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Ch : t bi ny tr v sau, quy c l:
* Ch Romaji khi cc bn nhn thy ch thng tc l ch vit bng HIRAGANA, cn ch IN l vit
bng KATAKANA. V d:
<anata> : (ch thng) tc l ch ny vit bng HIRAGANA
<TEREBI> : (ch INH) tc l ch ny vit bng KATAKANA
* cc t nh <onamaewa>, <kochirawa>,<dewa>..... th y l do ng php nn c l wa, cn khi
vit bng HIRAGANA l vit ch <ha> tc l <onamaeha>, <kochiraha>, <deha>.....
I. T VNG
<watashi> : ti
<watashitachi>: chng ta, chng ti
<anata> : bn
<anohito> : ngi kia
<anokata> : v kia
<minasan> : cc bn, cc anh, cc ch, mi ngi
<san> : anh , ch
<chan> : b ( dng cho n) hoc gi thn mt cho tr con ( c nam ln n)
<kun> : b (dng cho nam) hoc gi thn mt
<jin> : ngi nc
<sensei> : gio vin
<kyoushi> : gio vin ( dng ni n ngh nghip)
<gakusei> : hc sinh, sinh vin
<kaishain> : nhn vin cng ty
<shain> : nhn vin cng ty
<ginkouin> : nhn vin ngn hng
<isha> : bc s
<kenkyuusha> : nghin cu sinh
<ENJINIA> : k s
<daigaku> : trng i hc
<byouin> : bnh vin
<denki> : in
<dare> : ai (hi ngi no )
<donata> : ngi no, v no (cng ngha trn nhng lch s hn)
: <sai> : tui
<nansai> : my tui
<oikutsu> : my tui (Dng lch s hn)
<hai> : vng
<iie> : khng
<shitsurei desu ga> : xin li ( khi mun nh ai vic g )
<onamaewa> : bn tn g?
<hajimemashite> : cho ln u gp nhau
: rt hn hnh c lm quen
<kochirawa san desu> : y l ngi
<kara kimashita> : n t
<AMERIKA> : M
<IGIRISU> : Anh
<INDO> : n
<INDONESHIA> : Indonesia
<kankoku> : Hn quc
<TAI> : Thi Lan
<chuugoku> : Trung Quc
<DOICHI> : c
<nihon> : Nht
<FURANSU> : Php
<BURAJIRU> : Brazil
<sakura daigaku> : Trng H Sakura
<fuji daigaku> : Trng H Ph S
IMC: tn cng ty
<BAWA-denki> : tn cng ty in kh Power
<BURAJIRUEA> : hng khng Brazil
AKC: tn cng ty
II. NG PHP
Mu cu 1: _____<ha>_____<desu>
* Vi mu cu ny ta dng tr t <ha> (c l <wa>, ch khng phi l <ha> trong bng ch - y
l cu trc cu-.) T ch ny v sau s vit l <wa> lun, cc bn c hiu khi vit s l vit ch <ha>
trong bng ch
* Cch dng: Dng ni tn, ngh nghip, quc tch ( tng t nh ng t TO BE ca ting Anh.
* y l mu cu khng nh
Vd:
<watashi wa MAIKU MIRA- desu>
( ti l Michael Miler)
Mu cu 2: _____<wa>_____<ja>/<dewa>
* Mu cu vn dng tr t <wa> nhng vi ngha ph nh. mu cu ny ta c th dng
<ja> hoc<dewa> i trc<arimasen>u c.
* Cch dng tng t nh cu trc khng nh.
Vd:
()
<SANTOSU san wa gakusei ja (dewa) arimasen.>
( anh Santose khng phi l sinh vin.)
Mu cu 3:_____<wa> _____<desu><ka>
IMC
<MIRA san wa IMC no shain desu>
(Anh Michael l nhn vin cng ty IMC)
<TERESA chan wa nansai (oikutsu) desu ka>
(B Teresa bao nhiu tui?)
<TERESA chan wa kyuu sai desu>
(B Teresa 9 tui)
() ()
Mu cu 5: _____ <wa>___<no>
- y l cu trc dng tr t<no> ch s s hu.
- C khi mang ngha l ca nhng c khi khng mang ngha cu vn hay hn.
Vd:
IMC .
<IMC no shain>
(Nhn vin ca cng ty IMC>
<Nihongo no hon>
(Sch ting Nht)
Mu cu 6: _____<wa><nansai><oikutsu><desu ka>
_____ <wa><sai><desu>
- y l mu cu hi vi t hi ( nghi vn t)<nansai><oikutsu> dng
hi tui
- <nansai> Dng hi tr nh ( di 10 tui).
<oikutsu> Dng hi 1 cch lch s.
Vd:
<Taro kun wa nan sai desu ka?>
(B Taro my tui vy ?)
<Taro kun wa kyuu sai desu.>
(B Taro 9 tui)
<Yamada san wa oikutsu desu ka?>
(Anh Yamada bao nhiu tui vy?)
<Yamada san wa yonjuugo sai desu>
(Anh Yamada 45 tui)
S m:
<ichi>
<ni>
<san>
<yon> (<shi>
<go>
<roku>
<nana> (<shichi>
<hachi>
<kyuu>
<juu>
<juuichi>
<juuni>
<nijuu>
<nijuuichi>
<nijuuni>
<issai> 1 tui
<nijuu issai> 21 tui
<hatachi> 20 tui
Mu cu 7: a. _____<wa><san(sama)><desu ka>
b. _____ <wa> <dare><donata><desu ka>
- Mu cu (a.) dng xc nh li tn mt ngi.
- Mu cu (b.) dng hi tn mt ngi vi nghi vn t<dare><donata>
- Mu cu (b.) dng t thng dng l<dare>, khi mun ni 1 cch lch s th dng
<donata>.
Vd:
a.
<ano hito (kata) wa kimura san desu
(Ngi ny (v ny) l anh (ng) Kimura.)
b.
<ano hito wa dare desu ka>
(Ngi ny l ai vy ?)
<ano kata wa donata desu ka>
(V ny l ngi no vy?)
Cc im ch thm:
Khi gii thiu tn mnh khng bao gi c ni thm ch <san> hoc <sama> ( c ngha l
ngi, gi mt cch tn knh) v trong ting Nht c s t nh l ngi Nht lun t h mnh trc ngi
khc. Khi gii thiu tn ngi khc th phi thm ch <san> hoc <sama> ( khi gii thiu
ngi ln tui c a v x hi cao)
Mu cu 8:__A___
+ ___A__ _____
- y l mu cu dng hi Quc tch ca mt ngi.
- Ngha l ( ___A__ l ngi nc no?)
Vd:
- A san wa nani jin desuka. ( A l ngi nc no?)
Mu cu 9: ___A__ ___1_____2__
+ ___A__ __1(2)___
- y l dng cu hi chn la trong hai hay nhiu s vt, s vic khc nhau.
- Ngha l ___A__ l _____ hay l _____?
Vd:
- A san wa ENGINIA desuka, isha desuka. ( A l k s hay l bc s ?)
+ A san wa isha desu. ( A l bc s
Mu cu 11: ___A__
A
- y l cu hi vi t hi:
- Ngha ca t hi ny l A l Ci g?
Vd:
- Kore wa nandesuka. (y l ci g?)
+ Kore wa NOTO desu. (ay l cun tp)
Mu cu 12:
A
y l cu hi lch s.
- y l cu hi dng hi tn.
- Ngha l Tn ca bn ____ l g?
Vd:
- Onamae wa. ( hoc shitsure desu ga, onamaewa hoc Anatano namae wa nandesuka) ( Tn bn l
g?)
+ watashi wa A desu. Tn ti l A
Mu cu 13:
2. I. T Vng
: <kore> y
: <sore>
: <are> kia
: <kono> ~ny
: <sono> ~
: <ano> ~kia
: <hon>Sch
: <jisho> T in
: <zasshi> tp ch
: <shimbun> bo
: <NOTO> tp
: <techou> s tay
: <meishi> danh thip
: <KA-DO> card
: <TELEHONKA-DO> card in thoi
: <embitsu>vit ch
: <BO-RUPEN> Vit bi
: <SHA-PUPENSHIRU> vit ch bm
: <kagi> ch kho
: <tokei> ng h
: <kasa>Ci d
: <kaban> ci cp
: <KASETTO TE-PU> bng ( casset)
: <TE-PUREKO-DA->my casset
: <TEREBI>ci TV
: <RAZIO> ci radio
: <KAMERA> ci my chp hnh
: <KOMPYU-TA-> my vi tnh
: <jidousha> xe hi
: <tsukue> ci bn
: <isu> ci gh
: <CHOKORE-TO> ko scla
: <KO-HI-> c ph
: <eigo> ting Anh
: <nihongo> ting Nht
: <~go> ting ~
: <nan> ci g
: <dou> th no
: <chigaimasu> khng phI, sai ri
: <sodesuka> th ?
: <anou> .. ( ngp ngng khi ngh hoc suy ngh 1 vn )
<honnokimochidesu> y l cht lng thnh
: <douzo> xin mi
: <doumo> cm n
: <doumo arigatou gozaimasu> Xin chn thnh cm n
: <korekara osewa ninarimasu> T nay mong c gip
<kochirakoso yoroshiku> chnh ti mi l ngi mong c gip .
II. Ng Php - Mu cu:
_____<_____wa nanno~ desuka>
- ngha: _____ l ci g?
- Cch dng: y l mu cu dng hi v th loi hay thuc tnh ca mt s vt, hin tng. Ta
cng c th dng hi vi ngha l s hu khi thay i t hI <nan> bng t hi <dare> m
sau ny chng ta s hc ti!
- V d:
Kore wa nanno hon desuka?
(y l sch g?)
+ kore wa Nihongo no hon desu.
(y l sch ting Nht)
<kore>
<sore> <wa nan desuka?>
<are>
- ngha: Ci ny/ci / ci kia l ci g?
- Cch dng:
a. Vi <kore> th dng hi vt gn mnh, khi tr li phi dng <sore> v khi vt xa ngi tr
li
b. Vi <sore> dng hi vt gn ngi ni chuyn vi mnh, khi tr li phi dng <sore>
- ngha: ~ny/~/~kia l ~ g?
- Cch dng tng t mu cu s 4 nhng c nhn mnh hn!
- V d:
Sono zasshi wa nanno zasshi desuka?
cun tp ch l tp ch g?
+ kono zasshi wa KOMPU-TA- no zasshi desu.
cun tp ch ny l tp ch v Vi tnh.
Phn ph lc:
<nanyobi> th my
<getsuyoubi> th Hai
<kayoubi> th Ba
<suiyoubi> th T
<mokuyoubi> th Nm
<kinyoubi> th Su
<doyoubi> th By
<nichiyoubi> Ch Nht
<nannichi> ngy my
Nht trong 10 ngy u ngi ta c cch c khc i so vi cc ngy cn lI, v chng ta c th
dng cho c hai trng hp l ngy ~ hoc ~ngy
<tsuitachi> ngy 1 ( hoc 1 ngy)
<futsuka> ngy 2 ( hoc hai ngy)
<mikka> ngy 3 (//)
<yokka> ngy 4 (//)
<itsuka> ngy 5 (//)
<muika> ngy 6 (//)
<nanoka> ngy 7 (//)
<youka> ngy 8 (//)
<kokonoka> ngy 9 (//)
<to-ka> ngy 10 (//)
Cc ngy cn li ta m bng cch rp cch m s vi ch <nichi> l c (vd:
jyuuichinichi=ngy 11.) nhng c 1 s trng hp c bit sau: v tng t cho cc s cn li ( vd:
nijyuu yokka= ngy 24)
<jyuu yokka> Ngy 14
<jyuu kunichi> ngy 19 (im khc bit so vi m s thng thng ca s ny l s
<koko> y
<soko>
<asoko> kia
<doko> (nghi vn t) u
<kochira> ( knh ng) y
<sochira> (//)
<achira> (//) kia
<dochira> (//)(nghi vn t) u, hng no
<kyoshitsu> phng hc
<shokudo> nh n
<jimusho> vn phng
<kaigishitsu> phng hp
<uketsuke> quy tip tn
<ROBI-> i snh (LOBBY)
<heya> cn phng
<TOIRE (ote arai)> Toilet
<kaidan> cu thang
<EREBE-TA-> thang my
<ESUKARE-TA-> thang cun
<(o) kuni> quc gia ( nc)
<kaisha> cng ty
<uchi> nh
<denwa> in thoi
<kutsu> i giy
< NEKUTAI> Cravat ( neck tie)
<WAIN> ru ty (wine)
<tabako> thuc l
<uriba> ca hng
<chika> tng hm
<ikkai> tng 1
<nankai> (nghi vn t) tng my
<~en> ~ yn ( tin t Nht bn)
<ikura> (nghi vn t) Bao nhiu ( hi gi c)
<hyaku> Trm
<sen> ngn
<man> vn ( 10 ngn)
<sumimasen> xin li
<(~o) misete kudasai> xin cho xem ~
~<jya (~o) kudasai> vy th, xin cho ti (ti ly) ci ~
<shin oosaka> tn a danh Nht
<ITARIA>
<SUISU> Thu S
II. Ng php - Mu cu
<koko>
_____ <soko wa _____ desu>
<asoko>
- ngha: y l/ l/kia l _____
- Cch dng dng gii thiu, ch cho ai mt ni no
- VD:
Koko wa uketsuke desu. (y l bn tip tn)
<koko>
_____ <_____ wa soko desu>
<asoko>
- ngha: _____ l y//kia.
- Cch dng: dng ch r a im no u hoc mt ngi no u. Thng c dng
ch cho ai mt ni no hoc ngi no .
- VD:
a. Satou san wa soko desu. < anh Satou >
b. Shokudou wa ashoko desu. < Nh n kia>
<kochira>
_____ <_____wa sochira desu.>
<achira>
- ngha: _____ l y//kia ( nu dng ch ngi th c ngha l V ny//kia)
- Cch dng: Tng t vi cch hi a im, ni chn, ngi trn. Nhng n c dng th hn
s lch thip, cung knh i vi ngi ang nghe. Ngha gc ca cc t ny ln lt l (Hng
ny//kia)
- VD:
Kaigi jitsu wa achira desu. (phng hp ng kia )
Kochira wa Take Yama sama desu. (y l ngi Take Yama)
<okimasu> : thc dy
<nemasu> : ng
<hatarakimasu> : lm vic
<yasumimasu> : ngh ngi
<benkyoushimasu> : hc tp
<owarimasu> : kt thc
<DEPA-TO> : ca hng bch ha
<ginkou> : ngn hng
<yuubinkyoku> : bu in
< <toshokan> : th vin
<bijutsukan> : vin bo tng
<denwabangou> : s in thoi
<nanban> : s my
<ima> : by gi
<ji> : ~gi
<fun> <pun> : pht
<han> : phn na
<nanji> : my gi
<nanpun> : my pht
<gozen> : sng (AM: trc 12 gi)
<gogo> : chiu (PM: sau 12 gi)
<asa> : sng
<hiru> : tra
<ban> : ti
<yoru> : ti
<ototoi> : ngy hm kia
<kinou> : ngy hm qua
<kyou> : hm nay
<ashita> : ngy mai
<asatsute> : ngy mt
<kesa> : sng nay
<konban> : ti nay
<yuube> : ti hm qua
<yasumi> : ngh ngi (danh t)
<hiruyasumi> : ngh tra
<maiasa> : mi sng
<maiban> : mi ti
<mainichi> : mi ngy
<PEKIN> : Bc Kinh
<BANKOKU> Bangkok
<RONDON> Lun n
<ROSANZERUSU> : Los Angeles
<taihendesune> : vt v nh
<bangouannai> : dch v 116 (hi s in thoi)
<otoiawase> : (s in thoi) bn mun bit / hi l
<(o) onegaishimasu> : lm n
<kashikomarimashita> : hiu ri
II) MU CU - NG PHP
Ng Php
ng T
ng t chia lm 3 lai :
- ng t qu kh
- ng t hin ti
- ng t tng lai
a) ng t hin ti - tng lai
C ui l ch masu
V d :
watashi wa kuji ni nemasu ( ti ng lc 9 gi )
<ikimasu> : i
<kimasu> : n
<kaerimasu> : tr v
<gakkou> : trng hc
<SU-PA-> : siu th
<eki> : nh ga
<hikouki> : my bay
<fune> : thuyn/tu
<densha> : xe in
<chikatetsu> : xe in ngm
<shinkansen> : tu cao tc
<BASU> : xe but
<TAKUSHI-> : xe taxi
<jidensha> : xe p
<aruite> <(ikimasu)> : i b
<hito> : ngi
<tomodachi> : bn
<kare> : anh y
<kanojo> : c y
<kazoku> : gia nh
<hitoride> : mt mnh
<senshuu> : tun truc
<konshuu> : tun ny
<raishuu> : tun ti
<sengetsu> : thng trc
<kongetsu> : thng ny
<raigetsu> : thng ti
<kyonen> : nm ri
<kotoshi> : nm nay
<rainen> : nm ti
<~gatsu> : thng ~
<nangatsu> : thng my
<ichinichi> : mt ngy
<nannichi> : ngy my
<itsu> : khi no
<tanjoubi> : sinh nht
<futsu> : thng thng
<kyuukou> : tc hnh
<totsukyuu> : ha tc
<tsugino> : k tip
<arigatou gozaimashita> : cm n
<dou itashimashite> : khng c chi
<~bansen> : tuyn th ~
II. MU CU
Mu Cu 1
Cu trc :
__
<__wa nani o shimasuka>
V d :
<anata wa nani o shimasuka>
(Bn ang lm g ?)
Cu trc :
__
<__wa dare to nani o shimasuka>
V d : A
<A san wa tomodachi to nani o shimasuka>
(A ang lm g vi bn vy)
A
<A san wa tomodachi to satsuka- o shimasu>
(A ang chi banh vi bn)
Cch dng : Dng hi ngi no ang lm g vi ai
Mu Cu 3
Cu trc :
__
<__wa doko de nani o shimasu ka>
V d : B
<B san wa kouen de nani o shimasu ka>
(B ang lm g cng vin vy ?)
B
<B san wa kouen de TENISU o shimasu>
(B ang chi tenis cng vin)
Cch dng : Dng hi mt ngi no ang lm g mt ni no .
Mu Cu 4
Cu trc :
__
<__dare to nan de doko e ikimasu>
V d :
<watashi wa koibito to densha de kouen e ikimasu>
(Ti cng vi ngi yu i xe in n cng vin) (^_^)
Cch dng : Dng ni mt ngi no cng vi ai, i n u bng phng tin g.
Mu Cu 5
Cu trc :
__
<__ wa nani o doushi ka>
V d :
<kinou anata wa eiga o mimashitaka>
(Ngy hm qua bn c xem phim khng ?)
<hai, mimashita>
(C)
<iie, mimasendeshita>
(Khng)
Cch dng : y l dng cu hi c, khng hi ai v mt vn g .
Ph ch :
Cc th trong ng t :
a) Th khng nh
ui ca ng t l <masu>
V d : <ikimasu>
<kaerimasu>
b) Th ph nh
ui ca ng t l <masen>
V d : <ikimasen>
<kaerimasen>
c) Th nghi vn
Thm t <ka> vo sau ng t
V d : <mimasuka> : C xem khng ?
d) Th khng nh trong qu kh
ui ca ng t l <mashita>
V d : <mimashita> : xem ri
e) Th ph nh trong qu kh
ui ca ng t l <masendeshita>
V d : <mimasendeshita> : khng xem
f) Th nghi vn trong qu kh
Nh th nghi vn ca ng t hin ti
V d : <mimashitaka> : C xem khng (trong qu kh ?)
Ch : trong cu khng nh v nghi vn c ng t khng dng <desu> cui cu, <desu>
ch dng cho danh t.
6. I/ T VNG
<tabemasu> : n
<nomimasu> : ung
<suimasu> : ht
<tabako o suimasu> : ht thuc
<mimasu> : xem
<kikimasu> : nghe
<yomimasu> : c
<kakimasu> :vit, v
<kaimasu> : mua
<torimasu> : chp
II/ NG PHP - MU CU
<kirimasu> : ct
<okurimasu> : gi
<agemasu> : tng
<moraimasu> : nhn
<kashimasu> : cho mn
<karimasu> : mn
<oshiemasu>
<naraimasu> : hc
<kakemasu> :gi in
<[denwa o kakemasu]> : gi in thoi
<te> : tay
<hashi> : a
<SUPU-N> : mung
<NAIFU> : dao
<FO-KU> : na
<hasami> : ko
<FAKUSU> <(FAKKUSU)> : my fax
<WA-PURO> : my nh ch
<PASOKON> : my tnh c nhn
<PANCHI> : ci bm l
<HOCHCHIKISU> : ci bm giy
<SEROTE-PU> : bng keo
<keshiGOMU> : cc gm
<kami> : giy ( tc )
<hana> : hoa (ci mi)
<SHATSU> : o s mi
<PUREZENTO> : qu tng
<nimotsu> : hnh l
<okane> : tin
<kippu> : v
<KURISUMASU> : l Noel
<chichi> : cha ti
<haha> : m ti
<otousan> : b ca bn
<okaasan> : m ca bn
<mou> : ri
<mada> : cha
<korekara> : t by gi
<sutekidesune> : tuyt vi qu nh
<gomenkudasai> : xin li c ai nh khng ?
<irashshai> : anh (ch) n chi
<douzo oagari kudasai>: xin mi anh (ch) vo nh
<shitsureishimasu> : xin li, lm phin
<(wa) ikagadesuka> : c c khng ?
<itadakimasu> : cho ti nhn
<ryokou> : du lch
<omiyage> : qu c sn
<YO-ROPPA> : Chu u
Lu : t <hashi> c hai ngha. Mt ngha l a, ngha cn li l cy cu. phn bit nu ngha
l a th c xung ging (ging nh hch x vy ), cn ci kia th c ln ging. Cn <kami>
cng c hai ngha l tc v giy, nhng mnh khng bit cch phn bit, chc da vo ngha ca cu.
T <hana> th cng tng t nh <hashi> ngha l ln ging l hoa, cn xung ging th l
ci mi
II\ NG PHP - MU CU
Mu cu 1:
Cu trc: <dougu> + <de> + <nani> + <o> + V <Vmasu>
Cch dng: Lm g bng dng c g .
V d:
Mu cu 5:
Cu trc:
+ Cu hi:
<mou> + <nani> + <o> + V <Vmashita ka>
+Tr li:
V
<hai, mou Vmashita>
<minikui> : Xu
<HANSAMUna> : p trai
<kireina> : (cnh) p, p (gi), sch
<shizukana> : yn tnh
<nigiyakana> : nhn nhp
<yuumeina> : ni ting
<shinsetsuna> : t t
<genkina> : khe
<himana> : rnh ri
<isogashii> : bn rn
<benrina> : tin li
<sutekina> : tuyt vi
<ookii> : to ln
<chiisai> : nh
<atarashii> : mi
<furui> : c
<ii> : tt
<warui> : xu
<atsui> : (tr) nng
<tsumetai> : (nc ) lnh
<atsui> : (tri) nng
<samui> : (tri) lnh
<muzukashii> : (bi tp) kh
<yasashii> : (bi tp) d
<kibishii> : nghim khc
<yasashii> : du dng, hin t
<takai> : t
<yasui> : r
<hikui> : thp
<takai> : cao
<omoshiroi> : th v
<tsumaranai> : chn
<oishii> : ngon
<mazui> : d
<tanoshii> : vui v
<shiroi> : trng
<kuroi> : en
<akai> :
<aoi> : xanh
<sakura> : hoa anh o
<yama> : ni
<machi> : thnh ph
<tabemono> : thc n
<tokoro> : ch
<ryou> : k tc x
<benkyou> : hc tp ( danh t )
<seikatsu> : cuc sng
() <(o)shigoto> : cng vic
<dou> : nh th no
<donna> : no
<dore> : ci no
<totemo> : rt
() <amarimasen(kunai)> : khnglm
<soshite> : v
<ga,> : nhng
<ogenki desu ka> : c khe khng ?
<sou desu ne> : nh
<fujisan> : Ni Ph S
<biwako> : h Biwaco
<SHANHAI> : Thng Hi
<shichi nin no samurai> : by ngi v s o (tn phim)
<kinkakuji> : tn cha
<naremasu> : quen
<nihon no seikatsu ni naremashita ka>: quen vi cuc sng Nht
Bn cha ?
<mou ippai ikaga desu ka> : Thm mt ly na nh
<iie, kekkou desu> : thi, ri
<sorosoro, shitsureishimasu> : n lc ti phi v
<mata irashshatte kudasai>: ln sau li n chi nh.
II. NG PHP - MU CU
By gi chng ta s bt u lm quen vi tnh t trong ting Nht
Trong Ting Nht c hai loi tnh t :
+ <ikeiyoushi> : tnh t <i>
+ <nakeiyoushi> : tnh t <na>
1. Tnh t <na>
a. Th khng nh hin ti:
Khi nm trong cu, th ng sau tnh t l t <desu>
V d:
c. Th khng nh trong qu kh
Khi nm trong cu th ng sau tnh t s l cm t <deshita>
V d:
A
<A san wa genki deshita>
(A th khe.)
B
<B san wa yuumei deshita>
(B th ni ting.)
d. Th ph nh trong qu kh
Khi nm trong cu th ng sau tnh t s l cm t <ja arimasen deshita>
V d:
A
<A san wa genki ja arimasen deshita>
(A th khng khe.)
B
<B san wa yuumei ja arimasen deshita>
(B th khng ni ting.)
Lu :Khi tnh t <na> i trong cu m ng sau n khng c g c th chng ta khng vit ch
<na> vo.
V d:
A
<A san wa genki ja arimasen deshita>
(A th khng khe.)
ng: v khng c ch <na> ng sau tnh t.
A
<A san wa genki na ja arimasen deshita>
Sai: v c ch <na> ng sau tnh t.
e. Theo sau tnh t l danh t chung
Khi ng sau tnh t l danh t chung th mi xut hin ch <na>
V d:
2 Tnh t <i>
a. Th khng nh hin ti:
Khi nm trong cu, th ng sau tnh t l t <desu>
V d:
<watashi no sensei wa yasashii desu>
(C gio ca ti th du dng.)
b. Th ph nh hin ti:
Khi ph nh, tnh t <i> s b <i> i v thm vo <kunai>vn c <desu>
V d:
<wakarimasu> : hiu
<arimasu> : c ( vt)
<sukina>: thch
<kiraina> : ght
<jouzuna>: .....gii
<hetana> : ......d
<ryouri> : vic nu nng thc n
<nomimono> : thc ung
<SUPO-TSU> : th thao
<yakyuu> : d cu
<DANSU> : khiu v
<ongaku> : m nhc
<uta> : bi ht
<KURASHIKKU> : nhc c in
<JAZU> : nhc jazz
<KONSA-TO> : bui ha nhc
<KARAOKE> : karaoke
<kabuki> : nhc kabuki ca Nht
<e> : tranh
<ji> : ch
<kanji> : ch Hn
<hiragana> : Ch Hiragana
<katakana> : ch Katakana
<RO-MAji> : ch romaji
<komakaiokane> : tin l
<CHIKETTO> : v
<jikan> : thi gian
<youji> : vic ring
<yakusoku> : hn
<goshujin> : chng (ca ngi khc)
/ <otto / shujin> : chng (ca mnh)
<okusan> : v (ca ngi khc)
/ <tsuma / kanai> : v (ca mnh)
<kodomo> : tr con
( <yoku (wakarimasu)> : (hiu) r
<daigaku> : i hc
<takusan> : nhiu
<sukoshi> : mt cht
<zenzen~nai> : hon ton~khng
<daitai> : i khi
() <hayaku (kaerimasu)> : (v) sm
<hayaku> : nhanh
<~kara> : ~v, do
<doushite> : ti sao
<zannen desu ne> : ng tic tht
<moshimoshi> : alo
<ishshoni~ikaga desu ka> cng...c c khng?
II. NG PHP - MU CU
*Ng php - Mu cu 1:
Ng php:
+ +
<mono ( vt)> + <ga> + (tnh cht) <arimasu> : c ci g ...
+ +
<mono ( vt)> + <ga> + (tnh cht) <arimasen>: khng c ci g ...
Mu cu:
+ + +
<~wa> + <mono ( vt)> + <ga> + <arimasu ka> : ai c ci g khng ?
V d:
Lan
<Lan chan wa nihongo no jisho ga arimasu ka>
(Lan c t in ting Nht khng?)
<hai, nihongo no jisho ga arimasu>
(Vng, ti c t in ting Nht)
Quc
<Quc kun wa jitensha ga arimasu ka>
(Quc c xe p khng?)
<iie, jitensha ga arimasen>
(Khng, ti khng c xe p)
*Ng php - Mu cu 2:
Ng php:
Danh t + +
Danh t + <ga> + (tnh cht) <wakarimasu> : hiu vn g ...
Danh t + +
Danh t + <ga> + (tnh cht) <wakarimasen>: khng hiu vn g ...
Mu cu:
+ danh t + +
<~wa> + danh t + <ga> +<wakarimasu ka> : ai c hiu ci vn no khng ?
V d:
Bo
<Bo kun wa nihongo ga wakarimasu ka>
(Bo c hiu ting Nht khng ?)
<hai, watashi wa nihongo ga sukoshi wakarimasu>
(Vng, ti hiu cht cht>
Quc
<Quc kun wa kankokugo ga wakarimasu ka>
(Quc c hiu ting Hn Quc khng ?)
<iie, watashi wa kankokugo ga zenzen wakarimasen>
(Khng, ti hon ton khng hiu)
*Ng php - Mu cu 3:
Ng php:
Danh t + + +
Danh t + <ga> + (tnh cht) <suki> + <desu> : thch ci g ...
Danh t + + +
Danh t +<ga> + (tnh cht) <kirai> +<desu> : ght ci g ...
Mu cu:
+ danh t + + +
<~wa> + danh t + <ga> + <suki> + <desu ka> : ai c thch ci g hay khng ?
+ danh t + + +
<~wa> + danh t + <ga> + <kirai> + <desu ka> : ai c ght ci g khng ?
V d:
Long
<Long kun wa nihongo ga suki desu ka>
(Long c thch ting Nht khng ?)
<hai, watashi wa nihongo ga totemo suki desu>
(Vng, ti rt thch ting Nht)
A
<A san wa KARAOKE ga suki desu ka>
(A c thch karaoke khng ?)
<iie, watashi wa KARAOKE ga amari suki ja arimasen>
(Khng, ti khng thch karaoke lm)
Ch : Cc bn nn hn ch dng <kirai> v t kh nhy cm vi ngi Nht, nu cc bn ch
hi khng thch th nn dng ph nh ca <suki> l <suki ja arimasen> cng
vi <amari> gim mc ca cu ni , tr khi mnh qu ght th .
*Ng php - Mu cu 4:
Ng php:
Danh t + + +
Danh t + <ga> + (tnh cht) <jouzu> + <desu> : gii ci g ...
Danh t + + +
Danh t + <ga> + (tnh cht) <heta> + <desu> : d ci g ...
Mu cu:
+ danh t + + +
<~wa> + danh t + <ga> + <jouzu> + <desu ka> : ai c gii v ci g khng ?
+ danh t + + +
<~wa> + danh t + <ga> + <heta> + <desu ka> : ai c d v ci g khng ?
V d:
B
<B san wa nihongo ga jouzu desu ka>
(B c gii ting Nht khng ?)
B
<iie, B san wa nihongo ga amari jouzu ja arimasen>
(Khng, B khng gii ting Nht lm)
A
<A san wa SUPO-TSU ga jouzu desu ka>
(A c gii th thao khng ?)
A
<hai, A san wa SUPO-TSU ga totemo jouzu desu>
(Vng, anh A rt gii th thao)
Ch : tng t nh trn, cc bn cng nn trnh dng <heta> v n c th gy mch lng ngi
khc y. Ch nn dng ph nh ca <jouzu> cng vi <amari> l
<amari jouzu ja arimasen> tr khi ngi qu d.
*Ng php - Mu cu 5:
Cu hi ti sao: <doushite~ka>
Cu tr li bi v:~<~kara>
V d:
A
<kesa A san wa gakkou e ikimasen deshi ta>
(Sng nay A khng n trng)
Bui ti, B sang nh hi A :
B:
B:<doushite kesa gakkou e ikimasen deshi ta ka><Ti sao sng nay bn khng n trng?>
A:
A:<watashi wa genki ja arimasen deshi ta kara>
(Bi v ti khng khe)
*Ng php - Mu cu 6:
V l do g nn lm ci g .
,~+ danh t + V
<~kara>, <~wa> + danh t + <wo> + <Vmasu>
V d:
<watashi wa nihongo no hon ga arimasen kara>
(Bi v ti khng c sch ting Nht>
<watashi wa nihongo no hon wo kaimasu>
(Nn ti mua sch ting Nht)
<watashi wa okane ga takusan arimasu kara>
(Bi v ti c nhiu tin)
<watashi wa kuruma wo kaimasu>
(Nn ti mua xe hi)
*Ng php - Mu cu 7:
Ch ng + + danh t chung + + / +
Ch ng + <donna> + danh t chung + <ga> + <jouzu>/<suki> + <desu ka> : Ai c gii/thch v
mt loi ca mt lnh vc no .
V d:
A /
<A san wa donna SUPO-TSU ga suki / jouzu desu ka>
(Anh A thch/gii loi th thao no ?)
/
<watashi wa SAKKA- ga suki / jouzu desu>
(Ti thch/gii bng )
10. I. T VNG
<ue> : trn
<shita> : di
<mae> : trc
<ushiro> : sau
<migi> : bn phi
<hidari> : bn tri
<naka> : bn trong
<soto> : bn ngoi
<tonari> : bn cnh
<chikaku> : ch gn y
<tono aida> : giav
() <ya(nado)> : chng hnhay (hoc)
<ichiban> : nht
<danme> : ngn th
() <(doumo) sumimasen> : xin li
: pha trong
<CHIRISO-SU> : tng t
<SUPAISUKO-NA-> : quy gia v
II. NG PHP - MU CU
*Ng Php - Mu Cu 1:
Ng Php:
Noun + +
Noun + <ga> + <imasu> : c ai , c con g
Mu Cu:
<doko> + <ni> + <dare> + <ga> + <imasu ka> : u c ai vy ?
V d:
<kouen ni dare ga imasu ka>
(Trong cng vin c ai vy ?)
<kouen ni otoko no hito to onna no hito ga futari imasu>
(Trong cng vin c mt ngi n ng v mt ngi n b )
*Ng Php - Mu Cu 2:
Ng Php:
Cu hi c ci g hay ai khng ?
/ + + /
<dare / nani> + <ka> + <imasu ka / arimasu ka>
i vi lai cu hi ny, cu tr li bt buc phi l:
/
<hai, imasu / arimasu>
hoc l:
/
<iie, imasen / arimasen>
Ch :
Cc bn cn phn bit cu hi tr t <ga> v <ka> i vi ng t <imasu> v
<arimasu>
Cu hi c tr t <ga> l yu cu cu tr li phi l k ra (nu c) hoc nu khng c th phi tr li
l:
/ /
<nani / dare mo arimasen / imasen>
V d:
Tr t <ga>
<kouen ni dare ga imasu ka>
(Trong cng vin c ai vy ?)
<kouen ni otoko no hito to onna no hito ga futari imasu>
(Trong cng vin c mt ngi n ng v mt ngi n b )
hoc l:
<kouen ni dare mo imasen>
(Trong cng vin khng c ai c)
Tr t <ka>
/ /
<kissaten ni dare / nani ka imasu ka / arimasu ka>
(Trong qun nc c ai / vt g khng ?)
/
<hai, imasu / arimasu>
(Vng c)
hoc l:
, /
<iie, imasen / arimasen>
(Khng c)
*Ng Php - Mu Cu 3:
Ng Php:
<shita (bn di)> <ue ( trn)>
<mae (ng trc)><ushiro (ng sau>
<migi (bn phi)><hidari (bn tri)>
<naka (bn trong)><soto (bn ngoi)>
<tonari (bn cnh)> <chikaku (ch gn y)>
<aida ( gia)>
Nhng t trn l nhng t ch v tr
+ + t xc nh v tr + + / + + /
<tokoro> + <no> + t xc nh v tr + <ni> + <dare> / <nani> + <ga> + <imasu ka / arimasu ka>
: u c ai hay vt g, con g
V d:
<sono hako no naka ni nani ga arimasu ka>
(Trong ci hp kia c ci g vy ?)
<sono hako no naka ni hasami ga arimasu>
(Trong ci hp kia c ci ko)
<anata no kokoro no naka ni dare ga imasu ka>
(Trong tri tim ca bn c ngi no khng ?)
<watashi no kokoro no naka ni dare mo imasen>
(Trong tri tim ti khng c ai c)
*Ng Php - Mu Cu 4:
Ng Php:
Mu cu <arimasu> v <imasu> khng c tr t <ga>
Ch ng (ng vt, vt) + ni chn + + t ch v tr + /
Ch ng (ng vt, vt) + ni chn + <no> + t ch v tr + <ni> + <arimasu> / <imasu>
V d:
<HANOI shi wa doko ni arimasu ka>
(Thnh ph H Ni u vy ?)
<HANOI shi wa betonamu ni arimasu>
(Thnh ph H Ni Vit Nam)
Khi vt no hay ai l ch ng th sau ni chn v trc ng t <arimasu> v
<imasu> khng cn tr t <ga>
*Ng Php - Mu Cu 5:
Ng Php:
()<ya(nado)> : Chng hn nh....
V d:
<kono kyoushitsu no naka ni nani ga arimasu ka>
(Trong phng hc ny c ci g vy ?)
Cch 1:
<kono kyoushitsu no naka ni tsukue to hon to enpitsu to kaban to jisho ga arimasu>
(Trong phng hc ny c bn, sch, bt ch, cp, t in.)
Cch 2:
<kono kyoushitsu no naka ni tsukue ya hon nado ga arimasu>
(Trong phng hc ny c nhiu th chng hn nh bn, sch...)
Nh vy cch dng ()<ya(nado)> dng rt ngn cu tr li, khng cn phi lit k
ht ra.
*Ng Php - Mu Cu 6:
Ng Php:
Danh t 1 + + Danh t 2 + + Danh t 3 + + + +
/
Danh t 1 + <wa> + Danh t 2 + <to> + Danh t 3 + <no> + <aida> + <ni> + <arimasu> /
<imasu>
Hoc:
Danh t 2 + + Danh t 3 + + + + Danh t 3 + +
/
Danh t 2 + <to> + Danh t 3 + <no> + <aida> + <ni> + Danh t 3 + <ga> + <arimasu> /
<imasu>
V d:
<kissaten wa honya to hanaya no aida ni arimasu>
(Qun nc th gia tim sch v tim hoa)
Hoc:
<honya to hanaya no aida ni kissaten ga arimasu>
( gia tim sch v tim bn hoa c mt qun nc)
11. I T VNG
<O SUTORARIA> : nc c
II NG PHP - MU CU
Mu Cu - Ng Php 1:
* Ng Php:
V tr ca s lng trong cu : ng sau tr t <ga>, <wo>
* Mu Cu:
Danh t + + / / / / ... + /
Danh t + <ga> + <tsu / nin / dai / mai / kai...> + arimasu / imasu
* V d:
<ima, kouen no naka ni otoko no hito ga hitori imasu>
(By gi trong cng vin c mt ngi n ng.)
<watashi wa SHATSU ga ni mai arimasu>
(Ti c hai ci o s mi.)
Mu Cu - Ng Php 2:
* Ng Php:
Yu cu ai a cho mnh ci g : <wo> + <kudasai>
* Mu Cu:
Danh t + <wo> + s lng + <kudasai>
* V d:
<kami wo ni mai kudasai>
(a cho ti hai t giy, lm n)
Mu Cu - Ng Php 3:
* Ng Php:
Trong khong thi gian lm c vic g : tr t<ni>
* Mu Cu:
Khong thi gian + <ni> + V <V masu>
* V d:
<ish shuukan ni san kai nihon go wo benkyoushi masu>
(Ti hc ting Nht mt tun ba ln.)
Mu Cu - Ng Php 4:
* Ng Php:
<dono kurai> c s dng hi khong thi gian lm ci g .
<gurai> t sau s lng c ngha l khong bao nhiu .
* Mu Cu:
<dono kurai> + danh t + <wo> + V <V masu>
danh t + <ga> + s lng + <gurai> + / <arimasu / imasu>
* V d:
Long
<Long san wa dono kurai nihon go wo benkyoushi mashita ka>
(Anh Long hc ting Nht c bao lu ri ?)
< san nen benkyoushi mashita>
(Ti hc ting Nht c 3 nm)
<kono gakkou ni sensei ga sanjuu nin gurai imasu>
(Trong trng ny c khong ba mi gio vin.)
Lu : Cch dng cc t hi s lng cng tng t tc l cc t hi vn ng sau tr t.
* V d:
<anata no uchi ni TEREBI ga nan dai
arimasu ka>
(Nh ca bn c bao nhiu ci ti vi ?)
<watashi no uchi ni TEREBI ga ichi dai dake arimasu>
(Nh ca ti ch c mt ci ti vi.)
A
<A san no gokazoku ni hito ga nan nin imasu ka>
(Gia nh ca anh A c bao nhiu ngi vy ?)
<watashi no kazoku ni hito ga yo nin imasu>
(Gia nh ti c 4 ngi.)
12. II NG PHP
* Ng php 1:
Gii thiu v cch s dng Tnh t <i>, Tnh t <na>
( Xin xem li BI 8 )
* Ng php 2:
C php ca cu so snh hn:
Noun 1 + + Noun 2 + + Adj +
Noun 1 + <wa> + Noun 2 + <yori> + Adj + <desu>
* V d:
<BETONAMU ryouri wa nihon ryouri yori yasui desu>
(Thc n ca Vit Nam th r hn thc n Nht Bn)
<kono kuruma wa ano kurama yori ookii desu>
(Chic xe hi ny th ln hn chic xe hi kia)
* Ng php 3:
C php ca cu hi so snh:
Noun 1 + + Noun 2 + + + + Adj +
Noun 1 + <to> + Noun 2 + <to> + <dochira> + <ga> + Adj + <desu ka>
C php ca cu tr li:
Noun + + + + Adj +
Noun + <no> + <hou> + <ga> + Adj + <desu ka>
* V d:
A B
<A san to B san to dochira ga HANSAMU desu ka>
(Gia anh A v anh B th ai p trai hn ?)
A
<A san no hou ga HANSAMU desu>
(Anh A p trai hn)
* Ng php 4:
C php ca cu so snh nht:
<doko>
<itsu>
<dare>
Noun + <de> + <nani> + <ga> + <ichiban> + Adj + <desu ka>
<dore>
<.......>
* V d:
<BETONAMU de doko ga ichiban nigiyaka desu ka>
( Vit Nam th ni no l nhn nhp nht vy ?)
<BETONAMU de HO-CHIMIN shi ga ichiban nigiyaka desu>
( Vit Nam th thnh ph H Ch Minh l nhn nhp nht)
<gokazoku de dare ga ichiban sega takai desu ka>
(Trong gia nh bn th ai l ngi cao nht?)
<kazoku de chichi ga ichiban sega takai desu>
(Trong gia nh th cha ti l ngi cao nht)
13. II NG PHP
* Ng php 1:
+ + + + ()
<Mono> ( vt) + <ga> + <hoshii> + <desu> + <(ka)>
Cch dng: Dng biu th mun c mt ci g .
V d:
<ima, anata wa nani ga hoshii desu ka>
(By gi bn mun ci g ?)
<watashi wa PAN ga hoshii desu>
(Ti mun c mt bnh m.)
* Ng php 2:
+ (, ) + V + + ()
<Nani> + <ga(wo, e)> + V<tai> + <desu> + <(ka)>
ng t trng ng php ny c ui l <tai>, cch i nh sau:
b <masu> thm <tai>
<tabe masu> --------------> <tabe> ---------------> <tabe tai> : mun n
<ne masu> --------------> <ne> ---------------> <ne tai> : mun ng
Cch dng: Ni ln c mun c lm g .
V d:
<ashita, anata wa nani wo shitai desu ka>
(Bn mun lm g vo ngy mai ?)
<ashita, watashi wa inaka e kaeri tai desu>
(Ngy mai ti mun tr v qu.)
A
<A san wa nani wo tabe tai desu ka>
(Anh A mun n mn g vy ?)
(watashi wa tempura wo tabe tai desu>
(Ti mun n mn tempura)
Ch : Khi m cu hi l <hoshii> th cu tr li phi l <hoshii>. Cn cu hi l
<tai> th cu tr li cng phi l <tai>
* Trng hp ph nh ca tnh t <hoshii> v V <tai> (y l ng t nhng ph nh nh
tnh t)
- V y l tnh t <i> nn ph nh ca n s l:
b <i> thm <kunai>
<hoshii> ---------> <hoshi> ------------------> <hoshi kunai> (khng mun)
V <tai> ---------> V <ta> ------------------> V <takunai> (khng mun lm)
V d:
<watashi wa tomodachi ga hoshi kunai desu>
(Ti khng mun c bn.) (C n )
<watashi wa PAN ga tabe takunai desu>
(Ti khng mun n bnh m.)
* Ng php 3:
Noun (ni chn) + <e> +Noun (V khng <masu> + <ni> + <iki masu> / <ki
V d:
b <masu> thm <te>
<tabe masu> : n -------------------------------><tabete>
: n ------------------------------->
<ake masu> : m -------------------------------><akete>
: m ------------------------------->
<hajime masu> : bt u----------------------------><hajimete>
:bt u --------------------------->
* Mt s ng t sau y l ng t c bit thuc nhm II, cch chia nh sau:
b <masu> thm <te>
<abi masu> : tm----------------------------><abite>
: tm---------------------------->
<deki masu> : c th-------------------------><dekite>
: c th--------------------->
<i masu> : c------------------------------><ite>
: c------------------------------>
<oki masu> : thc dy----------------------><okite>
: thc dy---------------------->
<ori masu> : xung (xe)------------------><orite>
: xung (xe)------------------>
<kari masu> : mn-------------------------><karite>
: mn------------------------->
3)ng t nhm III
- Cc bn bit th no l ng t nhm III. V nhm ny cch chia cng v cng n gin.
V d:
b <masu> thm <te>
<shi masu> : lm, v ---------------------------><shi te>
: lm, v --------------------------->
<sanposhi masu>: i do ---------------------------><sanposhite>
: i do --------------------------->
<benkyoushi masu>:hc ----------------------------><benkyoushite>
: hc --------------------------->
y l ng t c bit nhm III:
<ki masu> : i --------------------><kite>
: i -------------------->
* Ng php 2:
- Yu cu ai lm g : ng t trong mu cu ny c chia th <te>, th cc bn va mi hc.
V <te> + <kudasai> : Yu cu ai lm g .
V d:
<koko ni namae to juusho wo kaite kudasai>
(Lm n vit tn v a ch ca bn vo ch ny)
<watashi no machi wo kite kudasai>
(Hy n thnh ph ca ti)
* Ng php 3:
- Din t hnh ng ang lm ( tng t nh th hin ti tip din trong ting Anh y m)
V <te> + <imasu> : khng nh
V <te> + <imasen> : ph nh
V d:
*
<MIRA san wa ima denwa wo kakete imasu>
(Anh Mira ang gi in thoi)
*
<ima ame ga futte imasu ka>
(By gi ma ang ri phi khng ?)
+
<hai, futte imasu>
(, ng vy)
+
<iie, futte imasen>
(Khng, khng c ma)
* Ng php 3:
- Hi ngi khc rng mnh c th lm iu g cho h khng ?
V <masu> + <mashou> +<ka>
V d:
<kasa wo kashi mashou ka>
(Ti cho bn mn mt cy d nh ?)
<sumimasen. onegaishi masu>
(Vng, lm n.)
15. II NG PHP
Ng php bi ny vn thuc th <te>. V th <te> th xin cc bn xem li bi 14.
* Ng php 1:
- Hi mt ngi no rng mnh c th lm mt iu g khng ? Hay bo mt ai rng h c th lm
iu g .
V <te> + <mo ii desu> + <ka>
V d:
<shashin wo totte mo ii desu>
(Bn c th chp hnh)
<tabako wo sutte mo ii desu ka>
(Ti c th ht thuc khng ?)
* Ng php 2:
- Ni vi ai rng h khng c php lm iu g .
V <te> + <wa> + <ikemasen>
- Lu rng ch <wa> trong mu cu ny v y l ng php nnkhi vit phi vit ch <ha>
trong bng ch, nhng vn c l <wa>.
V d:
<koko de tabako wo sutte wa ikemasen>
(Bn khng c php ht thuc y)
<sensei, koko de asonde mo ii desu ka>
(Tha ngi, chng con c th chi y c khng ?)
*
<hai, ii desu>
(c ch.)
*
<iie, ikemasen>
(Khng, cc con khng c php)
Lu : i vi cu hi m c cu trc V <te> + <wa> + <ikemasen> th nu bn tr li
l:
* <hai> th i sau n phi l <ii desu> : c php
* <iie> th i sau n phi l <ikemasen> : khng c php
Lu : i vi ng t <shitte imasu> c ngha l bit th khi chuyn sang ph nh l <shiri masen>
V d:
<watashi no denwa bango wo shitte imasu ka>
(Bn c bit s in thoi ca ti khng ?)
*
<hai, shitte imasu>
(Bit ch)
*
<iie, shirimasen>
(Khng, mnh khng bit)
16. I/Ng php+ Mu cu 1
Ng php:Cch ghp cc cu n thnh cu ghp bng cch dng th
Mu cu:V1 V2 V
Vidu:
C ta va p va tt bng.
17. I\ Mu cu yu cu ai khng lm g y.
*Cu trc : V
-Cch chia sang th
_Cc ng t thuc nhm I: Tn cng ca ng t l
th tng ng khi chuyn sang th se l
~V d: (Khng ht ...)
( Khng i ...)
_Cc ng t thuc nhm II: Tn cng ca ng t thng l
tuy nhin cng c nhng ngoi l l nhng ng t tuy tn cng khng phi vn vn thuc
nhm II. Trong khi hc cc bn nn nh nhm ca ng t . Cc ng t nhm II khi chuyn sang th
th ch vic thay bng .
~V d: -> ( Khng n...)
-> ( Khng cho vo...)
_Cc ng t thuc nhm III: l nhng ng t tn cng thng l khi chuyn sang th
th b thm ~V d: -> ( ng lo lng...)
** -> Khng n..)
~V d cho phn ng php:
Xin ng ht thuc
Ti phi lm bi tp
~V d:
A TH NGUYN MU
INHM I
i vi ng t nhm I cc bn b <masu> v chuyn ui t ct (i) sang ct (u)
V d:
b <masu> i ct (i) thnh ct (u)
------------------------>------------------------------> : vit
kakimasu kaki kaku
------------------------>------------------------------> : mua
kaimasu kai kau
------------------------>------------------------------> : ci ra
nugimasu nugi nugu
------------------------->-----------------------------> : a, trao, np
dashimasu dashi dasu
------------------------>------------------------------> : ng
tachimasu tachi tatsu
----------------------->-------------------------------> : gi
yobimasu yobi yobu
----------------------->-------------------------------> : c
yomimasu yomi yomu
------------------------>------------------------------- > : chp (hnh)
torimasu tori toru
IINHM II
i vi ng t nhm II th rt l n gin. Cc bn ch vic b <masu>, thm <ru>
V d:
b <masu> thm <ru>
-------------------------------------> :n
tabemasu taberu
-----------------------------------> : nh
oboemasu oboeru
---------------------------------> : suy ngh
kangaemasu kangaeru
-------------------------------------> : tm (ng t c bit)
abimasu abiru
-------------------------------------> : c th (dng t c bit)
dekimasu dekiru
IINHM II
i vi ng t nhm III, th i ui <shimasu> thnh <suru>
V d:
i ui <shimasu> thnh <suru>
-------------------------------------------------> : hc
benkyoushimasu benkyousuru
-------------------------------------------------> : kt hn
kekkonshimasu kekkonsuru
-------------------------------------------------> : n (ng t c bit)
kimasu kuru
B NG PHP
INg php 1:
+Ai c th, c kh nng lm g .
+Chia ng t th nguyn mu cng vi <koto ga dekimasu>
C php:
Noun + + V( + + +
Noun +wo + V(jishokei) + koto +ga + dekimasu
V d:
<watashi wa 100 ME-TORU oyogu koto ga dekimasu>
(Ti c th bi 100 mt)
A
A
A san wa kanji wo 300 ji oboeru koto ga dekimasen
(Anh A khng th nh 300 ch kanji)
IINg php 2:
+i vi ng t chia th nguyn mu cng vi <maeni>
danh t cng vi <no> cng vi <maeni>
thi gian cng vi <maeni>
C php:
Noun + + V() + : Trc khi lm ci g ,.........
Noun + wo + V(jishokei) + maeni
Noun + + : Trc ci g ,................
Noun + no + maeni
+ : Cch y........,..............
jikan + maeni
V d:
<watashi wa mainichi neru maeni, manga wo yondeimasu>
(Mi ngy trc khi ng, ti u c truyn tranh)
<shiken no maeni, benkyoushita bunpou wo fukushuushi nakerebanarimasen>
Noun + + V() +
Noun + wo + V(ta) + koto ga ari masu
V d:
<watashi wa okinawa e itta koto ga arimasu>
(Ti tng i n okinawa)
<watashi wa sushi wo tabeta koto ga arimasu>
(Ti tng n sushi)
IINg php 2:
+ Lit k nhng vic lm mt cch tng trng.
+ Trc kia cc bn hc cch lit k nhng vic lm bng cch chia th <te> ca ng t, nhng
nu dng cch th phi k ht tt c nhng vic mnh lm ra. Cn ng php ny th cc bn ch lit
k mt s vic lm tng trng thi.
+ Chia th <ta> ca ng t, cng vi <ri>. ng t cui l <shimasu> v dch l "no
l....,no l......"
C php:
V1() + , + V2() + , + V3() + +.........+
V1(ta) + <ri> , + V2(ta) + <ri> , + V3(ta) + <ri> +........ + <shimasu> : no l...,no l......
V d:
A
A
<A san, maiban nani wo shimasu ka>
(A san, mi bui ti bn thng lm g vy ?)
<Maiban, watashi wa hon wo yonda ri, TEREBI wo mita ri shimasu>
(Ti th, mi bui ti no l c sch, no l xem ti vi....>
IIINg php 3:
+ Tr nn nh th no .
C php:
Danh t + <ni> + <narimasu>
Tnh t (i) (b i) + <ku> + <narimasu>
Tnh t (na) + <ni> + <narimasu>
V d:
<TERESA chan wa, se ga taka ku narimashita>
<B TERESA tr nn cao hn ri>
HOCHIMINH
HOCHIMINH
<Ima, HOCHIMINH shi wa kirei ni narimashita>
(By gi, thnh ph H Ch Minh tr nn sch s hn ri>
<kotoshi, watashi wa 17 sai ni narimashita>
(Nm nay, ti ln 17 tui ri)
20. II - NG PHP
Ng php bi ny l mt ng php cc k cc k quan trng m nu khng hiu n, cc bn s rt kh
khn khi hc ln cao v lng tng trong vic giao tip vi ngi Nht.
Xin gii thiu:
<futsuukei>(ng Du)
<mijikaikatachi> (Sakura)
C hai cch gi m trng ng Du v Sakura s dng u ch ni v TH NGN. Nhng m cch
ging v mt s ch trong bi hc th hi khc nhau. y Hira s ghi theo kinh nghim ca mnh.
A - Gii thiu:
Th ngn l th chuyn dng trong vn ni, trong vn vit khng nn dng.
Ngi Nht dng n :
- Giao tip vi ngi thn ca mnh, ngi trong gia nh mnh
- Giao tip vi ngi nh hn mnh, chc v nh hn mnh (cp di trong cng ty)
v dng rt thng xuyn trong cuc sng.
Hn cc bn hc gio trnh Minna s thc mc ti sao khi ngi Nht dy ting Nht cho chng ta li
dy bng th di (th <masu> m cc bn ang hc) ? n gin l v lch s.
Th ngn khng c dng cho :
- Ngi mi quen ln u, ngi khng thn thit.
- Cp trn ca mnh
Do vy bt buc h phi dng th di dy chng ta.
Th th ngn c kh khng. Xin tha khng, t nht l vi ng t . V nu cc bn hc k bi v cc th
ca ng t t bi 1-19 th coi nh hon tt 3/4 ng php ca bi ny. Phn cn li ch l "ru ria"
thi.
B - Cch chia v mt s im cn ch :
Th ngn s c 3 loi : Th ngn ca ng t
Th ngn ca danh t v tnh t <na>
Th ngn ca tnh t <i>
1 - NG T
Khng nh hin ti:
V() -----------> V ()
V<masu>----------- > V <jishokei>
V d:
----------------->
----------------->
--------------->
--------------->
<tabemasendeshita> -------------> <tabenakatta> : khng n
--------------->
------------->
<benkyoushimasendeshita> -------- > <benkyoushinakatta> : khng hc
Cc bn hiu cha no? Nu nhn xt k th cc bn s thy:
- Cc th ca ng t m cc bn tng hc trong cc bi trc theo cc th u th hin c trng
ca th .
(VD: ng php trong bi th <nai> u ni v ph nh, th <ta> th v qu kh...)
- Cc ng t b <masu> + <tai> (mun) hoc ang th <nai> th uc coi nh l mt tnh t <i>
v chia theo tnh t <i>
VD:
<tabemasu> (ng t) ----------> <tabenai> (tnh t <i> ---------> <tabenakatta>
<tabemasu> (ng t) ----------> <tabetai> (tnh t <i> --------> <tabetakunai>
2 - DANH T V TNH T <NA>
Do danh t v tnh t c cch chia ging nhau.
Khng nh hin ti:
Danh t (tnh t <na> + ( -------------> Danh t (tnh t <na> + (
Danh t (tnh t <na> + <desu> -------------> Danh t (tnh t <na> + <da>
V d:
-------------------------->
------------------------- >
<ame desu> -------------------------> <ame da> : ma
------------------------->
------------------------->
<shinsetsu desu> ------------------> <shinsetsu da> : t t
Ph nh hin ti:
Danh t (tnh t <na> + ( ---------------> Danh t (tnh t <na> + (
Danh t (tnh t <na> + <ja arimasen> ------------- > Danh t (tnh t <na> + <ja nai>
V d:
-------------------->
------------------->
<ame ja arimasen> --------------------> <ame ja nai> : khng ma
------------------->
------------------->
<shinsetsu ja arimasen> -------- > <shinsetsu ja nai> : khng t t
Khng nh qu kh:
Danh t (tnh t <na> + ( -----------------> Danh t (tnh t <na> + (
Danh t (tnh t <na> + <deshita> -------------> Danh t (tnh t <na> + <datta>
V d:
------------------------>
----------------------- >
<ame deshita> ---------------------> <ame datta> : ma
---------------------->
---------------------- >
<shinsetsu desu> ---------------> <shinsetsu da> : t t
Ph nh qu kh:
Danh t (tnh t <na> + ( ------> Danh t (tnh t <na> + (
Danh t (tnh t <na> + <ja arimasendeshita> -> Danh t (tnh t <na> + <ja nakatta>
V d:
----------------->
---------------->
<ame ja arimasendeshita> --------------> <ame janakatta> : khng ma
---------------->
---------------->
<shinsetsu ja arimasendeshita> -------> <shinsetsu janakatta> : khng t t
3 - TNH T <i>
Tnh t ny th cc bn ch vic b desu thi. V chia theo bnh thng
V d:
--------------------> : cao
--------------------->
<takai desu>------------------> <takai>
------------------> : khng cao
----------------->
<takakunai desu>--------------> <takakunai>
-----------------> : cao
----------------->
<takakatta desu>---------------> <takakatta>
-----------------> : khng cao
----------------->
<takakunakatta desu>------------> <takakunakatta>
Mt s im cn ch :
- Khi dng th ngn hi, ngi Nht ln ging cui cu.(Mi tn cui ch l ln ging)
V d:
NI BNH THNG HI
---------------->
- -------------->
<hanashimasu> --------------> <hanasu> : ni
Trc ba n th ni l [itadakimasu]
B-Truyn li dn gin tip. Ai ni rng l g ..
-Cu trc:
-V d
y l ci bnh do ba ti lm.
V d 3
y l tin ti nhn c t m.
II/Cu trc: Mnh b ngha cho N1N2
-Xt v d sau:
Hanoi Hanoi
Ti c sinh ra H Ni
Khi chuyn thnh cu s dng mnh quan h s thnh
--> Hanoi Hanoi
Ni ti sinh ra l H Ni
-Phn tch cu trn th
Mnh b ngha cho N1
N1
Hanoi=N2
-Mt s v d khc:
+H H l ngi ang eo knh
--> H Ngi ang eo knh l H
+Minh Minh
Mnh l ngi ang i giy en.
---> Minh Minh
Ngi ang i giy en l Minh.
III/Cu trc: Mnh b ngha NV
** y ch n gin l phn m rng ca cu trc I.
Quay li v d 2 trong phn I. Nu bn mun ni rng n ci bnh do b ti lm th s th no?
--->
Ti n ci bnh do b ti lm
-Mt s v d khc
+
Hy cho ti xem nh chp H CH MInh.
+
Hy cho ti xem cai o mc ba tic
IV/Cu trc:Mnh b ngha NA A
**y cng l phn m rng ca cu trc I ging nh 3 vy.
hiu r cc bn xem cc v d sau.
+
Ci bnh do b ti lm th ngon
+
Ti thch ci o s mi nhn c t m ti.
+
Ti mun c nh to.
V/Cu trc :Mnh b ngha N
*Tng t IV:
-V d:
Khi qua ng th ch xe t.
+
Khi c bo th eo knh.
+
Yamada v gip ti ci bn .
** y cng c th lc b trong mu cu trn m ngha vn khng b thy i
--->
II/Mu cu + Cu trc
1/-Mu cu:Khi mnh tng hoc cho ai ci g
-Cu trc:
SN
-V d
+ Thao
Thao
Ti tng bn Tho quyn sch
+Thanh
Thanh
Ti tng bn Thanh hoa
2/-Mu cu: Khi mnh lm cho ai mt ci g
-Cu trc
S NV(Th )
-V d:
+ Quyen Hanoi
Quyen Hanoi
Ti hng dn cho bn Quyn v Ha Ni
+ Ha
Ha
Ti gip bn H chuyn nh
III/Mu cu+Ng php
1/-Mu cu: Mnh nhn c t ai mt ci g
-Cu trc:
S N
-V d:
Nu i b n nh ga th mt khong 30 pht.
~
-Ng php
1.Ngi ni a ra phng on sau khi nhn,nghe thy mt iu g ri sau xc nh li thng
tin y.
+
Bn i leo ni .
+
tng s c la cho ai y
+
Bn chp bc nh ny u vy?
3. thanh minh , gii thch l do v li ni hay hnh ng ca mnh.
+
Ti v hm qua ti au u sut.
+
Ti v nh by gi trt
4.Mu cu V1 V2(Th )
Ngi ni mun lm V1, v nh ngi nghe lm V2 gip mnh (V2 l hng gii quyt V1)
Bt u ch ca cu chuyn ri tip n l a ra li yu cu,xin php, hi kin.
+
V d
- C th n c
- C th xy c
c. Vi cc ng t nhm III:
- C th n c
-~~~~~~
C th hc c
C th thnh cng c
II. Ng php
1. bi 27 ny l cch ni biu th kh nng c th lm c ci g y hay khng ca mnh hoc ca
ngi khc bng cch s dng th kh nng trn.
**Lu rng tr t ca th kh nng lun lun l
V d:
-
Ti c th n c 10 bt Ramen (M)
2. Mu cu:
~~~V
Ch c mi~~~
Mu cu ny c ngha tng ng vi
-V d:
+
Ti c th nhn r nhng vt nh
+
T nh ca ti c th nhn thy ni
*Vi
y ang xy ci g vy?
-
Ti va c sch hng dn va nu n
II/Mu cu:~~V
-Ng php: ng t chia th dng ni v mt hnh ng xy ra thng xuyn, theo thi
quen
-V d:
+
Ca s ang m
+
Ci gh hng (ang hng)
+
Ci ti ny rch
+
Chuyn xe in lc 8 ri th ng
II/ Mu cu + Ng php
-Mu cu V( ng t chia th
-Ng php: Din t vic g c hon tt, hon thnh xong. N cng c ng ngi ni hi tic
v vic mnh lm, ly lm ng tic v iu ,hoc ph bnh hnh ng ca ai .
-V d:
+
Ti c ht quyn tp ch ny ri.
+
Ti ln nhm xe but mt ri
+
Ti lm ri v u mt ri.
***Ty thuc vo ng cnh m cu trc trn c hiu theo ngha hon tt ca mt hnh ng hay s
nui tic ph bnh***
30. I/Mu cu+ Ng php
-Mu cu: N1 N2
-Ng php: Din t chi tit hn mt vt hin hu trng thi nh th no
-V d:
+
Ngoi ca ra vo v hnh lang dn v sinh cha?
Vng, thng bo ri
III/Mu cu + Ng php
-Mu cu: V ng t chia th
-Ng php:Lm trc hay lm sn ci g tin cho vic v sau.
-V d:
+
-Ng php:
- Dng khi mun r r hoc yu cu ngi nghe ng vi mnh chuyn g .
-V d:
+
Hy i chi no!
+
NGh mt cht no
+
i mua no.
-S dng khi c thoi.
+
Ti d nh l s tm vic ti Nht Bn
+
Ti d nh l s hc tp ti nc ngoi.
III/Cu trc + Ng php
-Cu trc: V(-Th )
-NG php: Vn cha lm ci g y
-V d:
+
Vn cha np bo co
+
Gn y v tr nn hi bo mt cht nn ti quyt nh t by gi s n king
+
.
27 tui ti d nh s kt hn.
+ Hanoi
Hanoi
Ti quyt nh s sng sut H Ni
+
Ti quyt nh s khng tr v nc
V/Cu trc + Ng php
-Cu trc: V(-Th t in)
N
-Ng php:L d nh c ln k hoch mt cch chc chn.
-V d:
+
Ti nay c l s lnh
+
Trng em nay c l s p.
+
Ngy mai c th l s bn
+
C l c y b m
33.
Th mnh lnh -Th cm on
-Cch chia t th t in sang th mnh lnh.
+Nhm I: Chuyn t ct sang ct
V d:
+Nhm III:
~~
+Nhm II:
+Nhm III:
Ng php
*Dng ra lnh hoc cm on ai lm vic g. V n l th mnh lnh,cm on nghe c sc thi
cng v chua cht nn ch dng khi ngi c a v cao hn vi ngi c a v thp hn. Thng c
gii hn s dng trong gii nam.
-Dng trong trng hp ngi trn ni vi ngi di, cha ni vi con
-
Hc bi i
-
C ln
-
Chy i
-Dng trong nhng trng hp khn cp, li ni cn ngn gn v c hiu qu nhanh nh trong c quan
nh my.
-
Tt ngun in i
-
Khng c lm ri
-Dng trong hiu lnh hng dn giao thng,
-
Hy dng li
-
Khng c vo
I/Cu trc+Ng php
-Cu trc: A B
-Ng php: A c ngha l B
-V d:
+
Quyen
Quyn ni rng ngy mai s n vo lc 5h
+
Hy th nu n theo nh hc ca m i.
+Khi hnh ng mu cha c thc hin, thng i km vi cc ph t nh th s
dng cu trc:
+V (+ V2
+V d:
T by gi hy vit theo nh li ti ni
Hy lm theo nh ti lm.
+Vi danh t th s dng cu trc:
+NV2
+V d:
Hy bm nt theo s.
Hy i theo nh hnh mi tn
II/Cu trc + Ng php
Cu trc:
V1 () V2
N V2
Ng php: Sau khi lm V1 hoc N th lm V2
+V d:
Sau khi nghe gii thch th a ra cu hi.
(Ti) cm ri i ra ngoi
+
*Vi tnh t ui : B v thm
V d:
B-Ng php
I/Cu trc + Ng php
-Cu trc:
V(
A (
N(
-Ng php: Nu V th..... , din t mi quan h tt yu, ch iu kin cn thit mt s vic c hnh
thnh.
-V d:
+
Nu l ngi xinh p th ti s ci
+
Nu m tri ma th ng git .
II/Cu trc + Ng php
-Cu trc:
V(V)
A A
A A
-Ng php:Cng...., cng....., biu th cng lm ci g y th cng lm sao y
-V d:
+
Cng s dng my tnh th cng gii
+
c th n c nhanh th gi ha tc.
Ti c th g my tnh nhanh.
III/Cu trc + Mu cu
-Cu trc:
V
-Ng php: Mu cu ny mang ngha ngc vi mu cu II,ch s bin i t c th sang khng th.
V d:
Ti khng th c c ch nh
Nhm III:
Vi ng t
V d:
Truyn truyn thuyt Genji c vit bi Murasaki sikibu
in thoi c pht minh bi Graham.Bell.
***Vn ang trong thi gian chnh sa****
38. I/Cu trc + Ng php
Cu trc: VA
Ng php:Khi ng t th t in cng vi s bin thnh danh t hay cn gi l danh t ha ng
t. Dng din t cm tng, nh gi i vi ch th ca cu vn v c tc dng nhn mnh vn
mun ni.
V d
Ti v tranh th km
Ti i b th nhanh
Ti n th chm
III/Cu trc + Ng php
Cu trc;V/
Ng php: Khi mun ni l bn qun mt lm mt vic g y hay hi ai c bit thng tin g y
khng th chng ta dng tr t
V d:
Ti qun mt vic tt in
V d:
-
Cu trc; V ng t th +
Ng php; Th lm mt hnh ng V
V d;
-
i th i giy mi
-
Th c gng thm mt ln na
-
Th gii thch bng ting Nht
41. cc bi trc cc bn c bit n biu hin cho v nhn l :
bi ny cc bn s c bit thm Nhng biu hin ny
c dng ty theo mi quan h ca ngi cho v ngi nhn
I/Cu trc + Ng php vi
A./A N
Nhn t A vt N, y A c a v cao hn ngi ni. L knh ng ca
V d:
-
Ti nhn c qu t gim c.
-
Ci tem qu him gh ha