xu));
Print(Do thi ham so sau khi doi truc la');
print(plot(y1,x1=-6..6,-20..20)); fi;
if A<>x then
print('Ham so dong bien tren cac khoang);
print(solve(dhbn>=0,{x}));
print('Ham so nghich bien tren khoang);
print(solve(dhbn<o,{x}));
print('cac diem cuc tri cua ham so la:);

103
xct:=fsolve(dhbn=0);
print('Diem cuc dai',intercept(y=y,x=xct[1],{x,y}), Diem cuc tieu,
intercept(y=y,x=xct[2],{x,y}));
print('Gioi han cua ham so');
print(limit(y,x=-infinity):limit(y,x=-infinity));
print('Dao ham bac hai la:');print('dhbh =',dhbh);
print('Ham so loi tren cac khoang'), print(solve(dhbh<0,{x}));
print('Ham so lom tren khoang'); print(solve(dhbh>0,{x}));
print('Diem uon'); xu:=solve(dhbh=0,x);
print(intercept(y=Y,x=xu,{x,y}));
Y1:=expand(a*(xi+xu)^3+b*(xi+xu)^2+c*(xi+xu)+d-f(xu));
xg:=solve(Y1=0,x1);
if a>0 then
print(plot(Y,x=-3+xu+xg[3]..3+xu+xg[2],-5+f(xct[2])..5+f(xct[1])));
print('Do thi ham so sau khi doi truc toa do');
print(plot(Y1,x1=-6..6,-20..20)); fi;
if a<0 then
print(plot(y,x=-3+xu+xg[3]..3+xu+xg[2],-5+f(xct[1])..5+f(xct[2])));
print('Do thi ham so sau khi doi truc toa do');
print(plot(Y1,x1=-6..6,-20..20)); fi; fi;
end:
thc c th, v d:
[> kshb3(1,2,3,4);
* Chng trnh kho st hm s y = ax
4
+ bx
3
+cx
2
+dx+e:
[> restart: with(student): with(plots):
kshb4:=proc(a,b,c,d,e)
local Y,x,dhbn,dhbh,xct,xu,f;

104
print('khao sat ham bac 4');

print('y=',Y);
print('Tap xac dinh:R.Ham so chan.');
print(' Chieu bien thien'); dhbn:=diff(y,x);
print(y=dhbn); dhbh:=diff(dhbn,x);
print('Ham so dong bien tren cac khoang la');
print(solve(dhbn>=0,{x})),
print('Ham so nghich bien tren cac khoang la');
print(solve(dhbn<0,{x}));
A:=solve(dhbh<0): B:=solve(dhbh>0):
if a<0 and A=x then
print(' Cac diem cuc tri cua ham so');
xct:=fsolve(dhbn=0); xu:=fsolve(dhbh=0);
print(intercept(y=Y,x=xct,{x,y}));
print(' Gioi han');
print(limit(y,x=-infinity),':=', limit(y,x=-infinity));
print(limit(y,x=inf nity),':=', limit(y,x=infinity));
print (Tinh loi, lom va diem uon cua do thi); print('y" =,dhbh);
print(Ham so lom tren R);
print('Ham so khong co diem uon');
print('Do thi cua ham so');
print(plot(y,x=-4+xct..4+xct,y=-2+f(xct)..2+f(xct))); fi;
if a>0 and B=x then
print( Cac diem cuc tri cua ham so)
xct:=fsolve(dhbn=0);
xu:=fsolve(dhbh=0);
print(intercept(y=y,x=xct,{x,y}));
print('Gioi han');

105
print(limit(y,x=-infinity),':=', limit(y,x=-infnity));
print(limit(y,x=infinity),'::', limit(y,x=infinity)),
print("rinh loi, lom va diem uon cua do thi' );
print(y" =,dhbh);
print('Ham so lom tren R');
print(Ham so khong co diem uon);
print(plot(y,x=-4+xct..4+xct,y=-4+f(xct)..4+f(xct))); fi,
if (B<>x) and (A<>x) then
print('cac diem cuc tri cua ham so);
xct:=solve(dhbn=0); xu:=solve(dhbh=0);
print(intercept(y=y,x=xct[1],{x,y}));
print(intercept(y=y,x=xct[2],{x,y}));
print(intercept(y= r,x=xct[3],{x,y}));
print('Gioi han');
print(limit(y,x=-infinity),':=', limit(y,x=-infinity));
print(limit(y,x=infinity),':=', limit(y,x=infinity));
print('Dao ham bac hai:');
print('dhbh =',dhbh);
print('Ham so loi tren cac khoang la);
print(solve(dhbh<0,{x}));
print('Ham so lom tren cac khoang la :');
print(solve(dhbh>=0,{x}));
print(Do thi cua ham so)
if a>0 then print(plot(y,x=-4+xct[3]..4+xct[2],y=-2+f(xct[2])..2+f(xct[1]))) fi;
if a<0 then print(plot(y,x=-4+xct[3]..4+xct[2],y=-2+f(xct[1])..2+f(xct[2]))) fi;
fi;end:
s dng chng tnnh, ta ch vic gi tn chng trnh con vi cc tham s
thc c th, v d:
l> kshb4(1,2,3,4,5);

106
d cx
b ax
y
+
+
=
kshbntbn:=proc(a,b,c,d)
local Y,dhbn,xm,ytc;
Y:=(a*x+b)/(c*x+d);
dhbn:=simplify(diff(y,x));
print(khao sat ham so); print(y);
print('1.Tap xac dinh'); print(D={x<>-d/c});
print('chieu bien thien'); print('Dao ham bac nhat'); print(dhbn);
if numer(dhbn)>0 then print(Ham so luon dong bien tren D); fi;
if numer(dhbn)<0 then print(Ham so luon nghich bien tren D'); fi;
print('Ham so khong co cuc tri');
xm:=-d/c: ytc:=limit(Y,x=+infinity);
print(limit(y,x=xm)=infinity),
print('Ham so co tiem can dung la: x=',xm);
print(limit(Y,x=-infinity)=limit(Y,x=-infinity));
print(limit(y,x:+infinity)=limit(Y,x=+infinity));
print(suy ra ham so co tiem can ngang la y=,ytc);
print(Do thi ham so cat truc hoanh tai');
print(intercept(y=Y,y=0,{x,y}));
print('Do thi ham so cat truc tung tai'),
print(intercept(y=Y,x=0,{x,y}));
print('Diem doi xung cua do thi ham so la:');
print(intercept(y=ytc,x=xm,{x,y}));
plot({y,ytc},x=-5+xm..5+xm,y=-5+ytc..5+ytc);
end:
thc c th, v d :

107
I> kshbntbn(1,2,3,4);
kshbhtbn:=proc(a,b,c,a1,b1)
local Y,dhbn,A,B,a11,xm,b11,xct;
print('khao sat ham so');
f:=x >(a*x^2+b*x+c)/(a1*x+b1);
Y:=(a*x^2+b*x+c)/(a1*x+b1);
print(y);
print('Tap xac dinh: R-(',-b1/a1,'));
print('chieu bien thien.');
dhbn:=diff(y,x): simplify(dhbn);
A:=solve(numer(dhbn)>0): B:=solve(numer(dhbn)<0):
if A=x then
print('Ham so dong bien tren TXD'); fi;
if B=x then
print(Ham so nghich bien tren TXD); fi;
if (A<>x) and (B<>x) then
print(Ham so dong bien tren cac khoang la);
print(solve(dhbn>0,{x}));
print('Ham so nghich bien tren cac khoang la:');
print(solve(dhbn<0,{x}));
print(cac diem cuc tri cua ham so la)
xct:=solve(numer(dhbn)=0,x);
print('Diem cuc dai cua ham so la:');
print(intercept(y=y,x=xct[2]));
print('Diem cuc tieu cua ham so la:'),
print(intercept(y=y,x=xct[1])); fi;

108
print(limit(y,x=-infinity)=limit(y,x=-infinity));
print(limit(y,x=infinity)=limit(y,x:infinity});
xm:=solve(denom(y)=0,x);
print(limit(y,x=xm)=infinity);
print('Ham so co tiem can dung la x =',xm);
a11:=limit(y/(x),x=infinity);b11:=limit(y-a11*x,x=infinity);
print(Ham so co tiem can xien la: y=',a11*x+b11);
print('Giao voi truc tung); print(intercept(y=y,x=0,{x,y}));
print('Diem doi xung cua ham so la :');
print(intercept(y=a11*x+b1,x=xm));
if (A=x) or (B=x) then
print(plot({Y,a11*x+b11},x=-5+xm..5+xm,y=-
10+a11*xm+b11..10+a11*xm+b11));fi;
print(plot({y,a11*x+b11},x=-10+xct[2]..10+xct[1],y=-10+f(xct[2])..10+f(xct[1])));fi;
end:
s dng chng trnh, ta ch vic gi tn chng tnnh con vi cc tham s
thc c th, v d:
[> kshbhtbn(1,2,3,4,5);
[> restart: with(plots):with(student):
kshbhtbh:=proc(a,b,c,a1,b1,c1)
local Y,dhbn,xm,dhbh,A,B;
Y:=(a*x^2+b*x+c)/(a1 *x^2+b1 *x+c1 ) ;
f:=x >(a*x^2+b*x+c)/(a1*x^2+b1*x+c1);
print(khao sat ham so)
print(y);
dhbn:=simplify(diff(Y,x));
dhbh:=simplify(diff(dhbn,x));
xm:=solve(denom(Y)=0,x),

109
print('Tap xac dinh cua ham so');
if type(xm[1],realcons)=false then print(D = R); fi;
if type(xm[1],realcons)=true then print('D =',{x<>xm}); fi;
print('chieu bien thien');
print('Dao ham bac nhat'); print(dhbn);
print('Ham so dong bien tren cac khoang');
print(solve(dhbn>=0,{x}));
print('Ham so nghich bien tren cac khoang');
print(solve(dhbn<=0,{x}));
ytc:=limit(y,x=-infinity);
print(limit(y,x=-infinity)-limit(y,x=-infinity));
print(limit(y,x=infnity)=limit(y,x=infinity));
print('cac gia tri cuc tri cua ham so);
print(Ymax-min:=,extrema(y,{},x));
print('cac giao diem voi truc tung');
print(intercept(y=Y,x=0,{x,y}));
print('cac giao diem voi truc hoanh');
print(intercept(y=Y,y=0,{x,y}));
if type(xm[1],realcons)=true then
tu:=numer(dhbn); print(tu);
A:=solve(tu>=0); B:=solve(tu<=0);
if coeff(tu,x,1)<0 then
print(plot({y,ytc},x=-5+xm[2]..5+xm[1],y=-5+f((xm[1]+xm[2])/2)..5+ytc));fi;
if coeff(tu,x,1)>0 then
print(plot({y,ytc},x=-5+xm[2]..5+xm[1],y=-5+ytc..5+f((xm[1]+xm[2])/2)));fi;
if A=x then
print(plot({y,ytc},x:-5+xm[2]..5+xm[1],y=-10..10)); fi;fi; fi;
print(xm[1],xm[2]);

110
end:
thc c th, v d:
[> kshbhtbh(1,2,3,4,5,6);
* Bi ton tm im k c hai rip tuyn vung gc vi mt ng cong:

Print((c):', y);
print('Goi M(x1,y1) la diem ma qua do ke duoc hai tiep tuyen (d) den (c) co he so goc
k thi phuong trinh:');
y2:=k*(x-x1)+y1: print('(d):',y2);
print('phuong trinh hoanh do giao diem cua duong thang va duong cong la:');
y=y2; print('<=>', y-y2=0);
A1:=y-y2: A:=numer(A1): B:=collect(A,x): print('<=>',B=0,'(1)');
A1:=coeff(B,x,2): b1:=coeff(B,x,1): c1:=coeff(B,x,O): C:=b1^2-4*a1*c1:
D1:=expand(c): D2:=collect(D1,k):
print('(d) la tiep tuyen cua do thi ham so khi va chi khi (1) co nghiem kep');
print('<=>', delta=0, '<=>', b1^2-4*a1*c1=0),
print('<=>',C=0);
print('<=>',D2=0,'(2)');
print(De qua M co hai nghiem thi phuong trinh (2) phai co hai nghiem thoa man dieu
kien k1*k2 = -1)
a2:=coeff(D2,k,2): b2:=coeff(D2,k,1): c2:=coeff(D2,k,0):
print('<=> delta>0 va c2/a2 =',-1);
print('<=>',c2/a2+1=0);
print('Quy tich cua nhung diem trong mat phang ma tu do co the ke duoc hai tiep tuyen
den do thi ham so va hai tiep tuyen nay vuong goc voi nhau la:)
c2/a2+1=0;
* Bi ton xc nh phng trnh ca ng cong lun tip xc vi mt ng cong
cho trc:
[>restart: a:=1: b:=-2: c:=m: d:=(1-m^2)/4:


111
Print(Do dang cua phuong trinh (Hm), ta chon duong cong co dinh co phuong trinh
la:');

print(' khi do phuong trinh hoanh do giao diem la:');
A:=y-y1: print(A,=0 (1)'); B:=collect(A,x): print('<=>', B=0);
P1:=coeff(B,x,2): p2:=coeff(B,x,1):
p3:=coeff(B,x,0): C:=p2*p2-4*p1*p3:
print('<=>',delta=0,'voi moi m, '<=>',C=0,'voi moi m');
C:=p2*p2-4*p1*p3: D1:=collect(c,m):
print('<=>',D1 = 0, voi moi m dieu nay xay ra khi va chi khi');
p11 := coeff(D1,m,2):
p12:=coeff(D1,m,1):
p13:=coeff(D1,m,0):
print(p11=0, p12=0, 'va',p13=0);
print('<=>',solve({p11,p12,p13},{b1,c1,d1}));.J
* Bi ton tm ng thng lun tip xc vi mt ng cong cho trc:
[> restart:a:=0:b:=(m+1):c:=m:a1:=1:b1:=m:
print('Tim phuong trinh cua duong thang luon tiep xuc voi ho duong cong'),

print('(Hm):',y);y1:=k*x+n:
print('Mot duong thang bat ky co he so goc la k co phuong trinh la);
print('(d) :',y1);
print(Ta co phuong trinh hoanh do giao diem cua ho duong cong (Hm) va duong
thang (d) la:');
A:=numer(y)-denom(y)*y1 : A=0; B::expand(A): C:=collect(B,x):
print('<=>, C=0,' (1)');
p1:=coeff(c,x,2): p2:=coeff(c,x,1): p3:=coeff(c,x,0): D1:=p2^2-4*p1*p3:
D2:=collect(D1,m):
Print(De duong thang la tiep tuyen cua ho duong cong (Hm) thi (1) phai co nghiem
kep voi moi m);
print('<=>', delta=0, '<=>', D1=0,' voi moi m);

112
print('<=>', D2=0, voi moi m.', Dieu nay xay ra voi moi m khi va chi khi);
p11:=coeff(D2,m,2): p12:=coeff(D2,m,1): p13:=coeff(D2,m,0):
print(p11=D, p12=0,' va ', p13=0); p11:=coeff(D2,m,2): p12:=coeff(D2,m,1):
p13:=coeff(D2,m,0):
print('<=>', solve({p11,p12,p13},{k,n}));
print('vay ta co phuong trinh cua duong thang can tim la:');
* Bi ton tm im c nh ca mt ng cong:
[> restart:

print('Tim diem co dinh cua ho duong cong ');
print('(Hm): y=',y1);
print (Ta viet phuong cua ham so lai duoi dang);
print(y1-y = 0);
mau:=denom(y1):tu::numer(y1):A:=tu-y*mau:B:=collect(A,m): print('<=>',B
print('Muon dang thuc dung voi m thi:');
p1:=coeff(B,m,2):p2:=coeff(B,m,1):p3:=coeff(B,m,0):
print(p1 = 0,p2 = 0,' va ',p3 = 0);
print('<=> ',solve({p1,p2,p3},{x,y}));
print('Diem co dinh cua ho duong cong la: ',solve({p1,p2,p3},{x,y}));
thun c mt giao din thn thin v thao tc n gin khi cho hc sinh
kim tra li kt qu, i vi bi ton kho st cc hm s dng a thc, ta c th khai
thc chng tnnh sau:
[> restart: with(plots): with(plottools): with(Maplets): with(Maplets[Elements]):
[> caiiMapIet := Maplet( Window[wi](title=DO lHl HAM DA THUC
menubar=MB1, 'layout' = BL1), MenuBar[MB1](Menu("File", Menultem("Dong",
Shutdown()))), BoxLayout[BL1](inset=0, Boxcolumn(inset=0, spacing=0,
Plotter[p1]() ),
Boxcolumn(inset=0, spacing=0, BoxRow(inset=0, spacing=0,"f(x)=",
TextField[F]("-3*x^5+5*x^3 - 1.5*x")),BoxRow(inset=0, spacing=0,"MIEN XAC
DINH: x= ", TextField[NEGX](3,"-1.2"), " to ", rextField[POSX](3,"1.2")),
Button[func]("DO THI HAM SO", onclick=Evaluate(P1 = 'showFunc(F, NEGX,
POSX)')), Button[conUp]("KHOANG LOM", onclick=Evaluate(P1 =

113
'showConUp1(F, NEGX, POSX)')),
Button[conDown]("KHOANG LOI", oncIick=Evaluate(P1='showConDown1(F,
NEGX, Button[inc]("DONG BIEN", onclick=Evaluate(P1 = 'showlnc1(F, NEGX,
POSX)')), Button[dec]("NGHICH BIEN", onclick=Evaluate(P1 = 'showDec1(F,
NEGX, POSX)')), Button[max]("DIEM CUC DAI", onclick=Evaluate(P1 =
'showMax1(F, NEGX, POSX)')), Button[min]("DIEM CUC TIEU",
onclick=Evaluate(P1 = 'showMin1(F, NEGX, POSX)')), Button[all]("HIEN THI TAT
CA", onclick=Evaluate(P1 = 'showAll(F, NEGX, POSX)')) ))):
showFunc := proc(f, negX, posX) option remember: plot(f,x=negX..poX, color=black,
thickness=3): end proc:
showconUp1 := proc(f, negX posX) option remember:
display(showconUp(f, negX, posX), showFunc(f, negX, posX)): end proc:
showConDown1 := proc(f, negX, posX) option remember:
display(showConDown(f,negX, posX), showFunc(f, negX, posX)):end proc:
showlnc1 := proc(f, negX, posX) option remember:
display(showlnc(f, negX, posX), showFunc(f, negX, posX)):end proc:
showDec1 := proc(f, negX, posX) option remember:
display(showDec(f, negX, posX), showFunc(f, negX, posX)): end proc:
showMax1 := proc(f, negX, posX) option remember:
display(showMax(f, negX, posX), showFunc(f, negX, posX)):end proc:
showMin1 := proc(f, negx, posx) option remember:
display(showMin(f, negx, posx), showFunc(f, negX, posX)):end proc:
showconUp := proc(f, negX, posX) option remember:
local d2, sols, i, n, polys, j, delta, X1, X2, Y1, Y2, p:
d2 := diff(f,x$2);
sols := findRoots(d2, negX, posX);
if not member(evalf(negX), sols) then
sols := [evalf(negX), op(sort(sols))]:
end if:
if not member(evalf(posX), sols) then
sols := [op(sort(sols)), evalf(posX)]:
end if:

114
n := 100: polys := []:
for j from 1 to (nops(sols) - 1) do
if evalf(subs(x = (sols[j] + sols[j+1])/2, d2)) > 0 then
delta := (sols[j+1] - sols[j]) / n:
X2 := sols[j]:
for i from 1 to n do
X1 := evalf(x2): Y1 := evalf(subs(x = X1, f)):
X2 := evalf(sols[j] + i * delta): Y2 := evalf(subs(x=X2,f)):
p[i] := polygonplot([[x1, 0],[X1, Y1],[X2, Y2],[X2, 0]], color=cyan,
style=patchnogrid):
end do:
polys := [op(polys) seq(p[i],i=1..n)]:
end if:
end do:
if nops(polys) = 0 then
return NULL:
end if:
display(seq(polys[i],i=1..nops(polys))):
end proc:
showConDown := proc(f, negx, posx) option remember:
local d2, sols, i, n, polys, j, delta, X1, X2, Y1, Y2, p:
d2 := diff(f,x$2);
sols := findRoots(d2, negx, posx);
end if:
end if:
n := 100: polys := []:

115
for j from 1 to (nops(sols) - 1 ) do
if evalf(subs(x = (sols[j] + sols[j+1])/2, d2)) < 0 then
delta := (sols[i+1] - sols[i]) / n:
X2 := sols[j]:
X1 := evalf(x2): Y1 := evalf(subs(x=X1,f)):
X2 := evalf(sols[i] + i * delta): Y2 := evalf(subs(x=x2,f)):
p[i] := polygonplot([[X1, 0],[X1, Y1],[X2, Y2],[X2, 0]], color=green,
style=patchnogrid):
end do:
polys := [op(polys), seq(p[i],i=1..n)]:
end if:
end do:
if nops(polys) = 0 then
return NULL:
end if:
display(seq(polys[i],i=1..nops(polys))):
end proc:
showlnc := proc(f, negX, posX) option remember:
local d1, sols, i, lines, j:
d1 := diff(f,x);
sols := findRoots(d1, negX, posX);
end if:
end if:
lines := []:

116
if evalf(subs(x=(sols[j]+sols[j+1])/2,d1)) > 0 then
lines := [op(lines), plot(f, x=sols[j]sols[j+1], color=blue, thickness=3)]:
end if:
end do:
if nops(lines) = 0 then
return NULL:
end if:
display(seq(lines[i],i=1..nops(lines))):
end proc:
showDec := proc(f, negX, posX) option remember:
local d1, sols, i, lines, j:
d1 := diff(f,x);
sols := fndRoots(d1, negX, posX),
end if:
if not member(evalf(posx), sols) then
sols := [op(sort(sols)), evalf(posx)]:
end if:
lines := D:
if evalf(subs(x=(sols[j] + sols[j+1])/2,d1)) < 0 then
lines := [op(lines), plot(f, x=sols[i]..sols[j+1], color=orange, thickness=3)]:
end if:
end do:
if nops(lines) = 0 then
return NULL:
end if:
display(seq(lines[i],i=1..nops(lines))):
end proc.

117
showMax := proc(f, negX, posX) option remember:
local d1, d2, sols, i, p:
d1 := diff(f,x);
d2 := diff(f,x$2);
sols := fndRoots(d1, negx, posx);
for i from 1 to nops(sols) do
if evalf(subs(x=sols[i],d2)) < 0 then
p := [op(p), line([sols[i],0],[sols[i],subs(x=sols[i], f)],color=blue,thickness=3)]:
end if:
end do:
if nops(p) = 0 then
return NULL:
end if:
display(seq(p[i],i=1..nops(p))): end proc:
showMin := proc(f, negX, posX) option remember:
local d1, d2, sols, i, p:
d1 := diff(f,x);
d2 := diff(f,x$2);
sols := findRoots(d1, negx, posx);
p := []:
for i from 1 to nops(sols) do
if evalf(subs(x=sols[i],d2)) > 0 then
p := [op(p), line([sols[i],0],[sols[i],subs(x=sols[i], f)],color=red,thickness=3)]:
end if:
end do:
if nops(p) = 0 then
return NULL:
end if:
display(seq(p[i],i=1..nops(p))): end proc:
showAll := proc(f, negX, posX) option remember:

118
display(showMin(f, negX, posX), showMax(f, negX, posX), showConDown(f, negX,
posx), showconUp(f, negx, posx), showDec(f, negx, posx), showlnc(f, negX, posX)):
end proc: findRoots := proc(f, negX, posX) option remember:
local n, i, delta, li, X1, X2, sol, lN, j:
delta := (evalf(posx) - evalf(negx)) / n:
X2 := evalf(negx):
X1 := eval(X2): X2 := evalf(negx + i * delta):
sol := fsolve(f - 0, x = X1 .. X2):
if type(sol, numeric) then
if not member(sol, li) then
li := [ op(li), evalf(sol)]:
end if:
end if:
end do: li; end proc:
Gi thc hin chng trnh:
[> Display(cal1Maplet);
Trn mn hnh xut hin ca s:

Ta a con tr vo hp thoi f(x) nhp biu thc ca hm theo c php ca
Maple, nhp min kho st v th [a, b] vo hp thoi Min xc nh. Nhn chut
vo mt trong nhng chc nng c sn ta s thu c kt qu ca s chnh.V d nu
ta chn chc nng minh ho min li, mn hnhh c dng:

119

Nu ta chn chc nng hin th tt c, mn hnh c dng:

4.8. S dng Maple h tr kim tra kt qu tnh ton.
4.8.1. Tnh ly tha ca ma trn vung
Thut ton: (ng dng nh l Hamiltn - Cayley):" Gi s A l ma trn vung
v P
A
() tha mn: P
A
() = (-1)
n

n
+ P1
n-1
+ . . . + p
n-1
+ p
n
l a thc c trng
ca A. Khi , P
A
(A) = 0 ". Vy mi a thc Q() chia ht cho Pn() th ta cng c
Q(A) = 0. c bit: Q() = S()P
n
() + R() Q(A) = R(A) .
Chng trnh c thit k nhm thc hin tun t cc ni dung:
Tnh a thc c trng ca A.
- Tm d khi chia x
n
cho a thc c trng ca A (khi a thc d s c bc
nh hn cp ca ma trn mt n v).
- Tnh A
n
theo a thc d.
M chng trnh
[> restart;
with(LinearAlgebra):

120
Luythua:=proc(A, n)
local p, r, f, x;
p:=CharacteristicPolynomial(A, x);
r:=rem(x^n, p, x); f := unapply(r, x); f(A); end:
Minh ho vic s dng chng trnh (thc hin chng trnh vi cc tham s):

[> Luy thua(A, 2002); # Thc hin th tc tnh lu tha vi s m l 2002

Ta c th m rng cho bt k mt a thc bc n vi n l ma trn A, bng cch
thay r:=rem(x^n, p, x) bng r:=rem( f(x), p, x).
4.8.2 Kim tra tnh ly tnh ca mt ma trn vung
Xt vn kim tra mt ma trn vung bt k c phi l mt ma trn ly linh hay
khng? Nu ma trn l ma trn ly linh th ch ra bc ca ma trn ly linh (Xt
n ma trn ly linh bc 100000000).
Thut ton:
- Tim tt c cc gi tr ring ca ma trn.
- Nu tt c cc gi tr ring ca ma trn u bng 0 th ma trn l ly linh, ngc
li ma trn l khng ly linh.
- Nu ma trn l ly linh th ta tm bc ly linh:
+ Tnh ly tha ma trn (s ly tha lp t 2 n 100000000).
+ Lp ma trn khng cp bng vi ma trn cho.
+ Nu tn ti ch s i sao cho ly tha bc i th ma trn cho bng ma trn
khng. Ly ch s i ta c bc ly linh ca ma trn cho.
M chng trnh:
[> restartiwith(linalg): with(LinearAlgebra):

121
LLkhong:=proc(A)
local i, M, p, k, L, u, J, Q, P;
p:=CharacteristicPolynomial(A, x);
k:=solve(p=0,{x}); L:={k}; u:=nops(L);
M:=Matrix(1..rowdim(A), 1..coldim(A), shape=zero);
if equal(M, A)=true then print(' Trng hp tm thng ');
else if u=1 and L[1]={x=0} then
for i from 2 to 100000000 do
if equal(M, A^i)=true then
print(' Ma trn cho l ma trn ly linh c bc l ', i); break; fi; od;
else print(' Ma trn cho khng phi l ma trn ly linh '); fi; fi; end:
Minh ho vic s dng chng trnh
[> with(LinearAlgebra): A:=<<0,-1,-2>|<-2,0,0>l<1,0,0>>;# Khai bo ma trn#

[> LLkhong(A);# Thc hin chng trnh con #
Ma trn cho l ma trn ly linh c bc l, 3
[> J:=JordanForm(A): Q := JordanForm(A, output='Q'):
[> Q^(-1) . A . Q;

ch ra dng cho ca ma trn ban u ta da vo dng gn vi ma trn cho
trn tnh c hng (ma trn c hng bng 2), nh thc ca ma trn ban u (mt
ma trn ly linh lun c tt c cc gi tr ring bng khng, do c nh thc bng
khng).
4.8.3.Kim tra tnh giao hon trong php nhn cc ma trn
M chng trnh:
[> with(linalg):
[>GiaohoanK:=proc(A,B)

122
localc, D, n1, n2, m1, m2; n1:=rowdim(A); m1:=coldim(B);
m2:=rowdim(B); n2:=coldim(A);
if n1- n2 <> 0 or mi1- m2 <> 0 or n1-m1 <> 0 then prnt(' Nhp lai cc ma trn ')
else C:=multiply(A, B); D:=multiply(B, A);
if equal(C, D)=true then print('true')
else print('false'); fi; fi; end:
[> A:=matrix(3,3,[2,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,3]);

4.8.4. Kim tra tnh cho ha c ca mt ma trn vung bt k v a ma trn
v dng ma trn cho (nu ma trn cho ha c).
M chng trnh:
[> Cheohoak:=proc(A)
local B;
B := diag(eigenvalues(A)); if issimilar(A, B)= que then pht(' true ');
print(' Dng cho ca ma trn l '); print(B); else print(' false '); vi; end:


123

4.8.5.Kim tra v khng nh tnh ng n ca cc mnh .
Xt mnh sau. " Hai ma trn vung ng dng th c cng vt ". Liu iu
c ng khng v mnh o c ng khng? Ta s dng cc cu lnh sau ca
Maple:

Nh vy trn ta thy hai ma trn cng vt (A v C) nhng khng ng dng,
suy ra mnh o khng ng.
4.9 S dng Maple h tr suy lun trong qu trnh hc ton.
Vi mt bi ton ta c th dng Maple tnh kt qu ca bi ton . Da trn

124
kt qu, bng suy lun lgc v thng qua mi quan h gia cc yu t ca bi ton, ta
c th nh hng cch gii mt cch nhanh chng v chnh xc.
4.9.1. V d Tnh nh thc ca ma trn umin
Trc ht ta dng cc hm ca Maple to mt ma trn vi cp xc nh tha mn
iu kin bi ton sau tnh nh thc ca ma trn . Da trn kt qu suy lun
sau tng qut ha cho ma trn c cp n bt k.
M chng trnh:
[> with(linalg):
[> n:=5: A:=array(1..n,1..n):
for i to n do
for j to n do
if i < j then A[i, j]:= i;
else A[i, j]:= j; fi; od; od; print(A);
Kt qu thc hin th tc:

[> det(A);
Ta thy kt qu ca nh thc bng 1 . Ta xt thm ma trn cp cao hn (cp 10)
bng cch thay n:= 10 vo u cc cu lnh trn. Kt qu ta c mt ma trn cng c
nh thc bng 1 . n y ny sinh vn : Vy liu i vi mt ma trn c dng nh
vy vi cp bt k th kt qu trn cn ng khng ?
Nu iu ng th chc chn ma trn A s phn tch c thnh hai hay nhiu
ma trn c nh thc u bng 1. tm hiu, ta thc hin lnh sau:
[> A1 := LUdecomp(A, L='A2',U=u):
[> evalm(A1);

125

Vi lnh trn ta thy r rng l ma trn A l tch ca hai ma trn Al v A2, trong
cc ma trn A1 (ma trn tam gic trn) v A2 (ma trn tam gic di) u l cc ma
trn c nh thc bng 1 . Bng vic thay i cc bc ca A, ta thy rng kt qu trn
vn ng. Do vy, ta nhn hai ma trn Al, A2 cp n v thu c kt qu l ma trn A.
Nh vy, bi ton gii quyt xong.
4.9.2. Tm ma trn nghch o
Xt ma trn A c dng nh sau:

Trc ht, ta tm ma trn nghch o ca ma trn B c dng nh trn nhng c
bc hon ton xc nh (chng hn vi bc 5), sau tm ma trn nghch o ca ma
trn B, t dng ca ma trn B
-1
ta c th d on c dng nghch o ca ma trn A
M chng trnh:
[> restart; :with(linalg):
[>b:=matrix(5,5,[1,0,0,0,0,a,1,0,0,0,a^2,a,1,0,0,a^3,a 2,a,1,0,a 4,a^3.a^2.a.11):

126

T y d on ma trn nghch o ca A s c dng nh sau:

4.9.3. Kim tra tnh khc khng ca inh thc bng cch dng php chia c d cho
cc phn t trong ma trn a ma trn v dng n gin.
M chng trnh:
[> with(linalg):
[> Matrixmod:=proc(A, p)
local u, v, i, j, B;
u:=rowdim(A),v:=coldim(A); B:=array(1..u, 1..v);
for i to u do
for j to v do B[i,j]:=A[i, j] mod p;od;od; print(B);
end:
[>A:=matrix(6,6,[7,82,62,54,24,90,86,13,24,26,6,8,0,2,5,8,0,12,2,4,6,9,64,24,12,4,6,8,
1,8, 2,4,24,26,8,67]);

127

R rng ma trn kt qu l ma trn n v nn c nh thc khc khng do ma
trn cho s c nh thc khc khng.

4.9.4. " Tm hng ca ma trn vung cp n m cc phn t trn ng cho chnh
bng 0, cn cc phn t cn li bng 1 hoc -1 ".
Trc ht ta to ra mt ma trn tha mn gi thit ca bi (v trong th vin
ca Maple cha c sn) c cc phn t trn ng cho chnh bng 0, cc phn t cn
li ly cc gi tr 1 hoc - 1 mt cch ty .
M chng trnh:
* To ma trn:
[> Matrixransign:=proc(m,n)
local i, j, a, c, A; A:=matrix(m, n, []);
for i to m do
for j to n do a:=rand(-99..99): c:= a();
if i<>j then A[i, j]:=sign(c); else A[i, j]:=0; fi; od; od;
print(A); print(' Hng ca A l ',rank(A)); end:
* Sau khi xy dng xong chng trnh to ma trn, tin hnh tnh hng ca
cc ma trn ngu nhin vi cp ca ma trn c thay i. Ta bt u t cp 5:
[> Matrixransign(5,5);

128
Kt qu hng ca A : 5

Ta tip tc th cho cc ma trn ngu nhin khc, sau mt s ma trn c hng
khng i, ta gp ma trn sau y c hng l 4.
[> Matrixransign(5,5);
Kt qu hng ca A: 4
Tip tc vi ma trn cp 7 :

Kt qu hng ca A: 7
Tip tc th ta c kt qu di y:

Kt qu hng A: 6
Nh vy, hng ca ma trn ch c th l 7 (bng cp ca ma trn) hoc 6. T
ta i n d on sau: Hng ca ma trn trn hoc l n hoc l n- 1.
M rng bi ton: Thay gi thit cc phn t bng -1 bng mt phn t ty ta

129
vn c kt qu tng t: Trn ng cho ma trn cp n l cc s 0, cn cc phn
t khc hoc l 1 hoc l c (cZ), ta c hng ca ma trn ny hoc l n-1, hoc l n ".
4.9.5. Xt tnh kh ngch ca mt ma trn
Ta thy ma trn n v c cc phn t trn ng cho chnh bng 1, cn cc
phn t khc bng khng. R rng y l mt ma trn kh nghch. Vn t ra l liu
c mi quan h no gia cc phn t trn ng cho chnh vi cc phn t cn li
trong mt ma trn vung sao cho ma trn l kh nghch khng? .
Ta xy dng chng trnh bao gm cc nhim v:
- Tnh tng cc tr tuyt i ca cc phn t nm ngoi ng cho.
- Tnh gi tr nh nht v tr tuyt i ca cc phn t trn ng cho.
- Xt tnh kh nghch ca ma trn .
M chng trnh:
[> with(linalg):
[> Chuan:=proc(A)
local i, j, M, N, K;
if rowdim(A) <> coldim(A) then print(' Nhap ma tran vuong ');
else M:=0; K:=0; N:=abs(A[1, 1]);
for i to rowdim(A) do
if N > abs(A[i, i] then N:=abs(A[i, i]); fi; K:=K + abs(A[i, i]);
for i to rowdim(A) do M:= M +abs(A[i, jn; od; od;
prnt(' Phn t ng cho chnh c tr tuyt i b nht l ', N);
print(' Tng tr tuyt i ca cc phn t ngoi ng cho chnh l ', M-K);
print(' nh thc ca ma trn A l ', det(A)); fi; end:

[> Chuan(A);
Phn t trn ng cho chnh c tr tuyt i b nht l, 2.
Tng tr tuyt i ca cc phn t ngoi ng cho chnh l, 1 .
nh thc ca ma trn A l, -8.

130
Ta thy ma trn trn kh nghch, c
C s vt tri v tr tuyt i ca cc phn t nm trn ng cho chnh. Ta
tip tc th vi cc ma trn khc:
[> A:=matrix(4,4,[6,-1,0,1,0,7,1,-1,0,-1,-9,0,0,0,0,7]);

[> chuan(A);
Tng tr tuyt i ca cc phn t ngoi ng cho chnh l, 5.
nh thc ca ma trn A l, -2604.
Kt qu trn cho thy nu cc phn t trn ng cho chnh c s vt tri v
tr tuyt i so vi cc phn t nm ngoi ng cho chnh th nh thc ca ma trn
khc khng.Ta tip tc lp cc ma trn tha mn nhn xt trn v xem nh thc
ca n c khc khng khng ?
[> A:=matrix(4,4,[-16,-1,0,1,0,12,1,-1,0,-1,-19,0,-2,1,3,17]):
Chuan(A);
Tng tr tuyt i ca cc phn t ngoi ng cho chnh l, 11 .
nh thc ca ma trn A l, 61584.
Tng t ta thy rng cc ma trn tha mn nhn xt u c nh thc khc
khng.
T ta c s i n mt d on l: Mt ma trn vung cp n A=( a
ij
) tha
mn th ma trn kh nghch, y l cch pht biu khc ca
nh l Haalnard .
4.9.6. a biu thc to ca dng ton phng v dng chnh tc
* C s l thuyt (phng php Lagrange)
Gi s trong mt c s no ca R - khng gian vc t V cho dng ton

131
phng c biu thc to
a. Trng hp 1
Gi s a
ii
0, cho tin ta gi thit a
11
0 th biu thc to cho c vit
di dng: + nhng s hng khng cha
+ nhng s hng khng cha
trong t
y l cng thc php i to trong V . Vy ta a v xt biu thc
vi n - 1 to

b. Trng hp 2:
Nu mi a
ii
= 0 nhng c a
ij
0 vi i j, chng hn a
12
0 trong
ta t :
( y l cng thc ca mt php i to ) th do s hng
2a
12
x
l
x
2
tr thnh 2a
12
(
2 '
2
2 '
1
x x ) nn tr thnh
trong biu thc ny h s ca
2 '
1
x l 2a
12
0. Vy ta li a v trng hp 1 xt
trn.
Thit lp chu trnh vi Maple
[> restart;
with(linalg):

132
sqsum:=proc(f:=quadratic)
local i,l,n,x,J,S,K,F,kk;
if ldegree(f)<>2 then error "f is noi quadratic form" end if;
S:=f;K:=0;
indets(f): x:=convert(%,list): n:=nops(x):
while S<>0 do
while has(S,{seq(x[i]^2,i=1..n)}) do for i to n do
if has(s,x[i]^2) then
K:=K+diff(s,x[i])^2/4/coeff(s,x[i]^2);
S:=expand(Q-K);
end if
end do;
end do;
if S<>0 then
if type(S,'+') then op(1,S) else S; fi;
indets(%);
l:=coeff(coeff(%%,%[1]),%[2]),%[1],%[2]];
K:=K+(diff(s,|[2])+diff(s,|[3]))^2/(4*|[1])-(diff(s,|[2])-diff(S,|[3]))^2/(4*|[1]);
S:=expand(f-k);
end if;
end do;
K:=map(simplify,K);
RETURN(K);
end:
Cc v d minh ho s dng chng trnh

133

4.10. Khai thc Maple trong Xc sut thng k
Vic khai thc Maple trong xc sut thng k rt a dng, Chng ti lp c
chng trnh gii quyt tt c cc dng bi tp c trong gio trnh Xc sut thng
k. Di y, chng ti xin minh ho mt v d n gin:
4.10.1. Tnh phn phi chun
+ nh ngha: Bin ngu nhin X c gi l tun theo lut phn phi chun, k
hiu nu hm mt ca n c dng

Ta c hai tham s trong (1) l a v
2
cng chnh l hai s c trng quan trng
EX v VX V mt th, ng cong (l) c dng hnh chung.
+ Thit lp chng trnh :
[> restart; with(plots):
Xx_plot:= proc(x, menu, sd)

134
local xvalue, f, p, delta, index, n, area, Left, Right;
f:= u -> exp( -((u-mean)^2)/ (2*sd^2) )/(sd*sqrt(2*Pi));
Right := fsolve( f(mean)/100 = f(xvalue), xvalue, menu..((1+mean)*4));
Left := menu - (Right-mean);
Print(left, Right);
n := 120; delta := (Right - Left)/n; index := 1;
for xvalue from Left to Right by delta do
if( xvalue >= x) then p[index] := polygonplot( [[xvalue, 0],[xvalue,f(xvalue)],
[xvalue + delta, f(xvalue + delta)], [xvalue + delta, 0]],
color = reo, style = patchnogrid );
else p[index] := polygonplot( [[xvalue,0 ],[xvalue,f(xvalue)],
[xvalue + delta, f(xvalue + delta)], [xvalue + delta, 0]],
color = blue, style = patchnogrid ) ;
fi;
index := index + 1 ; od;
area := int f(u), u = x..infnity);
plots[display](seq[pi], i = 1..n-1),textplot([17,.1, cat(convert( eval(100*(1 - area), 5),
string),"%")], align = {ABOVE, LEF}, font = [HELVETICA, BOLD, 14]),
textplot([25,.1, cat(convert( evalf(100*(area), 5), string),"%")],
align = {ABOVE, RIGHT}, font = [HELVETICA, BOLD, 14]) );
end:
thc hin th tc trn ta cn khai bo ba tham s: gi tr d liu (x), gi tr
trung bnh (a), lch chun ( ). Chng hn nu x = 20.9, a = 20.5, = 0.5
l> x_ plot(20.9, 20.5, 2.5 );

Min mu xanh v s bn tri ch xc sut P(x < 20.9), trong khi min v
ch bn phi ch ra rng xc sut P(x > 20.9).

135
Sau y ta xt mt trng hp n gin. Ta cho x = 1, a = 0, = 1 .
Ta c dng phn phi chun ho c minh ho nh sau:
[> x _plot( 1, 0, 1);

Nu ta biu din hai phn phi m c cng = 1 v x, a l khc nhau th c kt
qu gn ging nhau nhng c s thay i, th hin nh sau:
[> A := x_plot( 1, 0, 1):
B := x_plot(10, 8, 1):
display( {A,B});

By gi ta so snh dng phn phi chun v mt dng phn phi khng chun. <
Chng hn phn phi chun vi cc thng s ( x = 1, a = 0, = 1 ),
vi ( x = 10, a = 11, = 2). Ta c:
> A := x-plot( 1, 0, 1 ):
B := x phu( 10, 11, 2 ) :
display( {A,B});

th ca phn phi chun bn tri cn th ca phn phi khng chun
bn phi. Ta thy rng c hai th ca cc phn phi u c tng din tch chn bi
f(x) v trc Ox lun bng 1. Tuy nhin th bn tri cao, nhn v c y hp trong

136
khi th bn phi thp hn, t v c y rng hn. iu ny chng t VX c
trng cho tn x cn EX c trng nh v ca phn phi. Chng ta c th thy r
thm iu ny thng qua mt vi v d sau y:
[> A := x_plot( 1, 0, 1 ):
B := x_plot( 40, 30, 10) :
display( {A,B});

[> A := x_plot( 2, 0, 1 ):
B := x_plot( 50, 30, 10)
display( {A,B});

[> A := x_plot( 0, 0, 1 ):
B:= x_plot( 30, 30, 10)
display( {A,B});

4.11. Maple vi bi ton quy hoch.

137
kim tra kt qu bi ton tm phng n ti u v gi tr ti u min, max ca
mt hm f(x) vi iu kin rng buc l mt h tuyn tnh, ta thit lp chng trnh
sau:
[> restart;
[> Toi_uu:=proc(f,Dieu_kien::set)
local vars,L,S,SS,k,m,K,Fmax,Fmin,sol_min,sol_MIN,sol_max,sol_MAX;
vars:=indets(f,name) union indets(Dieu_kien,name);
L:=map(convert,Dieu_kien,equality);
K:=combinat[choose](L);
S:=NULL:
for k to nops(k) do if solve(K[k])<>NULL then
extrema(f,K[k],vars,'s||k'):S:=S,a||values(s||k):fi od:
SS:={}
for k to nops([s]) do
if type(s[k],set) then SS:=SS union evalc(s[k]) fi od;
SS:=remove(has,SS,l);
S:=NULL:
for k to nops(ss) do if type(SS[k],set(equation)) and
map(evalb,evalf(simplify(subs(SS[k],Dieu_kien))))={true}
then S:=S,vatue(ss[k]) fi od;
SS =[s];
Fmax:=-infinity:
for k to nops(SS) do
if evalf(simplify(subs(ss[k],f)))>evalf(Fmax)
then Fmax:=simplify(value(subs(SS[k],f)));sol_max:=SS[k]; fi;od;
sol_MAX:=sol_max:
if Fmax=simplify(value(subs(SS[k],f)))
and (SS[k] minus sol_max)<>{} then
sol_MAX:=sol_MAX,Ss[k] fi od;

138
Fmax'=simplify(expand(Fmax)),sol_MAX:
Fmin:=infinity:
if evalf(simplify((subs(SS[k],f))))<evalf(Fmin)
then Fmin:=simplify((subs(SS[k],f)));sol_min:=SS[k]; fi;od;
sol_MIN:=sol_min:
if Fmin=simplify(value(subs(SS[k],f)))
and (SS[k] minus sol_min)<>{} then
sol_MIN:=sol_MlN,SS[k] fi od;
RETURN('F[min]'=simplify(expand(Fmin)),sol_MlN,
'F[max]'=simplify(expand(Fmax)),sol_max);
end:
Sau khi thit lp hm, gii cc bi ton c th ta cn khai bo r hm mc
tiu f(x) v h cc iu kin rng buc (K hiu l Dieu_kien) sau gi thc hin li
gi hm Toi_uu(f(x), Dieu_kien)
V d 1 :
Khai bo hm mc tiu:

Khai bo h iu kin rng buc:

-Gi hm Toi_uu gii bi ton: [> Toi_uu(F13,Dieu_kien);
-Kt qu thc hin

V d 2
- Khai bo hm mc tiu:

139

- Khai bo h iu kin rng buc:
[> Dieu_kien:={x^2+y^2<=4};
iu kin := { x
2
+ y
2
4 }
Kt qu thc hin:

V d 3

Khai bo h iu kin rng buc:
[> Dieu_kien:={3*x[1]+x[2]<=6,x[1]+x[2]<=4,x[1]>=0,x[2]>=0};

-Kt qu thc hin chng trnh:

V d 4

- Khai bo h iu kin rng buc


140

- Rt gn kt qu:
[> evalf(%);

* Bi tp: Trn c s cc chng trnh mu phn 4.10, 4.11, hy lp trnh gii
quyt cc dng ton trong gio trnh xc sut thng k v gio trnh ti u ho kim
tra kt qu tnh ton khi gii quyt cc bi ton .
4.12. Khai thc Maple trong hnh hc
4.12.1. Mt s cu lnh c bn ca Maple trong hnh hc phng
bt u thc hin tt c cc cu lnh trong hnh hc phng, chng ta phi m
gi hnh hc phng bng cu lnh sau:
[> with(geometry);
Tn trc to phi c khai bo khi xc nh i tng. Nu khng khai bo
cc trc to phi s dng cu lnh :_EnvHorizontalName v _EnvVerticalName
sau u chng trnh; nu Maple nhc ta nhp tn trc to , ta nhp nh sau: [>
_EnvHorizontalName := 'x _EnvVerticalName := 'y':
Ta c th s dng Maple kim tra tnh tip xc, tr li cc im cui ca mt
i tng hnh hc (on thng, on thng nh hng, tam gic, hnh vung), cc,
ng i cc, hnh chiu, giao im, tip tuyn, chi tit i tng, tr li dng ca
i tng hnh hc trong hnh hc phng (point2d, segment2d, asegment2d, line2d,
tnangle2d, square2d, circle2d, ellipse2d, parabola2d, hyperbola2d), tm tn hai trc to
s dng trong hm xc nh i tng,...
* Khai bo im khi bit to
[> point(p, Px, Py)
[> point(p, [Px, Py]);
Trong : P : Tn im,
Px: Honh ,
Py: Tung .
* To mt im ngu nhin trn mt ng thng hoc mt ng trn:

141
[> randpoint(w, u, v) ;
Trong : w: Tn ca im ngu nhin,
u: ng thng, ng trn hay min gi tr no
v: Min gi tr.
* Khai bo ng thng i qua 2 im v bit phng trnh ca n:
[> line(l, [A, B]);
[> line(l, eqn, n);
Trong : l: Tn ng thng,
eqn: Phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng,
A, B: Cc im,
n: Danh sch cc tn biu din hai trc to (vit trong du [ ]).
* Khai bo on thng (on thng inh hng) khi bit hai u mt:
[> segment(seg, [P1, P2]) ;
[> segment(seg, P1, P2);
[> dsegment(seg, P, P2) ;
[> dsegment(seg,[P1, P2]) ;
Trong : Pl, P2: Cc u mt (c th khai bo trc tip Pl, P2 bng to ),
seg: Tn on thng (hoc on thng nh hng).
* Xc nh ng thng i qua mt im v song song (vung gc) vi mt
ng thng cho trc:
[> Parallelline(lp, P, l);
[> PerpendicularLine(lp, P, l);
Trong : lp: Tn ca ng thng to ra,
P: im,
l: ng thng.
* Khai bo tam gic khi bit 3 nh:
[> triangle(T, [A, B, C], n);
Trong : T: tn ca tam gic; A, B, C: Ba im phn bit,
n: (tu chn) danh sch tn biu din hai trc to .
* Khai bo tam gic khi bit 3 ng thng cha 3 cnh:

142
[> triangle(T, [|1, |2, |3], n);
Trong : T: Tn ca tam gic,
|1, |2, |3]: Ba ng thng cha ba cnh ca tam gic,
* Khai bo tam gic T khi bit 3 cnh (3 on thng):
[> triangle(T, [side1, side2, side3]);
side1, side2, side3 : Ba cnh ca tam gic T.
* Khai bo tam gic khi bit 2 cnh v mt gc xen gia:
[> triangle(T, [sidei, 'angle' = theta, side3], n);
sidel, 'anglet = theta, side3: sidel v side3 l hai cnh ca tam gic, v thm l
gc gia chng.
* Xc nh ng cao ca tam gic:
[> altitude(hA, A, ABC, H);
Trong : hA: ng cao xut pht t nh A ca tam gic ABC,
H: (tu chn) tn -hnh chiu ca A trn cnh i din.
* Xc nh ng phn gic trong (ngoi) ca tam gic:
[> bisector(bA, A, ABC, P);
[> ExternatBisector(bA, A, ABC);
Trong : bA: Phn gic trong (ngoi) xut pht t nh A,
P: (tu chn) tn.
* Xc nh ng trung tuyn:
[> median(mA, A, ABC, M);
Trong : mA: Trung tuyn xut pht t nh A ca tam gic ABC,
M: (tu chn) tn - giao im ca ma vi cnh i din nh A.
* Xc nh ng ti-ung trc ca on thng An
[> PerpenBisector(l, A, Bu
Trong : l: Tn ng thng cn to,

143
A, B: Hai im.
* Tm trc tm H ca tam gic ABC:
[> orthocenter(H, ABC);
* Xc nh trng tm ca tam gic hoc lm t c G ca tp hp cc im trong
mt phng:
[> centroid(G, g);
Trong G: Tn ca trng tm (tm t c),
g: Tam gic, danh sch (tp hp) cc im trn mt mt phng.
* Xc nh ng trn ngoi tip tam gic:
[> circumcircle(cc, T, 'centername'= cn);
Trong : cc: Tn ca ng trn ngoi tip,
T: Tam gic,
centemamel= cn: (tu chn) c l tm ca ng trn ngoi
tip.
* Xc nh ng trn ni tip tam gic:
[> incircle(ic,T, 'centername'=cn);
Trong : T: Tam gic,
ic: Tn ca ng trn ni tip,
'centername'=cn(tu chn), cn l tm ca ng trn ni tip.
* Xc nh 3 ng trn bng tip tam gic:
[> excircle(obj, T, n);
Trong : obj : Danh sch 3 ng trn bng tip,
n: (tu chn) danh sch gm 3 phn t dng [cl(0l), c2(02), c3(03)],
trong cl, c2, c2, 01, 02, 03 l cc tn.
* Kim tra hai tam gic ng dng:
[> AresSimilar(Ti, T2, cond)l
Trong : Ti, T2: Hai tam gic,
cond:(tu chn) tn- tr li iu kin hai tam gic ng dng.
* Kim tra mt tam gic u:
[> lsEquilateral(ABC, cond);

144
Trong : ABC : Tam gic,
cond: (tu chn) tn - tr li iu kin tam gic u.
* Kim tra mt tam gic vung:
[> lsRightTriangle(ABC, cond);
Trong : ABC: Tam gic,
cond: (tu chn) tn - tr li iu kin tam gic vung.
* Xc nh im Gicgn v im Naghen ca tam gic:
[> GergonnePoint(G, ABC);
[> NagelPoint(N, ABC);
Trong : G: Tn im Gicgn,
N: Tn im Naghen.
* Xc nh ng thng Euler v ng thng Simson ca tam gic:
[> EulerLine(Ell, T);
[> Simsonline(sl, N, T);
Trong : Ell: Tn ng thng Euler,
sl: Tn ng thng Simson,
N: im nm trn ng trn ngoi tip tam gic T.
* Xc nh ng trn Euler ca tam gic:
[> EulerCircle(Elc, T, 'centername'=cn)l
Trong : Elc: Tn ng trn Euler ca tam gic T,
centemame' = cn: (tu chn) trong c l tm ca ng trn Euler.
* Khai bo ng trn i qua 3 im A, B, C cho trc:
[> circle(c, [A, B, C], n, 'centername'=m);
Trong : n: (tu chn) danh sch hai tn biu din tn ca hai trc to ,
'centernamet=m: (tu chn) m l tm ca ng trn.
* Khai bo ng trn bit tm v bn knh (hoc bit ng knh):
[> circle(c, [O, rad], n, 'centername'=m);
[> circle(c, [A, B], n, 'centername'=m);
Trong : O: Tm ng trn,

145
rad: ln bn knh ng trn,
A, B: 2 u mt ca ng knh.
* Khai bo ng trn khi bit phng trnh i s.
[> circle(c, eqn, n, 'centername'=m);
Trong : eqn: Phng trnh i s biu din ng trn.
* Khai bo cnc (c) i qua 5 im phn bit A, B, C, E, F:
[> conic(c, [A, B, C, E], n);
* Khai bo cnc (c) bit ng chun, tiu im v tm sai:
[> conic(c, [dir, gou, ecc], n);
Trong : dir: ng chun ca cnc,
fou: Tiu im,
ecc: Mt s dng xc nh tm sai ca cnc.
* Khai bo cnc (c) bit phng trnh i s .
[> conic(c, eqn, n);
Trong : eqn: Phng trnh i s,
* Khai bo Elp khi bit hai tiu im v di trc ln ( di trc b):
[> ellipse(e, ['foci'=foi, 'MajorAxis'=lma], n);
[> ellipse(e, ['foci'=foi, 'M'norAxis'=lmi], n);
Trong : foci=foi: Danh sch hai tiu im ca Elp,
'MajorAxist=lma: di trc ln,
'MinorAxisl=lmi: di trc b.
* Khai bo Elp khi bit hai tiu im v tng khong cch t mt im bt k thuc
Elp n cc tiu im:
[> ellipse(e, ['foci'=foi, 'distance'=dis], n);
Trong : 'foci'=foi: Danh sch hai tiu im ca Elp,
distance'=dis: Tng khong cch t mt im bt k thuc Elp n cc
tiu im.
* Khai bo Elp khi bit hai im cui ca trc ln v trc b:
[> ellipse(e, ['MajorAxis'=ep1, 'MinorAxis'=ep2], n);
Trong : 'MajorAxis'=epl : Danh sch hai im cui ca trc ln,

146
'MinorAxis"=ep2: Danh sch hai im cui ca trc b.
* Khai bo Elp khi bit phng trnh i s ca chng:
[> ellipse(e, eqn, n);
Trong : eqn: Phng trnh i s.
* Khai bo Hypebol i qua 5 im A,B,C,D,E.'
[> hyperbola(h, [A, B, C, E, F], n);
* Khai bo Hypebol kh bit ng chun, tiu im, tm sai:
[> hyperbola(h, ['directrix'=dir,'focus'=fou, 'eccentricity'=ecc], n);
Trong : 'directrix'=dir: ng chun,
'focus,=fou: Tiu im,
'eccentricity'=ecc: Tm sai.
* Khai bo Hypebol khi bit hai tiu im, cc nh:
[> hyperbola(h, ['foci'=foi,'vertices'=ver], n);
Trong : vertices'=ver: Danh sch hai nh ca Hypebol,
'focil:foi: Danh sch hai tiu im ca Hypebol.
* Khai bo Hypebol khi bit hai tiu im v khong cch gia hai nh:
[> hyperbola(h, ['foci'=foi,'distancev'=disv], n);
Trong : 'foci'=foi: Danh sch hai tiu im ca Hypebol,
distancev'=disv: Khong cch gia hai nh ca Hypebol.
* Khai bo Hypebol khi bit cc nh v khong cch gia hai tiu im:
[> hyperbola(h, ['vertices'=ver,'distancef=disf], n);
Trong : vertices'=ver: Danh sch hai nh ca Hypebol,
distancef=disf: Khong cch gia hai tiu im.
* Khai bo Hypebol khi bit phng trnh i s:
[> hyperbola(h, eqn, n);
Trong : eqn: Phng trnh i s ca Hypebol.
* Khai bo Parabol i qua 5 im A, B, C, E, F phn bit.
[> parabola(p, [A, B, C, E, F], n);
* Khai bo Parabol khi bit tiu im v nh:

147
[> parabola(p, ['focus'=fou, 'vertex'=ver], n);
Trong : 'focus' = fou: Tiu im,
'vertex'=ver: nh ca Parabol.
* Khai bo Parabol khi bit ng chun v tiu im:
[> parabola(p, ['directrix'=dir, 'focus'=fou], n);
Trong : 'focus'=fou: Tiu im,
directrix'=dir: ng chun.
* Khai bo Parabol khi bit phng trnh i s .
[> parabola(p, eqn, n);
Trong : eqn: Phng trnh i s.
* Kim tra 3 im thng hng:
[> AreCollinear(p, Q, R, cond);
Trong : P, Q, R: Ba im,
cond: (tu chn) tn - tr li iu kin 3 im thng hng.
* Kim tra 3 ng thng ng quy:
[> Areconcurrent(l1, l2, l3, cond);
Trong : l1, l2, l3: Ba ng thng,
cond: tn - tr li iu kin 3 ng thng ng quy.
* King tra hai im A, B lin hp iu ho vi hai im C, D cho trc trn ng
thng:
[> AreHarmonic(A, B, C, D);
* Kim tra hai ng thng song song:
[> AreParallel(11, 12, cond);
Trong : l1, l2: Hai ng thng.
cond: (tu chn) tn - tr li iu kin 2 ng thng song song.
* Kim tra hai ng thng vung gc:
[> ArePerpendicular(l1, l2, cond);
Trong : l1, l2: Hai ng thng,
cond: (tu chn) tn - tr li iu kin hai ng thng vung gc.
* Kim tra mt im, mt danh sch hoc tp hp cc im thuc mt ng thng:

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[> lsOnline(f, cond);
Trong : f: Mt im, mt danh sch hoc tp hp cc im,
l: ng thng,
cond: tn - tr li iu kin tp hp im thuc ng thng.
* Kim tra 4 im P1, P2, P3, P4 bt k cng nm trn mt ng trn:
[> Areconcyclic(pi1, P2, P3, P4, cond);
Trong : cond (tn) tr li iu kin 4 im thuc ng trn.
* Kim tra mt im, mt danh sch hoc tp hp cc im cng thuc mt ng
trn:
[> lsOncircle( f, c, cond);
Trong f: Mt im, mt danh sch hoc tp hp cc im,
c: ng trn,
cond: tr li iu kin tp hp im thuc ng trn.
* Kim tra hai ng trn c1, c2 trc giao:
[> AreOrthogonal(c1, c2, cond);
Trong : cond: tr li iu kin hai ng trn trc giao.
* Kim tra tnh tip xc gia ng thng v ng trn hoc gia hai ng trn:
[> AreTangent(f, g);
Trong : f, g: Mt ng thng v mt ng trn hoc hai ng trn.
4.12.2 Cc lnh tnh ton trong hnh hc
* Xc nh to in P:
[> coordinates(P);
* Xc nh tung (honh ) ca mt im P:
[> VerticalCoord(p);
[> HorizontalCoord(p);
* Tm trung im ca on thng:
[> midpoint(c, A, B);
[> midpoint(c, seg);
[> midpoint(p1, p2);
Trong : C : Tn ca trung im,

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A, B: Hai im,
seg: on thng,
pl, p2: Cc tn, cc biu thc hoc cc im.
* Tm cc tiu im ca Elp hoc Hypebol:
[> foci(fn, f);
Trong : fn: (tu chn) danh sch 2 tn,
f: Mt Elp hoc Hypebol.
* Tm di trc ln (trc b) ca Elp (e):
[> MajorAxis(e);
[> MinorAxis(e);
* Tm ng i cc ca mt im i vi mt cnc hoc mt ng trn:
[> Polar(l, P, c)
Trong : l: Tn ca ng i cc,
P: im,
c: ng cmc hoc ng trn.
* Tm cc ca mt ng thng i vi mt cnc hoc mt ng trn:
[> Pole(p, p, c);
Trong : P : Tn cc ca ng thng,
p: ng thng,
c: ng cnc hoc ng trn.
* Tm hnh chiu ca mt im ln mt ng thng:
[> projection(Q, P, l) ;
Trong : Q: Tn ca im chiu,
P: im,
l: ng thng.
* Tr li hai u mt ca mt on thng, on thng nh trng hoc cc nh ca
mt tam gic, hnh vung:
[> DefinedAs(obj);
Trong : obj: on thng, on thng nh hng, tam gic, hnh vung.
* Tr li phng trnh i s ca mt i tng hnh hc:

150
[> Equation(obj);
[> Equation(obj, [x, y]);
Trong : obj : i tng hnh hc,
[x, y]: (tu chn) tn ca hai trc to .
* Tr li tn trc honh (trc tung) trong phng trnh xc nh ca i tng:
[> HorizontalName(obj);
[> VerticalName(obi);
Trong : obj : ng thng, tam gic, ng trn, parabol, elp, hypebol.
* Tr li dng xc nh i tng:
[> form(obj);
Trong : obj: i tng hnh hc.
* M t chi tit cc thuc tnh ca i tng hnh hc:
[> detail(g);
Trong : g: i tng, danh sch hoc tp hp cc i tng hnh hc.
* V cc i tng hnh hc:
[> draw(obj,...);
[> draw([obj_1,..., obj_n],...);
Trong : obj: i tng cn v th,
[obj_l,..., obj_n]: Danh sch cc i tng cn v th.
* Tm giao im ca hai ng cong c xc nh bi phng trnh i s.
[> intercept(eqn1);
[> intercept(eqn1, eqn2, {x, y})
Trong : eqnl, eqn2: Cc phng trnh (V d: y = x2 + 3),
x, y: (tu chn) to ca cc bin.
* Tnh di c hng gia hai im A, B:
[> SensedMagnitude(A, B) ;
* Tnh tch c hng ca hai on thng nh hng:
[> Crossproduct(dseg1, dseg2);
Trong : dseg 1, dseg2 : Hai on thng nh hng.

151
* Tnh t s iu ho hoc t s kp ca 4 im thng hng A, B, C, D:
[> CrossRatio(A, B, C, F);
* Tnh cc cnh ca tam gic hoc hnh vung (g):
[> sides(g);
* Tnh bn knh ca ng trn c:
[> radius(c);
* Tnh ng knh ca mt tp hp im:
[> diameter(g);
Trong : g: Danh sch hoc tp hp cc im.
* Tnh h s gc ca mt ng thng:
[> slope(l) ;
[> slope(A, B);
Trong : l: ng thng,
A, B: Hai im.
* Tnh phng tch ca im P i vi ng trn c:
[> powerpc(p, c);
* Tnh khong cch:
[> distance(p, l);
[> distance(a, b);
Trong : P: im, on thng, on thng nh hng,
l: im hoc ng thng,
a, b: Cc biu thc hoc cc i tng thuc kiu khai bo im.
* Tnh din tch:
[> area(obj);
Trong : obj: Tam gic, hnh vung, ng trn hoc elp.
* Xc nh ng trn Appollius ca 3 ng trn c1, c2, c3 cho trc:
[> Apollonius(c1, c2, c3);
* Xc nh trc ng phng 1 ca hai ng trn c1, c2:
[> RadicalAxis(l, ci, c2);

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* Xc nh tm ng phng d ca ba ng mn c1, c2, c3:
[> Radicalcenter(d, c1, c2, c3);
* Xc nh tip tuyn t mt im n mt ng trn (tip tuyn ti mt im trn
ng trn ):
[> TangentLine(obj, p, c, n);
[> tangentpc(l, P, c),
Trong : obj: Tip tuyn i qua im P,
l: Tip tuyn ti im P,
c: ng trn,
n: (tu chn) danh sch tn trc.
* Xc nh giao im ca hai ng thng hoc hai ng trn:
[> intersection(obj, f, g);
Trong : obj: Tn cc giao im,
f, g: Hai ng thng hoc hai ng trn.
* Tnh gc gia hai ng thng hoc hai ng trn
[> FindAngle(u, v);
Trong : u, v: Hai ng thng hoc hai ng trn.
4.12.3. Mt vi minh ho vic s dng cc lnh trn
- Khai bo im A(x,y) : point : [> A:=[1,2]: hoc [> point(A,[1,2]):
- nh du im A : draw: [> draw(point(A,1,2)):
- Xc nh 1 on thng i qua hai im A, B: Khai bo 2 im sau dng on
thng vi lnh segment: [> point(A,[1,2]):point(B,[-1,-2]): segment(AB,[A,B]);
Hoc c th s dng cu lnh kp:
[> segment(AB,[point(A,[1,2]),point(B,[-1,-2])]):
- V on thng qua 2 im A, B nh ngha: [> draw(segment(AB,[A,B])):
- V ng thng qua hai im A,B: [>line(l,[point(A,(1,2)),point(B,(-1,-
2))]):draw(l)
- Xc nh ng thng 1 c dng ax+by=c : [> line(l,2*x+9*y=-9,[x,y]): draw(l):
- Xc nh giao im ca hai ng thng l1, l2: intersection,
[> line(l1, x = 0, [x,y]}, line(l2, x + y = 1, [x,y]): intersection(G, l1, l2);

153
-Xc nh to giao im: [> coordinates(G):
- Xc nh giao im gia ng thng v ng trn khi bit cc phng trnh ca
chng:[> line(l, x + y = 1, [x,y]): circle(c, x^2 + y^2 = 1, [x,y]):
intersection(p, 1, c,[M,N]): detail(p): draw({l,c});
- Xc nh giao im ca hai ng trn khi bit phng trnh ca chng:
[> circle(c1, x^2 + y^2 = 1, [x,y]): circle(c2,[point(0,2,0),1.5],[x,y]):
intersection(H,c2,c1,[U,V]): detail(H):
-V hai ng trn ct nhau trn nh sau:
[> draw({c1,c2}):
- Cc cu lnh sau khi thc hin cn m gi cng c hnh hc vi lnh :
[> with(geometry):
Xc nh tam gic: triangle:
-Xc nh tam gic khi bit ba im:
[>point(A,0,0),point(B,1,1),point(c,1,0): triangle(T,[A,B,C]):type(T,'triangle2d'):
method(T):map(coordinates,Defnedas(T)):
- Dng tam gic xc nh bi ba ng thng:
[>line(l1,y=0,[x,y]), line(l2,y=x,[x,y]), line(l3,x+y-2=0,[x,y]):triangle(l,[l1,l2,l3]):
map(coordinates,DefinedAs(T)):
- Xc nh tam gic khi bit di ba cnh, v d l 3,4,5:
[> triangle(T,[3,4,5]):detail(T):
- Xc nh tam gic khi bit hai cnh v mt gc xen gia: v d dng tam gic c hai
cnh ln lt l 2, 1 v gc xen gia l 45().
[> triangle( r,[2,'angle'=Pi/2,1]):method(T): DefinedAs( T):
- Xc nh cc ng cao altitude() v trc tm orthocenter() tam gic:
[> triangle(ABC, [point(A,0,0), point(B,2,0), point(c,1,3)]): altitude(hA1,A,ABC):
altitude(hA2,B,ABC):altitude(hA3,C,ABC):orthocenter(H,ABC): coordinates(H):
- Dng cc ng trung tuyn median () l trng tm centroid() tam gic:
[> triangle(ABC, [point(A,0,0), point(B,2,0), point(c,1,3)]):
median(mA, A, ABC): median(mB, B, ABC):median(mc,C,ABC):
centroid(G,ABC): coordinates(G):
- Dng cc ng trung trc PerpenBisector v tm ng trn ngoi tip tam gic:

154
[> point(A,0,0), point(B,2,0),point(C,-1,2):PerpenBisector(l1, A, B):
PerpenBisector(12,C,B):PerpenBisector(13,A,C):intersection(0,l1,l2,l3):
coordinates(O):
- Dng cc ng phn gic bisector v tm ng trn ni tip incircle tam gic:
[> triangle(ABC, [point(A,0,0), point(B,2,0), point(C,1,3)]):
bisector(bA, A, ABC):bisector(bB,B, ABC): bisector(bc,C,ABC):
intersection(l,bA,bB,bC):coordinates(l):
- Dng ng trn t ba im phn bit: circle
[> circle(c1,[point(A,0,0), point(B,2,0), point(c,1,2)],'centername'= O1):
center(c1), coordinates(center(c1)): radius(c1); Equation(c1); detail(ci);
- Dng ng trn khi bit hai im cui ca mt ng knh: circle
[> point(M,Horizontalcoord(O1)-radius(c1),Verticalcoord(O1)),
point(N,Horizontalcoord(O1)+radius(c1),Verticalcoord(O1)):
circle(c2,[M,N]), Equation(c2);
- Dng ng trn khi bit tm v bn knh ca n: circle
[> circle(c3,[center(c1),radius(c1)]): Equation(c3):
- Dng ng trn khi bit phng trnh i s ca n: circle()
[> circle(c4,Equation(c1),'centername'=O2): center(c4), coordinates(center(c4)):
radius(c4):
- Dng ng trn ngoi tip mt tam gic: circumcircle
[> with(geometry):
triangle(r, [point(A,0,0), point(B,2,0), point(c,1,3)]):
circumcircle(Elc, r,'centername'=OO);detail(Elc); draw({Elc,T},printtext=true):
- Dng ng trn ni tip mt tam gic: incircle
[> with(geometry):triangle(T, [point(a,0,0), point(B,2,0), point(c,1,3)]):
incircle(inc,T,'centername'=0):detail(inc):
- Dng cc ng trn bng tip mt tam gic: excircle
[> with(geometry):ps := point(A,1,1),point(B,3,1),point(c,2,4):
Triangle(T, [ps]): excircle(obj, T, [c1(o1),c2(o2),c3(o3)]):
draw({op(obj), T},printtext=true);

155
- Qua mt im dng ng thng song song vi ng thng cho ParallelLine
[> with(geometry):
EnvHorizontalName:='x':EnvVerticalName:='y':
point(p, 2, 3), line(l,x + y =1,[x,y]);
ParallelLine(lp, P, l);
detail(lp);draw({lp(color=magenta),l,P(color=blue)});
- Qua mt im dng ng thng vung gc vi ng thng cho:
PerpendicularLine
[> point(P, 2, 3), line(l, x + y =1, [x,y]):
PerpendicularLine(lp, P, l):detail(lp): draw({l,lp,P})
- Qua mt im dng tip tuyn vi mt ng trn: TangentLine
[> point(A, 3, -2), circle(c, a^2 + b^2 = 1,[a,b]).
TangentLine(obj, A, c, [l1, l2]):
form(l1), Equation(l1):form(l2), Equation(l2): draw({A,c,l1,l2}):
- Dng trc ng phng RadicalAxis ca hai ng trn v tm ng phng
Radicalcenter ca ba ng trn:
[> circle(c1,x^2+y^2=8,'centername'=o1);
circle(c2,x^2+(y-5)^2=9,'centername'=o2);
RadicalAxis(l,c,ci):RadicalCenter(e,c,c1,c2):
draw({l,c,c1});draw({e(color=blue),c,c1,c2});
- Kim tra hai ng thng c song song khng: AreParallel
[> line(l1,2*x+3*y+1=0,[x,y]):
line(l2,4*sqrt(2)*x+6*sqrt(2)*y-1=0,[x,y]): AreParallel(l1,l2):
- Kim tra hai ng thng c vung gc khng: ArePerpendicular
[> line(l1,y=x,[x,y]):line(l2,y:-x,[x,y]): ArePerpendicular(l1,l2):
- Kim tra mt im c thuc mt ng thng khng: lsOnline
[> point(A,0,-1):line(l1,2*x-y=2,[x,y]): lsOnline(A,11):
- Kim tra mt im c thuc mt ng lrn khng: lsoncircle
[> point(B,1,-1):circle(c,(x-1)^2+(y-2)^2=3^2,[x,y]): lsOncircle(B,c):
- Kim tra ba im c thng hng khng.AreCollinear

156
[> point(Ai,1 )-1):point(Bi,O,1):point(ci,2,-3): AreCollinear(A1,B1,C1):
- Kim tra ba ng thng c ng quy khng: AreConcurrent
[>line(12,x-y=1,[x,y]):line(13,2*x-3*y=2,[x,y]):line(14,x+2*y=1,[x,y]):
Areconcurrent(12,13,14):
- Kim tra bn im thng hng c lin hp iu ho vi nhau khng. AreHarmonic
[> with(geometry): point(A,1,1):point(B,0,0):
point(C,-1,-1):point(D,-4,-4): AreHarmonic(A, B, C, D):
- Kim tra hai tam gic c lin hp vi nhau i vi mt ng trn khng:
Areconiugate
[> triangle(T1,[point(p1,1,3/2),point(p2,2,1),point(p3,0,1)]):
line(11,y=0,[x,y]),line(l2, y=x,[x,y]), line(l3,x+y-1 = 0,[x,y]):
triangle(T2,[l1,l2,l3]): circle(c,[point(o1,2),1]): AreConiugate(T1,T2,c):
- Kim tra bn im c thuc cng mt ng trn khng: ArConcyclic
[> point(pi,0,0), point(P2,2,0), point(P3,2,2): point(P4,0,2), point(P5,1,7):
Areconcyclic(P1,P2,P3,P4):
- Kim tra cc ng trn c trc giao khng. AreOrthogonal
[> with(geometry):_EnvHorizontalName := 'x': _EnvVerticalName := 'y':
circle(c1,x^2 + y^2 =1), circle(c2, (x-2)^2 + y^2 = 2): circle(c3, x^2 + y^2 = 2):
AreOrthogonal(ci,c2):
- ng thng tip xc vi ng trn: AreTangent
[> with(geometry):_EnvHorizontalName := 'x': _EnvVerticalName := 'y':
ircle(c1,x^2 + y^2 =1): line(l, 2*x + 3*y =0 ): AreTangent(l, c1):
- ng trn tip xc vi ng trn: AreTangent
[> circle(c1,x^2 + y^2 =1), circle(c2,(x-2)^2 + y^2 =1): AreTangent(c1,c2):
- Kim tra hi tam gic c ng dng khng: AresSimilar
[>point(A,0,0),point(B,0,3),point(C,1,0),point(H,0,6),point(F,2,0):point(G,3,1);
triangle(T1, [A, B, C]):triangle(T2, [A, H, F]):triangle(T3, [A, H, G]):
AresSimilar(T1, T2): AresSimilar(T1, T3):
- Kim tra tam gic c u khng: lsEquilateral
[> triangle(ABC, [point(A,0,0), point(B,2,0), point(C,1,2)]):lsEquilateral(ABC):

157
- Kim tra tam gic c vung khng: lsRightTriangle
[>triangle(ABC,[point(A,0,0),point(B,2,0), point(C,0,2)]):lsRightTriangle(ABC):
- Khong cch gia hai im:
[> point(A, 1, -2),point(B,2,-5):distance(A,B):
hoc
[> distance(segment(AB,[A,B]):
- Khong cch gia im vi ng thng
[> point(A,-1,2):line(l,2*x-3*y=1,[x,y]): distance(A,l):
Ta cng c th tnh khong cch gia im vi ng thng bng cch tnh
khong gia im vi hnh chiu ca n trn ng thng. Ta tm to hnh chiu
ca im bng lnh:
[> projection(B, A, l):coordinates(B):distance(A,B):
- Khong cch gia hai ng thng:
[> line(l1,2*x-y=3,[x,y]):line(l2,x-3*y=0,[x,y]):distance(11,12):
Ta cng c th ly ngu nhin mt im trn mt ng thng v tm hnh chiu
ca n trn ng thng kia. Sau tnh khong cch gia hai im va tm c :
[> randpoint(p, l1, -1..2 ):coordinates(P):projection(Q,P, l2): distance(p,Q):
- Xc nh h s gc ca ng thng: slope

- Xc nh h s gc ca ng thng qua hai im cho trc:

- Tnh gc gia hai ng thng khi bit phng trnh ca n F indAngle

- Tnh gc gia hai ng trn: FindAngle

- Tnh din tch tam gic area

- Tnh cnh diagonal v din tch hnh vung area
[>point(A,0,0),point(B,1,0),point(C,1,1),point(D,0,1):square(ABCD,[A,B,C,D]):
sides(ABCD):diagonal(ABCD):area(ABCD):draw(ABCD,axes=none):

158
- Tnh din tch hnh trn: area
[> circle(c,[point(O,1,-2),5]):area(c):
- Tnh din rch Elip: area

4.12.4. Cc cu lnh c bn ca Maple trong hnh hc khng gian
bt u thc hin cc cu lnh trong hnh hc khng gian, chng ta phi m
gi hnh hc khng gian bng cu lnh sau:
[> with(geom3d):
v khai bo [ > -EnvXName= x:_EnvYName:='y _EnvZName= z:
Cc i tng hnh hc trong gi ny l: im, on thng, on thng nh
hng, ng thng, mt phng, tam gic, hnh cu v hnh a din. to cc i
tng c bn, ta s dng cc hm gi sau: dsegment, line, plane, point, segment,
sphere, triangle.
* Xc nh ng thng (l) i qua hai m A, B:
[> ltne(l, [A, B]);
* Xc nh ng thng (l) i qua A v c vc t ch phng v:
[> line(l, [A, v]);
* Xc nh ng thng (l) i qua A v c phng ca mt on thng nh hng
dseg:
[> line(l, [A, dseg]);
* Xc nh ng thng (l) i qua A v vung gc vi mt phng p1 :
[> line(l, [A, p1);
* Xc nh ng thng (l) l giao tuyn ca hai mt phng p1, p2 :
[> line(l, p1, p2]);
* Xc nh ng thng (l) khi bit phng trnh tham s .
[> line(l, [a1 + b1*t, a2 + b2*t, a3 + b3*t ], t),
Trong : a1, a2, a3, b1, b2, b3: Cc s thc,
t: (tu chn) tham s.
* Xc nh mt phng (p) i qua A v c vc t php tuyn v:
[> plane(p, [A, v]);

159
* Xc nh mt phng (p) i qua A v c vc t php tuyn cng phng vi phng
ca on thng nh hng dseg1 :
[> plane(p, [A, dsegi]);
* Xc nh mt phng (p) cha hai on thng nh hng dseg1, dseg2 c cng mt
u mt:
[> plane(p, [dseg1, dseg2]);
* Xc nh mt phng (p) cha hai ng thng l1, l2 (trong trng hp l1 v l2 cho
nhau th mt phng (p) c xc nh l mt phng cha l1 v song song vi l2):
[> plane(p, [l1, l2]);
* Xc nh mt phng (p) i qua 3 im phn bit A, B, C:
[> plane(p, [A, B, C]);
* Xc nh mt phng (p) i qua A v song song vi hai ng thng l1, l2 :
[> plane(p, [A, l1, l2]);
* Xc nh mt phng (p) khi bit phng trnh i s.
[> plane(p, eqn, n);
Trong : eqn: Phng trnh i s,
n: (tu chn) danh sch tn biu din trc to .
* Xc nh mt cu (s) i qua 4 im phn bit:
[> sphere(s, [A, B, C, D], n, 'centername'=m);
Trong : n: (tu chn) danh sch tn biu din trc to ,
'centername'=m: (tu chn) tm ca mt cu.
* Xc nh mt cu (s) khi bit ng knh AB:
[> sphere(s, [A, B], n, 'centername'=m);
* Xc nh mt cu (s) khi bit tm A v ln ca bn knh:
[> sphere(s, [A, rad], n, 'centername'=m);
Trong : rad: Bn knh ca mt cu.
* Xc nh mt cu (s) i qua im A v tip xc vi mt phng p:
[> sphere(s, [A, p], n, 'centername'=m);
* Xc nh mt cu (s) khi bit phng trnh tng qut:
[> sphere(s, eqn, n, 'centername'=m),

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Trong eqn: Phng trnh tng qut ca mt cu.
* a din u :
[> Regularpolyhedron(gon, [m, n], o, r);
Trong : gon: Tn ca a din cn to,
o: im,
r: S dng, mt phng trnh.
Gi tr [m, n] c cho bi:
{3, 3} hoc [3, 3]: T din,
{3, 4} hoc [3, 4]: Lc din (hnh lp phng),
{4, 3} hoc [4, 3]: Bt din,
{3, 5} hoc [3, 5]: Thp nh din,
{5, 3} hoc [5, 3]: Nh thp din.
* Cc cu lnh to trc tip cc khi a din u:
[> tetrahedron(gon, o, r): T din u,
[> cube(gon, o, r): Hnh lp phng,
[> hexahedron(gon, o, r): Bt din u,
[> icosahedron(gon, o, r): Thp nh din u,
[> dodecahedron(gon, o, r): Nh thp din u.
* Sau khi khai bo cc khi a din u, chng ta c th s dng cc cu lnh
di y:
[> area(gon): Tr li din tch xung quanh ca a din u,
[> center(gon): Tr li tm ca mt cu ngoi tip a din u,
[> faces(gon): Tr li cc mt ca a din u, mi mt c biu din bi mt
danh sch to ca cc nh ca cc mt ,
[ form(gon): Tr li dng ca a din u
[> lnRadius(gon): Tr li bn knh ca mt cu ni tip a din u (tc mt
cu tip xc vi tt c cc mt ca a din u),
[> MidRadius(gon): Tr li bn knh ca mt cu tip xc vi tt c cc cnh
ca a din u,
[> radius(gon): Tr li bn knh ca mt cu ngoi tip a din u,

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[> sides(gon): Tr li di cc cnh ca a din u,
[> vertices(gon): Tr li to cc nh ca a din u,
[> volume(gon): Tr li th tch ca a din u.
* Hnh lng tr:
[> parallelepiped(pp, [d1, d2, d3]);
Trong pp: Tn ca hnh lng tr,
d1, d2, d3 : Ba on thng nh hng chung mt nh.
* Kim tra cc i tng hnh hc khng trng nhau:
[> AreDistinct(A, B, C, ...);
Trong A, B, C, . . . : Cc im, cc ng thng, cc mt phng, . . .
* Kim tra tnh thng hng ca 3 im P, Q, R:
[> AreCollinear (p, Q, R, cond);
Trong : cond: (tu chn) tn - tr li iu kin ba im A, B, C thng hng.
* Kim tra s lin hp ca hai im A, B vi mt hnh cu (s) cho trc:
[> AreConjugate(A, B, s, cond);
Trong : cond: (tu chn) tn - tr li iu kin A, B lin hp vi nhau i
vi (s)
* Kim tra tnh ng phng:
[> AreCoplanar(A, B, C, D);
[> AreCoplanar(l1, l2 );
Trong : A, B, C, D: Cc im,
l1,l2: Cc ng thng.
* Kim tra im, tp hp cc im thuc mt i tng no :
[> lsOnobject(f, obj, cond);
Trong f: Mt im, danh sch im, tp hp cc im,
obj: ng thng, mt phng, mt cu,
cond: tn-tr li iu kin tp hp im thuc i tng trn.
* Kim tra tnh song song:
[> AreParallel(dseg1, dseg2, cond);
[>AreParallel(l1, l2, cond);

162
[> AreParallel(l1, p1, cond);
[> AreParallel(p1, p2, cond);
Trong : dseg1, dseg2: Cc on thng nh hng,
l1, l2: Cc ng thng,
pl, p2: Cc mt phng,
cond: tn - tr li iu kin cc i tng song song vi nhau.
* Kim tra tnh vung gc (trc giao)
[> ArePerpendicular(dseg1, dseg2, cond);
[> ArePerpendicular(l1, l2, cond);
[> ArePerpendicular(l1, p1 cond);
[> ArePerpendicular(p1, p2, cond);
[> ArePerpendicular(s1, s2, cond) ;
Trong : dseg1, dseg2: Cc on thng nh hng,
l1, l2: Cc ng thng,
pl, p2: Cc mt phng,
s1, s2: Cc mt cu,
cond: tn - tr li iu kin cc i tng vung gc vi nhau.
* Kim tra tnh cho nhau ca hai ng thng l1, l2 :
[> Areskewlines(l1, l2);
* Kim tra mt phng (p) tip xc vi mt cu (s):
[> lsTangent(p, s);
* Kim a din u (gn u):
[> lsRegular(ngon);
[> lsQuasi(ngon);
Trong ngon: a din.
* Tnh khong cch:
[> distance(A, B);
[> distance(l1, l2);
[> distance(p1, p2);

163
[> distance(A, l1);
[> distance(A, p1);
[> distance(l1, p1);
Trong : A, B: Cc im,
l1, l2: Cc ng thng,
pl, p2: Cc mt phng.
* Tm gc :
[> FindAngle(l1, l2);
[> FindAngle(p1, p2);
[> FindAngle(s1, s2);
[> FindAngle(l1, p1);
Trong : l1, l2: Cc ng thng,
pl, p2: Cc mt phng,
s1, s2: Cc mt cu,
A: Mt im,
T: Mt tam gic.
* Lnh tr li gc trong ti nh A ca tam gic T.
[> FindAngle(A, T);
* Tnh din tch, th tch:
[> area(obj1);
[> volume(obj2);
Trong obj1 : Tam gic, mt cu, a din u,
obj2: a din u, hnh cu, t din, hnh lng tr.
* Tm tm ca cc i tng hnh hc:
[> center(cn, c);
Trong : cn: (tu chn) tn ca tm,
c: Hnh cu, hnh a din.
* Tr li cc mt ca hnh a din obj:
[> faces(obj);

164
* Xc nh mt mt ca hnh a din:
[> facet(gon, case, n);
Trong : gon: Tn ca mt a din,
case: Trng hp khi a din,
n: S nguyn khng m.
* Xc nh giao im gia hai hoc ba i tng hnh hc:
[> intersection(obj, 11, 12)l
[> intersection(obj, P1, p2);
[> intersection(obj, l1, p1);
[> intersection(obj1, l1, s);
[> intersection(obj, p1, p2, p3);
Trong : obj: Tn ca cc giao im,
l1, l2: Cc ng thng,
pl, p2, p3: Cc mt phng,
s: Mt cu.
* Tr li phng trnh ca cc i tng hnh hc:
[> Equation(obj);
[> Equation(obj, t);
[> Equation(obj, [x, y, z]);
Trong : obj: i tng hnh hc,
t: tn tham s trong phng trnh tham s ca ng thng,
[x y, z] : (tu chn) tn ca cc trc to .
* Tm tn ca tham bin c s dng trong phng trnh tham s ca ng thng:
[> tname(obj);
Trong obj: ng thng.
* Tr li ng thng (hoc mt phng i qua mt im (hoc mt ng thng) v
song song vi mt ng thng (hoc mt phng):
[> parallel(w, u, v);
Trong : w: Tn ca ng thng hoc mt phng c to ra,
u: Mt im hoc mt ng thng,

165
v: ng thng hoc mt phng (nu u l mt im).
* Xc nh ng i cc (cc) ca mt im (mt phng) i vi mt hnh cu:
[> polar(p, A, s);
[> pole(B, q, s);
Trong p: Tn ca ng i cc,
A: Mt im,
s: Hnh cu,
B: Tn ca cc,
q: Mt phng.
* Tnh phng tch ca im P i vi hnh cu s:
[> powerps(p, s);
* Xc nh mt ng phng ca hai hnh cu, xc nh trc ng phng ca ba
hnh cu, xc nh tm ng phng ca bn hnh cu cho trc:
[> RadicalPlane(p1, s1, s2);
[> RadicalLine(p2, s1, s2, s3);
[> RadtcalCenter(p3, s1, s2, s3, s4);
Trong pl: Mt ng phng,
p2: Trc ng phng,
p3: Tm ng phng,
s1, s2, s3, s4: Cc hnh cu.
* Xc nh mt phng tip xc ca mt im trn mt cu:
[> TangentPlane(p, A, s);
Trong p: Tn ca mt phng tip xc ti im
A, s: Mt cu.
* Xc nh hnh chiu ca mt i tng trn mt i tng khc:
[> projection(Q, A, l);
[> proJection(Q, A, p);
[> projection(Q, seg, p);
[> projedion(Q, l, p);
Trong : Q: Tn ca i tng c to ra,

166
A: Mt im,
seg: Mt on thng hoc mt on thng nh hng,
l: ng thng,
p: Mt phng.
4.12.5. Mt s minh ho
- im A c to xc nh x,y,z: point(A,x,y,z);
v d. [> point(A,1,2,3);
hin th to ca im A nh ngha: [> coordinates(A):
hin th tng to :[> xcoord(A):ycoord(A):zcoord(A):
- on thng i qua hai im cho trc A,,B: segment(AB,[A,B]);
V d on thng i qua im A(1,2,3) v im B(2,3,4):
[> point(A,1,2,3):point(B,2,3,4): segment(AB,[A,B]);
v on thng AB va dng:
[> draw(AB):
- ng thng i qua hai im bit A,B line(l,[A, B]):hoc i qua mt im A v c
vc t ch phng v cho trc :line(l,[A, v]),
v d ng thng l i qua im A (1,2,3) v vc t v=(0,2,4):
[> point(A,1,2,3): line(l,[A,[0,2,4]]);
v ng thng va dng c :
[> draw(l):
- Mt phng p qua ba im A,B,C khng thng hng: plane(p,[A,B,C]):
V d Mt phng p i qua ba im: A=(l,2,3), B=(l,0,3),(C=(0,2,3),
[ >point(A,1,2,3):point(B,1,0,3):point(C,0,2,3);
[> plane(p,[A,B,C]):
- Mt phng p i qua mt im A nhn u l vc t php tuyn: plane(p,[A,u]); V d
mt phng p i qua im A=(l,2,3) vi vc t php tuyn u=(0,2,4):
[> point(A,1,2,3): plane(p,[A,[0,2,4]]);
- Mt phng p i qua mt im A v c hai vc t ch phng u1,u2 cho trc:
plane(p,[A,u1,u2]); V d mt phng p i qua im A=(1,2,3) v u1=(0,1,4),
u2=(0,3,6)

167
[> point(A,1,2,3): plane(p,[A,[0,1,4],[0,3,6]]):
- Mt cu (s) i; qua bn im khng ng phng A,B,C,D: sphere(s,[A,B,C,D]
V d: vi 4 im A=(l,2,3), B=(-l,-4,-5), C=(l/2,l/3,l/4), D=(2/3,l,0):
[>point(A,1,2,3):
point(B,-1, 4,-5):point(c,1/2,1/3,1/4):
point(D,213,1,0):A=coordinates(A):B=coordinates(B):
C=coordinates(c):D=coordinates(D): sphere(s,[A,B,C,D]):
Equation(s,[x,y,z]):
- Mt cho trc hoc c tm O v bn knh r xc nh: sphere(s[o,r]);
V d mt cu c tm l im A, bn knh r:4:
[> sphere(s,[A,4]): Equation(s,[x,y,z]);
- Mt cu c phng trnh f(x,y,z) cho trc : sphere(s,f(x,y,a),[x,y,z]);
V d mt cu c phng trnh x2+y2+z2 =l:

- Giao im ca ca ba mt phng: intersection(m,mp1,mp2,mp3)
V d cho 4 im A=(0,0,0),B=(l,0,0), C=(0,l,0),E=(0,0,l). Mt phng pl i qua
ba im: A,B,C, p2 i qua 3 im A,C,E v p3 i qua 3 im A,B,E. Xc nh to
giao im P ca 3 mt phng trn:
[>with(geom3d): point(A,0,0,0);point(B,1,0,0);point(C,0,1,0);
point(E,0,0,1);plane(p1,[A,B,C]),plane(p2,[A,C,E]), plane(p3,[A,B,E]);
intersection(p,p1,p2,p3); coordinates(p);
- Phng trnh mt phng i qua ba im A,B,C khng thng hng :
plane(p,[A,B,C],[x,y,z]); V d:
[>point(A,0,1,2); point(B,2,3,1); point(C,2,2,-1); plane(p,[A,B,C],[x,y,z]);
Equation(p);
- Dng ng thng (mt phng) pl a qua im A v song song vi ng thng
(mt phng) p cho: parallel(p1,A,p);
V d: p c phng trnh x+3y+z=2 v im A=(1,1,5):

- Dng ng thng d i qua mt im A v vung gc vi mt phng p:
perpendicular(A,p,d);

168

- Dng mt phng p i qua im A v vung gc vi ng thng bc i qua hai im
B,C: perpendicular(p,A,bc);
[> point(A,0,1,1);point(B,-1,0,2);point(C,3,1,0); line(bc,[B,C]);print('pt mt
phng (p) l:'); perpendicular(p,A,bc) +J
- Dng mt ng phng Radicalplane ca hai mt cn trc ng phng Radicalline
ca ba mt cu, tm ng phng ca bn mt cu: Radicalcenter

draw({c(color = blue),s,s1(color = black),s2(color = red),s3(color = magenta)});
- Qua mt im A dng ng thng vung gc vi mt phng P cho (ly im B l
hnh chiu ca A trn P, ly AB lm vc t ch phng)
[>plane(p,x+2*y 6*z=4,[x,y,z]): point(A,2,4,7),projection(B,A,P):
coordinates(B);line(l,[A,B]): draw({l,P(coloryellow)});
- Qua mt im dng mt phng vung gc vi mt phng cho :
[>plane(p,x+3*y 5,[x,y,z]); point(A,2,6,9);projection(B,A,p);point(c,3,2,1);
if (lsOnObject(A,p) false) then
print(phng trnh mt phng vung gc vi (p) l:');
plane(q,[A,B,C]); draw ({p,q});
- Qua mt im dng mt phng vung gc vi ng thng cho:

- Qua mt im dng ng thng vung gc vi mt phng cho :

- Kim tra mt im c thuc mt ng thng hay khng ?
[>point(p,1,2,4):point(Q,5,1,2):line(l,[Q,[1,2,31]): lsonobject(p,l);
- Kim tra mt im c thuc mt mt phng hay khng ?

169
[> plane(p,[P,[2,4,51]):lsOnObject(Q,p);
-Kim tra mt ng thng c nm trong mt mt phng hay khng ?
[> lsOnObject(FixedPoint(l),p):
- Kim tra mt im c thuc mt mt cu hay khng ?
[>sphere(s,[point(A,1,3,2),2]):lsonobject(p,s);
- Kim tra ba im c thng hng hay khng ? AreCollinear
[> point(M1,1,4,3):point(N1,2,1,2):point(p1,2,3,5):
AreCollinear(M1,N1,P1):
- Kim tra bn im hoc hai ng thng c ng phng hay khng?:
[>point(A1,0,0,0):point(B1,0,0,1):point(C1,0,1,0):point(D1,1,0,0):
AreCoplanar(A1,B1,C1,D1 ):
hoc
[>line(ab,[A1,B1]):line(cd,[C1,D1]):line(bc,[B1,C1]):
line(bd,[B1,D1]):line(ad,[A1,D1]): Arecoplanar(ab,cd):
- Kim tra ba ng thng c ng quy hay khng ? AreConcurTent
- Kim tra tnh song song : Areparatlel
Gia ng thng v ng thng: [> AreParallel(ab,cd):
Gia ng thng v mt phng:[> plane(p1,[A1,[1,2,3]]):AreParallel(ab,p1):
Gia mt phng v mt phng : [> plane(p2,[B1,[1,2,3]]):AreParallel(p1,p2):
- Kim tra tnh vung gc: ArePerpendicular
Gia hai ng thng : [> ArePerpendicular(ab,cd):
Gia ng thng v mt phng: [> ArePerpendicular(ab,p1):
Gia mt phng v v mt phng [> ArePerpendicular(p1,p2):
- Tnh khong cch gia cc i tng: distance
tnh khong cch gia hai im,khong cch t mt im ti mt ng
thng, t mt im ti mt phng, khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau,
khong cch gia hai mt phng ta dng lnh: distance(u,v);
trong u,v l im hoc ng thng, hoc mt phng, v d:

170

4.12.6. Mt s chng trnh con tham kho
* Gii tam gic
Hy xc nh cc yu t ca tam gic khi nhp vo to 3 nh ca tam gic :
[> restart; with(geometry):
[> GiaiTamgiac:= proc(A, B, C)
Local p;
triangle(ABC, [A, B, C], [x, y]),
print('phng trnh ng thng cha cnh AB l', Equation(line(AB, [A,B])));
print('phng trnh ng thng cha cnh BC l', Equation(line(BC, [B,C])));
print('phng trnh ng thng cha cnh CA l Equation(line(CA, [C,A])));
print('phng trnh trung tuyn mA l', Equation(median(mA, ABC, A)));
print('phng trnh trung tuyn mB l Equation(median(mB, ABC, B)));

171
print('phng trnh trung tuyn mC l', Equation(median(mC, ABC, C))),
print('to trng tm G ca tam gic ABC l, coordinates(centroid(G, ABC)));
print('phng trnh ng cao hA l', Equation(altitude(hA, ABC, A)));
print('phng trnh ng cao hB l', Equation(altitude(hB, ABC, B)));
print('phng trnh ng cao hC l, Equation(altitude(hc, ABC, C)));
print('to trc tm ca tam gic ABC l,
coordinates(orthocenter(H, ABC)));
print('phng trnh ng trung trc ca cnh AB l',
Equation(PerpenBisector(pC, A, B)));
print('phng trnh ng trung trc ca cnh BC l',
Equation(PerpenBisector(pA, B, C)));
Print(phng trnh ng trung trc ca cnh AB l,
Equation(PerpenBisector(pB, A, C)));
circumcircle(o, ABC, 'centername = O):
print('phng trnh ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC l', Equation(o));
print(' Ta tm ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC l', coordinates(O));
print('bn knh ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC l radius(o));
print('phng trnh ng phn gic trong ca gc A l',
Equation(bisector(bA, A, ABC)));
print('phng trnh ng phn gic trong ca gc B l',
Equation(bisector(bB, B, ABC)));
print('phng trnh ng phn gic trong ca gc C l',
Equation(bisector(bc, C, ABC)));
incircle(io, ABC, 'centername' = K);
print('phng trnh ng trn ni tip tam gic ABC l', Equation(io));
print('to tm ng trn ni tip tam gic ABC l', coordinates(k));
print(bn knh ng trn ni tip tam gic ABC l', radius(io));
print('phng trnh ng phn gic ngoi ca gc A l
Equation(ExternalBisector(bA, A, ABC)});
print('phng trnh ng phn gic ngoi ca gc B l',

172
Equation(ExternalBisector(bB, B, ABC)));
print('phng trnh ng phn gic ngoi ca gc C l',
Equation(ExternalBisector(bC, C, ABC)));
excircle(obj, ABC);
print('phng trnh cc ng trn bng tip tam gic ABC ln lt l',
Equation(obj[1]), Equation(obj[2]), Equation(obj[3]));
Print( to cc tm ng trn bng tip tam gic ABC ln lt l',
coordinates(center(obj[1])), coordinates(center(obj[2])),
coordinates(center(obj[3])));
print('bn knh ng trn ni tip tam gic ABC ln lt l',
radius(obj[1]), radius(obj[2]), radius(obi[3]));
print(phng trnh ng thng Euler ca tam gic ABC l',
Equation(EulerLine(El, ABC)));
Phim( Phng trinh ng trn Euler ca tam gic ABC l,
Equation(EulerCircle(Ec, ABC, 'centername' = En),
print('to tm ng trn Euler l coordinates(E));
print('bn knh ng trn Euler l', radius(Ec));
print('din tch tam gic ABC l area(ABC));
p:= sides(ABC);
print(chu v ca tam gic ABC l, p[1] + p[2] + p[3]);
draw({[ABC, o(color = blue), io(color = black), Ec(color = magenta),
El(color = magenta), obi[1](color = green), obj[2](color = green),
obi[3](color = green)]}, axes = none, title =' Hnh v minh ho);
end:
S dng chng trnh trn nh sau:
Bc 1 ; Khai bo to 3 nh ca tam gic ABC
[> point(A, [1, -1]): point(B, [0, 0]): point(c, [-1, -1]):
v nhp tn cc trc to :
(> _EnvHorizontalName:='x': _EnVericalName= y:
Bc 2: Gi lnh thc hin th tc n:

173
[> Giaitamgac(a, B, C);
* Xc nh tam gic khi cho bt k 3 yu t trong cc yu t ( ln 3 gc, di 3
cnh, din tch) ca mt tam gic.
[>GiaTG := proc(eq1, eq2, eq3)

# Chuyn i cc cu tr li trn t s o bng sang s o bng radian:
L:=convert(%, list): k:=0:
for n from 1 to nops(l) do nL:=convert(op(n, L), list):
for m from 1 to 7 do if (lhs(op(m, nL)) = A) then
Arad:= rhs(op(m, nL)):
A2:= lhs(op(m, nL)) = rhs(op(m, nL))*180./evalf(Pi)*degrees; elif (lhs(op(m,
nL)) = B) then
Brad:= rhs(op(m, nL)):
B2:= lhs(op(m, nL)) = rhs(op(m, nL))*180./evalf(Pi)*degrees; elif (lhs(op(m,
nL)) = C) then
Crad:= rhs(op(m, nL)):
C2:= lhs(op(m, nL)) = rhs(op(m, nL)*180./evalf(Pi)*degreesl elif (lhs(op(m,
nL)) = c) then
sidec:= rhs(op(m, nL)):
elif (lhs(op(m, nL)) = b) then
sideb:= rhs(op(m, nl)):
# Loi b nhng cu tr li phc tp:
Value:= rhs(op(m, nL)):
opc:= nops(value):

174
if opc = 1 then
if (value <= 0 or signum(value) <> 1 ) then
r:= r + 1: fi: else
if (signum(value) <> 1 ) then
r:= r + 1 : fi: fi: od:
if r = 0 then
# Loi b trng hp m tng ba gc ln hn 180 :
if ((rhs(A2) + rhs(B2) + rhs(c2))/degrees <= 180 + .01) then
# In ra kt qu:
print(nL), print(A2, B2, C2); k:= k + 1:
pi:= plot([[0, 0], [sideb, 0], [sidec*cos(Arad), sidec*sin(Arad)], [ 0, 0]],
style = line, color = blue, thickness = 2, scaling = constrained):
with(plots):
p2:= textplot([-.05*sideb, 0, 'A'], align = {Left}, color : red):
p3:= textplot([sideb + .05*sideb, 0, 'C'], align - {Right}, color = red):
p4:= textplot([sidec*cos(Arad), sidec*sin(Arad) + .1*sidec, 'B'],
align = {Above}, color = red):
p5:= textplot([-.05*sideb + .5*sidec*cos(Arad), .5*sidec*sin(Arad), 'c'],
align = {Left}, color = red):
p6:= textplot([(sidec*cos(Arad) + sideb)*.5 + .1*sideb, .55*sidec*sin(Arad)
, a'], align = {Above, Right}, color = red):
p7:= textplot([.5*sideb, -.1*sidec*sin(Arad), 'b],align = {Above},color = red):
print(display([p1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6, p7], axes = none));
printf('\n'); printf('\n);
fi : fi : o d :
# Nu khng c nghim thc dng th vit ra:
if k = 0 then
printf('khng tn ti tam gic'); fi:
end:
Sau khi khai bo th tc, ta c th s dng gii cc tam gic, v d:

175
Tm cc tam gic tho mn gc A = 63
0
, b = 11, a = 10 (c hai tam gic):
[> GiaiTG(A = 63*evalf(P1)/1 80, b = 11, a = 10);
Tm cc tam gic c gc A = 53(), b = 10, a = 4:
l> GiaiTG(A = 53*evalf(Pi)/180, b = 10, a = 4);
* Chng trnh chuyn t phng trnh dng tng qut sang phng trnh dng
tham s ca ng thng trong khng gian:
[> restat; with(geom3d):
[> PTTSdt:= proc(l1, l2)
local t, a, e1, e2;
e1:= Equation(l1): e2:= Equation(l2):
a:= isolve({e1, e2}, {t}): assign(a):
print('phng trnh tham s ca ng thng l', a)'
end:
S dng chng trnh: vit phng trnh tham s ca ng thng cho bi
phng trnh tng qut:

Sau khi khai bo 2 mt phng, ta gi thc hin th tc:
[> PTTSdt(l1, l2);
Kt qu:

* Xt v tr tng i ca mt mt phng v mt mt cu, ng thi a ra mt hnh
nh trc quan bng lnh v cc i tng (draw) ca Maple (chng ta c th xoay
hnh v theo mi gc gip hc sinh nhn thc vn mt cch chnh xc hn) :
[> restart;
[> VitriMP MC:= proc(p, s)
local H, R, d, M, l;
H:= center(s): R:= radius(s): d:= evalf(distance(H, p)):
line(l, [H, p]); intersection(M, 1, p):
if d > R then print('mt phng v mt cu khng ct nhau);
draw({[p, s]}, axes = none);

176
elif d = R then print('mt phng v mt cu tip xc vi nhau ti m c to
coordinates(M)); sphere(g, [M, 0.021): # Minh ho im tip xc
draw({[s, p(color = blue), g(color = magenta)]}, axes = none);
else print (mt phng v mt cu ct nhau theo mt ng trn);
draw({[s, p(color = blue)]}, axes = none);
end;
end:
S dng th tc trn xt v tr tng i ca mt cu (S): v mt phng ():..

Kt qu: Mt phng ct mt cu theo mt ng trn
* Tm tm sai, tiu im, tm i xng, cc bn trc (elp), ng chun ca cnc
bng mt section:

Kt qu l mt section xut hin v ta ch cn nhp phng trnh i s ca cnc vo
mc Equation v nhn nt Display:
* Trong khng gian oxyz cho ba im A(0,1,2); B(2,3,1),C(2,2,-1]);
1) Vit phng trnh mt phng i qua ba im A,B,C. Chng t gc to cng
nm trn mp
2) Chng t t gic OABC l hnh ch nht.Tnh din tch hnh ch nht
3)tnh th tch hnh chp bit nh S(9,0,0)
Ta s dng cc cu lnh sau:
[> with(geom3d):
point(A,0,1,2); point(B,2,3) point(C,2,2,-1); plane(p,[A,B,C],[x,y,z]);
Equation(p);point(O,0,0,0
point(S,9,0,0)line(l1,[0,A1):line(l2,B,C]):line(l3,[A,B]):
Equation(l3,[x,y,z]):Equation(l1,[x,y,z]):Equation(l2,[x,y,z]):lsOnplane(O,p):
AreParallel(l1,l2) ;Areperpendicular(l2,l3);

177
print('V OA song song vi BC,OA vung gc AB nn OABC l hnh ch nht:
');
print( din tch hnh ch nht l:'); s:=distance(OA)*distance(B,A);
print('chiu cao h ca hnh chp l khong cch t S(9,00) ti (p):');
h:=distance(s,p); print( Th tch ca hnh chp SOABC l:'); V:=h*s/3;
-5 x + 4y - 2 z = 0
. . .. R rng O thuc (P) ...... .. ...
true
true
v OA song song vi BC,OA vung gc AB nn OABC l hnh ch nht
din tch hnh ch nht l

Chiu cao h ca hnh chp l khong cch t S(9,00) ti (p):

Th tch hnh chp SOAB l;
V:=15
*Trong h tc lon Oxyz cho hai mt phng (p) v (p ) c phng trnh (p)

1 ) Chng t (p) v (pl ) ct nhau .Vit phng trnh tham s ca giao tuyn ca
hai mt phng (p) v (pl)
2) Tnh gc gia hai mt phng trn . Ta s dng cc lnh sau:

#Cc mt phng c vc t php tuyn khng cng tuyn nn (p) v (p1) ct nhau.
tm p.trnh tham s ca ng thng ta cho z=3t ri tnh x,y theo t
intersection(l,p,p1): detail(l): print(gc gia hai mt phng l: findAngle(p,p1):
name of the object:1
form of the object: line3d
equation of the line: [x=-1/3*3_t, y=4/3-3*_t, z=3*_t]
Gc gia hai mt phng l:


178
* Trong khng gian cho 2 mt phng (p) v (p1) c phng trnh (p) 2x-y+2z= 1 ;
(p1) x+6y+2z+5=0
1 ) CMR Hai mt phng trn vung gc vi nhau
2)Vit phng trnh tng qut ca mt phng (p2) i qua gc to v i qua
giao tuyn ca (p) v (p1)
Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua A(1,2,-3) v song song vi c hai mt
phng (p) v (p1)
[>with(geom3d):
plane(p,2*x-y+2*z=1,[x,y,z]): plane(p1,x+6*y+2*z+5=0,[x,y,z]):
ArePerpendicular(p,p1):
print('phng trnh tham s ca giao tuyn hai mt phng l);
intersection(l,p,p1): detail(l):
print('ly hai im thuc l sau vit phng trnh mt phng i qua ba im').
randpoint(M,l):randpoint(N,l):
point(O,0,0,0 ):plane(p2,[O,M,N],[x,y,z]):
print('phng trnh mt phng (p2) l:'):
Equation(p2): draw({p,p1(color magenta),p2(color reo),l(color blue)}):
print('phng nh ng thng i qua im A(1,2,-3) v song song vi hai mt
phng l point(A,1,2,-3): parallel(d,A,l);detail(d):
* Trong khng gian Oxyz cho hai mt phng (p) v (q) c phng trnh (p)
2x+ky+3z=5, (q) mx-6-6z+2=0
1) Xc nh cc gi tr ca k,m hai mt phng song song vi nhau. Trong
trng hp hy tnh khong cch gia hai mt phng
2) Trong trng hp k=m=0, gi d 1giao tuyn ca (p) v (q). Hy tnh to
hnh chiu H ca im A(1,1,1,)trn d v tnh khong cch t A ti d
[> with(geom3d): assume (m<>0,k<>0):

print('gii h ta tm m,k);
print(phng trnh ca (p) v (q) l:'):
subs(k=3,f(x,y,z,k)):subs(m= 4,g(x,y,z,m)):

179
print( tnh khong cch t (p) n (q) ta ly m bt k thuc (p) .Sau tnh khong
cch t m ti (q)):
plane(q,-4*x-6*y 6*z+2=0,[x,y,z]):plane(p,2*x+3*y+3*z-5=0,[x,y,z]):
distance(p,q):
print('Ta chuyn phng trnh (d) v dng tham s sau ly m bt k thuc n.
Tch v hng ca AH v ch phng ca (d) s bng 0. T tnh c to H v
tnh AH');

intersection(l,h,q3); point(A,1,1,1);detail(l);randpoint(M,l);evalg(distance(M,A));
* Trong khng gian Oxyz cho im A(1,2,-1) v mt phng (p) c phng trnh:
3x-2y+5z+6=0
1) Chng t A nm trn (p)
2)vit phng trnh ng thng (d) i qua A v vung gc vi (p)
3) Tnh sin ca gc gia ng thng (d) v mt phng
[>with(geom3d).
point(A,1,2,-1); plane(p,3*x-2*y+5*z+6=0,[x,y,z]);
print(Thay to im A vo phng trnh (p) th r rng A tho mn);
perpendicular(m1,A,p); print('gc gia OA v (p) l:)
point(O,0,0,0);line(l,[O,A]);detail(l);FindAngle(l,p);
* Trong khng gian Oxyz cho mt phng (p) c phng trnh tng qut x+y/2+z/3=1
v ng thng (d) c phng trnh tham si
x=19/3+6t,y=11/3+3t,z=3+2t
I) CMR (d) ct mt phng (p). Hy tm to giao im I ca chng
2) CMR ng thng (d) vung gc vi (p)
3) Gi A,B,C l giao im ca (p) v ba trc to . Tm to A,B,C v chng
t (d) i qua trng tm tam gic ABC
[>with(geom3d):
plane(p,x+y/3+z/3=1,[x,y,z]);line(d2,[19/3+6*t,11/3+3*t,3+2*t],t);
print('Thay x,y,z trong pt (d) vo pt (p) . Tnh ri thay vo (d) tm c ta giao
im');
intersection(l4,d2,p);coordinates(l4);

180
print('V vc t php tuyn ca mt phng (p) cng tuyn vi vec t ch phng ca
(d) nn (d) vung gc vi (p)');
print('dng cng thc tnh trng tm ca tam gic .Nu trng vi to im 1 th ta
c (d) i qua trng tm ca tam gic),
A:=[1,0,0];B:=[0,2,0];C:=[0,0,3];l1:=[29/69,49/69,71/69],
if(A[1]+B[1]+C[1]=3*11[1] and A[2]+B[2]+C[2]=3*11[2] and
A[3]+B[3]+C[3]=3*l1[3] ) then print(l1 l trng tm tam gic:');fi;
* Trong khng gian cho ba im A(0,1,1),B(-1,0,2,C(3,1,0)
1) Vit phng trnh mt phng (p) i qua A v vung gc vi BC
2) Xc nh to giao im I cu BC v (p)
3)tnh khong cch t A t BC, tnh din tch tam gic ABC
[>restart: with(geom3d):
point(A,0,1,1); point(B,-1,0,2);point(Cc,3,1,0); line(bc,[B,C]);print('pt mt phng
(p) l:'); detail(bc);perpendicular(p,A,bc); print(khong cch t A,ti bc
l:');distance(A,bc);
print('din tch tam gic ABC l:');area(tnangle(abc,[A,B,C]));
* Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau:
[>with(geom3d):
f: ={x-8*z+23=0,y 4*z+8=0}:#Pt ng thng (d1)
g:={x-2*z-3=0,y+2*z+2=10}:#Pt ng thng(d2)
Tpt:=(a,b,c,d,e,f)->a*d+b*e+c*f: Tcp:=(a,b,c,d,e,f)->[b*f-c*e,c*d-a*f,a*e-b*d]:
fi:=lhs(f[1]]): f2:=lhs(f[2]):g1:=lhs(g[1]):g2:=lhs(g[2]):
ai :=coeff(f1,x):b1 :=coeff(f1,y):c1:= coeff(f1,z):
a2:=coeff(f2,x):b2:=coeff(f2,y):c2:=coeff(f2,z):
a3:=coeff(g1,x):b3:=coeff(g1,y):c3:=coeff(g1,z):
a4;= coeff(g2,x):b4:=coeff(g2,y):c4:=coeff(g2,z):
print('pt ng thng (d1) l :)sort(f[x,y,z]):
print(Pt ng thng (d2) l:'):sort(g,[x,y,z]):
print('vc t ch phng ca ng thng (d 1) l:'): a:=Tcp(a1,b1,c1,a2,b2,c2):
vect _a=[a[1],a[2],a[3]]:
print('vec t ch phng ca (d2) l:'): b:=Tcp(a3,b3,c3,a4,b4,c4):

181
vect_b=[b[1],b[2],b[3]]:
print('gi (d) l ng vung gc chung ca (d1) v (d2). Ta c vc t ch phng ca
(d) l :'): v:=Tcp(a[1],a[2],a[3],b[1],b[2],b[3]):
Vect v=[v[1],v[2],v[3]]:
print('gi (P) l mt phng qua (d) v (d1) th vc t php tuyn ca (P) l:);
vect_n=[vect_a,vect_b]:n:=Tcp(a[1],a[2],a[3],v[1],v[2],v[3]):vect_=[n[1],n[2],n[
3]]:
print('gi (Q) l mt phng qua (d) v (d1) th vc t php tuyn ca (Q) l:)
vect_m=[vect b,vect_v]:m:=Tcp(b[1],b[2],b[3],v[1],v[2],v[3]):
vect_m=[m[1],m[2],rn[31]:
print('t pt (d1 ) cho z=0 ta tm c to im A thuc (d1) l :' ):
A:=solve({f[2],z=0}):assign(A):xa:=x:ya:=y:za:=z:x:='xl:y:='y':z:='z':A:='A':(xa,ya.za)
: print(' T Pt (d2) cho z=o ta tm c to ctm B thuc (d2) i:'):
B:=solve({g[1],g[2],z=0}):assign(B): xb:-x:yb:=y:zb:=z:x:='x':y:='y':z:='z:B:='B':
B(xb,yb,zb):
print('pt mt phng (P) l);
h:=n[1]*(x-xa)+n[2]*(y-ya)+n[3]*(z- za):h:=sort(primpart(h,{x,y,z}),[x,y,z])=0:h:
print('pt mt phng (Q) l:'):
k:=m[1]*(x-xb)+m[2]*(y- yb)+m[3]*(z-zb):k:=sort(primpart(k,{x,y,z}),[x,y,z])=0:k:
print(' (d) l giao tuyn ca (P) v (Q), Pt (d):');[h,k];
print( Gi M l giao im ca (d) v (d1),to M:'):
M:=solve({h,k,f[1],f[2]},{x,y,z}):assign(M):xm:=x:ym:=y:zm:=z:x:=xy:='y':z:='z':M
:='M': M(xm,ym,zm):
print('gi N l giao ctm ca (d) v (d2), to N:'):
N:=solve({h,k,g[1],g[2]},{x,y,z}):assign(N):
xn:=x:yn:=y:zn:=z:x:=x:y:=y:z:='z':N:='N':N(xn,yn,zn):
print(' di ng vung gc chung ca (di) v (d2) l:') :
with(student): MN=distance([xM,YM,zM],[XN,YN,zN]);
MN=distance([xm,ym,zm],[xn,yn,zn]);
* Minh ho nh l? Nu hai mt phng ct nhau v cng song song vi mt ng
thng th giao tuyn ca chng song song vi ng thng .
[> restart:with(geom3d):

182
plane(p,3*x-y+z-2=0,[x,y,z]): plane(Q,x+4*y+2*z-5=0,[x,y,z]):intersection(a,P,Q):
point(M,1,1,0): v1:=ParallelVector(a):
line(d,[point(A,1,2,3),v1]):if AreParallel(a,d) = true then print('Duong thang d song
song voi duong thang a'); if; draw([P(Color = cyan),Q(color = yellow),d(color
=blue),M(color = black),a(color = red)]);
* Minh ho nh l.Qua mt irn cho trc c duy nht mt ng thng vung gc
vi mt phng (P) cho trc.
[> restart;
with(geom3d): point(0,1,2,3): plane(p,3*x+5*y-z-2=0,[x,y,z]):
line(a,[point(A,2,-2,-6),point(B,1,-1, -4)]):
n:=Parallelvector(a): plane(Q,[O,n]): intersection(b,P,Q):m:=ParallelVector(b): n:=[-
1,-7,3]: line(delta,[O,n]):Areperpendicular(a,Q); Areperpendicular(delta,Q);
draw([0(color = black),P(color = green),Q(color = cyan),a(color = blue),b(colo =
black),delta(color red) ]),
* Xc ith thit din ca mt phng i qua ba im bt k nm trn cnh ca t din.
Thut ton:
+ Ly ngu nhin ba im G, Gl, G2 nm trn ba cnh ca t din bng lnh
randpoint.
+ Xc nh mt phng (p) i qua ba im trn.
+ Xc nh giao im ca (p) vi cc cnh ca t din.
+ Xc nh mt phng thit din qua cc giao im .
[> restart:
with(geom3d): point(A,-2,-1,2); point(B,4,0,-1);point(C,-2,1,2); point(D,2,-
2,5);line(11,[A,B]):line(12,[C,D]):line(13,[B,C]):line(14,[D,A]):line(l,[B,D]);
randpoint(G,l1,xcoord(A)..Xcoord(B),ycoord(A)..ycoord(B),zcoord(A)..zGoord(B));
evalf(coordinate s(G));
randpotnt(G2,l2,xcoord(C)..xcoord(D),ycoord(C)..ycoord(D),zcoord(C)..zcoord(D)),
evalf(coordinates(G2));
randpoint(G1,l3,xcoord(C)..xcoord(B),ycoord(C)..ycoord(B),zcoord(C)..zcaord(B)),
evalf(coordinates(G1));
line(g1,[G,G1]);line(g2,[G,G2]);line(a,[G1,G2]); plane(p,[G,G1,G2]);
gtetrahedron(v,[A,B,C,D])lAreCoplanar(G1,G2,B,D);
intersection(H,a,l);evalf(coordinates(H));

183
line(b,[H,G]); intersection(L,b,14); evalf(coordinates(L));
segment(c,G1,G2):segment(d,G,G2):segment(e,G,L):segment(f,L,G1):segment(g,G2,L
):segme
nt(h,G,G1):plane(s,[G,G1,G2]):segment(hg,H,G):segment(hg1,H,G1):segment(hb,H,B
): sphere(s1,[G,0.03]).sphere(s2,[G1,0.03]):sphere(s3,[G2,0.03]):
draw({c(colot = red),e(coolor = red),g(color = red),hb(color = black),hg1(color =
black),hg(color = black),h(color = red),v(color = blue),s1(color = brown),s2(color =
green),s3(color = magenta)},title="Thiet dien di qua ba diem cua tu dien" );

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- 2000
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[3]. Nguyn B Kim (ch bin), V Dng Thy Phng php dy hc mn ton
NXB Gio dc - 2000
[4]. Nguyn Gia Cc, Phm Gia c Hnh hc lp 7 .NXB Gio dc -2001.
[5]. Phan c Chnh (tng ch bin),Tn Thn (ch bin), V Hu Bnh, Phm Gia
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[6] Phm Huy in, inh Th Lc v T Duy Phng . Hng dn thc hnh tnh
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[8] Nguyn Vn Qi, Nguyn Tin Dng, Nguyn Vit H -Gii ton trn my vi tnh
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(20] TS Tran Vui
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The free NCET (1995) leaflet, Mathematics ang IT - apupil's entitlement
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Pht huy tnh tch cc hc tp ca hc sinh nh th no? NXB GD -1996
[24] Technology for Teaching
Priscilia Norton, Debra Sprague - George Mason University - 2001

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